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05fa0b67-5234-42e5-b384-0434b748a716 | The most esthetic restorative option for carious primary incisors is: | Unbonded strip crown | Dura crown | Nu-Smile Crown | Bonded strip crown | 3d | multi | The most esthetic restorative option for carious primary incisors is the bonded strip crown.
This is the first choice of many clinicians due to the superior esthetics and the ease of repair, if the crown should subsequently chip or fracture.
This is, however, the most technique-sensitive option.
Hemorrhage or saliva o... | Dental | null |
5e90bd38-37db-4177-93e6-029339a67294 | All the following signs could result from infection within the right cavernous sinus, except | Loss of pupillary light reflex. | Loss of corneal blink reflex. | Ptosis | Right ophthalmopegia | 1b | multi | B i.e. Loss of corneal blink reflex | Ophthalmology | null |
e8208d02-a930-4423-b80d-32045eddd171 | Positive Schick's test indicates that person is: | Immune to diphtheria | Hypersensitive to diptheria | Susceptible to diphtheria | Carrier of diptheria | 2c | single | Positive Schick's test indicates that person is Susceptible to diphtheria. Schick test: Toxin-antitoxin neutralization test. Done on the people before staing immunization to identify susceptible individuals. Susceptible individuals develop erythema and induration on test arm following intradermal inoculation (0.2ml I/D... | Microbiology | Systemic Bacteriology (Gram Positive Bacilli, Gram Negative Bacilli) |
95472eb2-aece-47ba-a1f4-d9c6f9c7ee60 | Normal splanchnic blood supply of the liver includes- | Portal vein | Splenic artery | Superior mesenteric artery | Inferior mesenteric vein | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Portal vein * Liver has dual blood supply and receives 20% of its blood supply through hepatic artery (systemic) and 80% through portal vein (splanchnic). Portal vein is formed by union of splenic vein and superior mesenteric veins.* Venous drainage is through hepatic veins into IVC. | Anatomy | Abdomen & Pelvis |
b1160ee4-0f80-444e-bce0-893769884344 | Lobstein disease is: | Fibrous dysplasia. | Achondroplasia. | Osteogenesis imperfecta. | Osteopetrosis. | 2c | single | Osteogenesis imperfecta is also known as brittle bone disease or lobstein disease. | Pathology | null |
9631015f-f6b9-4340-accb-f7cce04b42ab | Which of the following is not an adverse effect of chronic amiadarone therapy - | Pulmonary Fibrosis | Hypothyroidism | Hypehyroidism | Systemic Lupus erythematosus | 3d | single | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Systemic Lupus erythematosis | Pharmacology | null |
08e6d4d0-b90a-4f90-991f-4984c786a76c | Nodal and lefty2 gene is associated with: | Cardiac looping | Intestinal loopin | Cardiac septation | None of the above | 0a | multi | Cardiac looping is dependent in pa upon the laterality-inducing genes nodal and lefty2 Ref: Langman's embryology 11th edition Chapter 12. | Anatomy | null |
fefe8db3-8264-40cd-8dc9-7b0582bd9f97 | Second gas effect is seen with - | Ether | Nitrous oxide | Desflurane | Sevoflurane | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Nitrous oxide Second gas effecto If another inhalation agent is (eg Halothane) is being given at the same time with N2O2 it also will be delivered to lung from the cylinder (due to negative intraalveolar pressure).Also Remembero Concentration effect and secondary gas effect - during inductiono Diffusi... | Anaesthesia | Miscellaneous General Anesthesia |
a62c9a9f-9093-4e5c-ad28-c46417808666 | IQ = 51 – | Mild MR | Moderate MR | Severe MR | Profound MR | 0a | single | IQ between 50-70 is mild mental retardation. | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
1eb43a0a-cdf9-4ec5-93ce-38c613548057 | Amount of waste infectious produced in hospitals? | 45% | 65% | 80% | 100% | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., 45% | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
da3b2e1c-4724-4e83-98f4-efbc7b9628ea | Enzyme responsible for complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 to water is present in | Cytosol | Mitochondria | Lysosomes | Endoplasmic reticulum | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e. Mitochondria The fate of pyruvate formed at the end of glycolysis (glucose metabolism) is as follows :Under anaerobic conditions : Pyruvate is reduced by the NADH to lactate in the presence of Lactate dehydrogenaseUnder aerobic conditions : Pyruvate is taken up into mitochondria & is converted to Acety... | Biochemistry | Respiratory Chain |
b027cdbb-039e-4d89-9f34-340a8e8c85e3 | A 9-year-old child presents to your clinic with the following deformity. Which is the most likely fracture leading to such a defect? | Colle's fracture | Lateral epicondyle fracture | Medial epicondyle fracture | Supracondylar fracture | 3d | single | Ans. d. Supracondylar Fracture (Ref: Apley's 9/e p371, 760)The given picture shows cubitus varus or gun-stock deformity. The most common cause is matunion of a supracondylar fracture."Cubitus Varus ('Gun-Stock' Deformity): The deformity is most obvious when the elbow is extended and the arms are elevated. The most comm... | Orthopaedics | Supracondylar Fracture |
88a78386-a003-4a21-a700-256ffcb338e2 | Airway resistance | Is increased if the lungs are removed and inflated with saline. | Does not affect the work of breathing. | Is increased in paraplegic patients. | Is increased in asthma. | 3d | single | If the air flow becomes turbulent during rapid respiration, the energy required to move the air is greater than when the flow is laminar. | Physiology | null |
971a1bff-4689-451c-b1aa-ed7e9bc3a702 | Use of condom prevents which of the following diseases? | Carcinoma cervix | Carcinoma vulva | Herpes simplex genitalis | All of the above | 3d | multi | The incidence of CA cervix is low amongst woman whose partners use condom because of prevention of transmission of viral infection (HPV) causing CA cervix. Similarly it can also reduce the risk of CA vulva because it is common in women suffering from STD. Herpes genitalis is a DNA virus. It is transmitted sexually and ... | Unknown | null |
244dd502-5e3e-4b14-9132-1fa1f9dbb363 | A 26 year old male presented with 4 day history of pain in the right sided lower abdomen with frequent vomiting. Patients GC is fair and clinically a tender lump was felt in the right iliac fossa. Most appropriate management for this case would be: March 2010 | Exploratory laparaotomy | Immediate appendicectomy | Ochsre:-Sherren regiman | Externai drainage | 2c | multi | Ans. C: Ochsner-Sherren regiman Appendicular mass: On the 3rd day (rarely sooner) after the commencement of an attack, a tender mass can frequently be felt in the Right Iliac Fossa (RIF) beneath some rigidity of the overlying musculature, the other quadrants of the abdomen being free from rigidity or tenderness. The ma... | Surgery | null |
8ced91f5-5f14-41b6-b0f2-bee9b5df0828 | All of the following are true about rib fractures except: | Most common rib fractured during CPR: 4th-6th rib | Fracture of 11th, 12th & first rib fracture is uncommon | In flail chest, two or more consecutive ribs fractured in two or more places | Intermittent positive pressure ventilation is the preferred treatment for the flail chest | 3d | multi | Treatment: - Chest strapping or splinting should be avoided. - Current Treatment consists of oxygen administration, adequation analgesia (including opiates) or epidural analgesia & Physiotherapy - IPPV (Intermittent positive pressure ventilation) is reserved for cases developing respiratory failure despite adequate ana... | Surgery | Trauma |
c629c08b-f5b2-4da8-a310-f53e0e75ba43 | Antacid combination of magnesium and aluminium hydroxide are superior because: | Rapid and sustained acid neutralizing property | Less effect on gastric emptying | Likely to alter bowel movement | All of the above | 3d | multi | Ans. D. All of the aboveMagnesium is rapid and aluminium act for long period of time. Magnesium salt causes osmotic diarrhea and aluminium salts causes constipation. | Pharmacology | G.I.T |
5defeaaf-45bb-44a1-b6e7-6157c19df3f9 | Intracranial pressure is increased by | Ether | Halothane | Ketamine | Thiopentone | 2c | single | (C) Ketamine # KETAMINE causes an increase in all pressure viz: intracranial pressure intraocular pressure; Blood pressure> It does not cause muscle relaxation> Ketamine induces dissociative anaesthesia profound analgesia, immobility amnesia with light sleep ad feeling of dissociation from ones own body and the surroun... | Anaesthesia | Miscellaneous |
6c429237-b726-48f2-b6a1-22c12b3b9bff | Earliest manifestation of diabetic retinopathy is | Soft exudates/Cotton wool spot | Dot haemorrhage | Hard exudates | Microaneurysm | 3d | single | D i.e. Microaneurysm Microaneurysms are located in the inner nuclear layer and are the earliest and most characteristic ocular lesion Q of diabetic retinopathy. | Ophthalmology | null |
c116b9f6-68f4-47b2-bce7-6005b8bbe8fe | Ureteric constriction in the following sites EXCEPT | At the pelviureteric junction | Crosses the internal iliac artery | At bladder wall | At mesentery | 3d | multi | (At mesentery) (301 - BDC - 2) (370 - Snell 7th)URETERS - The ureter enters the pelvis by crossing the bifurcation of the common iliac artery in front of the sacroiliac joint. Each ureter then runs down the lateral wall of the pelvis infront of the internal iliac artery to the region of the ischial spine and turns forw... | Anatomy | Abdomen & Pelvis |
d04d8407-4514-4da7-af5b-1cdba0f07a8c | What is meant by melting of double stranded DNA: | Splitting of double strands into single strand | Splitting of DNA into fragments | Formation of triple helix | Separation of bases. | 0a | single | A i.e. Splitting of double strands into single strand.Seperation of double stranded (ds) DNA into single stranded DNAQ is known as denaturation or melting of DNA. It is promoted by increasing temperature or decreasing salt concentration. So increased salt (monovalent cation) concentration increases TmQ. | Biochemistry | null |
55a93c8e-0c5b-41a9-87bd-35824a450cf7 | Exostosis due to repetitive exposu re to cold water is common in which part of the temporal bone? | Squamous part | Tympanic part | Ptreous part | Mastoid part | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Tympanic part Surfer's earo It is the common name for an exostosis or abnormal bone growth within the external auditory canal.o Surfer's ear is not the same as swimmer's ear, although infection can result as a side effect.o Irritation from cold wind and water exposure causes the bone surrounding the e... | ENT | Ear |
efca7a08-1052-451a-b5cc-d5cce7b04b2e | All the following organs likely undergo coagulative necrosis except- | Spleen | Heart | Kidney | Brain | 3d | multi | Coagulative necrosis
This is the most common type of necrosis.
This type of necrosis is most frequently caused by sudden cessation of blood flow (ischemia) in organs such as heart (MI), Kidney (ATX), adrenal gland, and spleen.
Note: The brain is the only exception, i.e., It is the only solid organ in which ischemia l... | Pathology | null |
d3f1ca3e-d03b-41f3-9d65-221aac1287e5 | When is the maximum collagen content of woundtissue - | Between 3rd to 5th day | Between 6th to 17th day | Between 17th to 21st day | None of the above | 2c | multi | Over the first 3 weeks strength and collagen content both increases but after 21 days collagen content remains static and only wound strength increases. | Surgery | null |
e209480e-ce98-4f4e-9bd6-883ee8cc4bfa | Benefits of LNG lUCD are all except : | Management of menorrhagia | Contraceptive effect | Hormone replacement therapy after menopause | stage 2 endometrial cancer | 3d | multi | Mirena now used as first line of treatment of menorrhagia, in addition to the contraceptive effect. Another use is in providing progestogens component of hormone replacement therapy after menopause. THE TEXTBOOK OF GYNAECOLOGY SHEILA BALAKRISHNAN SECOND EDITION PAGE NO 379 | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Contraception |
12614ee0-89bb-4b65-9c57-67958523d512 | A 8 year old boy is being treated for rickets. Which of the following investigations shows the earliest evidence for healing? | Serum Ca | Serum phosphates | Radiological examination of long bones | Serum ALP | 2c | single | The earliest feature of healing in rickets is seen in X ray of growing end of the bones. | Radiology | null |
15d9ba4d-8137-437b-a091-89c609edaae7 | A failure of the tricuspid leaflets to attach to the annulus fibrosus will result in which of the following? | Persistent truncus aeriosus (PTA) | Ebstein's anomaly | Transposition of the great aeries | Common ventricle | 1b | single | B. Failure of fusion of the tricuspid leaflets with the annulus fibrosus results in Ebstein's anomaly PTA and TOF is a defect of aoopulmonary septum. | Anatomy | CVS Embryology |
63505772-0ff0-4e84-abf4-287cc606fb7a | Which of the following is antipseudomonal penicillin - | Cephalexin | Cloxacillin | Piperacillin | Dicloxacillin | 2c | single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Piperacillin Drugs acting against Pseudomonas.o Penicillins - Piperacillin, Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin, Mezlocillin,o Cephalosporins - Ceftazidime, Cefoperazone, Cefepime.o Carbapenems - Imipenem, meropenemo Monobactams - Aztreonam.o Aminoglycosides - Tobramycin, Gentamycin, Amikacin,o Fluroquinolones... | Pharmacology | Anti Microbial |
f576aaf8-2d60-45e4-afa0-fb356b99e7f1 | Not a feature of dementia is - | Loss of sensorium | Wearing of dirty clothes | Forgetfulness | Loss of neurons in brain matter | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' loss of sensorium Loss of sensorium is a typical feature of Delirium. It is not seen in dementia.Dementia has following features -Generalized loss of neurons is seen in brain matter.Impairment of intellectual functions, impairment of memory* (predominantly of recent memory)Deterioration of personalityImpair... | Psychiatry | Dementia Due to Metabolic Causes |
34fc3658-8c4d-4c3f-aa9f-81386c9d7d2b | Which structures are preserved in scanlon's modified radical mastectomy | Lateral pectoral nerves | Level III nodes in axilla | Pectoral fascia | Nipple and the areola | 0a | single | .* Scanlon's operation: Is a modified Patey's operation wherein instead of removing pectoralis minor, it is incised to approach the affected Level III lymph nodes.* Auchincloss modified radical mastectomy: Here pectoralis minor muscle is left intact and level III lymph nodes are not removed. ref:SRB's manual of surgery... | Surgery | Endocrinology and breast |
bfff599e-314b-4131-9c0f-15e2e6ca1a55 | Strain used for Melanin is | Oil red | Gomori methamine silver strain | Masson Fontana stain | PAS stain | 2c | single | Ref histopathology p150 Other stains for Melanin are schmorl's method and enzyme histochemical method called DOPA oxidase | Anatomy | General anatomy |
039d125d-2ab4-4373-8fdb-a7af6d7637fd | A 4 year old child is brought to the clinic with slowly progressive edema following an upper respiratory tract infection. Urine analysis of the child showed massive(more than 3dm/d) proteinuria and oval fat bodies. Which of the following is not a feature of the childs underlying condition ? | Hyperlipidemia | Hypercoagulability | Decreased fibrinogen | Albuminuria | 2c | single | Child is most likely suffering from nephrotic syndrome. It is associated with increased fibrinogen levels. Characteristic features of nephrotic syndrome are proteinuria ( 3gm/ 24 hours), hypoalbuminemia, peripheral edema, hyperlipidemia and presence of oval fat bodies in the urine. Complications of nephrotic syndrome a... | Medicine | null |
8329242e-e7c1-456c-9fed-c5bd3f8ab276 | A patient presents with bleeding from the ear, pain tinnitus and progressive deafness. On examination, there is a red swelling behind the intact tympanic membrane which blanches on pressure with pneumatic speculum. Management includes all except: | Radiotherapy | Surgery | Interferons | Pre-operative embolisation | 2c | multi | With the symptoms provided, diagnosis is glomus tumour behind the intact tympanic membrane. It has presented with a reddish mass with profuse bleeding depending on the extent of disease and age of the patient. All other options are true. | ENT | Ear |
73eebf85-775d-4569-b14f-0c70bce5cfab | Which device is shown below: | Cochlear implant | Auditory brainstem implant (ABI) | Bone anchored hearing aid (BAHA) | Hearing aid | 0a | single | The external components of the cochlear implant i.e. transmitter coil (rounded structure held to the skin with a small magnet), the microphone and the speech processor (worn on the ear) can be easily seen in the picture | ENT | Neural pathway of Sound |
de1f1745-3181-4ca6-a0f3-78a95acd50c6 | Which of the following actions is ascribed to delta type of opioid receptors - | Supraspinal analgesia | Respiratory depression | Euphoria | Reduced intestinal motility | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Supraspinal analgesia (Mu) o Analgesia (spinal + supraspinal) o Respiratory depression o Euphoria Reduced G1 motility Sedation Miosis Physical dependence Increased feeding 1c (Kappa) Analgesia (spinal + Supraspinal) Respiratory depression (lower ceiling) Dysphoria o Reduced GI motility Sedation Diures... | Pharmacology | null |
dafb8adf-f08a-4f80-8087-0a3a9e62ce9e | Rhinitis medicamentosa is due to which of the following? | Nasal decongestants | Steroids | Antihistaminics | Surgery | 0a | single | Topical decongestant nasal drops are notorious to cause rebound phenomenon. Their excessive use cause rhinitis. It is treated by the withdrawal of nasal drops, a sho course of systemic steroid therapy and in some cases, surgical reduction of turbinates if they have become hyperophic. Ref: Textbook of diseases of ENT; P... | ENT | Nose and paranasal sinuses |
168e4c3a-95f4-42fe-9a7b-6e3bff6fd7b2 | Which of these is the most impoant indication for Strassmans Metroplasty done for a bicornuate uterus? | Infeility | Menorrhagia | Repeated early pregnancy losses | Associated vaginal atresia | 2c | single | Habitual aboion is the most impoant indication for surgical treatment of women who have a double uterus. The aboion rate in women who have a double uterus is to three times greater than that of the general population. Best diagnosis of the condition is made by laparohysteroscopy. Strassmans Metroplasty | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Mullerian Abnormalities |
ef77c95c-aaa0-4330-90b7-1a98737b31a7 | In malaria, infective stage injected into human subjects by the mosquito is: | Sporozoite | Merozoite | Cryptozoite | Gametocyte | 0a | single | Female anopheles mosquito: definitive host. Man: intermediate host. In malaria infective stage for humans is sporozoites. | Microbiology | Parasitology Pa 1 (Protozoology) |
3d2af5c6-8fa0-4f61-82f9-da5c7f0db3a0 | "Cork screw" apperance of esophagus is seen in? | Achalasia cardia | Carcinoma esophagus | Diffuse esophageal spasm | Caustic injury | 2c | single | Ans. C. Diffuse esophageal spasm. (Ref. Bailey and Love 24th! Fig. 50.67)Diffuse oesophageal spasm is a condition in which there are incoordinate contractions of the oesophagus causing dysphagia and chest pain. The condition may be dramatic with spastic pressures on manometry of 400-500 mmHg, marked hypertrophy of the ... | Radiology | G.I.T. |
9d95948f-cf82-4557-b9f3-4863af1d7602 | Exacerbation of lesions in patients of borderline leprosy is seen in - | ENL (erythema nodosum leprosum) | Lepra reaction type I | Jarisch-Herheimer reaction | Resolving leprosy | 1b | single | Type 1 or reversal reaction occurs in paucibacillary or multibacillary cases in unstable types like BT,BB,BL ENL is seen only in MB cases like BL and LL type only Reference; Park&;s Textbook of preventive and social medicine, 24th edition.Pg no. 342 | Social & Preventive Medicine | Communicable diseases |
3592515e-7674-4702-86a9-761d056c35f4 | Nodular masses have developed in the periaicular tissue of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of the right hand of a 58-year-old man with a 10-year-history of gout. Which of the following choices best describes the characteristics of these masses? | Pathognomonic lesion of chronic gout | Histologically similar to a rheumatoid nodule | Contains weekly positives birefringent monosodium urate crystals | Associated with fibrinoid necrosis | 0a | multi | A 58-year-old man with a 10-year history of gout and nodular masses in the periaicular tissue of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of his right hand has tophus formation, which is pathognomonic for chronic gout. Tophi are deposits of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in tissue. Gouty ahritis is a heterogeneo... | Orthopaedics | Joint disorders |
2a8bdbaf-f3d2-4312-bd4a-64167fcf6d83 | Steroids are given in rheumatic fever when there is- | Carditis | Chorea | Subcutaneous nodules | All | 0a | multi | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Carditis Suppressive therapy of RF o If patient has carditis with CHF --> Steroids If patients has carditis without CHF --> Steroids or aspirin (steroids are preferred) If patient does not have carditis --> Aspirin The total duration of suppressive therapy is 12 weeks. | Pediatrics | null |
90415f43-6067-4a5a-a95d-1eeb1ff7ed76 | Function of superior oblique muscle is: | Intorsion, adduction and depression | Intorsion, abduction and elevation | Intorsion, abduction and depression | Extorsion, abduction and depression | 2c | single | The primary action of the superior oblique muscle is intorsion (internal rotation), the secondary action is depression (primarily in the adducted position) and the teiary action is abduction. | Anatomy | null |
7e27f199-0cec-47a8-9ce9-703718500cbc | ICDS was Launched at - | Community development block | Town level | City level | District level | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Community' development blocko ICDS was launched on 2nd October 1975 in 33 Community development block.o ICDS programme is a globally recognized community' based early child care programme, which addresses the basic interrelated needs of yound children, expectant and nursing mothers and adolescent girl... | Social & Preventive Medicine | Health Planning and Management |
69e18383-3f89-4424-8dde-78c65adce81d | Which of the following is a characteristic of a point source epidemic ? | Herd immunity regulates spread of cases | Person to person transmission is seen | Secondary wave of cases is always seen | All cases develop within one incubation period | 3d | multi | Ans. is 'd' i.e., All cases develop within one incubation period | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
6e26f875-b2c5-4505-a36c-560b50aa6ebd | What is the level of alcohol in blood beyond which person is condidered intoxicated ? | 40 mg% | 80 mg% | 120 mg% | 140 mg% | 3d | single | Ans. is 'd' i.e., 140 mg% All individuals with a blood alcohol level of 140 mg% are considered intoxicated to the point where they cannot deal with unusual, emergency or non - customary problems. | Forensic Medicine | null |
94bc52ae-d56a-49fc-bc8b-8c8c5b9f8add | Most common benign hepatic tumor is? | Hemangioma | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Hepatoma | Secondaries | 0a | single | Ans. (a) HemangiomaRef.: Bailey & Love 26th ed. /1083BENIGN TUMOURS OF LIVER* Hemangiomas: These are the most common type of benign liver tumor. Most of these tumors do not cause symptoms and do not need treatment.* Hepatic adenomas: These are benign epithelial liver tumors that develop in the liver and are found mainl... | Surgery | Hepatic Tumors, Cysts, and Abscesses |
8ee939d6-5b45-4ce6-ab58-4f231c5da8f5 | All of the following may occur in Down&;s syndrome except | Hypothyroidism | Undescended testis | Ventricular septal defect | Brushfield's spots | 1b | multi | Congenital or acquired hypothyroidism,brush field spots in iris,and ventricular septal defect IS seen in a case with down syndrome. Undescended testis is not a feature. Reference: Nelson TB of pediatrics 19th edtn pg 402 | Pediatrics | Genetic and genetic disorders |
59b72e1a-dc69-42d1-95cb-90e006938f73 | Which one of the following is true regarding HIV infection - | Following needle stick injury infectivity is reduced by adminsitration of nucleoside analogues | CD4 counts are the best predictors of disease progression | Infected T cells survive for a month in infected patients | In latent phase HIV has minimal replication | 0a | multi | Pathogenesis of HIV infection and AIDS
Primary infection of cells through the blood and mucosa.
The initial entry of the virus may be through a mucosal surface, as in sexual intercourse (via rectal or cervical mucosa) or via blood exposure e.g. (after intravenous drug abuse).
From the mucosa the virus is carried to t... | Medicine | null |
336becc5-3b8c-4518-a09b-4b61609c63fe | Replacement of columnar epithelium of respiratory tract to squamous epithelium is | Hyperplasia | Metaplasia | Hypoplasia | Atrophy | 1b | single | Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one adult cell type (epithelial/mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell type. Often seen in response to chronic irritation. Makes the cells able to withstand stress. Metaplasia is thought to arise by reprogramming of stem cells to differentiate along a new pathway. May ... | Pathology | General pathology |
e460344a-2469-4e5f-b431-98b408de90da | Which of the following medications can be safely used in pregnancy - | Propylthiouracil | Methotrexate | Warfarin | Tetracycline | 0a | single | Ans: A | Unknown | null |
a978df17-b883-41a7-8aaf-792de6cb2845 | Shine-Dalgarno sequence in bacterial mRNA is near | AUG codon | UAA codon | UAG codon | UGA codon | 0a | single | SD sequence is located-6 to -10 bp from initiating AUG codon on m-RNA molecule near its 5' end. It is seen in prokaryotes only.
Kozak consenses sequence is present in eukaryotes. This sequence surrounds AUG & determines the initiating codon of m-RNA. | Biochemistry | null |
cd84ba83-118c-4602-82e3-c7353872b78c | Early gastric carcinoma conned to - | Mucosa | Mucosa and submucosa | Muscularis, mucosa and submucosa | Lymph nodes | 1b | single | Early gastric cancer is denied as adenocarcinoma limited to the mucosa and submucosa of the stomach, regardless of the lymph node status.
Approximately 10% of patients with early gastric cancer are found to have lymph node metastasis on presentation,
Overall cure rate with adequate gastric resection and lymphadenectomy... | Surgery | null |
54e4bc69-82d4-4d16-b00d-1ff07e143986 | All of the following are involved in the reverse cholesterol transpo, except: | ABCA1 | ABCG1 | LCAT | Lipoprotein lipase | 3d | multi | Reverse cholesterol transpo: High-density lipoprotein (HDL) mediated return of cholesterol from extrahepatic tissues to the liver. Major proteins & Enzymes involved: ABCA1 & ABCG1 Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) SR-B1 Lipoprotein lipase is involved in the breakdown of tri... | Biochemistry | Lipoproteins |
6831212b-8575-421e-8dc1-0bc4d733d648 | Following are Hyperdynamic states EXCEPT: | Anemia | Thyrotoxicosis | A-V malformation | Liver disease | 3d | multi | Ans. d (Liver disease). (Ref. Harrison, Principles of Medicine, 18th/308)# Hyperdynamic states are fever, thyrotoxicosis, pregnancy and anemia.# They are characterized by sinus tachycardia, mid-systolic murmur in aortic position.# Liver disease is not a hyperdynamic state. | Medicine | C.V.S. |
f8c4b0e2-87b5-4993-baf4-847c0c8b8ccc | The American Dental Association (ADA) Specification No. 5 for Dental Casting Gold Alloys specifies : | Minimum total gold-plus-platinum-metals -75 (wt%) | Minimum total gold-plus-platinum-metals -25 (wt%) | Minimum total gold-plus-platinum-metals -55 (wt%) | Minimum total gold-plus-platinum-metals >75 (wt%) | 0a | multi | The American Dental Association (ADA) Specification No.5 for Dental Casting Gold Alloys requires a minimum total gold-plus-platinum-metals content of 75 weight percent (wt%).
Sturdevant operative dentistry 7th Edition, Page No:e94 | Dental | null |
6569f579-960c-40a2-beaa-1761b2e31a0c | True regarding Pfannenstiel incision is all except | Cosmetically attractive. | Can be easily extended or made larger. | Surgical access limited to pelvic organs. | Less risk of herniation. | 1b | multi | Pfannenstiel incision cannot be easily extended or made larger. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
3a8b6b48-dcf2-4f23-90e7-75d729250470 | The following combination of drugs is best suited for daycare surgery | Atracurium, morphine, isoflurane | Mivacurium, fentanyl, sevoflurane | Atracurium, remifentanil, halothane | Mivacurium, pethidine, desflurane | 1b | single | . | Pathology | All India exam |
162098ba-8963-445b-a3f3-cf2bb66062b5 | Dew drops on rose petal appearance is seen infection with ? | Varicella zoster virus | Herpes genitalis | Candida | T. rubrum | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Varicella zoster virus Chickenpox - Varicella Zoster virus infection Etiology : Varicella-zoster virus. Prodrome : Fever and malaise. Morphology : Crops of papules with erythematous halo; rapidly become vesicular (dew drops on rose petal appearance), then pustular. Eruption at different stages present... | Skin | null |
e7c27198-0cbe-4676-ae4c-52d1c05bdc22 | Which of the following produces dissociated anesthesia | Ketamine | Propofol | Thiopentone | Enflurane | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e. Ketamine Mechanism of action of ketamineKetamine dissociatesThalamus from limbic cortexThalamus relays sensory inputs from R.A.S. (reticular activating system) to limbic cortex. Clinically this produces dissociative anaesthesia. In this state the patient appears conscious (e.g. eye opening, swallowing,... | Anaesthesia | Miscellaneous General Anesthesia |
b4927e86-b0a7-4d63-9eed-103943eb8644 | An ulcer that may develop in burn tissue is | Marjolins | Rodent | Melanoma | Curlings | 0a | single | Marjolin's ulcer is the name given to a malignancy (usually sq cell ca) which arises in a:
any long-standing wound or
a scar: eg scar of an old burn
It presents the following characteristics
It grows slowly as the scar is relatively avascular
It is painless as scar tissue contains no nerves. | Surgery | null |
4e13fab0-d8c5-44d3-9cd9-b96599bcdd9d | Fox fordyces spots represent ? | Pilosebaceous glands | Sebaceous glands | Eccrine sweat glands | Apocrine sweat glands | 3d | single | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Apocrine sweat glands | Skin | null |
82ed37fd-0887-4b92-8fc6-7942bce6ea3c | Surgical excision is contraindicated in - | Olecranon process | Patella | Head of radius | Lateral condyle humerus | 3d | single | Lateral condyle of the humerus is never excised.
Excision is used in the treatment of fracture of the radial head, patella and olecranon, for specific indications. | Orthopaedics | null |
0f430c9b-ed4f-4e20-a88c-ee60db7c7758 | Protein A of staphylococcus binds to | IgA | IgG | IgD | IgE | 1b | single | Ans. is. b. IgG | Microbiology | null |
96eea8f3-3fd7-4e2e-b965-0b0a38a7f042 | Most common cause of urinary retention in children includes | Posterior urethral valves | Urethral stenosis | Urethral aplasia | Ectopic ureteric opening | 0a | single | (A) Posterior urethral valves # Posterior urethral valves: These constitute an important cause of distal urinary tract obstruction in boys.> Dribbling, abnormal urinary stream, palpable bladder and recurrent UTI are the usual presenting features.> The presence of severe obstruction in the urinary tract in utero may lea... | Surgery | Miscellaneous |
5f7818bd-028a-4dfb-8515-e572c3cb1807 | Shortest acting benzodiazepine is - | Flurazepam | Alprazolam | Triazolam | Diazepam | 2c | single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., TriazolamLong actingT 1/2 Clinical UsesFlurazepam50-100 (Longest)Chronic Insomnia, short - term insomnia with anxiety; Frequent nocturnal awakening; Night before operation.Diazepam30-60 Nitrazepam30Short acting Alprazolam12Individuals who react unfavourably to unfamiliar surroundings or unusual timing... | Pharmacology | C.N.S |
0aba4ad3-6ba6-4c4f-921d-3375f3b3a583 | Bryant's triangle is useful in diagnosis of following except: | Supratrochanteric shoening | Infratrochanteric shoening | Anterior dislocation hip | Posterior dislocation hip | 1b | multi | * Bryant's triangle or the ilio-femoral triangle on both sides can be used to diagnose fracture of neck of femur. A horizontal line is drawn passing through the anterior superior iliac spine. A veical line is drawn from the tip of the greater trochanter to the horizontal line. The third line is drawn between the anteri... | Orthopaedics | Pelvis and Hip Injury |
86a6ac6c-15f9-4e01-8baa-5ca8c269b149 | Which of the following is obligate aerobe? | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | E.coli | Proteus | C. diphtheria | 0a | single | Ans. a (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). (Ref. Anantanarayan, Microbiology, 4th/pg.310) E.g.CommentsObligate aerobesNocardia,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Bacillus.Use an O2-dependent system to generate ATP.M. tuberculosis has a predilection for the apices of the lung, which have the highest PO2.Obligate an... | Microbiology | Pseudomonas |
d992e46e-da23-4d39-97a1-2df7c3a14767 | Dawn phenomenon refers to - | Early morning hyperglycemia | Early morning hypoglycemia | Hypoglycemia followed by hyperglycemia | High insulin levels | 0a | single | The dawn phenomenon, also called the dawn effect, is the term used to describe an abnormal early-morning increase in blood sugar (glucose) -- usually between 2 and 8 a.m. -- in people with diabetes. It arises through a combination of the normal circadian rhythm and release of counter-regulatory hormones (growth hormone... | Medicine | Endocrinology |
03c5fdbb-5e81-47bc-bc91-659aa076400f | Arsenophagists are : | Criminals using arsenic for homicidal purpose | Person using arsenic as aboion stick | Person who can tolerate high doses of arsenic after taking arsenic in low doses at frequent intervals | Persons using it as cattle poison | 2c | single | C i.e. Persons tolerating high doses of As after taking arsenic in low doses at frequent intervals. | Forensic Medicine | null |
faa319da-6236-442e-ba6a-b818b4dc9eda | Cell surface molecules involved in peripheral tolerance | B7 and CD28 | CD40 and CD40L | CD 34 and CD51 | B7 and CD3 | 0a | single | Ref Robbins 7/e p225 , Harrison 16/e p1907, Robbins 9/e p213 B7 is a type of peripheral membrane protein found on activated antigen presenting cells that, when paired with either a CD28 or CD152 surface protein on a T cell, can produce a costimulatory signal | Anatomy | General anatomy |
2fb81e72-a120-49a7-bcd7-920df0ec107f | Patients with both Graves' disease and Cushing syndrome are overproducing hormones that have which one of the following in common? | Reacting with receptors in the cell membrane | Utilizing second messengers | Binding to intracellular receptors | Binding to RNA to produce physiologically active proteins | 2c | multi | Graves' disease is caused by the hypersecretion of thyroid hormone, whereas Cushing syndrome is an overproduction of cortisol. Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors. The hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA, not RNA. Polypeptide hormones and epinephrine react... | Biochemistry | Endocrinology |
b027ab70-962c-4d8b-a011-83aed1c000ee | Egg-shell calcification in hilar lymph nodes is seen in : | Sarcoidosis | Histoplasmosis | Tuberculosis | Carcinoma lung | 1b | single | B i.e. Waterston Cooley's shunt | Radiology | null |
ceeeb4d8-b673-4088-bb06-9f4823e6c73f | A medical student, whose baseline alveolar PCO2 level was 40 mm Hg, begins to voluntarily hyperventilate for an experiment during his respiratory physiology laboratory. If his alveolar ventilation quadruples and his CO2 production remains constant, approximately what will be his alveolar PCO2? | 4 mm Hg | 10 mm Hg | 20 mm Hg | 80 mm Hg | 1b | single | When you hyperventilate, CO2 is blown off. The amount of CO2 blown off is inversely propoional to alveolar ventilation. This is shown by the alveolar ventilation equation: VA = VCO2/PACO2, where VA = alveolar ventilation VCO2 = CO2 production PACO2 = alveolar PCO2 So, if VCO2 remains the same, and VA quadruples, PACO2 ... | Physiology | null |
98f9dd78-59e8-486d-bfe6-e7bbbffe52df | The most frequent symptom of gastric diveiculum is | Epigastric pain | Haematemesis | Vomiting | Pain relieved by food | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e. Epigastric pain' Most gastric diveicula occur around the posterior asepct of the cardia or fundus. Mostly they are asymptomatic and are discovered incidently. Symptoms occur due to complications - diveiculitis - cuasing pain or bleeding Well I am not very sure of the answer but must be pain because of ... | Surgery | null |
0280f5c4-60e9-4938-8df1-87a1cd57bb06 | True about calcium reabsorption in kidney ? | Most of the calcium reabsorption occurs in DCT | Major regulating factor is parathormone | Parathormone decreases calcium reabsorption | Increased plasma phosphate decreases calcium reabsorption | 1b | multi | Ans. is 'b i.e., Major regulating factor is parathormone Calcium excretion by kidney Calcium is both filtered and reabsorbed in kidneys but not secreted. Thus renal excretion of kidney is - Renal calcium excretion = Filtered calcium - Calcium reabsorbed Normally, 99% of filtered calcium is reabsorbed in kidney. 1) PCT ... | Physiology | null |
3a80b273-d000-4ddd-a53e-e7c8841486b5 | A 10yr old boy with a known case of nephrotic syndrome since 4 years on treatment brought to the pediatric OPD with chief complaint of difficulty in breathing. There is no history of fever. On examination, respiratory system was normal except slightly reduced breath sounds on right infra-axillary region. Paediatrician ... | Erect Chest X-RAY PA view | Lateral view Chest X-RAY | Lateral decubitus view | USG | 3d | multi | USG Is the preferred investigation (imaging modality) to diagnose minimal amount of pleural effusions (yellow dotted arrow) A Ipsilateral Lateral decubitus xray film obtained with the patient lying on their side, effusion side down, can visualise small amounts of fluid layering against the dependent parietal pleura and... | Radiology | X-RAYS |
2aa42d31-6c2e-4814-b8d0-d72b46d366f3 | A young male, victim of earthquake few months back, presented with complains of recurrent and intrusive recollection of the events and thoughts with anxiety causing disturbed routine life. The likely diagnosis is | Post-traumatic stress disorder | Obsessive compulsive disorder | Paranoid schizophrenia | Delusional disorder | 0a | single | Ans. a (Post-traumatic stress disorder). (Ref. Psychiatry by Niraj Ahuja, 5th ed., 115, 188)ACUTE STRESS DISORDER & POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDERThese disorders are characterized by Severe Anxiety symptoms & follow a threatening event that caused feelings of Fear, Helplessness or Horror.# Acute Stress Disorder: Anxiet... | Psychiatry | Anxiety & Stress |
1b82f4c1-2935-4e89-a221-bfd82f28c4d3 | Amyloidosis is most commonly seen in ? | Maturity onset DM | Type I DM | Type H DM | HTN | 2c | single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Type II DMo The two best examples of localized amyloidosis are Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.o Localized amyloid deposition results from the production of a unique polypeptide, which contains an amyloidogenicsequence and is capable of forming a beta-pleated sheet structure necessary... | Pathology | null |
bf530947-24ed-40a6-b472-99e4ffee48ea | Which of the following has epiphysis at BASE: | Distal phalanx | Middle phalanx | Thumb metacarpal | Third metacarpal | 2c | single | Epiphysis is present on the heads of all metacarpals, except first metacarpal (Thumb) epiphysis is at the base. If Epiphysis is present at the head of the first metacarpal bone it is called as aberrant epiphysis which is a detion from the normal (and rarely found). | Anatomy | Upper limb : Miscellaneous |
2c7a1b1a-35ca-4e02-aae1-df107d9b5ec5 | Drug of choice in dermatitis herpetiformis is: | Corticosteroids | Colchicine | Dapsone | Chloroquine | 2c | single | Ans. (c) DapsoneRef. katzung 11th ed. /1468* Dermatitis herpetiformis is a chronic blistering skin condition, characterised by blisters filled with a watery fluid.* DH is neither related to nor caused by herpes virus: the name means that it is a skin inflammation having an appearance similar to herpes.* It characterize... | Pharmacology | Anti-Leprotic |
c7bc24f2-6ab4-4913-9437-10c2ccbcbb0b | All of the following murmurs may be heard in patients with aoic regurgitation except: | High-pitched decrescendo diastolic murmur. | Soft, low pitched mid distolic rumbling murmur. | Mid-systolic ejection flow murmur | Pansystolic murmur | 3d | multi | Answer is D (Pansystolic murmur) | Medicine | null |
8acd1d95-95e3-4ff1-9f53-78464c4fa2d7 | According to Bismuth classification, type IV cholangiocarcinoma involves: | Common hepatic duct | Bifurcation only | Bifurcation and bilateral secondary intrahepatic duct | Bifurcation and unilateral secondary intrahepatic ducts | 2c | single | Bismuth-Corlette Classification of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma Type Criteria I Tumor confined to hepatic duct, not involving the main biliary confluence II Tumor involving the main biliary confluence but not extending to the right or left ducts IIIa Tumor extending upto the right secondary biliary confluence IIIb Tumor ex... | Surgery | Bile duct |
dfbbbf42-7bb1-41e2-a21d-89f25715aeb0 | Earliest sign of raised ICT is: | Erosion of dorsum sella | Copper beaten appearance | Silver beaten appearance | Displacement of pineal gland | 0a | single | Erosion of dorsum sella | Radiology | null |
6bb74e46-7170-401c-b212-b8849bb0514a | Moro's Reflex is not present from which milestone age of development? | 3 months | 5 months | 6 months | 7 months | 0a | single | Moro's reflex disappears at 12 weeks (3 months) of age. The reflex may persist in children with bih injuries and delayed development. Ref: Essential Pediatrics, OP Ghai - 6th Edition, Page 146; CPDT 18th Edition, Page 7 | Pediatrics | null |
aff1811e-56a6-4f99-8e45-8eafc2d0b624 | In which of the following infection 'strawberry cervix' is seen? | Trichomonas vaginalis | Chlamydia | Candida albicans | Herpes simplex | 0a | single | Multiple punctuate spot on the cervix gives it the appearance of a strawberry hence called so. This is due to capillary dilation as a result of the inflammatory response to Trichomonas vaginalis. Classically, with a cervical smear, infected women have a transparent "halo" around their superficial cell nucleus. T. vagin... | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
e89ac852-fccf-4a27-969b-0364cce2dc3a | A patient presents with single hypopigmented anaesthetic patch with satellite lesion on forearm. The most likely diagnosis is | Indeterminate leprosy | Neuritic leprosy | Lepromatous leprosy | Tuberculoid leprosy | 3d | single | Ref:- Sima Jain; pg num:-222 | Dental | Bacterial infections |
69fc0f31-f042-490f-aad2-8674e06216ab | At what level of 0-HCG, normal pregnancy can be earliest detected by TVS (Trans vaginal USG): | 500 IU/ml | 1000 lU/mi | 1500 IUml | 2000 lU/ml | 1b | single | Ans-B (1000 IU/ml) Gestational age and fetal structures identified by Transvaginal Sonography (TVS)Menstrual age (weeks)Fetal structures4Choriodecidual thickness, chorionic sac.5Gestation sac,Yolk sac.6Fetal pole, cardiac activity7Lower limb buds, midgut herniation (physiological)8Upper limb buds, stomach9Spine, Choroi... | Unknown | null |
ef4da9f2-44fe-446d-90f2-73b94ae11e20 | All are second messengers except | Guanylyl cyclase | cAMP | IP3 | DAG | 0a | multi | Ans. (a) Guanylyl cyclase(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.56)The second messenger systems that are activated through coupling of hormone-receptor complexes by G-protein are,#Adenylyl cyclase-cAMP system#Inositol triphosphate (IP3) - Diacylglycerol (DAG) - Calcium (Ca2+) system#Guanylyl cyclase-cGMP systemGuanylyl cyclase is the... | Physiology | Endocrinology and Reproduction |
785395e5-7327-4789-b709-dfb10d2a73b3 | True about Ghons focus: | Left apical parenchymal lesion | Right apical parenchymal lesion | Subpleural caseous lesion in right upper lobe | Subpleural caseous lesion just above or below interlobar fissure. | 3d | multi | Inhaled tubercule bacilli implanted in the distal air spaces of the lower pa of upper lobe or upper pa of lower lobe ,close to the pleura lead to formarion of ghons focus. Primary complex of tuberculosis consists of 3 components. Pulmonary compound Draining lymphnodes Caseating hilar lymphnode Caseous holar lymphadenop... | Anatomy | Respiratory system |
7736f965-5a1f-4f8a-9422-cb563f69b348 | Which of the following is the most troublesome source of bleeding during a radical retropubic prostatectomy? | Dorsal venous complex | Inferior vesical pedicle | Superior vesical pedicle | Seminal vesicular aery | 0a | single | Main source of potential bleeding during prostatectomy is the dorsal vein complex that passes over the prostate gland. Ref: Prostate Cancer: Science and Clinical Practice By Jack H. Mydlo, Ciril J. Godec, 2003, Page 281; Joan and Sanford I Weill. C. Cornell Urology- Review Aicle 'Prostatectomy' | Surgery | null |
279aad7a-20f3-40ab-9e1b-b8bd296212d0 | Steroids are contraindicated in which of the folllowing ophthalmic condition | Endothelitis | Disciform keratitis | Vernal keratoconjunctivitis | Dendritic ulcer | 3d | single | Dendritic ulcer is absolute contraindication for the use of steroids STEROID IN OPHTHALMOLOGY *Contraindication : FUNGAL ULCER *DOC in all type of uveitis *Systemic steroids have more propensity to cause cataract *Topical steroids have more propensity to cause steroid induced rise of IOP *ULCER (epithelial defect): Avo... | Ophthalmology | Diseases of Cornea |
9a4c7300-bffa-4cf6-9a00-c7e36487e949 | The umbilicus is supplied by which spinal segment? | T4 | T6 | T8 | T10 | 3d | single | ■ The skin around umbilicus is supplied by T10 segment of cord.
■ With reference to lymphatics and venous drainage, it is the watershed area. Educational point:
■ Dermatomes over:
- The xiphoid process-T7
- The umbilicus-T10
- The pubis-L1
■ The remnant of the vitello-intestinal duct may form a tumor of umbilicus kn... | Anatomy | null |
acd83d6a-dd8a-4b4c-a1bb-61a0b328ce51 | Relative polycythemia are caused by all of the following, EXCEPT: | Dehydration | High altitude | Gaisbock syndrome | Dengue haemorrhagic fever | 1b | multi | High altitude is associated with physiological increase in erythropoietin levels resulting in secondary polycythemia and not relative polycythemia. Polycythemia refers to increase in RBCs, WBCs, and platelets, but in common practice is used to describe increased red cells or erythrocytosis. It can be primary, secondary... | Medicine | null |
c127f494-c976-4628-93c1-d870fb161b50 | All of the following are paraphilias EXCEPT: | Bestiality | Frotteurism | Sadomasochism | Bisexuality | 3d | multi | Ans. (d) BisexualityRef: The Essentials ofFSM by K.S. Narayan Reddy 31st ed. / 402-403* Paraphilias: Abnormal 8c unorthodox sex play by using unusual objects or parts are know as paraphilia eg. Sadomasochism, Transvestism, Bestiality, Frotteurism, Homosexuality etc.* Bisexuality means hermaphrodite; an individual with ... | Forensic Medicine | Sexual Offenses and Dowry Death |
18f1f812-6c33-4640-904c-e533d07f8517 | All are true regarding Scheuermann's osteochondritis except? | Dorsal kyphosis | Autosomal recessive inheritance | Predominantly affects adolescent boys | Irregular ossification of veebral endplates | 1b | multi | Scheuermann's osteochondritis has autosomal dominant inheritance. It commonly affects adolescent boys. It is characterised by irregular ossification of veebral endplates and dorsal kyphosis. Most patients are asymptomatic. It can present with backache which is aggravated by exercise. Management is by protective postura... | Medicine | All India exam |
90efbd48-f5f5-4d30-b7eb-41289876b90a | Upper border of thyroid cartilage is at - | C2 | C4 | C6 | Tl | 1b | single | Thyroid cartilage, itself lies in front of C4 - C5 level. Its upper border is at C4 vertebra level.
"The superior border of the thyroid cartilage is at the C4 level." — Atlas of anatomy | Anatomy | null |
3be60dc2-b303-4aa4-b966-b7319bed2545 | A 50 year old lady presented with a 3 month history of pain in the lower third of the right thigh. There was no local swelling; tenderness was present on deep pressure. Plain X-rays showed an ill-defined intra medullary lesion with blotchy calcification at the lower end of the right femoral diaphysis, possibly enchondr... | Focal necrosis and lobulation | Tumor permeation between bone trabeculae at periphery | Extensive myxoid change | High cellularity | 1b | single | High cellularity | Pathology | null |
804d3c74-13f5-4524-8039-7e2549fcfa0c | While advancing there is increased chance of developing cancers. Tumorigenesis in aging is due to: | Telomerase reactivation | Telomerase inactivation | Increased apoptosis | Suppression of proto-oncogenes | 0a | single | Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein that is expressed in stem cells and most cancer cells, but not in somatic cells. More than 90% of human cancers express high levels of telomerase that prevent telomere shoening to critical levels and allow indefinite cell proliferation. Ref: Longo D.L. (2012). Chapter 84. Cancer Cell B... | Pathology | null |
630199c6-bcd5-4af4-9145-858ae994073c | Calcification of meniscal cailage is feature of: | Achondroplasia | Hyperparathyroidism | Gaucher's ds. | Pseudogout | 3d | single | D i.e. Pseudogout Pseudogout also k/a familial chondrocalcinosis/ CPPD presents with deposition of calcium pyrophospate dihydrate crystals in synol fluid & within leucocytes (characterstic weakly positive birefringent diffractionQ pattern) leading to calcification esp. of meniscusQ & outer fibers of annulus fibrosus. A... | Radiology | null |
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