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7df170b2-9f13-4ebb-bf1a-b4b214f22e63 | Risk factor for breech presentation is | Maternal diabetes | Oligohydramnios | Anterior placental implantation | Preeclampsia | 1b | single | Risk factors for breech presentation
Oligohydramnios
Fundal placental implantation
Placenta previa
Hydrocephaly
Twin gestation
Anencephaly
Prior breech delivery | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
11bc5e56-5033-42bf-98f5-f01c744511a1 | RDA cover of nutrient requirement of- | 50% of individuals | 75% of individuals | 98% of individuals | Same as adequate intake | 2c | single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., 98% of individuals Recommended Dietary allowance (RDA) o Also know as recommended daily allowance. o The RDA is the average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirments of nearly all (97 to 98%) individuals in a life stage and gender group. o The RDA applies to indivi... | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
da84eb19-6069-4d60-8d2e-db1fdf8a1e82 | Differential diagnosis for pancytopenia with cellular bone marrow include the following except ? | Megaloblastic anemia | Myelodysplasia | Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria | Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia | 3d | multi | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia Pancytopenia refers to as decreased counts of all the three blood cells, i.e., RBC, WBC, and platelets. o Pancytopenia may have any of the two pathogenic mechanisms. 1.Decreased production of blood cells in bone marrow (more common) as in aplastic anemia. 2.Increase... | Pathology | null |
7835467c-e4c5-4c6d-88ee-4b438330d771 | A patient is suffering from atherosclerosis, which of the following drug is most effective for the prevention of stroke in this patient | Warfarin | Heparin | Aspirin | Digoxin | 2c | single | Antiplatelet drugs are used for the prophylaxis of arterial thrombotic conditions like stroke and MI.
Atrial fibrillation increases the risk of thromboembolism and can result in stroke | Pharmacology | null |
8731eff2-d7fd-45d1-8764-82aa04582b20 | Etheromanias refer to - | Acute psychosis post ether anaesthesia | Ether addiction | Excessive ether use drug anaesthesia | None | 1b | multi | Ether addiction or etheromania is the addiction to inhalation or drinking of diethyl ether. | Psychiatry | null |
6052ec39-a94b-4b42-aeb4-d58df14beb44 | A patient died and relatives complain that it is due to negligence of doctor. According to a recent Supreme Cou judgement, doctor can be charged for Medical Negligence under section 304-A, only if: | If he is from corporate hospital | If negligence is from inadveent error | Gross negligence | Res Ipsa Loquitor | 2c | single | C i.e. Gross negligence A/t recent supreme cou judgement, doctor can be charged for medical negligence under section 304-A IPC (ie criminal negligence), only if he shows gross lack of competence/ skills, gross inattention, or inaction or recklessness or wanton (gross) indifference to the patient's safety or gross negli... | Forensic Medicine | null |
d40c02bc-912d-4ec5-91da-14642beac420 | Fracture ala signature is a type of - | Gutter fracture | Depressed fracture of skull | Ring fracture at foramen magnum | Sutural separation | 1b | single | Ans. is 4b' i.e.. Depressed fracture of skull o Fracture -ala-signature / signature fracture is also known as depressed fracture of skull vault.o Depressed fracture (signature fracture or fracture-ala signature) :1c caused by a heavy w eapon with a small striking surface, e.g. hammer which causes a piece of skull bone ... | Forensic Medicine | Misc. |
bc537a15-19b8-40b4-9342-de49fc45aafe | An 10 month-old baby is brought to the pediatric clinic with symptoms of diarrhea, hair loss and failure to thrive. On clinical examination, there is inflammation of the skin around the mouth and the perianal region. The mineral deficiency responsible for this disease is a cofactor for all of the following enzymes exce... | Lactate dehydrogenase | Alcohol dehydrogenase | Glutathione peroxidase | Alkaline phosphatase | 2c | multi | The above features, strongly suggest a diagnosis of Acrodermatitis enteropathica which is due the deficiency is of zinc and it is a cofactor for Lactate dehydrogenase. It is an autosomal recessive disease due to a defect in zinc absorbing transmembrane protein. Symptoms: Growth retardation Diarrhea Alopecia Dermatitis ... | Biochemistry | vitamins |
0c94e770-24cc-40fc-bee5-4aaf86d6f01d | Most impoant predictor of coronary aery disease is: | VLDL | LDL | Chylomicron | LDL/HDL | 3d | single | Answer is D (LDL/HDL) `The ratio of either LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (LDH / HDL ratio) or Total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (TC /HDL ratio) is highly predictive of coronary hea disease' - Essential cardiology 2"d/6 | Medicine | null |
2069a971-f1b6-4f93-afdc-083a7d762d89 | Carcinoid syndrome produces valvular disease primarily involving- | Pulmonary valves | Tricuspid valves | Mitral valve | Aoic valve | 1b | single | The carcinoid syndrome : results from bioactive compounds such as serotonin released by carcinoid tumors . systemic manifestations include flushing, diarrhea, dermatitis, and bronchoconstriction. Carcinoid hea disease refers to the cardiac manifestation caused by the bioactive compounds and occurs in half of the patien... | Medicine | C.V.S |
3d45e4d8-2b08-4ee8-8e56-30bcce99cb0d | Which of the following is classified under Grade II acute cholecystitis according to the Tokyo Consensus Guidelines? | Presence of multiorgan dysfunction | WBC count > 11000/mm3 | Mild local inflammation | Duration of complaints >72 hours | 3d | single | Tokyo Consensus Guidelines for severity grading of acute cholecystitis: Grade I (mild) acute cholecystitis Acute cholecystitis in a healthy person with no organ dysfunction and mild inflammatory changes in the gallbladder Grade II (moderate) acute cholecystitis Associated with any one of the following:1. Elevated WBC c... | Surgery | Gallbladder |
e231bb85-23bb-4331-ac16-ea2c98203a0d | Autonomic nervous system the cholinergic nerve fibres | All preganglionic fibres, releases acetycholine | Post ganglionic cholinergic fibres secretes acetyl choline | The post ganglionic sympathetic cholinergic nerve fibres supplies sweat glands and blood vessels inheart and skeletal muscles | All of the above | 3d | multi | (All of the above) (223 - 24-G 22nd) (266-68- Ganong 23rd)Neurotransmitters of ANSSympathetic fibres1. Preganglionic fibres - Acetylcholine2. Post ganglionic nor adrenergic fibres - Acetylcholine3. Post ganglionic cholinergic nerve fibres - AcetylcholineThe post ganglionic sympathetic cholinergic nerve fibres supply sw... | Physiology | Nervous System |
26ffecf6-530e-4663-95ad-9aaee9b58c24 | Observation of yeast cells with multiple budding in tissue in the form of a "the shape shown in below pictograph" is highly suggestive of | Blastomycosis | Coccidiodomycosis | Paracoccidiodomycosis | Histoplasmosis | 2c | single | Paracoccidioides brasiliensis causes paracoccidioidomycosis. It is a dimorphic fungus that exists as a mold in soil and as a yeast in tissue. The yeast is thick-walled with multiple buds ("ship's wheel" appearance), in contrast to Blastomyces dermatitides, which has a yeast with a single bud that has a broad base. Hist... | Microbiology | mycology |
d07580c3-d614-45a2-89bc-f4c65ca32646 | Bishop scoring includes all except | Fetal station | Cervical dilatation | Fetal flexion | Cervical consistency | 2c | multi | Fetal flexion is not a component in Bishop scoring system. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
f87f02ae-e248-473d-9a03-5a866b0dfbee | True about LDL receptor: | It recognizes apo B100 and apo E | Involved in endocytosis process | Present in both hepatic and extrahepatic cells | All of the above | 3d | multi | LDL receptor:
It recognizes apo B-100 and apo-E.
Has clathrin coating.
Involved in endocytosis process.
Present in both hepatic and extra-hepatic cells. | Biochemistry | null |
1165c069-adea-4433-adc3-a8d99eb8e6c0 | Commonest of female cause pseudohermaphrodism ? | CAH | Maternal ovarian tumor | Maternal drug intake | Chromosomal abnormalites | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., CAH Female pseudohermaphroditism. Gentotype is XX Gonads are ovaries External genitalia are virilized (male differentiation). As there is no mullarian inhibiting factor, mullarian duct develops into uterus tubes and ovary. But due to presence of androgen external genitalia are virilized. Causes are: C... | Pediatrics | null |
284e61ce-a2a6-42ed-aea8-c6821e75d68a | Commando's operation doesn't include: | Total glossectomy | Hemimandibulectomy | Removal of floor of mouth | Modified radical neck dissection | 3d | single | Commondo's operation includes radical neck dissection which is indicated when carcinoma is fixed to mandible along with infiltration of mouth. | Surgery | null |
dd299847-0035-455e-8683-4bf1563bd981 | Mycetoma is caused by the following agents except? | Allescheria boydii | Madurella mycetomii | Trichosporum beigelli | Nocardia asteroides | 2c | multi | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Trichosporum beigelli | Microbiology | null |
7c1f8e55-7320-489c-929f-dc986f73e1c9 | A 45-year-old female presents to the outpatient clinic with symptoms of pain, fatigue and weakness in both lower limbs. She gives history of paralysis affecting both lower limbs in childhood from which she made good functional recovery. Which of the following is the most likely suspected diagnosis: | Post Polio syndrome | Polymyositis | Muscular Dystrophy | Neuropathy | 0a | multi | Answer is A (Post Polio syndrome): Development of muscle pain, fatigue and weakness after several years of having probably suffered from paralytic polio is classically seen in Post-polio-syndrome. Post-polio syndrome is characterized by debilitating fatigue, muscle pain and new muscle weakness typically occuring in mus... | Medicine | null |
61f6433c-b05b-4c0c-a560-638a500db8cf | Virulence of a biological agent is defind as - | Ability of the agent to invade and multiply in host | Propoion of clinical cases resulting in severe clinical manifestation | Ability of the agent to induce a clinically apparent illness | Propoion of clinical cases in a virgin population | 1b | multi | For an infectious agent, infectivity refers to the propoion of exposed persons who become infected. Pathogenicity refers to the propoion of infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease. Virulence refers to the propoion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal. Ref: 25th edition, Park's Text... | Social & Preventive Medicine | Epidemiology |
1d5ca006-7c75-49ef-bb30-d9141a49e014 | Which of the following has the potential of undergoing `Spontaneous' malignant transformation? | Osteomalacia | Albright's syndrome | Paget's disease of bones | Osteogenesis imperfecta | 2c | single | Complications of the Paget's disease include stress fractures and secondary sarcomas. Poor mechanical properties of pagetic bone results in incomplete stress fractures. Fractures occur most commonly in the femur followed by other stress-bearing bones such as tibia, humerus, spine, and pelvis. Osteosarcomas and to a le... | Pathology | null |
bd3e524a-a991-41f9-a99d-eb384bb51ea6 | A person is HBsAg positive, but anti-HBsAg negative, what should be the next step | Repeat test after 6months | Check if HBeAg is positive | Check HBV DNA load | Reassure the patient | 2c | multi | HBsAg indicates a current infection.Anti-HBs is generally interpreted as indicating recovery and immunity from hepatitis B virus infection. Anti-HBs also develops in a person who has been successfully vaccinated against hepatitis B.HBeAg is a hepatitis B viral protein. It is an indicator of active viral replication.HBc... | Medicine | G.I.T |
a2193b93-ca25-4443-b3ba-cb1b997c514c | A 49-year-old man has had increasing knee and hip pain for the past 10 years. The pain is worse at the end of the day. During the past year, he has become increasingly drowsy at work. His wife complains that he is a "world class" snorer. During the past month, he has experienced bouts of sharp, colicky, right upper abd... | Hashimoto thyroiditis | Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | Laryngeal papillomatosis | Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | 3d | multi | Morbid obesity can be associated with complications that include obesity hypoventilation syndrome, probable sleep apnea, glucose intolerance, cholelithiasis, and osteoarthritis. Macrovesicular steatosis with hepatomegaly is seen in obesity and may even progress to cirrhosis. Weight gain owing to hypothyroidism, which c... | Pathology | Misc. |
d325aae7-bd88-4114-b22d-7d61dcfd12d2 | Which is wrong regarding EMLA cream | It is eutectic mixture of local anesthetics | Requires 5% Lignocaine and 5% Prilocaine to make it. | Ratio of Lignocaine to Prilocaine is 1:2 | Applied over skin surface | 2c | single | Lignocaine to prilocaine is in 1:1 ratio. EMLA cream - Eubetic mixture of local anesthetics It is a cream which consists of 1:1 Mixture of 2.5 % Lidocaine and 2.5% prilocaine. In the EMLA cream concentration of drug is 2.5% each but required to make EMLA is 5% concentration each. Contact time required = 60 minutes Dept... | Anaesthesia | Regional Anesthesia |
a1990f96-841d-4430-be08-0480ac15be79 | AST/ALT > 2 is seen in deficiency of | G-6-phosphatase | Branching enzyme | Acid maltase | Liver phosphorylase | 2c | single | The AST/ALT ratio is the ratio between the concentrations of the enzymes aspaate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase, aka alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the blood of a human or animal. It is measured with a blood test and is sometimes useful in medical diagnosis to differentiate between causes of liver damag... | Biochemistry | Metabolism of carbohydrate |
296e85f1-ad32-4136-9792-c25e0c1674cc | High affinity of HbF with O2 due to: | Decrease binding with 2,3 DPG | Decrease concentration of Hb | Increase in the Ph | Double Bohr effect | 0a | single | Ans. A. Decrease binding with 2,3 DPGa. The affinity of fetal hemoglobin (hemoglobin F) for O2 , which is greater than that for adult hemoglobin (hemoglobin A), facilitates the movement of O2 from the mother to the fetus.b. The cause of this greater affinity is the poor binding of 2,3-BPG by the polypeptide chains that... | Physiology | Heart, Circulation, and Blood |
52eb52ca-9cda-4578-a300-7f000c217b5a | Jack stone calculi is seen in which anatomic pa ? | Prostate | Kidney | Ureter | Bladder | 3d | single | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Bladder | Surgery | null |
1ada5c01-1614-473f-b3df-05b7d61dd683 | End product of purine metabolism is: | Creatinine | Uric acid | Xanthine | Phosphates | 1b | single | Ans. B. Uric acidUric acid is the end product of purine metabolism. "GOUT" is a metabolic disease associated with over production of uric acid. | Biochemistry | Metabolism of Purines and Pyrimidines |
aea57615-1ab8-4165-801f-4e84e61c868c | Tumor with perineural invasion: | Adenocarcinoma | Adenoid cystic Ca | Basaal cell ca | Squamous cell ca | 1b | single | Ans is 'b' ie Adenocystic Ca Repeated many times]"Adenoid cystic carcinoma, which has a propensity for neural invasion, is the second most common malignancy in adults. Skip lesions along nerves are common and can lead to treatment failures because of the difficulty in treating the full extent of invasion. Adenoid cysti... | Surgery | Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery |
006ccb53-c083-49a7-bc14-a22ac17abd5b | Prefered drug for acute angle closure glaucoma- | p-blocker | Pilocarpine | Atropine | None | 1b | multi | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Pilocarpine Treatment of angle closure glaucomao Definitive treatment (treatment of choice) is surgery. However, intially drugs are used to decrease IOP during an acute attack. Approach of treatment is as follows:-Start i.v. mannitol or i.v. acetazolamideWhen IOT starts falling, start topical pilocarp... | Ophthalmology | Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma |
b1f3faeb-2886-4536-b298-e8805eeb5558 | The most common site for Prolapse of interveebral disc is | Cervical region | Lower thoracic region | Upper thoracic region | Lumber region | 3d | single | D i.e. Lumbar | Surgery | null |
1fa54aaa-aab8-48c7-8ed8-79be66464c95 | Linitis plastica is a feature of - | Hiatus hernia | Chronic gastric ulcer | Chronic gastric ulcer | All | 2c | multi | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Lymphoma of stomachLinitis plastica Involvement of a broad region of the gastric wall or entire stomach by diffuse stomach cancer cause linitis plastica.It is also known as Brinton's disease.The appearance of stomach is like leather bottle.o The other cause of linitis plastica areu Lye ingestion u Met... | Pathology | null |
062874f2-92e9-4868-9dd4-7bbb403b96cc | Which prevents plasminogen activators? | Streptokinase | Aminocaproic acid | Reteplase | Clopidogrel | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Aminocaproic acid o Epsilon amino caproic acid (EACA) competitively inhibits plasminogen activation. | Pharmacology | null |
37a3144c-c101-41a7-a9aa-b7628a08bef1 | Which of the following technique for protein separation is based on molecular size? | Ion exchange chromatography | Gel filtration chromatography | Affinity chromatography | Hydrophobic interaction chromatography | 1b | single | Gel filtration chromatography is known as molecular sieving.Hyrophilic cross linked gels like acrylamide, agarose ,and dextran(sephadex)are used for seperation of molecules based on their size.Sephadex is widelyb used and the range of seperation is based on the pore size.The gel is porus in nature.The small paicls ente... | Biochemistry | Structure and function of protein |
ae4abedb-6625-4037-b810-f27189f4eda2 | Increased airway resistance is/are caused by | Forced expiration | Dense air | Low lung volume | All | 3d | multi | A, B, C i.e. Forced expiration, Dense air, Low lung volume | Physiology | null |
008422d8-0929-490f-a436-77f398b58b92 | A 43-year-old male high-level executive presents to his physician due to a persistent dizziness when standing quickly. He also has been exhibiting chronic fatigue, some muscle weakness, and an unusual craving for salty foods. The physician notices that the patient has a constant "bronze tan," and blood obtained during ... | Adrenal insufficiency | Pituitary insufficiency | Lack of insulin | Lack of glucagon | 0a | single | The patient is exhibiting the symptoms of Addison disease, initiated by an adrenal insufficiency. Owing to the problem in the adrenal glands, cortisol and aldosterone cannot be produced and released. The lack of cortisol leads to hypoglycemia and fatigue. The lack of aldosterone leads to the alteration in salt balance ... | Biochemistry | Endocrinology |
c8899e76-9da7-4789-aa69-e89be6176efc | Assessment of obesity by following measurement EXCEPT: | Quetelet's index | Broca index | Corpulence index | Sullivan's index | 3d | multi | (Sullivan's index): Ref: (348-Park 20th)SULLIVAN'S INDEX: This index (expectation of life free of disability) is computed by subtracting from the life expectancy the probable duration of bed disability and inability to perform major activitiesIndicator of body weight to assess obesity are1. Body mass index (Quetelet's ... | Social & Preventive Medicine | Non-Communicable Diseases |
ef3a6f18-b186-42f4-b20f-7b932e8009e3 | A 58-year-old man is diagnosed as having a slowly growing tumor in the deep perineal space. Which of the following structures would most likely be injured? | Bulbourethral glands | Crus of penis | Bulb of vestibule | Spongy urethra | 0a | single | The deep perineal space contains the bulbourethral (Cowper) glands. The crus of the penis, bulb of the vestibule, spongy urethra, and great vestibular gland are found in the superficial perineal space. Greater vestibular glandis in the superficial perineal space between inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm and membr... | Anatomy | Pelvis and Perineum 2 |
49937d8b-2385-44e7-bdcc-24cddb171ca3 | Female Athlete triad consists all EXCEPT | Disordered eating | Amenorrhoea | Osteoporosis | Absence of secondary sexual characters | 3d | multi | (D) Absence of secondary sexual characters> Some girls who play sports or exercise intensely are at risk for a problem called Female athlete triad. Female athlete triad is a combination of three conditions: disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. A female athlete can have one, two, or all three parts of the tr... | Orthopaedics | Miscellaneous |
ae58d011-e17c-4196-851e-5a2f22233dd3 | Trigeminal or Meckel's cave is present in relation to: | Falx cerebri | Falx cerebelli | Tentorium cerebelli | Diaphragma sellae | 2c | single | Meninges of Brain
i) Brain is protected by
Bony covering of the cranium
Three membranous coverings (Meninges)
ii) The three meninges are
Outer duramater
Middle arachnoid mater
Inner piamater
iii) The dura mater is outermost and thickest of all meninges. It encloses cranial venous sinuses and has a distinct blood su... | Anatomy | null |
d4443487-204f-4c90-b619-10ef8c918a67 | Longest pathogenic Bacillus species is | Bacillus subtilis | Bacillus cereus | Bacillus anthracis | Bacillus megaterium | 2c | single | Longest pathogenic Bacillus species is Bacillus anthracis (1.2 mm width and 3-5mm long). B. anthracis causes anthrax Largest known Bacillus species is B. megaterium, (1.5 mm width and 4 mm long). | Microbiology | General Microbiology Pa 1 (History, Microscopy, Stains and Structure and Physiology of Bacteria) |
cb788cad-aa17-495b-8797-03cc81144cee | Post-translation carboxylation of clotting factors requires | Vitamin C | Vitamin K | Vitamin A | Vitamin D | 1b | single | The principal role of vitamin K is in the posttranslational modification of various blood clotting factors, in which it serves as a coenzyme in the carboxylation of ceain glutamic acid residues present in these proteins. Vitamin K exists in several forms, for example, in plants as phylloquinone (or vitamin K1), and in ... | Biochemistry | vitamins |
0984d314-0f9a-4c43-be03-cf99ae13c75c | Thompson and Epstein's classification is used in the management of : | Fracture neck of femur | Anterior dislocation of hip | Central dislocation of hip | Posterior dislocation of hip | 3d | single | Thompson and Epstein classification - For planning treatment of Posterior dislocation of hip Type I Dislocation with no more than minor chip fractures Type II Dislocation with single large fragment of posterior acetabular wall Type III Dislocation with comminuted fragments of posterior acetabular wall Type IV Dislocati... | Orthopaedics | Pelvis and Hip Injury |
bce0561f-7fd4-4bb8-8bba-a9a82642b4d6 | A 15 year old boy presented with one day history of bleedig gums, subconjunctival bleed and purpuric rash. Investigations revealed the following results: Hb-6.4 gm/dL; TLC-26,500/mm3, platelet-35,000 mm3. Prothrombin time-20 sec with a control of 13 sec, paial thromboplastin time-50 sec and fibrinogen l0mg/dL. Peripher... | Myeloblasts leukemia without maturation | Myeloblasts leukemia with maturation | Promyelocytic leukemia | Myelomonocytic leukemia | 2c | single | . Promyelocytic leukemia | Pathology | null |
8dee299c-9f98-4ff4-b6a1-ff959fea0ba4 | Renin is secreted from - | JG cells | Mesangial cells | Macula densa cells | Lacis cells | 0a | single | (A) (JG cells) (525 - A. K. Jain 5th) (705 - Ganong 24th) (220- Guyton 12th)* The renin in kidney extracts and the bloodstream is produced by the Juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells).* JG cells are located in afferent arterioles immediately proximal to the glomeruli.* Renin itself is an enzyme, not a vasoactive substance.*... | Physiology | Kidneys and Body Fluids |
96c45e93-8660-4161-9d13-608a8b82fac3 | Medically most impoant form of UV radiation is - | UV-A | UV-B | UV-C | None of the above | 1b | multi | B i.e. UV-B | Skin | null |
95c606fc-6d30-4e4a-bff0-22b02c4a8173 | Lymphatic Drainage of the Maxillary Sinus goes first to | Upper Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes | Submental Nodes | Submandibular Nodes | Retropharyngeal Nodes | 3d | single | Through the posterior pathway, the lymphatics from the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses drain into the retropharyngeal lymph nodes | Unknown | null |
2b17f494-376e-4cc8-8cfa-770837af919a | Functional residual volume is? | After normal inspiration | After normal expiration | After forceful expiration | After forceful inspiration | 0a | single | Ans:A. After normal inspirationFunctional Residual Capacity (FRC) is the volume of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration. | Physiology | null |
6cec4865-7fe6-4aea-97e5-45be384e41d0 | Propaganda is defined as - | Forcing of knowledge into mind | Active aquiring of knowledge | Requiring knowledge after thinking | Training people to use judgement before thinking | 0a | single | - propaganda is one in which knowledge is instilled in the minds of people. - prevents or discourage thinking by ready made slogans. - knowledge is spoon fed and passively received. Reference : Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no:859 <\p> | Social & Preventive Medicine | Health education & planning |
5d7bd832-4e41-4436-b004-c4e819dc4e17 | The eye condition for which the World bank assistance was provided to the National Programme for Control of Blindness: March 2013 | Onchocerciaisis | Cataract | Trachoma | Vitamin A deficiency | 1b | single | Ans. B i.e. Cataract | Ophthalmology | null |
d4c9e713-867a-4a6e-89a6-c557cbd17d43 | Which breathing pattern is described in below diagram? | Kussmaul's respiration | Biot's respiration | Cheyne-Stokes respiration | Hyperventilation respiration | 2c | single | CHEYNE-STOKES RESPIRATION It is also referred to as periodic respiration or cyclic respiration It is present in patients with advanced HF and low cardiac output. Etiology: Lengthy circulatory time and increased sensitivity to aerial PCO2 of respiratory center are causitive. During apneic phase, aerial PO2 falls and the... | Medicine | Hea failure |
c10d7131-8dad-4ac2-b09c-6af1c032e9d2 | All of the following immunohistochemical markers are positive in the neoplotic cells of granulocytic sarcoma, EXCEPT: | CD 45 RO | CD 43 | Myeloperoxidase | Lysozome | 0a | multi | A variety of markers for myeloid precursors in granulocytic sarcoma are identified. CD43, lysozyme, myeloperoxidase and CD 15 are the most sensitive markers staining a large propoion of the cells of the majority of well-differentiated tumors. CD 45 RO is not mentioned as a immunohistochemical marker of granulocytic sar... | Pathology | null |
fa282669-17d9-4b90-8ca1-a7a67f633acf | Not ture about El Tor biotype of vibrio cholerae? | Lower moality | Less SAR | Less chances of survival in environment | VP (+) | 2c | single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Less chances of survival in environment | Microbiology | null |
f40f610a-3150-433b-a532-4af53d809199 | Which of the following is not used in delirium? | Haloperidol | Lithium | Diazepam | Olanzapine | 1b | single | Delirium - treat the underlying cause For symptomatic treatment we can use benzodiazepines like in alcohol and antipsychotic (Haloperidol is the traditional choice, 0.25-2 mg every 4 hours) Lithium has no role in treating delirium | Psychiatry | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders |
bf5cf1ea-96ee-4ac9-ab02-ea24e08fe69f | De - quern's tenovaginitis involves ? | Abductor pollicislongus | Extensor pollicisbrevis | Both of the above | None of the above | 2c | multi | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Both of the above De-Quern's tenovaginitis is characterized by pain over the styloid process of the radius and palpable thickening in the course of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons. The fibrous sheaths of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendon... | Surgery | null |
f64ec9e0-6077-4547-9173-da0b7da7bf8b | HTLV-1 is also known as: | HIV | ATLV | RSV | ALV | 1b | single | Ans. b. ATLV | Microbiology | null |
67c89960-23f5-4842-a8e2-06c4dce387e4 | Sulphur granules are seen in - | Sulphur poisoning | Actinomycosis | H2SO4 poisoning | Staphylococcal infection | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Actinomycosis Laboratory diagnosis of actinomycosis* The diagnosis is most commonly made by microscopic identification of sulphur granules (an in-vivo matrix of bacteria calcium phosphate, and host material).* The sulfur granules are bacterial colonies and will be found to consist of a dense network o... | Microbiology | Bacteria |
89b2c638-e6f9-447e-85d1-25b8aef91a56 | What is your diagnosis? | Cleft lip | Cleft palate | Cleft lip and palate | Bifid uvula | 2c | single | Ans. (c) Cleft lip and palateRef: Bailey & Love 26th ed. / 634Orofacial clefts (ie, cleft lip , cleft lip and palate , cleft palate alone, as well as median, lateral , oblique facial clefts) are among the most common congenital anomalies. Approximately 1 case of orofacial cleft occurs in every 500-550 births. | Surgery | Cleft Lip & Palate |
ef1c5457-2d0a-4369-bf61-3705ba55f4c5 | Plasmid DNA-Chromosomal DNA combines to form: | Mesosome | Ribosome | Transposon | Episome | 3d | single | Ans: D (Episome) Ref: Anonthanarayan, Paniker CJ. Textbook of microbiology. 8th Edition. London: John Wiley & Sons: 2009. Pg. 60. 67Explanation:Plasmid DNA may sometimes be integrated with chromosomal DNA are known as EpisomeTransposonsThey are structurally and genetically discrete segments of DNA that have the ability... | Microbiology | Miscellaneous |
5c025311-06f3-474d-b902-40705765ee7e | Tafenoquine - anti TB drug has been approved in July 2018 for | Radicle cure of P falciparum | Radicle cure of P vivax | Clinical cure of P falciparum | Clinical cure of P vivax | 1b | single | orally active 8 amino qinolone. It is a heame polymerase inhibitor. it is a prodrug and is active againist all liver forms includung hypnozoits. Molucular target is not exactly kmown | Pharmacology | All India exam |
c04766d4-078a-478a-9165-adbed8970a56 | Acute graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) commonly involves all of the following organs, except: | Brain | Skin | Liver | Small & large intestines | 0a | multi | Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) Occurs when immunologically competent cells or their precursors are transplanted into immunologically compromised recipients, and the transferred cells recognize alloantigens in the host and attack host tissues Most commonly seen in the setting of HSC transplantation Acute GVHD occurs w... | Pathology | JIPMER 2019 |
ab77266b-c8d2-413c-848d-54a4e57b0510 | Pilocarpine in eye causes - | Active miosis | Active mydriasis | Passive miosis | Passive mydriasis | 0a | single | Ans: A. Active miosis(Ref: KDT 7h/e p' 114 & 6th/e p 200)Miosis (constriction of PuPil)Parasympathomimelic (muscarinic) drugs:By stimulating the contraction of circular muscles (pupillary sphincter).As miosis is due to active contraction of muscle - Called "Active miosis". | Pharmacology | null |
a5bda42b-1e24-453a-85cc-8edb4d34f73b | Best sample for DNA karyotyping - | Blood | Bone marrow | Amniotic fluid | Chorionic villi | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Blood* Karyotyping is the study of number and appearance of chromosomes* The first step in karyotyping is sample collection* Sample utilized are# Blood# Bone marrow# Amniotic fluid* Most commonly used sample is blood. Blood is centrifuged. WBCs are separated. White Blood cells are rapidly dividing cel... | Biochemistry | Molecular Genetics |
3d246f7f-ead4-4ea4-bbba-f1d756e71aac | Commonest eye tumour is: | Melanoma | Retinoblastoma | Carcinoma of eyelid | Carcinoma of lacrimal sac | 1b | single | Ans. Retinoblastoma | Ophthalmology | null |
408f1b66-19f3-4d9b-ac49-a861727a999a | Protein synthesis occurs in which part of the cell: | Smooth endoplasmic reticulum | Rough endoplasmic reticulum | Golgi body | All of the above | 1b | multi | Ans. (b) Rough endoplasmic reticulumRef: Harper's Biochemistry, 30th ed. pg. 576-77* The surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with protein-manufacturing ribosomes giving it a "rough" appearance.* The ribosomes bound to ER are not a stable part of this organelle's structure as they are constantly being ... | Biochemistry | Proteins and Amino Acids |
7c68a390-0cfd-4dc4-b5b8-8375cc9b989d | Consultation - liaison (C-L) psychiatry involves diagnosing | Psychiatric illness in medically ill | Medical illness in psychiatric patients | Sucidal tendency in psychiatric patients | Sucidal tendency in medically ill | 0a | multi | A i.e. Psychiatric illness in medically ill Consultation-Liaison (C-L) psychiatry involves the study of psychosocial aspect of medical care and the detection and treatment of psychiatric disorders in the medically UK | Psychiatry | null |
2fc09529-28bd-4ad4-a156-60ad57f1a309 | In a status epilepticus patient, first line of drugs is | Benzodiazepine | Phenytoin | Barbiturates | Magnesium | 0a | single | IV benzodiazepines are initiated first in a status epilepticus patient, followed by IV antiepileptics.If refractory seizures, phenobarbital may be given.Ref: Harrison 19e 2558 | Medicine | C.N.S |
e98b0a52-ee48-42b2-b39e-82d6572defd6 | True about corpus callosum -a) Unite far area of two sides of brainb) Connect two frontal lobec) Unite two hemisphered) Superiorly related to - Indusium griseume) Unite adjacent & widespread separated gyri in the same lobe | abcd | acd | bcd | abd | 0a | multi | Corpus callosum connects homotopic (symmetrical) and hetrotopic (anatomically different but functionally similar) areas of two hemispheres.
Fibers of genu (forceps minor) connect medial and lateral surfaces of frontal lobes.
Upper convex surface is clothed intimately by indusium griseum, a thin sheet of grey matter.
Lo... | Anatomy | null |
0e5bdb18-3b76-408d-bdea-807749267142 | Which of the following is an early symptom of Hypermagnesemia? | Hypotension | Loss of DTR | Loose stools | Arrhythmias | 0a | single | The most prominent clinical manifestations of hypermagnesemia are vasodilation and neuromuscular blockade, which may appear at serum magnesium concentrations >2 mmol/L (>4 meq/L; >4.8 mg/dL). Hypotension that is refractory to vasopressors or volume expansion may be an early sign. Nausea, lethargy, and weakness may prog... | Medicine | Nutrition |
b18f326e-8980-4d73-a81a-de4a7dcd8934 | Plasma urea / creatinine ratio of 20:1 may be seen in- | Rhabdomyolysis | Ureteric calculi | Pre-renal failure | Chronic glomerulonephritis | 2c | single | Background. A blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/creatinine ratio (BCR) >20 (0.081 in international unit) is used to distinguish pre-renal azotemia (PRA) and acute tubular necrosis (ATN). However, there is little evidence that BCR can distinguish between these two conditions and/or is clinically useful Ref Harrison20th edition ... | Medicine | Kidney |
d5d472e4-cef4-41d6-adc7-6870b5e4eba9 | The commonest site of lymphoma in the gastrointestinal system is | Small bowel | Stomach | Large intestine | Oesophagus | 1b | multi | Stomach is the commonest site of lymphoma in the gastrointestinal system is Stomach(55%). Helicobacter pylori infection is the causative agent commonly. Other sites are small bowel(30%), colon(10%), ileocaecal region (5%).Reference : page 856 SRB's manual of surgery 5th edition | Surgery | Urology |
9d0842b2-c2a6-418a-94ad-776a34b8d641 | Most common cause of acute epiglottitis is | Hemophilus influenza type B | Pneumococcus | Streptococcus | Staphylococcus | 0a | single | It is an acute inflammatory condition confined to supraglottic structures i.e, epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds and arytenoids. There is marked oedema of these structures which may obstruct the airway. Aetiology It is a serious condition and affects children of 2-7 years of age but can also affect adults. Haemophilus in... | ENT | Ear |
bc8e9ed4-81fd-4c8e-9381-ae6c4d193066 | Possible conversion to choriocarcinoma after hydatidiform mole is denoted by all of the following, except:- | Rising hCG | More Theca lutein cysts | Increase uterus size | Sub urethral nodule | 3d | multi | Pre-disposing factors for development of choriocarcinoma after molar pregnancy - Rising hCG >100,000 Increased uterus size >6 cm Theca-lutein cysts * Sub urethral nodule indicates vaginal metastasis from choriocarcinoma ,it is not a predisposing factor. * Do not try to biopsy the sub urethral nodule it will result in t... | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | AIIMS 2018 |
cc6fab9a-a040-4d6d-855e-c109ff695bdc | Cobb’s angle is used to measure the degree of- | Kyphoscoliosis | Angular deformity of the knee | Extent of depression in calcaneal fracture | Extent of spondylolistheis | 0a | single | (Refer: Mohindra’s Fundamentals of Orthopedics, 2nd edition, pg no. 244, 245) | Unknown | null |
7e400bec-7590-48ac-84ec-2e81ac3267c6 | Smallest abdominal muscle is: | External oblique | Internal oblique | Transversalis | Rectus abdominis | 2c | multi | The transverse abdominis is the smallest of the four abdominial muscles and lies deep to the others. | Anatomy | Embryology and abdominal wall layer |
529387b7-0038-4720-8d6d-a02acd4e09b8 | Most common sarcoma in a child is | Fibrosarcoma | Rhabdomyosarcoma | Leiom yo sarcoma | Liposarcoma | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Rhabdomyosarcoma | Surgery | null |
859759b5-cea7-4a84-a6e8-3cd289833576 | Floor of Petit triangle is formed by? | Sacrospinalis | Internal oblique | Rectus abdominis | Fascia Transversalis | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Internal oblique Boundaries of Petit triangle (inferior lumbar triangle) are?Base - Iliac crestAnterior boundary (abdominal boundary) - Posterior border of external oblique muscle.Posterior boundary (lumbar boundary) - Anterior border of latissimus dorsi.Floor is formed by internal oblique muscle. | Anatomy | null |
8a6d3777-d1f3-497c-b362-dea2839bcb60 | A 3-day-male baby vomits everything he feeds, has a distended abdomen and diarrhea. On examination, he has bilateral cataract. The urine is positive for Benedict's test for reducing substance. Which of the following is the probable underlying diagnosis? | Hereditary Fructose intolerance | Phenylketonuria | Galactosemia | Von Gierke disease | 2c | single | The given clinical features:- Vomiting Abdominal distension Diarrhea Presence of reducing substance in urine, in a 3-day-old neonate, who is probably on exclusive breast feeding, suggests diagnosis of Galactosemia. In a confirmed case of galactosemia- breast milk is contraindicated Lactose breaks down to glucose & gala... | Pediatrics | Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism |
6d0d7da8-9746-402c-8008-ffed9773d68d | A 36-year-old female with symptoms of hyperparathyroidism, tumor in the pancreas, adrenal cortical hyperplasia, pituitary adenomas, islet cell tumor with cutaneous angiofibroinas. What is the diagnosis? | MEN I | MEN 2 A | MEN 2 B | MEN 2 C | 0a | single | MEN1syndrome
Consist of characteristic triad of (3P)
Pituitary tumour
Parathyroid tumour
Pancreatic islet cell tumours | Medicine | null |
a97c3bf5-54c4-4461-bec3-8663c8899c39 | Absence of sesamoid bone in girl of age about normal range of puberty is said to have: | Completed the growth | Overgrowth | Delay in reaching puberty | All of the above | 2c | multi | PHV-Peak height velocity occurs approximately at 12 years in girls and 14 years in boys and ossification of ulnar sesamoid of hand occurs roughly 6 months before the PHV.
Key Concept:
The absence or delayed presence of sesamoid bone is due to delay in reaching puberty. | Dental | null |
398ff5ba-cea5-4aff-be5e-b5f0839d0d69 | According to `AHA 2010 Guidelines' which of the following drug is not used in CPCR? | Adrenalin | Vasopressin | Atropine | Amiodarone | 2c | single | Answer- C. Atropine'According to AHA 2020 Guidelines, Atropine is no longer recommended for routine use in the management of pulseless electrical activity (PEA)asystole.'ACLS- medications for pulses arrestAtropine: deleted from pulseless arrest algorithmEpinephrine: dose, interval unchangedVasopressin: dose, use unchan... | Anaesthesia | null |
35a36fef-3184-42ea-90ee-3ba00ad27626 | Route of approach of glossopharyngeal neurectomy: | Tonsillectomy approach | Transpalatal approach | Transmandibular approach | Transpharyngeal approach | 0a | single | Tonsillecotmy is done as a pa of the following operations: Palatopharyngoplasty which is done for sleep apnea syndrome Glossopharyngal neurectomy--tonsil is removed first and then IX nerve is severed in the bed of tonsil Removal of styloid process. | ENT | null |
7ac7af43-2e50-44ee-ac96-2d711a80b887 | Food poisoning with shortest incubation period is caused by - | Salmonella | Cl perfringes | V cholera | Bacillus cereus | 3d | single | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Bacillus cereus OrganismSymptomsFood soureIncubation1. Staph aureusDiarrhea, Vomiting, No feverMeat, dairy & poultry productperiod 1-6 hrs2. Bacillus cereus (emetic type)Vomiting, diarrhea, No feverFried riceIncubation1. Bacillus cereus (diarrheal type)Diarrhea, no vomiting, no feverWide range ->> mea... | Microbiology | Bacteria |
35e2b4fe-b603-4304-9592-4b395127dc50 | Radiation protection shields are made up of – | Copper | Silver | Lead | Tin | 2c | single | Effective preventive measure for high risk group e.g., X-ray technician is to use lead shields and lead rubber aprons. | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
a1095bd3-6253-495d-b3be-3a599b2755ca | Hypothyroidism in pregnancy is least likely associated with: | Recurrent aboions | Polyhydramnios | Pregnancy induced hypeension (PIH) | Prematurity | 1b | single | Hypothyroidism is associated with early aboions, preterm labor, still bih. The baby of a severe hypothyroidism may be born a cretinism which is a severe form of brain dysfunction associated with deaf mutism, spastic motor disorder and hypothyroidism. The association with PIH results in an early delivery and hence a low... | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Physiological Changes of Pregnancy |
9055affd-d466-4738-9126-ee4ce7c2f1b0 | Which of the following substances acts to increase the release of Ca++ from endoplasmic reticulum? | Inositol triphosphate | Parathyroid hormone | 1,25-dihydroxy cholecalciferol | Diacylglycerol | 0a | single | In a large number of tissues, calcium is released as a consequence of the hydrolysis of phosphatidyl inositol. The inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate (InsP3) formed is able to release calcium from internal stores. Ref: Skeletal Muscle in Health and Disease: A Textbook of Muscle Physiology, David A. Jones, Joan M. Round - 1990... | Biochemistry | null |
ec40b0d4-35c4-443f-a5f1-aad1ab5d414f | Most potent stimulus for bile secretion | Cholecystokin | Secretin | Bile acid | Bile salt | 3d | single | The bile salts have a number of impoant actions: they reduce surface tension and, in conjunction with phospholipids and monoglycerides, are responsible for the emulsification of fat preparatory to its digestion and absorption in the small intestine. They are amphipathic, that is, they have both hydrophilic and hydropho... | Physiology | G.I.T |
b40e82ec-3408-426f-b21c-a6be3c350671 | Satellite nodule on a corneal ulcer is seen due to | Fungal infection | Bacterial infection | Viral infection | Protozoal infections | 0a | single | (Fungal infection) (100- Khurana 4th)FUNGAL - KERATITIS - caused by filamentous fungiSign.* It is dry looking grayish- white with elevated rolled out margins* Delicate feathery finger like extension are present into the surrounding stroma under the intact epithelium* A sterile immune-ring (yellow line of demarcation) m... | Ophthalmology | Cornea |
b6682850-7a06-4de0-b843-5733267b8456 | Formation of excessive amounts of granulation tissue, which protrudes above the level of the surrounding skin and blocks re-epithelialization is called: | Proud flesh | Keloid | Desmoids | Hypertrophic scar | 0a | multi | The accumulation of excessive amounts of collagen may result in a raised scar known as a hypertrophic scar and they tend to regress over several months.
If the scar tissue grows beyond the boundaries of the original wound and does not regress, it is called a keloid.
Exuberant granulation is another deviation in wound ... | Pathology | null |
812809d7-137d-43d1-9333-30ed65cabeab | Which of the following drug belongs to antifolate group: September 2007 | Erythromycin | Doxycycline | Pyrimethamine | Gentamicin | 2c | single | Ans. C: Pyrimethamine | Pharmacology | null |
5a88f0b1-d1ce-4299-b479-33b1f4c1648d | All of the following can be associated with PNH Except: | Cerebral thrombosis | Budd chiari syndrome | Pancytopenia | Massive splenomegaly | 3d | multi | Answer is D (Massive splenomegaly) PATH is usually not associated with a massive splenomegaly `Splenomegaly is present in some patients with PNH, but the enlargement of spleen is usually quiet modest'. | Medicine | null |
c0b127cb-b8e9-45ad-9aab-ac7d67da0860 | True about Bacterial vaginosis : | Fishy odour discharge | Grey discharge | Clue cells found | All of these | 3d | multi | All of these Grey discharge; Clue cells found; Fishy odour discharge; and Caused by Gardenella vaginalis | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
eb09b168-1f77-451e-8bb6-77334c204fae | According to Finn, the best method of brushing for mixed dentition: | Scrub | Vertical | Fones | Vibratory | 2c | single | The four basic methods of tooth brushing are:
Horizontal reciprocating (Scrub method)
Vertical sweeping (Roll and physiologic methods)
Circular (Fones method)
Vibratory (Charters, Bass and Stillman methods)
Key Concept:
Brushing Technique used commonly in children
The circular brushing method or Fone’s technique is ... | Dental | null |
04de28e0-909f-44d9-aa05-9a5a4f7b650d | If a mother is donating her kidney to son, this is an example of which of the following? | Isograft | Allograft | Autograft | Xenograft | 1b | multi | Donor and recipient are of same species and different individual : Allograft Donor and recipient are of same individual : Autograft Graft between different individual but of similar genetic makeup as in identical twins : Isograft Graft between different species : Xenograft For any organ transplantation, the single most... | Pathology | NEET 2019 |
3bada56e-02d5-480b-aa9e-9dd9a337a3bc | Best investigation for diagnosing amyloidosis | Rectal biopsy | Colonscopy | CT scan | Upper GI endoscopy | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Rectal biopsy "The most definitive investigation for Amyloidosis is biopsy".For many years rectal biopsy was the first procedure of choice.An important clinical advance was the recognition that the capillaries in the subcutaneous fat are often involved in patients with systemic amyloidosis and can oft... | Pathology | Intracellular Accumulations |
ab0a4b3e-d199-4101-8879-115884927e32 | Which of the following is locking muscle for knee ? | Popliteus | Hamstring | Quadriceps | None | 2c | multi | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Quadriceps Locking muscle --Quadriceps femoris (especially vastus medialis pa).Unlocking muscle --Politeus. | Anatomy | null |
85f93aa4-9724-43d7-8fc3-1fbbcfecd94f | True statement regarding delirium includes | Insidious onset | Clear consciousness | Irreversible | Decreased attention | 3d | multi | (D) Decreased attention # DELIRIUM:> Delirium is defined as a transient, usually reversible, cause of cerebral dysfunction and manifests clinically with a wide range of neuropsychiatric abnormalities.> Clinical hallmarks are decreased attention span and a waxing and waning type of confusion.> Delirium or acute confusio... | Psychiatry | Miscellaneous |
eabf77ba-124c-4b55-80ca-5c5cdb84023f | Triangle of Koch is not formed by | Limbus of Fossa ovalis | Tendon of Todaro | Coronary sinus | Septal Cusp of Tricuspid valve | 0a | single | Triangle of Koch is formed by
Tendon of Todaro
Coronary sinus
Septal Cusp of Tricuspid valve | Anatomy | null |
9289b01e-5b0c-4ac4-8b1c-8552b897d7d3 | Gynaecomastia is caused by which drug ? | Spironolactone | Rifampicin | Thiazide | Propanolol | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Spironolactone | Pharmacology | null |
df2d7bc9-3776-4b41-b975-431ba171a874 | A 7 years old child comes with fever and tibial swelling exhibits on X- ray exhibits periosteal reaction. Laboratory results show raised ESR and TLC. What is the next step in diagnosis of the patient? | MRI | Pus culture | Bone biopsy | Blood culture | 0a | multi | Answer- A. MRIEwingts sarcoma:MRI is essential to elucidate soft-tissue involvement in Ewing's sarcoma, because the tumor has low signal intensity on Tl-weighted images compared with the normal high signal intensity of the bone marow.Osteomyelitis:MRI allows early detection of osteomyelitis and assessment of the extent... | Surgery | null |
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