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135
e530722d-fd21-4026-8be6-d9fd20cabc84
Refeeding Syndrome - Lab values to be monitored are all except
Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphate
Ammonium
3d
multi
Ans. (d) AmmoniumRef: Bailey and Love 27th edition Page 288, Surgery Sixer 3rd Edition Page 6Refeeding Syndrome* Characterized by severe fluid and electrolyte shifts in malnourished patients undergoing refeeding.* It can occur with Enteral and Parenteral nutrition (MC with TPN)* Lab values: Hypophosphatemia, Hypocalcem...
Surgery
Fluid & Electrolyte
318d78ea-0d06-4bb9-a025-a55449fe4274
Active immunity is not acquired by -
Infection
Vaccination
Immunoglobulin transfer
Sub-clinical infection
2c
single
Active immunity is the resistance developed by an individual as a result of antigenic stimulus. Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when a person is exposed to a live pathogen, (clinical & subclinical) and develops a primary immune response, which leads to immunological memory. Aificially acquired active immunity...
Microbiology
Immunology
653e3d8c-294d-4b1f-b906-70910858c356
All of the following causes coloured halos except
Corneal edema
Retinal degeneration
Foreign body
Steroids
1b
multi
Halos can sometimes be a normal response to bright lights. Halos can also be caused by wearing eyeglasses or corrective lenses (contact lenses), or they can be a side effect of cataract or LASIK surgery. ... Thehalos are a result in diffraction of light entering your eye
Ophthalmology
Miscellaneous
51456d3d-519d-4b8e-a319-015515dedf99
Biopsy of a specimen shows Psammoma bodies. It is seen in all of the following conditions, EXCEPT:
Follicular Ca thyroid
Papillary Ca thyroid
Serous cystadenoma of ovary
All of the above
0a
multi
Psammoma bodies are round, laminated, non refractile calcifications. They are seen in, Meningiomas Papillary thyroid carcinoma Serous carcinomas of the ovary Melanotic schwannoma Ref: Lee G.A., Masharani U. (2012). Chapter 42. Disorders of the Thyroid Gland. In A.K. Lalwani (Ed), CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment in Otolar...
Pathology
null
41090db4-ff0b-4d83-9bfe-91024e5829b0
Drug not affecting pseudomonas aeruginosa ?
Levofloxacin
Ampicillin
Norfloxacin
Ciprofloxacin
1b
single
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Ampicillin Drugs acting against Pseudomonas. Penicillins - Piperacillin, Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin, Mezlocillin. Cephalosporins - Ceftazidime, Cefoperazone, Cefepime. Carbapenems - lmipenem, meropenem Monobactams - Aztreonam. Aminoglycosides - Tobramycin, Gentamycin, Amikacin. Fluroquinolones - Cipro...
Pharmacology
null
5663673c-f158-41f7-9998-399dabd7c52f
Internal laryngeal nerve runs along which border of Pharyngeal muscle ?
Medial
Lateral
Superior
Inferior
2c
single
Ans. is `c' i.e., Superior The internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve (internal laryngeal nerve) runs along the superior border of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle and pierces the thyrohyoid membrane along with superior laryngeal vessels and enters the larynx.It is a sensory branch, which supplies mucous...
Anatomy
null
5888aa38-3e19-4871-9a79-2abd1b8894a8
Axonotmesis includes discontinuity in
Perineurium
Epineurium
Endoneurium
Axon
3d
single
Axonotmesis is a disruption of nerve cell axon, with Wallerian degeneration occurring below and slightly proximal to the site of injury. If axons and their myelin sheath are damaged, but Schwann cells, the endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium remain intact, it is called axonotmesis.
Physiology
Nervous system
e42e0bab-dd56-4452-bdf7-51d1644c3950
A 2-month-old, breast-fed baby that was normal at bih begins to develop gastrointestinal problems and cirrhosis of the liver. Molecular analysis indicates a normal amount of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) mRNA, but no observable enzyme activity. Which of the following would be the best possible explana...
Gene deletion
Nonsense mutation
Premature transcription termination sequence in the DNA
Promoter mutation
1b
single
A nonsense mutation is a mutation in the DNA that leads to a premature stop codon when the mRNA is being translated into protein. The mRNA would be transcribed correctly, but when the protein was being translated, it would be stopped prematurely, leading to a truncated protein. A gene deletion would result in either th...
Biochemistry
null
64bef416-9781-4d28-80fd-f2e131657e50
Lepromin test is strongly positive in: March 2013
Tuberculoid (TT)
Lepromatous (LL)
Borderline lepromatous (BL)
Borderline borderline (BB)
0a
single
Ans. A i.e. Tuberculoid (TT)
Skin
null
cae5abcc-253c-43e2-9d29-f231e46007d8
The MOST common organism isolated in emphysematous pyelonephritis is:
E. coli
Proteus
Pseudomonas
Klebsiella
0a
single
Emphysematous pyelonephritis is a form of acute necrotizing pyelonephritis secondary to a gas-producing bacteria (E coli in 66% of cases and Klebsiella in 26%). It is commonly seen in patients with poorly controlled diabetes (over 90% of cases) or in patients with upper urinary tract obstruction. The diagnosis is made ...
Microbiology
null
1c1dc011-326f-4dbe-9442-76beef8ed0f4
Muscle not cut in posterolateral thoracotomy is ?
Serratus anterior
Latissimus dorsi
Rhomboides major
All
2c
multi
Answer is 'c' i.e. Rhomboides major Postero-lateral thoractomy is the most frequently used operation to access the thorax. Usually the incision is made through the 5th ICS. The following muscles may be cut a) Latissimus dorsi b) Serratus anterior c) Trapezius d) Intercostal muscles
Surgery
null
e05800a0-aadd-47ee-bc44-657e6f4ccae5
In good pasture syndrome, which organ is involved apa from lung?
Kidney
Liver
Spleen
Hea
0a
single
Goodpasture Syndrome - Type 2 HSN, Ab against anti - GBM Ab. Lung (Hemoptysis) and Kidney (Hematuria) MC involved organs. Treatment - Steroid
Medicine
FMGE 2018
611347cb-f098-42fa-858c-cc498de793fa
Which of the following is Tensor of the vocal cord
Cricothyroid
Inter arytenoid
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Lateral cricoarytenoid
0a
single
Intrinsic muscles of larynx They may act on vocal cords or laryngeal inlet. (a) Acting on vocal cords:- * Abductors:- Posterior cricoarytenoid * Adductors:- Lateral cricoarytenoid , Interarytenoid (transverse arytenoid), Thyroarytenoid (external pa) * Tensors:- Cricothyroid , Vocalis (internal pa of thyroarytenoid). Re...
ENT
Larynx
dbfceb1d-b9dc-42e9-9259-007a53802ee5
Overeatment with D-penicillamine results in:
Copper toxicity in the retina
Sideroblastic anemia
Hypercoagulable state
Dyslipidemia
1b
single
Hepatic siderosis is seen in patients with reduced levels of serum ceruloplasmin and non-ceruloplasmin bound copper. Overeatment with penicillamine lead to reversible sideroblastic anemia and hemosiderosis. Ref: Journal of Hepatology 2012 vol. 56 / 671-685.
Medicine
null
8bb81e4d-9b53-4a8b-98fc-7ce6bd72bb32
Most serious complication of Paget's disease:
Osteochondroma.
Osteosarcoma.
Osteopetrosis.
Osteitis deformans.
1b
single
Development of osteosarcoma is the most serious complication of paget’s disease or osteitis deformans.
Pathology
null
f7a92b58-1a13-4ce1-809d-f46d81432a77
Which of the following has a Ketogenic effect on liver?
Insulin
Glucagon
GH
Androgen
1b
single
Physiological Actions of GlucagonGlucagon is the most potent hyperglycemic hormone. It is anti-insulin in nature. Therefore, the net effect is decided by the insulin-glucagon ratio (Fig.24.8).Glucagon is mainly glycogenolytic. The active form of glycogen phosphorylase has formed under the influence of glucagon. Liver i...
Biochemistry
Metabolism of lipid
618f3fa0-c04d-43ce-958c-8f9a757e3668
What is the effect of constriction of efferent aeriole and dilatation of afferent aeriole on glomerular filtration rate?
Increases GFR
Decreases GFR
No change to GFR
First increase then decreases GFR
0a
single
Increase in renal blood flow increases GFR. Afferent aeriole brings blood to the nephron hence its dilation will increase renal blood flow, and efferent aeriole takes blood away from the nephrons, hence its constriction will cause increase filtration, hence increase in GFR. Constriction of afferent aeriole: decreases b...
Physiology
null
b07ddbaf-5e4c-45a4-94b7-6a246c3945a7
Normal value of Schirmer's test should be at least:
15 mm
45 mm
60 mm
30 mm
0a
single
Schirmer's test- It measure total tear secretions. It is performed with the help of a 5*35mm strip of whatman-41 filter paper which is folded 5mm from one end and kept in the lower fornix at the junction of lateral one third and medial two third. The patient is asked to look up and not to blink or close the eyes. After...
Ophthalmology
Investigation in ophthalmology and miscellaneous topics
d62df0f7-fdfe-4e13-a0d4-0cb282a155e2
Trinucleotide repeats seen in Huntington disease is?
GAA
CAG
CTG
CGG
1b
single
GAA - Friedreich ataxia CAG - huntington disease CTG - Myotonic dystrophy CGG - Fragile x syndrome
Pathology
null
177a7b16-f9f0-45de-a56d-bcab181481f9
Reversible dementia is a feature of:
Alzheimer's disease
Pick's disease
Multiinfarct dementia
Hypothyroidism
3d
single
Ans: D (Hypothyroidism) Ref: Harrison 's Textbook of Internal MedicineExplanationDementiaIt is a syndrome characterized byMemory disturbances (typically acquisition & recent memory are impaired)Agnosia (inability to recognise like one's name)Aphasia (inability to talk properly)Apraxia (inability to do which were done w...
Psychiatry
Dementia Due to Metabolic Causes
78fa626f-8f23-4e29-b33d-304f1b77df14
Screening increases life span in which ca
Breast
Colon
Prostate
Lung ca
0a
single
Schwaz says "Because the majority of Colorectal cancers are thought to arise from Adenomatous polyps, preventive measures focus upon identification and removal of these premalignant lesions. In addition, many cancers are asymptomatic and screening may detect these tumors at an early and curable stage American cancer so...
Surgery
Urology
2d2a0f6e-aaf9-4817-bd94-cdc818e94353
Emergency presentation of imperforate hymen is
Retention of urine
Mass abdomen
Cyclic pain
Hematocolpos
0a
single
Imperforate hymen present with Amenorrhea with secondary sexual characters Cyclical abdominal discomfo Retention of urine Palpation of midline hypogastric lump Ref: Shaw Gynecology 17 e pg 67.
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
Congenital malformations
4c2a714e-a15f-4d4d-a6d3-77c8601f412b
True about typhoid vaccines are all except -
Vi polysaccharide vaccine is given in single dose
Storage temperature is +2 to +8degC
Typhoral vaccine is given in 3 doses
Typhoral vaccine cannot be given with other live vaccines
3d
multi
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Typhoral vaccine cannot be given with other live vaccines
Social & Preventive Medicine
Principles of Immunization and Vaccination
2b844355-0ea1-4976-8e5a-56ca69f6075e
Which of the following organism is seen in a patient of left-sided endocarditis involving the mitral valve?
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus viridans
Enterococci
pseudomonas
1b
single
Ans. BVegetations (arrows) due to viridans streptococcal endocarditis involving the mitral valve.
Unknown
null
a7cde4d8-5768-455f-9f3e-9281b8b40f61
Fever of unknown origin in a farmer who raises goats would most likely be caused by which of the following organisms?
Brucella melitensis
Clostridium novyi
T. pallidum
Histoplasma capsulatum
0a
multi
Brucella are small, aerobic, Gram-negative coccobacilli. Of the four well-characterized species of Brucella, only one-B. melitensis-characteristically infects both goats and humans. Brucellosis may be associated with gastrointestinal and neurologic symptoms, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hepatitis, and osteomyelitis.
Microbiology
Bacteria
11832376-5f9b-4bf4-b7b9-30e6b5d76801
Prozone phenomenon is due to:
Antigen excess
Antibody excess
Excessive immune complex
Acute phase reactants
1b
single
Ans: B (Antibody excess) Ref: Ananthonaravan. Panikar CJ Textbook of .Microbiology. 8th Edition. John Wiley & Sons: 2009. Pg. 104Explanation:Antigen and antibody can combine in various proportions.State of antibody excess - ProzoneOptimal ratio - Zone of equivalenceState of antigen excess - Postzone (See the following ...
Microbiology
Immunology
d2f0585b-8681-4de8-9017-16f35b567833
A 50-year-old woman with SLE presents to the emergency depament with complaints of headache and fatigue. Her past manifestations of SLE have been ahralgias, haemolytic anaemia, malar rash, and mouth ulcers, and she is known to have high titres of antibodies to dsDNA. She currently is taking prednisone, 5 mg daily, and ...
Initiate cyclophosphamide, 500 mg/m2 body surface area intravenously (IV), and plan to repeat monthly for 3-6 months.
Initiate haemodialysis.
Initiate high-dose steroid therapy (IV methylprednisolone, 1000 mg daily for 3 doses, followed by oral prednisone, 1 mg/kg daily) and mycophenolate mofetil, 2 g daily.
Initiate plasmapheresis
2c
multi
This patient is presenting with acute lupus nephritis. It is Immune complex mediated disease. M/C/C of death in patients of SLE. The urinalysis shows evidence of active nephritis with hematuria and proteinuria. Even in the absence of red blood cell (RBC) casts, therapy should not be withheld to await biopsy results. Fa...
Medicine
Systemic Lupus Erythematous
3f21f255-42e5-44fe-8e15-1fa684276ce3
A 19-year-old male has a history of athlete's foot but is otherwise healthy when he develops the sudden onset of fever and pain in the right foot and leg. On physical exam, the foot and leg are fiery red with a well-defined indurated margin that appears to be rapidly advancing. There is tender inguinal lymphadenopathy....
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Tinea pedis
Streptococcus pyogenes
Mixed anaerobic infection
2c
single
(Braunwald, 15/e, pp 823, 893.) Erysipelas, the cellulitis described, is typical of infection caused by S.Pyogenes - Group A b- hemolytic Streptococci (GAS). There is often a preceding event such as a cut in the skin, dermatitis, or superficial fungal infection that precedes this rapidly spreading cellulitis. Anaerobic...
Surgery
null
5f488783-5c36-48ad-8ef2-221c8cbafd59
Taking into consideration typical usage patterns, the most effective spacing method provided under National Family Planning program is-
Cu-T 380 A
Mala-N
Nirodh
Non-Scalpel vasectomy
0a
single
The most effective spacing method provided under National Family Planning program is CuT 380 A. Cu T 380 A has a failure rate of only 0.6-0.8/HWY, as compared to failure rate of Mala-N of 8/HWY and for condom of 10-14/HWY. NSV is not a spacing method.
Social & Preventive Medicine
Natural Methods, Barrier Methods, IUDs, OCPs
d50bab3f-cb45-4238-acdc-4f05a7bad70f
River blindness is caused by-
Onchocerca
Loaloa
Ascaris
B.malayi
0a
single
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Onchocerca Onchocerciasis (River blindness or Robles disease)o It is caused by Oncocerca volvulus.o Infection in human begins with deposition of infective larvae on skin by the bite of an infected blackfly.o The manifestations are -1) Oiicocercomata: These are subcutaneous itchy nodules over coccyx, s...
Microbiology
Parasitology
bb43cd8f-fd2c-4f5f-ba57-f001844be1cd
'Hand Foot' syndrome can be caused by?
Cisplatin
Capecitabine
Vincristine
Azathioprie
1b
single
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Capecitabine Hand foot syndrome o Hand foot syndrome is a form erythromyelalgia manifested as tingling, numbness, pain, erythma, swelling and increased pigmentation of hands and feet. o Two most common drugs causing 'Hand foot' syndrome are: i) Capecitabine (most common) ii) 5-FU (2nd most common) Dru...
Pharmacology
null
49a4f737-d834-4939-9304-3b8559335611
Kinebock's disease is due to avascular necrosis of-
Femoral neck
Medial cuneiform bone
Lunate bone
Scaphoid bone
2c
single
Kienbock's disease is osteochondritis of Lunate.
Orthopaedics
null
526383c0-71a6-4672-b508-6a2a311fb7d6
Which of the following drug does not cause nephrotoxicity?
Cisplatin
Cyclophosphamide
Cyclosporine
Sirolimus
3d
single
Sirolimus is a non-nephrotoxic -mTOR inhibitor with a long half-life of 62 hours. It was the first mTOR inhibitor to be developed in solid organ transplantation as it inhibits cell proliferation .
Medicine
Chronic Kidney Disease & Diabetic Nephropathy
fd0492e4-d508-40f0-b277-3c075eabdcc1
A 4-year-old male with mental retardation, self-mutilation, and hyperuricemia is likely to have a deficiency of an enzyme involved in the:
Conversion of homogentisic acid to methylacetoacetate
Degradation of galactocerebroside
Breakdown of branched-chain amino acids
Recycling of guanine and hypoxanthine
3d
single
Adenosine deaminase is an enzyme that is deficient in individuals with the autosomal recessive form of SCID, and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT), an enzyme of the purine salvage pathway for recycling guanine and hypoxanthine that is deficient in individuals with the X-linked recessive disorder L...
Pathology
null
71fe6450-b19b-4251-849f-f887098b4f83
For Ca Anal canal t/t of choice is -
Surgery
Surgery + Radiotherapy
Chemoradiation
Chemotherapy
2c
single
Nigro regimen refers to combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy for primary treatment of malignant tumors of the anal canal. In the 1970s, Nigro pioneered preoperative combination chemoradiation therapy to convert unrespectable cases to respective cases. There was no surgical pathological evidence of tumor found in thre...
Surgery
null
9162399b-891d-4504-ba5d-653e6dfd3ae3
True about Apoptosis are all except-
Inflammation is present
Chromosomal breakage
Clumping of chromatin
Cell shrinkage
0a
multi
Ans. is 'a' i.e.,, Inflammation is present The two most striking features of apoptosis are: In contrast to necrosis it does not elicit inflammation Considerable apoptosis may occur in tissues before it becomes apparent in histological section (because it occurs very rapidly).
Pathology
null
05b03ceb-6996-4e75-b1d1-5d4b41ce004f
Uterine blood flow at term is?
800-1200 ml/min
50-70 ml/min
175-200 ml/min
500-750 ml/min
3d
single
The massively increased uterine blood flow necessary to maintain pregnancy is made possible by significant hyperophy and remodeling of all pelvic vessels. After delivery, their caliber diminishes to approximately the size of the pre pregnant state. Uterine blood flow is increased from 50 ml/min in non pregnant states t...
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
null
fe9f6ad1-a4c6-4305-a323-e8e1cbddefc5
Under national programme for prevention of nutritional blindness, a child in the age group of 6-11 months is given a mega dose of vitamin A equal to:
50,000 IU
1,00,000 IU
1,50,000 IU
2,00,000 IU
1b
single
First dose is with measles at 9 months - 1, 00,000 IU After 1 year the dose is 2, 00,000 IU Vitamin A supplement is given every 6 month after first dose till 5 year age. Ref: Park's textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 21st edition, page-593
Social & Preventive Medicine
null
bba160d4-60a5-404c-b595-2f10e9156211
Substrate level phosphorylation in citric acid cycle is catalysed by -
Pyruvate kinase
Phosphogly cerate kinase
Malate dehydrogenase
Succinate thiokinase
3d
single
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Succinate thiokinase o There are 2 types of phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.Substrate level phosphorylationOxidative phosphorylation at respiratory' chain levelo Substrate level phosphorylation is the production of ATP at the substrate level without participation of ETC.o It occurs in TCA cycle and glyc...
Biochemistry
Kerbs Cycle
50586b8b-5b7c-47e6-ba21-eb6619b6d222
Seen in Rokitansky kustner syndrome is?
Ovarian agenesis
Vaginal aplasia
Bicornuate uterus
Septate uterus
1b
single
Vaginal aplasia REF: Novak's Gynecology 13TH edition chapter 23 Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome consists of vaginal aplasia with other mtillerian (ie, paramesonephric) duct abnormalities
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
null
d2a0f5b0-4edd-464a-98ee-987e2722bf4a
Buspirone is a -
Antianxiety drug
Antipsychotic d
Antidepressant drug
None of the a1
0a
multi
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Antianxiety drug Buspironeo Buspirone is the first azapirone, a new class of anxiolytic drug,o Buspirone is a non-sedative, non-habit forming anxiolytic.o It differs from BZDs.Does not produce sedation or cognitive/functional impairment.Does not produce tolerance or physical dependence.Has no muscle r...
Pharmacology
C.N.S
523e605e-10fb-4ab4-b5e6-1084a5193cf4
Which is false about syphilis -
TPI gives definite diagnosis
TPHA is earliest to be +ve
VDRL is +ve 1 week after appearance of chancre
Serologically not different from yaws
1b
multi
Ans. is 'b' i.e., TPHA is earliest to be (+) ye About other options - TPI is a specific treponemal test and gives definite diagnosis. - VDRL test becomes positive 7-10 days after the appearance of primary chancre (3-5 weeks after acquiring the infection.) - All treponemal and nontreponemal serological tests may be posi...
Microbiology
null
dd62c99d-53cf-4553-a63c-b89daa768546
A dead born foetus does not have -
Rigor mortis at birth
Adipocere formation
Maceration
Mummification
1b
single
Signs of dead born (intrauterine death : IUD) are (i) Rigor mortis at birth, (ii) Maceration, (iii) Putrefaction, and (iv) Mummification. Adipocere formation does not occur.
Forensic Medicine
null
e17aa51b-1612-4c80-b81c-810dadf8fbd6
All of the following form boundary of Left supra renal gland EXCEPT:
Greater sac of stomach forms anterior border
Psoas major forms posterior border
Spleen forms anterolateral border
Left kidney forms inferior border
0a
multi
Ans. A Greater sac of stomach forms anterior borderRef: Clinical Anatomy, 11th ed. pg. 151* The suprarenal glands cap the upper poles of the kidneys and lie against the crura of the diaphragm.* The left is related anteriorly to the stomach across the lesser sac, the right lies behind the right lobe of the liver and tuc...
Anatomy
Abdomen & Pelvis
6f2644b7-89ce-497a-9ad0-e4c92df2770c
Which of the following is not synthesized in an inactive precursor form?
Carboxypeptidase
Colipase
Phospholipase
Pepsin
2c
single
Most of the digestive tract enzymes are first synthesized in the form of an inactive precursor, from which the active enzyme is cleaved. Pepsinogen, pro-colipase, procarboxypeptidase are the precursor forms for the options given. Phospholipase is not synthesized in a precursor form.
Physiology
Gastrointestinal System
b119be66-6dce-403a-8659-7ed66a918ef7
Which of the following is the most common malignant germ cell tumor of ovary?
Yolk sac tumor
Dysgerminoma
Polyembryoma
Choriocarcinoma
1b
single
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Dysgerminoma Dvsgerminomao It is the most common malignant germ cell tumor of ovary,o It affects young women and is usually unilateral.o Bilateral tumors are seen in 15 - 20% of the cases.o It is fleshy in consistency.o Histologically it shows presence of lymphocytic infiltration which is considered a...
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
Pathology (Carcinoma Ovary)
876c0a08-8d93-4923-96af-45047d0fb057
Receptors on cell membrane that activate ion channel after binding with agonists are:
Nicotinic cholinergic
Muscarinic cholinergic
Opioid mu receptors
GABA B receptors
0a
single
Nicotinic cholinergic and GABAA are inotropic receptor (they are ion channel). Other receptors in the options are G­-protein coupled receptor; known as metabotropic receptor.
Physiology
null
4fd2a5ef-0dce-41e3-a9b8-2aac0d5f5034
Wrong about Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Toxin production is chromosome mediated
Damage is by toxin production
Toxic to hea and neurons
More common in children
0a
single
C. diphtheriae virulence is mediated by its toxin which is produces by tox gene of DNA of Corynephage (bacteriophage).
Microbiology
All India exam
de50d3f7-7f69-4623-8dbc-6d439a9aca07
Dissecting haematoma is a clinical complication occurring in
Turner's syndrome
Klinefelter's syndrome
Down syndrome
Marfan syndrome
3d
single
Ans. (d) Marfan syndrome(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 491-492; 8th/pg 496-497, Harrison 18th ed 2063)Dissecting aneurysmWall of an artery rips (dissects) longitudinallyThis occurs because bleeding into the weakened wall splits the wall.Common in Marfan syndrome QThoracic aorta more affected Q
Pathology
Blood Vessels
d6ef1ed6-ddc3-4e1e-b2a1-d8a8d1889430
All of the following form the deep venous system of brain, EXCEPT:
Internal cerebral vein
Great cerebral vein
Basal veins
Cavernous sinus
3d
multi
Deep venous system of the brain is composed of the internal cerebral, basal and great cerebral vein and their tributaries. This system drains the deep white and grey matter surrounding the lateral and 3rd ventricles and the basal cisterns.The deep veins are divided into a ventricular group composed of veins converging ...
Anatomy
null
064ad927-e0d6-47bd-bf46-1d5359affbfa
Second messenger for oxytocin-
cAMP
cGMP
IP3-DAG
NO
2c
single
Ans. is 'c' i.e., IP3-DAGPhospholipase IP3 - DAG system* Activation of phospholipase (by stimulatory G protein) hydrolyses the membrane phospholipid phosphatidyl inositol 4, 5 bisphosphate (PIP2) to generate the second messenger inositol I, 4, 5 - triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).* IP3 mobilizes Ca+2 from in...
Physiology
Endocrinology and Reproduction
6ca624a5-d1a6-4c20-bb4a-79393fde0bcd
Primordial prevention is the -
Prevention of diseases among the hill-dwelling and tribal people
Prolongation of human life span to the maximum extent
Promotion of health, well being and efficiency
Prevention of diseases through modification of their risk factors
3d
single
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Prevention of diseases through modification of their risk factors It is the prevention of the emergence or development of risk factors in countries or population groups in which they have not yet appeared
Social & Preventive Medicine
null
3df26a02-fea0-4384-aa2c-60743f557ea6
Which of the following interstitial lung diseases is not associated with smoking?
Desquamative interstitial pneumonitis
Respiratory bronchiolitis-interstitial lung disease
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia
3d
single
Desquamative interstitial pneumonitis, respiratory bronchiolitis-interstitial lung disease, pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Goodpasture's disease, and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis are almost always associated with cigarette smoking. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP), or cryptogenic organiz...
Pathology
null
4e4cc04a-1e67-4688-ab00-536e87d3b6e5
For a patient, of CRF which of the following would be specific indication to sta dialysis?
BUN rises to >90 mg/dl
Urine output falls to <10 ml/h
Hematocrit falls to <30%
Pericardial friction rub
3d
multi
Pericarditis in renal failure (acute or chronic) is an indication to initiate hemodialysis, because untreated uremic pericarditis may progress to pericardial tamponade
Medicine
All India exam
e3cc1bd6-07a8-4e42-a9cc-28619b369ca2
Which of the following ECG leads is most sensitive in detecting intraoperative myocardial ischemia
Lead I
Lead II
Lead V1
Lead V5
3d
single
Answer is D (Lead V5) The most sensitive lead in detecting intraoperative myocardial ischemia is lead V5 'If only one lead can be displayed V5 should be used because V5 has the greatest sensitivity: 75% intraoperatively and 89% during exercise treadmill testing'-Yao & Ausio's Anesthesiology: Problem Oriented Patient Ma...
Medicine
null
3fc1d660-b37c-4964-9f76-9adb2283df2d
The most common cause of fracture in a patient with Hemophilia is
Osteoporosis and Restricted Joint Movement
Osteonecrosis
Iron deposition
Pseudo-tumors
0a
single
Answer is A (Osteoporosis and Restricted Joint Movement) The most common cause of fractures in patients with haemophilia is osteoporosis and restricted joint movements (from haemophilic ahropathj). 'Fractures may occur frequently and after tril trauma because of poor musculature, osteoporosis, limited range of motion i...
Medicine
null
4d4e0240-4553-4f97-bb2f-d9a0a921ca00
Erythropoietin secretion decreases in
High altitude
Highly crushed renal disease
Congestive heart failure
Lung disease
1b
single
(Highly crushed renal disease) (677-Ganong 23rd) (459-60-GN) (422-23-Guyton 11th) (72-A.K. Jain 3rd)ERYTHROPOIETIN is a glycoprotein, secreted by peritubular capillaries in the kidney. The principal site of inactivation of erythropoietin is the liver.* * Hypoxia is the main stimulant for the secretion of erythropoitin*...
Physiology
Heart, Circulation, and Blood
0e19d9b4-ac0b-44c9-9acd-afb721370abc
The level of alpha fetoprotein is raised in all of the following except.
Cirrohosis of liver.
Hepatocellur carcinoma
Yolk sac tumor
Dysgerminoma
3d
multi
Ans. is 'd' i.e. Dysgerminoma Elevation of a feto protein is not seen in dysgerminoma. It may sometimes show elevation of bHCG.Raised a fetoprotein is seen in:Neoplastic conditions:Liver cancerGerm cell tumours of testis (non seminomatous)Yolk sac tumours*Embryonal carcinoma*Non neoplastic conditions:Cirrhosis*Pregnanc...
Medicine
Liver
571fe20d-61b1-45ab-921f-2c074d805904
A 60-year-old female is suffering from renal failure and is on hemodialysis since last 8 years. She developed carpal tunnel syndrome. Which of the following finding will be associated
AL
AA
ATTR
B2 microglobulin
3d
single
Patients on long-term hemodialysis for renal failure can develop amyloidosis as a result of deposition of b2-microglobulin. This protein is present in high concentrations in the serum of persons with renal disease and in the past, it was retained in the circulation because it could not be filtered through dialysis memb...
Pathology
General pathology
ce41e98c-3f43-4c6a-9dbb-74c77dc10584
Extra-embryonic mesoderm is derived from:
Epiblast
Primary yolk sac
Secondary yolk sac
Hypoblast
1b
single
Ans: B. Primary yolk sac(Ref Gray's. 41/e p169, 40/e p167, 173, 186-189; Langmuir S 13/e p45,'Pe p54-55)Extra-embryonic mesoderm is derived from primary yolk sac.Formed by delamination of yolk sae cells - later by migration of cells through primitive streak during gastrulation.
Anatomy
null
17223d66-17f0-4d88-8c20-71f0ed9cc310
Following is true about inverse agonist ?
Affinity + Intrinsic activity +
Affinity + Intrinsic activity 0
Affinity - Intrinsic activity ?
Affinity + Intrinsic activity -
3d
multi
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Affinity + Intrinsic activity - Receptors are specific binding site with functional correlate. In relation to action through receptors, two terms are impoant.
Pharmacology
null
09141559-61ef-463b-b9eb-969e5c250038
Ideal contraceptive in case of following scenario?
Cu-T
Barrier method
Oral contraceptive
Depo - Provera
2c
single
Ans. C. Oral contraceptivea. The given USG suggests molar pregnancy as it is showing snowstorm appearance.b. IUCD/POP can cause irregular bleeding/spotting.c. Barrier methods have high failure rates.d. OCP are ideal for post molar contraception.
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
Pharmacotherapeutic in Obstetrics
af913acc-4ca3-4266-a199-86b667524325
All of the following statements are true regarding hyperophy, except:
Occurs due to synthesis and assembly of additional intracellular components.
There is an increase in the size of the cells.
Cells capable of division respond to stress by hyperophy and hyperplasia.
There is an increase in the number of cells.
3d
multi
The increased size of the cells is due to the synthesis and assembly of additional intracellular structural components. Hyperophy refers to an increase in the size of cells, which results in an increase in the size of the affected organ. Cells capable of division may respond to stress by undergoing both hyperplasia and...
Pathology
Reversible Cell Injury
9ab10ad2-9625-4a7d-817d-63175325e1dc
The "rotator cuff' muscle includes all EXCEPT
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres major
Subscapularis
2c
multi
(Teres Major) (489 - Snell 7th)ROTATOR CUFF - Four muscle - Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus Teres minor and the subscapularis - Form what is termed the "rotator cuff '. The tone of these muscles assists in holding the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity of the scapula during movements at the shoulder joint. Therefor...
Anatomy
Upper Extremity
8ccd16ed-5390-4db4-9c8e-2d29e2759fa5
Which one of the following medical disorders leads to delayed foetal lung maturity
Hea disease
Diabetes
Thalassemia minor
Epilepsy
1b
single
Maternal diabetes mellitus cause delayed fetal lung maturation. Maternal hyperglycemia causes fetal hyperglycemia which in turn causes fetal hyperinsulinemia. Fetal hyperinsulinemia impairs surfactant production in the lung which in turn causes delay in lung maturity and predisposes to respiratory distress syndrome. Re...
Pediatrics
New born infants
1d5bc8be-891e-43a6-a285-6dd32ab60488
An otherwise healthy patient who has just received a prosthetic aoic valve develops postoperative fever. Blood cultures are done and she is placed on broad-spectrum antibiotics. Two days later she is still febrile and clinically deteriorating. Which of the following organisms is the most probable etiologic agent?
Actinomyces israelii
Candida albicans
Histoplasma capsulatum
Nocardia asteroides
1b
multi
The patient likely has a candidal infection of the prosthetic aoic valve. That is why she did not respond orably to antibacterial therapy, which is known to promote fungal infection. Note that Candida tends to colonize foreign bodies such as IV and Foley catheters, prosthetic valves, and ventricular shunts. Actinomyces...
Microbiology
null
723353bd-9d12-4aea-9f5e-6b76041da15e
Which of the following types of neuropathy are seen in Diabetes
Distal symmetric sensory neuropathy
Autonomic neuropathy
Mononeuropathy
All of the above
3d
multi
Answer is D (All of the above): Diabetic neuropathy may be of several types including distal symmetric sensory neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy and diabetic manoneuropathy Diabetic Neuropathy Diabetes Meelitus is the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy in developed countries Diabetes is associated with several t...
Medicine
null
36fe2959-43b2-4e8c-8aa6-3c42e2e84ef9
Malignant hyperthermia is caused due to which of the following mechanism?
Increased intracellular Na
Decreased intracellular chlorine
Increased intracellular Ca
Increased serum K
2c
single
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Increased intracellular Ca o The mechanism involves a sudden rise in intracellular calcium due to release of stored calcium in sarcoplasmic reticulum, stimulating contraction, rhabdomyolysis and a hypermetabolic state.o Tachycardia and not bradycardia, is a feature of malignant hyperthermia.MALIGN ANT...
Anaesthesia
Depolarising Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
1623066f-1434-45b7-8ec7-9605df16cc86
A bacterium can divide every 20 minutes. Beginning with a single individual, how many bacteria will be there in the population if there is exponential growth for 3 hours:
18
440
512
1024
2c
single
P = C (I + r)n Where, P = Final value C Initial value r = fraction increase n = no. of times increase In the given question, A bacterium can divide every 20 minutes and exponential growth is for 3 hours, Thus, C = 1, And r = 1 (it doubles every time) n = 3 hours/20 minutes 9 times Thus P = C (1 + = 1 (1 + 1)9 = 29 = 51...
Dental
null
ffca2c09-5805-40e2-bcde-3da7d3093c91
Blow out fracture of the orbit, most commonly leads to fracture of:
Posteromedial floor of orbit
Medial wall of orbit
Lateral wall of orbit
Roof of orbit
0a
multi
"The most common site for a blowout fracture to occur is the posteromedial aspect of the orbital floor, medial to the infraorbital neurovascular bundle where the maxillary bone is very thin." - The Internet Journal of Otorhinolaryngology Blow out fracture: The usual mechanism is a blow to the eye, with the forces being...
Ophthalmology
null
8d776379-fea8-4b0b-a9d4-35e9574f28d0
Rate limiting step in pyrimidine synthesis
Dihydro-orotase
Ornithine transcarbomoylase
Aspaate transcarbomoylase
Carbamoyl phosphate synthase-I
2c
multi
Ref-D.M.Vasudevan 7/e p506 Aspaatetranscarbamylase catalyses a committed step in pyrimidine metabolism by conveing carbamoyl phosphate into carbamoyl aspaate
Biochemistry
Metabolism of nucleic acids
3858506b-a4de-4902-8dd4-7dbcb6229dbf
Polyariticular rheumatoid ahritis is diagnosed when more than............. Joints are involved
One
Two
Four
Five
3d
single
The initial pattern of disturbution of joint involvement may be monoaicular,oligoaicular(less than 4 joints),or Polyariticular (,greater than 5 joints ) usually on a symmetric distribution Ref, :Robbins page no 1209 8th edition
Anatomy
Musculoskeletal system
38179fe1-397d-4e5b-bd07-b9838d0c2fbb
Which of the following is not a feature of rhinosporidiosis -
Bleeding polyp
Russell bodies are seen
Oral dapsone is useful in treatment
Excision with the knife is the treatment
1b
single
Because the polyps are vascular and friable, they bleed easily upon manipulation. Complete excision of mass is done with diathermy knife and cauterization of base. Dapsone is being tried for treating rhinosporidiosis but with limited success. Russell bodies are not seen in Rhinosporidiosis but are a diagnostic feature ...
ENT
null
8af1ee6a-aa52-4e42-8cf3-7d929c2d8606
DNA repair defects are seen in
Xeroderma pigmentosa
Bloom's syndrome
Ataxia telangiectasia
Li-Fraumani syndrome
0a
single
Xeroderma pigmentosa is autosomal recessive conditionMutation in any one of the gene XP leads to dis conditionUv light causes the formation of thymine dimers where covalent bonds are formed between thymine residues Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 584, 584
Biochemistry
Metabolism of nucleic acids
52fc30d1-7dc0-458c-aa73-96f359afcc98
If amphotericin B is administered, the patient should not be premedicated with:
Diphenhydramine
Ibuprofen
Prednisone
Atazanavir
3d
single
Amphotericin B infusion is associated with Acute Reaction which consists of chills, fever, aches and pain all over, nausea, vomiting and dyspnoea lasting for 2- 5 hour, probably due to release of cytokines (IL, TNFa). Therefore to prevent this reaction, patient should be premedicated with: H1 antihistaminics like diphe...
Pharmacology
Anti-Fungal Drugs
87fbab3e-3cff-442e-be04-d1fb3f938f8d
In acoustic neuroma, the earliest ocular finding is:
Diplopia
Ptosis
Loss of pupillary reflex
Loss of corneal reflex
3d
single
Ans: d (Loss of corneal reflex)Ref: Dhingra E.N.T. 3rd ed, p. 144 & 2nd ed, p. 116. 5th nerve is the earliest nerve to be involved. This leads to reduced corneal sensitivity and loss of corneal reflex.
ENT
Acoustic Neuroma
9731bf6e-93d6-4836-9db2-9fa41dc5054b
Antidotes for acute iron poisoning -
Desferrioxamine
Na EDTA
BAL
Penicillamine
0a
single
​​Desferioxamine is the antidote of choice in acute iron poisoning.
Forensic Medicine
null
a5e3e689-91ce-416c-bb78-2b72a072d546
Most safe and effective evacuation in a patient with missed abortion at 14-16 weeks can be achieved with
Oxytocin
Misoprostol
Carboprost
Extra-amniotic ethacrydyl lactate
1b
single
Ans. b (Misoprostol) (Ref. Textbook of Obstetrics D.C. Dutta 6th/pg. 64)MISSED MISCARRIAGE# Definition:- Expulsion of the conceptus does not occur despite a prolonged period after embryonic death.# C/f:- Typically, the patient's symptoms of pregnancy regress, the pregnancy test becomes negative, and no fetal heart moti...
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
Miscellaneous (Gynae)
3e19e34d-0293-4324-8a9c-6e0ca22291da
Role of liver in vitamin D metabolism
Catalyzes rate limiting steb
1-hydroxylation
25-hydroxylation
24-hydroxylation
2c
single
Found in the liver, this enzyme is a microsomal vitamin D hydroxylase that conves vitamin D into 25-hydroxyvitamin D (calcidiol), which is the major circulatory form of the vitamin.
Physiology
General physiology
b2df7936-582f-4835-8fa4-b7c7e6b5c68c
Proximal Bronchiectasis is feature of?
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
Tuberculosis
Measles pneumonia
All of the above
0a
multi
Ans. a (Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis) (Ref. Harrison's Medicine, 18thCh. 204)Bronchiectasis accompanying ABPA often involves proximal airways and is associated with mucoid impaction.Other features on high-resolution CT scanning can suggest a specific etiology of the bronchiectasis. For example, bronchiectasi...
Medicine
Respiratory
5ee05b7f-a429-4ca3-9417-1eef6783fcb9
Functions of complement include all except-
Chemotaxis
Opsonization
Celllysis
Antigen presentation
3d
multi
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Antigen presentationPhysiological actions of complement componentso C5a, C3a, to a lasser extent C4a - are called anaphylotoxin because they have effects similar to those of mast cell mediators that are involved in the reaction called anaphylaxis. These effects are due to stimulation of histamine rele...
Microbiology
Immunology
7b06c9f0-7d25-4cf9-b469-0c7ef8c2d8dd
An anti-hypeensive drug that causes positive coomb&;s test is
Methyldopa
Clonidine
Hydralazine
Sodium-nitropruside
0a
single
Alpha-methyldopa causes autoimmune hemolytic anemia Coombs test detects antibodies against foreign red blood cells. (REF. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D TRIPATHI-6th edition. Page No-547)
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular system
db51eddd-8c9a-4be4-9405-a9d73517d97d
Fertilization occurs outside the body, in which of the assisted reproductive technique
Zygote intrafallopian tube transfer
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Gamete intrafallopian tube transfer
In vitro fertilization
2c
multi
In GIFT, fertilization occurs outside the body.
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
null
596b6c1d-e837-4d26-b166-5a64052398b1
The commonest site of obstruction in Gall stone ileus is -
Proximal ileum
Distal ileum
Ileocecal junction
Transverse colon
1b
multi
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Distal ileum
Surgery
null
1f6102ae-8a22-4d5d-ad0a-3c61126b3236
Minimum antenatal visit as per MCH is -
1
2
3
4
3d
single
Ans. is 'b' i.e., 4 o Now, at least 4 antenatal visits, during pregnancy, are recommended.o In these cases, a minimum of 4 visits covering the entire period of pregnancy should be the target.151 visit at 12 weeks or as soon as pregnancy is known.2nd visit at 14-26 weeks.3rd visit at 28-34 weeks.4th visit at between 26 ...
Social & Preventive Medicine
Obstetrics
99b21af7-c874-4454-959c-d269f7b03ccb
Cellular and flagellar movement is carried out by all of the following except -
Intermediate filaments
Actin
Tubulin
Myosin
0a
multi
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Intermediate filamentCytoskeleton o All cells have a cytoskeleton that : ?Maintains the structure of a cellPermits cell to change it shapeHelps in movemento Cytoskeleton is primarily made up of1. Microtubules2. Intermediate filaments3. Microfilaments1. MicrotubulesMicrotubules helps in motility of spe...
Pathology
null
c8d31d06-f5f5-43d1-9f96-f0307c29711e
A 30-year-old G3P2 woman delivered a term baby and staed bleeding after delivery. She was given in fluids but bleeding did not stop. The EMO advised blood transfusion. After how many blood trans! fusions should be given FFP:
1
2
3
4
3d
single
The most impoant initial resuscitating step of PPH is fluid management Till blood is not available this is done using colloids and crystalloids which replaces the fluid but worsens the existing coagulopathy Blood transfusion should be followed by fresh frozen plasma and platelets This is done after 4 units of blood tra...
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
General obstetrics
9679d984-1b7a-4109-95d4-1c997ecd7230
Acne vulgaris is caused by-
Staph aureus
Diphtheroids
Sweat gland hyperplasia
Obstruction to pilosebaceous duct
3d
single
D i.e. Obstruction to pilosebaceous duct
Skin
null
31af59cc-67d0-4056-8338-8f028f26eb5d
Right border of heart is formed by all except -
Right atrium
Rightventricle
SVC
IVC
1b
multi
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Right ventricle o Dont get confused with above question. Most probably this question has been framed by a radiologist. Read following factsi) Right border of heart is formed by (anatomically) - Right atrium.ii) Right border of heart is formed by (on X-ray PA view) - Right atrium (majority), SVC, I VC....
Anatomy
Pericardium & Heart
2cea49a0-eceb-43bc-aa0a-c2c6b386131c
FSH rise in menopause is attributed to
Diminished oestradiol feedback
Decreased ovarian inhibin secretion
Decreased GnRH frequency
Increased AMH concentration
1b
single
Increased FSH levels reflect the reduced capability of aging follicles to secrete inhibin.
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
null
c15f1324-800a-472c-897a-ce6baaaab5ed
Earliest suture to close among the following -
Lambdoid
Saggital
Coronal
Metopic
3d
single
Premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures, either major/ minor is called as CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS. SEQUENCE OF CLOSURE OF SUTURES - METOPIC ( 2 months) - SAGGITAL - CORONAL - LAMBDOID (22-26 months)f/b frontonasal - frontozygomatic (68-72 months) Mc type of craniosynostosis is scaphocephaly/ Dolichocephaly d/t prematu...
Pediatrics
Congenital CNS malformations
0270cbf1-aa18-47e4-94a7-231a4df49a74
Adding sodium bicarbonate to local anaesthetic has all of the following effects, except:
Enhances onset
Enhances intensity
Increases the duration
Increase the pain of injection
3d
multi
The addition of sodium bicarbonate to local anesthetics improves the speed of onset, reduces the minimum concentration of the local anesthetic required and improves the quality of block. Adding sodium bicarbonate increases the pH of the local anesthetic solution, and thus more amount of free uncharged drug is available...
Anaesthesia
Regional Anesthesia
622f6a15-dad4-487b-a242-0a1747241e6d
Vitamin K-dependent clotting factors include all the following except -
Factor II
Factor VIII
Factor IX
Factor X
1b
multi
Vitamin K acts as a cofactor in the formation of 6 prothrombin complex proteins synthesized in the liver: factor II,VII ,IX ,X ,protein C & protein S.Reference:Harsh mohan textbook of pathology sixth edition pg no 336
Medicine
Haematology
1bc57225-7192-493b-98a4-d0dfd40bb06d
A 2 years old female was brought to PHC with a history of cough & fever for 4 days with inability to drink for last 12 hours. On examination, the child was having weight of 5 kg and respiratory rate of 45/minutes with fever. The child will be classified as suffering from -
Very severe disease
Severe Pneumonia
Pneumonia
No pneumonia
0a
single
<p> Very severe disease Inability to feed and severe malnutrition (weight 5 kg at 2 years of age ) makes the child as having very severe pneumonia. Reference:Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine,K.Park,23rd edition,page no:170-171. <\p>
Social & Preventive Medicine
Communicable diseases
61044c7c-0b94-4db1-98eb-3d55857158cf
Which group of nerve fibre is least susceptible to hypoxia?
A alpha
A beta
B
C
3d
single
Susceptibility Most susceptible Intermediate Least Susceptible Hypoxia B A C Pressure A B C
Physiology
Nerve Muscle Physiology
8feb6e9c-48b5-463e-abb4-9ddb1e256a61
Supra omohyoid dissection of lymph nodes is called as
Selective neck dissection
Modified radical neck dissection
Radical neck dissection
Functional neck dissection
0a
multi
Supra omohyoid is removing level I to IV lymph nodes. It is a selective LN dissetion.
Surgery
null
60ff837d-9ead-4e56-b81d-119d1c18e352
A 45 yrs male presented with an expansile lesion in the centre of femoral metaphysis. The lesion shows Endosteal scalloping and punctuate calcifications. Most likely diagnosis is:
Osteosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Simple bone cyst
Fibrous Dysplasia
1b
multi
Middle aged female with expansile lesion in the femoral metaphysis with endosteal scalloping and punctuate calcifications give the diagnosis of chondrosarcoma. Ref: Concise Pathology By Chandrasoma P, Taylor C, 3rd Edition, Page 971; Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, 6th Edition, Page 1241; Essential Ohopedics By Ma...
Surgery
null
e821c8ef-a440-488e-86ae-72a7993b6ab5
Which thyroid malignancy can present with diarrhea?
Papillary carcinoma
Follicular carcinoma
Medullary carcinoma
Huhle cell carcinoma
2c
single
A patient with a sporadic medullary thyroid cancer typically has one of two manifestations: a palpable mass in the thyroid that is present in most cases and for which a diagnosis can be made with FNA with immunohistochemistry or the finding of an elevated calcitonin level This calcitonin excess may rarely result in sym...
Surgery
Endocrinology and breast
cb70d914-e2f9-4596-8b5a-381b894283cf
In congenital dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa defect is seen in:
Laminin 4
Collagen type 7
Collagen 4
Collagen 3
1b
single
B. i.e. Collagen 7
Skin
null
ae93a411-d875-435f-9389-c37a827a0f81
All of the following may occur in Down's syndrome, except:
Hypothyroidism
Undescended testis
Ventricular septal defect
Brushfield's spots
1b
multi
Undescended testis has not been described as an association with Down's syndrome. Hypothyroidism, ventricular septal defect, Brushfield's spots are seen in Down's syndrome. Ref: Essential Pediatrics By O P Ghai, 6th Edition, Page 592; Down Syndrome By Mark Selikowitz, 2008, Preview.
Pediatrics
null