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Where will this new technology be applied to know the impact of the characterization of the reserve on oil exploration? | It will be applied to the Namorado Sandstone, Albacora Field, Campos Basin, offshore Brazil | [
"PRAVAP 2 (Petrobras' strategic project for reservoir characterization) aims mainly technology acquisition and development in reservoir characterization. The project is based on a multidisciplinary approach, and the synergism between operational and research teams. New technologies are put together with others alre... | pira | en | true | [
"A285"
] | false | [
"Offshore hydrocarbon technologies for survey and exploration Oil and gas survey and exploration techniques locate hydrocarbon resources accumulated under impermeable rock formations. An initial assessment using seismic surveys evaluates the location of hydrocarbon-rich geologic plays (a group of oil- and gas-beari... |
Which manatees showed higher serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase? | Free-ranging manatees showed higher serum aspartate aminotransferase levels than manatees in rehabilitation captivity. | [
"The Antillean manatee Trichechus manatus manatus can be found along the northern and northeastern coasts of Brazil. Previous studies on the clinical biochemistry of these animals were conducted in North America and the Caribbean, whereas little is known regarding these parameters in South American manatee populati... | pira | en | true | [
"A167"
] | false | [
"Purpose: In order to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities on carbon and nutrient accumulation, total organic carbon (TOC), nitrogen (TN), and phosphorus (TP) accumulation rates were examined in a 210Pb-dated mangrove sediment core from Sepetiba Bay, Brazil, a coastal region impacted by multiple environmen... |
How was the increase in population concentration in coastal areas perceived? | The use of nightly satellite data from light sources observed the increase in identified urban areas in coastal zones | [
"Coastal population and size of coastal communities Although there have been calls for regular monitoring and assessment of the process of change in coastal areas (see, for example, Shi and Singh, 2003), they have largely been at the national or regional levels. Little, if anything, has been published about the tot... | pira | en | true | [
"B2480"
] | false | [
"Increased use of ocean space Increased coastal population and urbanization (including tourism) A large proportion of humans live in the coastal zone: 38 per cent of the world’s population live within 100 km of the shore, 44 per cent within 150 km, 50 per cent within 200 km, and 67 per cent within 400 km. This prop... |
Why does the ocean dominate the global hydrological cycle? | Because by current estimates, 85 percent of surface evaporation and 77 percent of surface precipitation occur over the oceans. | [
"The global ocean covers 71 per cent of the Earth’s surface, and contains 97 per cent of all the surface water on Earth (Costello et al., 2010). Freshwater fluxes into the ocean include: direct runoff from continental rivers and lakes; seepage from groundwater; runoff, submarine melting and iceberg calving from the... | pira | en | true | [
"B2528"
] | false | [
"The ocean is strongly coupled with the atmosphere, mutually transferring substances (mostly gases), heat and momentum at its surface, forming a single coupled system. That system is influenced by the seasonal changes caused by the Earth’s tilted rotation with respect to the sun. Variations in sea-surface temperatu... |
How was it possible to expand oil production in the Campos Basin? | Investments in exploration and production development, technological improvements in deep water and continuous improvement of management. | [
"Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ... | pira | en | true | [
"A577"
] | false | [
"Significant volumes of heavy and high viscosity oil have been discovered in the Campos and Santos Basins, offshore Brazil, and its economical production is a challenge for the oil industry. New production technologies are required for the economic development of offshore heavy oil reservoirs. Long horizontal or mu... |
What can we use to guide innovation in oil E&P? | We can use the systematization of the knowledge about the innovation capability. | [
"The aim of this study is to systematize the knowledge related to the innovation capability of the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) operating in the exploration and production (E&P) of oil and natural gas in Rio de Janeiro state (Brazil). This systematization consists in the early stages of a larger study, which... | pira | en | true | [
"A1817"
] | false | [
"The views of engineering executives of six major international oil companies on the role of new technology in helping offshore operating companies meet demanding technical and economic challenges are presented. The companies are BP, Chevron, Elf Aquitaine, Mobil, Petrobras and Shell. The top ten technical advances... |
Which marine lives can be affected by ocean acidification? | All marine lives. | [
"Pressures from changes in ocean chemistry Ocean uptake of carbon dioxide emissions is rapidly changing seawater chemistry in a process known as ocean acidification (see chap. 5). As the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in seawater increases, it causes the carbonate saturation state to fall below levels suitable ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2206"
] | false | [
"Integrated management of human activities affecting the ocean When various conclusions in parts III to VI of the present Assessment are linked together, they clearly show that a similar broadening of the context of management decisions will produce similar benefits in and among other sectors of human activities th... |
How are called the three megassequences of the Cear basin sedimentary fill? | The megassequences are syn-rift, transitional and drift | [
"Exploration in the Cear basin, on the south-western part of the Equatorial Margin of Brazil, commenced in the early 1970s. Several moderate size fields such as Xar u, Curim , Atum, and Espada fields, with URR volume of around 200 MM BOE, were discovered on the shelf and are producing to this day. Exploration in th... | pira | en | true | [
"A1412"
] | false | [
"Based on the evolution of the tectonic plate and pregeography, the passive continental margin basins on the east coasts of Brazil experienced three prototype phases. Berremian intracontinental rift megasequence in lower cretaceous, comprising lacustrine sediments overlying Neocomian basalts, Aptian intercontinenta... |
What are some possible precautions to avoid the harm done to the marine life by the contamination of sea water by oil and gas? | The prohibition of harmful drilling muds, the limitation of the produced water that is discharged and the control of which chemicals can be used offshore. | [
"Increasing inputs of harmful material Offshore hydrocarbon industries Major disasters in the offshore oil and gas industry have a global, historical recurrence of one about every 17 years. The most recent is the Deepwater Horizon blowout of 2010, which spilled 4.4 million barrels (about 600,000 tons) of oil into t... | pira | en | true | [
"B2369"
] | false | [
"Increasing inputs of harmful material Human health, food security and food safety Marine biotas are under many different pressures from hazardous substances on reproductive success. Dead zones and low-oxygen zones resulting from eutrophication and climate change can lead to systematic changes in the species struct... |
Where do the risks that food safety systems aim to avoid come from? | Contamination from pathogens and toxins | [
"Food security and food safety Social issues In both capture fisheries and aquaculture, gender and other equity issues arise. A significant number of women are employed in both types of activities, either directly or in related activities along the value chain. Women are particularly prominent in product processing... | pira | en | true | [
"B2173"
] | false | [
"Increasing inputs of harmful material Human health, food security and food safety Marine biotas are under many different pressures from hazardous substances on reproductive success. Dead zones and low-oxygen zones resulting from eutrophication and climate change can lead to systematic changes in the species struct... |
What is replacing the flooded areas of the Rio Grande do Norte fluvial-marine plain? | Salt evaporation tanks. | [
"The objective of this article is to evaluate the spatial distribution and quantify the Permanent Preservation Areas in the outfall estuarine of the Apodi-Mossoró River, in Rio Grande do Norte (Northeastern Brazil), for the years 1965 and 2012 according to the environmental legislation. In this way, it was possible... | pira | en | true | [
"A1281"
] | false | [
"In South America, Brazil is the country with the largest extension of mangroves, covering approximately 7000 km, departing from the Oiapoque River, on the border between Amapá and French Guiana, to Praia do Sonho, in Santa Catarina. With population growth, there was an expansion of cities towards the coast and wit... |
What are the carbonate reservoirs in the pre-salt offshore of Brazil candidates for? | They are candidates for time-lapse seismic analysis. | [
"After their initial discovery in 2006, followed by an accumulated production of over 2 billion barrels of oil equivalent, the presalt carbonate reservoirs of offshore Brazil are now candidates for time-lapse seismic analysis. Therefore, we have conducted a 4D feasibility study in a Brazilian presalt reservoir well... | pira | en | true | [
"A1429"
] | false | [
"Located in the Brazilian continental shelf, the so called \"Pre-Salt\" reservoirs with large accumulations of excellent quality, high commercial value light oil have become the most strategic oil production site for Brazil. One of the main challenges that has recently arisen concerns the definition of an adequate ... |
Which basaltic lava flows were identified in the well in the Santos basin? | It was identify compound pahoehoe, sheet pahoehoe and rubbly pahoehoe lava flows. | [
"Volcanic rock facies characterization in subsurface log data have always being challenging. Even though considerable types of well logs are acquired, the results achieved on facies characterization with the conventional log suits are very limited. Conversely, high-resolution borehole image logs calibrated with sid... | pira | en | true | [
"A1335"
] | false | [
"This study presents new stable carbon and oxygen isotope data from Lower Cretaceous lacustrine carbonate rock samples recovered from a well drilled in the Santos Basin, offshore southeast Brazil. These samples represent a record of a continental environment just prior to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and... |
What can be used to investigate the structural control of lineaments to the Brazilian continental margin? | Digital elevation model and field data. | [
"The effect of previous structures inheritance is known to be important in the development of tectonic rifts. A series of overlapping structures generally can be represented by lineaments marking the successive tectonic events. We studied the NNE structural lineaments corridor in the central region of the Ribeira B... | pira | en | true | [
"A1924"
] | false | [
"The continental margin of Brazil in intraplate South America exhibits a seismicity rate 70% higher than the average stable continental regions. This margin encompasses Northeastern Brazil, where most of the seismicity and active faults concentrate along the coast. The current study presents an integration of high-... |
What are the three fundamental elements taht support Petrobras program for digital integrated field management? | The elements are people, process, and technology | [
"Foreseeing near future opportunities for oil and gas fields, Petrobras created a corporate program dedicated to study, develop, and implement Digital Integrated Field Management (GeDIg) among its production assets. Over the last three years, Petrobras has been developing a pilot strategy based on multiple scenario... | pira | en | true | [
"A1065"
] | false | [
"Petrobras, as the largest operator in ultra-deep waters in South America, has been using a field development concept that has proved to be winner since 2010. This concept is well suited for fields with high productivity wells, which produce more than 20,000 barrels of oil per day. In the market, this concept is kn... |
Why did the BC10 application require a requalification of motor and barrier fluid circuit components of the 3 MW (megawatt) MudLine Pump (MK1)? | The design pressure was increased from 5,000 psi to 7,500 psi | [
"The Parque das Conchas (BC10) field offshore Brazil, operated by Shell and owned together with ONGC and QPI, has challenging reservoir conditions. Several subsea fields with viscosities ranging from 1 to 900 cP and gas volume fractions between 5% and 70% require subsea boosting to lift production fluids to the FPS... | pira | en | true | [
"A1594"
] | false | [
"The Shell operated BC-10 field located in deepwater, 1650-1920m (5500 -6400 ), offshore Brazil produces heavy oil in the range of API 16-24. Due to the low reservoir energy and deep water environment, 100% of BC-10 production has artificial lift. Mudline caisson separators with ESPs (Electrical Submersible Pumps) ... |
Where is the Fernando de Noronha archipelago located? | Between 03° 52'S and 32° 25'W | [
"Brazilian oceanic islands are areas of great environmental, scientific, economic and strategic interest for the country. A better understanding of the thermohaline and hydrodynamic properties is fundamental to complement studies of chemical and biological processes active on the Fernando de Noronha archipelago, lo... | pira | en | true | [
"A1509"
] | false | [
"The Brazilian oceanic islands are privileged places for studying unique landforms, evolved under an active tectonic setting, and humid to semi-arid climates of marine influence. The main landform aspects of the two main islands (Fernando de Noronha and Trindade) are presented, showing the importance of volcanic ac... |
What are the dielectric tools used for by Petrobras? | To evaluate reservoirs with very high viscosity and fresh water | [
"This work aims to present a review of dielectric logging, including physical principles, petrophysical evaluation, and applications. In addition, we will present a history of its use in Petrobras oilfields. The dielectric properties are generated by the charge alignment created by an excitation provided by an elec... | pira | en | true | [
"A248"
] | false | [
"A discussion covers the three consecutive PROCAP programs. They are the engineering programs that the state owned Petrobras developed with respect to exploitation in ultra deep waters. Five factors that have been decisive for success in the exploitation of petroleum in deep and ultra deep waters in the Campos basi... |
When was the first offshore all-electric intelligent completion installation? | A subsea deepwater well installation was carried out in August 2003 | [
"The first intelligent completion was achieved in 1997, and since then reliability assurance is regarded as one of the most important themes for market implementation of this technology. Currently, intelligent completion can be found in most global oil and gas production areas, from mature land to ultra-deepwater w... | pira | en | true | [
"A1121"
] | false | [
"The world's first subsea, deepwater, all-electric intelligent completion system installed in the 8MLS-67HA-RJS well in 3,540 feet of water at Marlim Sul Field, Brazil was discussed. The 8-MLS-67HA-RJS well was a single-string, dual-zone injector well in a water-driven reservoir. The intelligent completion was subj... |
What is the objetive of moonpools usage in offshore technology related to the hull opening in drilling units? | The objetive is to protect drilling equipment from enviromental forces. | [
"The use of moonpools in offshore technology are normally related to the hull opening in drilling units with the objective to protect drilling equipment from environmental forces, and its design aims the minimum motion of the water inside the moonpool, avoiding water impacts when lowering an equipment. Several stud... | pira | en | true | [
"A1743"
] | false | [
"The unwanted gas produced during offshore oil drilling could be reused as an energy source using a technology developed by a consortium of firms including an Oxford Catalysts Group subsidiary. Velocys, the group's US subsidiary, is providing microchannel reactors for use in an offshore gas to liquids (GTL) facilit... |
how many levels can be identified in three third-order depositional sequences based upon seismic interpretation of a hierarchical scheme of channel on continental slope setting? | The resolution of the 2D seismic data analyzed allowed the identification of three levels of erosional surfaces and their subsequent filling, from smaller to higher: composite channels, channel complexes and channel complexes set. | [
"All published chronostratigraphic charts of the Espírito Santo basin, Brazil, show stratigraphic frameworks based on second-order depositional sequences. The absence of published high-resolution biostratigraphic analyses precludes the proposition of a higher order stratigraphic framework. This work breaks down the... | pira | en | true | [
"A1299"
] | false | [
"The late Pleistocene Holocene stratigraphic architecture on the northeastern Brazilian continental shelf off the Parnaíba Delta has been explored by high-resolution seismic profiles. The seismic surveys reveal the widespread distribution of incised valleys of different size in offshore continuation of the present-... |
What was perceived in the experience that was crucial to achieving a successful project? | Better integration between the reservoir teams, flow assurance, submarine, well design and topsides. | [
"Current oil prices have made the offshore exploration of oil reserves a major challenge for oil companies. Standardization and extensive use of chattered units has allowed Petrobras to effectively promote competitiveness, cost reduction and reduced schedules in its projects. As a step forward in its pursue for cos... | pira | en | true | [
"A1605"
] | false | [
"This paper reports the Lessons Learned from an innovative linepipe solution that was successfully implemented on P55 Deepwater Project. The P55 field is located offshore Brazil, in the northern area of Campos Basin, in a water depth ranging from 1500m to 1900m. The scope of work consisted in engineering, procuring... |
Can cold-water seaweed reproduce at any temperature? | No, their reproductive regimes are temperature-sensitive. | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Seaweeds and seagrasses Cold-water seaweeds, in particular kelps, have reproductive regimes that are temperature-sensitive. Increase in seawater temperature affects their reproduction and survival, which will consequently affect their population distr... | pira | en | true | [
"B2047"
] | false | [
"As of 2012, about 80 per cent of seaweeds were either consumed directly, such as kelps, or processed for phycocolloids, such as carrageenan, for use in the food industry. The rest were used widely in pet food and in industrial, cosmetic and medical applications. World production of seaweeds steadily rose from 2012... |
Where is the P-51 brazilian semi-submersible platform located? | In the Marlim Sul field, Campos basin, state of Rio de Janeiro. | [
"In the presence of the President of the Republic, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, the BrasFels S/A shipyard launched to the sea the $(US)1 billion P-51, the first semi-submersible platform built entirely in Brazil. Ordered by Petrobras, the unit is programmed to operate in the Marlim Sul field, Campos basin, state of R... | pira | en | true | [
"A732"
] | false | [
"The continuous discoveries of oil fields in deep and ultra-deep Brazilian waters and the excessive wide fluctuations on the rig rates were the reasons for PETROBRAS to enhance the capability of one of its owned semi-submersible drilling rig. This paper aims to present an overview of the main technical aspects of t... |
How many barrels of oil can be processed each day by the Floating Production Storage and Offloading units? | 150000 barrels of oil each day. | [
"Petrobras' Barracuda and Caratinga Project consists in an offshore deep-water oil fields production development, located at the Campos Basin, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for which Petrobras is the concessionaire. The fields cover an area of 493 square kilometers at water depths of 600 to 1,100 meters for Barracuda ... | pira | en | true | [
"A341"
] | false | [
"Petrobras signed letters of intent with Modec Inc to supply a floating production, storage, and offloading platform (FPSO) and a floating storage, and offloading (FSO) vessel in the offshore Campos basin. Modec will operate the FPSO in Espadarte Sul field and the FSO will receive stabilized crude oil from Marlin S... |
What are the characteristics of the construction process of multilateral wells? | Use of sophisticated equipments, complex operations, and human-machine interaction | [
"In any new drilling project, the main objective is always to maximize return on investment. New technologies continue to be developed and used in an effort to enhance production and reservoir recovery. In this context, multilateral systems is one of the technologies that has experience significant development and ... | pira | en | true | [
"A722"
] | false | [
"The application of the recent technique of creating lateral tunnels by acid jetting into the formation has been a topic of discussion in Petrobras because it is a reliable, fast an economic way to increase the well productivity index in complex geology carbonate reservoirs. In order to evaluate this technology, a ... |
What is the SeismicStar service? | It is a service to deliver marine 3-D seismic data to a land processing center, that provides all equipment, maintenance, licenses, fiber connectivity, training, and a 24 hour help line for the service use. | [
"SpaceData International (SDI) and WesternGeco have successfully launched the first operational high speed satellite transmission of seismic data (SDT), from a vessel offshore Brazil to WesternGeco's Houston processing center, using SDI's SeismicStar system. The SeismicStar service is a complete turnkey service, co... | pira | en | true | [
"A1257"
] | false | [
"Offshore hydrocarbon technologies for survey and exploration Oil and gas survey and exploration techniques locate hydrocarbon resources accumulated under impermeable rock formations. An initial assessment using seismic surveys evaluates the location of hydrocarbon-rich geologic plays (a group of oil- and gas-beari... |
Besides natural hazards, what threatens coastal communities? | Climate change | [
"Nowadays no other region on earth is more threatened by natural hazards than coastal areas. However the increasing risk in this area is not just a climate extreme events’ result. Coasts are the places with highest concentration of people and values, thus impacts continue to increase as the values of coastal infras... | pira | en | true | [
"A1652"
] | false | [
"Coastal population and size of coastal communities Although there have been calls for regular monitoring and assessment of the process of change in coastal areas (see, for example, Shi and Singh, 2003), they have largely been at the national or regional levels. Little, if anything, has been published about the tot... |
What defines the stratigraphic architecture of channelized depositional systems? | Channel-bend expansion and downstream translation, as well as vertical movements by aggradation and incision. | [
"Channel-bend expansion and downstream translation, as well as vertical movements by aggradation and incision, set the stratigraphic architecture of channelized depositional systems. Early work on submarine-channel evolution has suggested that downstream translation is rare. It is proposed here that downstream tran... | pira | en | true | [
"A1278"
] | false | [
"All published chronostratigraphic charts of the Espírito Santo basin, Brazil, show stratigraphic frameworks based on second-order depositional sequences. The absence of published high-resolution biostratigraphic analyses precludes the proposition of a higher order stratigraphic framework. This work breaks down the... |
Why sediments core were investigated? | To evaluate changes in sedimentary processes and paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic variability during the Holocene in the Southeastern Brazil. | [
"Two sediment cores collected in the shelf off Rio de Janeiro (RJ13-01B: 10.8 cal kyr BP, and RJ13-02B: 4.7 cal kyr BP) were investigated in high-resolution to evaluate changes in sedimentary processes and paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic variability during the Holocene in the Southeastern Brazil. Information fr... | pira | en | true | [
"A1466"
] | false | [
"The analysis of hydrocarbons in terms of individual compounds is relevant to understand the origin and source of these substances, as well as its distribution in environmental compartments, including sediments and biota. Hydrocarbons concentrations were determined in sediments and in whole-body soft tissues of the... |
What were the consequences of the program to renew the fleet of marine support? | The revitalization of the national shipbuilding industry, including local industries, by deciding that the shipbuilding process should have local content in its production. | [
"This paper aims to report the production management of domestic shipyards, with the inclusion of the national fleet renewal program. The study addresses how domestic production may or may not leverage its business and promote sustainable growth of the national shipbuilding industry. The largest national power gene... | pira | en | true | [
"A1181"
] | false | [
"This case focuses on the challenges regarding capacity building required to meet the huge increase of manpower demand by the offshore and shipbuilding sectors in Brazil and Rio Grande do Sul state. This arises from four key factors: end of monopoly of exploration and production of oil and gas in 1997, expanding th... |
What are the effects caused on the Brazilian sea coast and on the Brazilian continental shelf due to climate change? | According to studies carried out over the last century, some changes have been observed in the regional hydrodynamics of the South Atlantic region near the east coast of Brazil. There was a displacement of the current from Brazil to the north, an intensification of current transport to the south and an increase of 1.44... | [
"Changes in the regional hydrodynamics of the region of the South Atlantic near the east coast of Brazil were evaluated from the beginning to the end of the century. The analysis was based on the anomalies from two downscaling experiments using the HadGEM2-ES outputs for the historical and RCP4.5 runs from the Coup... | pira | en | true | [
"A1448"
] | false | [
"Recent Southern Hemisphere (SH) atmospheric circulation, predominantly driven by stratospheric ozone depletion over Antarctica, has caused changes in climate across the extratropics. Here, we present evidence that the Brazilian coast (southwestern Atlantic) may have been impacted from both wind and sea-surface tem... |
How can Brazil improve the national MPA planning? | Identifying specific and quantitative objectives and linking them to timeframes and budgets; developing strategic monitoring and evaluation programs focused on MPA performance; enabling local stakeholders to participate in planning processes, (4) explicitly considering MPA costs and leveraging existing sources of fundi... | [
"Conservation science is a mission-driven discipline, yet there are few assessments on whether conservation practices follow scientific recommendations, and thus missed opportunities for improvement. Brazil has among the greatest gaps in species protection by Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) globally and is thus a pri... | pira | en | true | [
"A1616"
] | false | [
"In 2018, Brazil announced the designation of two new Large Scale Marine Protected Areas (LSMPAs), resulting in an increase in protection from 1.5% to 26.36% of the country’s maritime territory. We employ an agenda-setting theory to analyze the Brazilian LSMPAs as a causal case study, unpacking the factors that led... |
What is the Northern Platform of Brazil? | The Northern Platform of Brazil is a Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) that extends from the Caribbean Sea, in Central America, to the Parnaíba River, in Brazil. | [
"The North Brazil Shelf is a Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) that extends from the Caribbean Sea, in Central America, to the Parnaiba River in Brazil, and includes six countries. The area is dominated by the runoff of large rivers, including the Amazon and Orinoco, and by the intense disturbance of sediment transport,... | pira | en | true | [
"A1431"
] | false | [
"In 1992, Brazilian Navy and PETROBRAS carried out a geophysical survey along the continental margin off northeastern Brazil, as part of a governmental plan to delineate the \"Legal Continental Shelf’ according to the international Law of the Sea. This data set is leading to a better understanding of the crustal tr... |
What has opened the possibility of hydrocarbon production in previously inaccessible hostile environments, in particular in the higher latitudes and in the Arctic? | The use of FPSO vessels. | [
"Technological changes in drilling and production, including emerging technologies Offshore drilling and production continue to benefit from significant technological advances. Sophisticated techniques now make it possible to drill multiple wells from a single drilling platform, while advances in real-time fibre-op... | pira | en | true | [
"B2158"
] | false | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Loss of sea ice in high latitudes and associated ecosystems The high-latitude ice-covered ecosystems host globally significant arrays of biodiversity, and the size and nature of those ecosystems make them critically important to the biological, chemic... |
What is the purpose of the measures imposed by regulators agencies? | Establish a robust and efficient safety management system. | [
"The offshore O&G production has been increasing considerably in the last five years. Therefore, to guarantee the safety of their operations, the O&G companies are being pushed by regulators agencies to establish a robust and efficient safety management system, particularly in Brazil, where the Petroleum National A... | pira | en | true | [
"A294"
] | false | [
"Brazil is entering the age of decommissioning, with aging offshore fields that have been in operation for more than 25 years. Brazil has migrated from an operator's monopolistic environment (with the state owned oil company, Petrobras) to a new reality in which many companies, national and international operate in... |
The Middle East and North Africa have experienced relatively low growth in tourist numbers, but substantial growth in tourist income. What justifies a substantial growth in tourist income? | The tourist industry is offering more upmarket experiences. | [
"Scale and distribution of tourism Tourism affecting the ocean, other than cruising, is predominantly located in the coastal zone. Statistics are not available globally to show the scale of tourism in the coastal zone. Because of their geography, some countries with large tourism industries, such as Greece, inevita... | pira | en | true | [
"B2388"
] | false | [
"Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in tourism Tourism has generally been increasing fairly steadily for the past 40 years (with occasional setbacks or slowing down during global recessions). In 2012, international tourism expenditure exceeded 1 billion dollars for the first time. Total exp... |
What is the biggest helicopter-supported offshore activity off the Brazilian coast? | PETROBRÁS's exploration and production operations in Campos Basin | [
"PETROBRÁS’s exploration and production operations in Campos Basin, is the biggest offshore activity supported by helicopter in the Brazilizan coast. With the increment of the activities, the number of platform, rigs and drilling ships are increasing and it is necessary a great number of helicopters to accomodate a... | pira | en | true | [
"A831"
] | false | [
"Oil offshore Brazil, as well as in other continents, has demanded floating units for oil production. Typical anchored production units are the semi-submersible platforms, FPSO, Spar Buoys and TLPs. All of them use several anchoring lines for station keeping. In the offshore Brazil scenario, the last twelve years t... |
How much of the adult population can participate in recreational fishing in several industrialized countries? | Up to 10% | [
"Higher mortality and less successful reproduction of marine biotas Impacts of disturbance from noise Anthropogenic noise in the ocean increased in the last half of the past century. Commercial shipping is the main source, and the noise that it produces is often in frequency bands used by many marine mammals for co... | pira | en | true | [
"B2093"
] | false | [
"Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in employment and income from fisheries and aquaculture The global harvest of marine capture fisheries has expanded rapidly since the early 1950s and is currently estimated to be about 80 million tons a year. That harvest is estimated to have a first (gro... |
What does "Golden Triangle" mean on the global oil industry? | The three countries that concentrate 90% of the global reserves of petroleum in deep waters, about 50,000 million bbl: Brazil, Gulf of Mexico, and Western Africa. | [
"The 3 million bpd of crude oil produced globally in deep waters represent only 4% of the total explored volume by the petroleum industry. However, the expectation of a large increase in demand for energy in the coming decades is attracting new investments by oil companies. Although a matter that dominates the scen... | pira | en | true | [
"A627"
] | false | [
"Increased use of ocean space Offshore hydrocarbon industries The growth of the offshore oil and gas industry has increased the demand by that sector for access to ocean space within areas under national jurisdiction (including space for pipelines to bring the hydrocarbon products ashore). More than 620,000 km² (al... |
What are the adverse consequences caused by the increase in the temperature of the oceans? | Rising sea level; increase in the number of extremely hot days observed on the world coast; and heat absorption of the terrestrial globe greater than its emission in space. | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Sea-surface temperature The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has reaffirmed in its fifth report its conclusion that global sea-surface temperatures have increased since the late nineteenth century. Upper-ocean temperature (and hence its heat ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2270"
] | false | [
"Marine heatwaves are shown to be increasing in frequency and intensity owing to climate change caused by human activities and are having a mostly negative impact on marine ecosystems. Marine heatwaves and their impacts are projected to increase in the future but those increases can be strongly limited by efforts t... |
How does the submarine vessels collect data about the ocean floor? | They produce a seismic pulse towards the ocean floor, that is reflected and then recorded by the hydrophones on the vessel. | [
"Offshore hydrocarbon technologies for survey and exploration Oil and gas survey and exploration techniques locate hydrocarbon resources accumulated under impermeable rock formations. An initial assessment using seismic surveys evaluates the location of hydrocarbon-rich geologic plays (a group of oil- and gas-beari... | pira | en | true | [
"B2366"
] | false | [
"Ocean bottom seismic (OBS) data have been used for appraisal and development applications for a number of years in the North Sea, West Africa, Gulf of Mexico, and more recently offshore Brazil and SE Asia but the scale of the surveys, by dint of their focus on field specific imaging, has been limited compared to t... |
How does climate change influence the risks of exposition to contaminated seawaters? | Climate change may increase the cases of microbial infections, and new cases might be found on higher latitudes, previously not affected. | [
"The global impact of poor water quality was examined in a study by the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) and WHO. Based on global estimates of the number of tourists who go swimming, and WHO estimates of the relative risks at various levels of contaminatio... | pira | en | true | [
"B2028"
] | false | [
"Marine heatwaves are shown to be increasing in frequency and intensity owing to climate change caused by human activities and are having a mostly negative impact on marine ecosystems. Marine heatwaves and their impacts are projected to increase in the future but those increases can be strongly limited by efforts t... |
How many known species compose the global picture of the diversity of marine fishes? | The global picture contains 17,762 known species of marine fishes. | [
"The mobilization of existing data and the development of tools and open, global repositories provide a global picture of the diversity of marine fishes, with 17,762 known species, including 238 species described since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017e).While knowledge of the biodiversity of m... | pira | en | true | [
"B2447"
] | false | [
"The global biomass of marine fishes is approximately four times the total biomass of all birds and mammals (Bar-On and others, 2018), and fishes constitute an important part of marine biodiversity. Approximately 70 per cent of the marine fish biomass is comprised of mesopelagic fishes, although with wide estimate ... |
What is the description of the SBMS-500 system? | It is a conceptual design for a subsea multiphase-flow pumping system. | [
"The collaboration between Petrobras and Westinghouse has resulted in the development of a conceptual design for a subsea multiphase-flow pumping system. The system, called SBMS-500, features 500 m3/hr total flow rate, up to 6 Mpa of pressure increase, up to 95% gas-void fraction (GVF) at the suction, and about 1.2... | pira | en | true | [
"A505"
] | false | [
"This paper presents the importance of deep water scenario for Brazil, the PETROBRAS Deep and Ultra-Deep Water R&D Program (PROCAP-2000) and the candidate fields for the deployment of subsea innovative boosting technologies (ESPS - electrical submersible pump in subsea wells, SSS - subsea separation systems and SBM... |
What is the annual mean rate of sea level growth that has been occurring since 1993? | 3.1 ± 0.3 mm | [
"Ocean warming and land ice melt are the main causes of present-day accelerating global mean sea level rise. The global mean sea level has been rising since 1993 (the altimetry era) at a mean rate of 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with a clear superimposed acceleration of approximately 0.1 mm per year. Satellite altimetry ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2530"
] | false | [
"Sea level rise and cities Cities located along coastlines and in archipelagic and island States are becoming increasingly susceptible to erosion and sea level rise (De Sherbinin and others, 2007; Hanson and others, 2011; Takagi and others, 2016). Many comprise large areas of reclaimed land (the gain of land from t... |
Why are investments in biosafety and health increasing in aquaculture? | To prevent the introduction and spread of diseases and infections in animals | [
"Biosecurity Diseases continue to challenge global aquaculture and are one of the primary deterrents to the aquaculture development of many species. Thus, investment, along with a focus on biosecurity and health, have been on the increase worldwide (Subasinghe and others, 2019). Biosecurity in aquaculture consists ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2473"
] | false | [
"Global aquaculture production in 2017 (animals and plants) was recorded as 111.9 million tons, with an estimated firstsale value of $249.6 billion. Since 2000, world aquaculture has ceased to enjoy the high annual growth rates of the 1980s and 1990s (11.3 and 10.0 per cent, respectively). Nevertheless, it continue... |
For what purpose were synthetic seismic data generated? | For a number of geometries, both single and multicomponent, including a very densely sampled control measurement. | [
"The paper details a modeling project to understand the uplift associated with a multicomponent towed streamer acquisition and processing workflow in the Espirito Santo basin offshore Brazil. A complex model was built representing many of the common geological features in the Espirito Santo basin including allochth... | pira | en | true | [
"A1405"
] | false | [
"SpaceData International (SDI) and WesternGeco have successfully launched the first operational high speed satellite transmission of seismic data (SDT), from a vessel offshore Brazil to WesternGeco's Houston processing center, using SDI's SeismicStar system. The SeismicStar service is a complete turnkey service, co... |
what is the impact of climate change on undersea cables? | Submarine cables have always been at risk of disruption in submarine landslides, especially at the edge of the continental shelf. As the pattern of cyclones, hurricanes, and typhoons changes, underwater areas that were until now stable may become less stable and thus produce subsea landslides and consequent cable break... | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Submarine cables Submarine cables have always been at risk of breaks from submarine landslides, mainly at the edge of the continental shelf. As the pattern of cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons changes, submarine areas that have so far been stable may ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2475"
] | false | [
"Climate change Climate has always been a major influence on the marine environment, with high natural variability from year to year and longer-term variability associated with climate phenomena at the regional and global levels. However, there is strong evidence that the climate is changing at a rate unprecedented... |
Who operates the Papa Terra oil field? | Petrobras, having Chevron as its non-operator partner | [
"The Papa Terra oil field is located on the BC-20 Block in the Campos Basin - Brazil (110 kilometers away from Rio de Janeiro state coast) in a water depth of 1,200 meters. The field is operated by Petrobras having Chevron as non-operator partner. Papa Terra has a crude oil with an API index between 14 and 17 degre... | pira | en | true | [
"A746"
] | false | [
"Petrobras' Barracuda and Caratinga Project consists in an offshore deep-water oil fields production development, located at the Campos Basin, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for which Petrobras is the concessionaire. The fields cover an area of 493 square kilometers at water depths of 600 to 1,100 meters for Barracuda ... |
What did Petrobras do after Garoupa Field production tower collapsed? | The company replaced it with a provisional early production system designed to restore production until permanent platforms and pipe lines could be installed | [
"When Petrobras' Garoupa Field production tower collapsed last September 7, the company replaced it with a provisional early production system designed to restore production until permanent platforms and pipe lines could be installed. This provisional system uses the seafloor pipe line, meter, loading tower and pro... | pira | en | true | [
"A787"
] | false | [
"By taking a bold step forward in developing the Garoupa field offshore Brazil with subsea techniques, Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras) will benefit from early production to help satisfy the country's growing energy demand. This article describes the first phase of the development program. Petrobras is seeking a ... |
In which sector of the Campos Basin, planktonic cold water species were found most abundantly? | In the Cabo Frio sector. | [
"The distribution of planktonic foraminifera in box-core tops under the influence of a western boundary upwelling system along the southeastern Brazilian continental margin was examined to evaluate the similarity percentage (SIMPER) and to create a biofacies model for paleoenvironmental applications. Species associ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1285"
] | false | [
"Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ... |
What is the minimum depth needed to starting oil and gas production? | 1800 meters | [
"The second phase, Module 1A, of the Roncador field, offshore Brazil, was developed with a large semisubmersible floating production unit (FPU). This paper explains the strategies adopted by Petrobras to overcome the challenge of starting oil and gas production at a water depth of 1800 m in a short period of time, ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1547"
] | false | [
"Albacora, a giant field located under water depths ranging from 230m to 1,900m, in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, has an estimated oil-in-place volume of 4.4 billion bbl and extends over an area of 235 km2. The development plan conceived for this field has been divided into three phases, which the first one is a c... |
When was the Lobito oil field discovered? | In 1939 | [
"In 1939, the Lobito oil field, Brazil's first, was discovered. During the 1950's, 15 significant fields were discovered. In 1975, the exclusion of private capital in Brazilian oil operations came to an abrupt end. Petrobras was authorized to seek service contracts with foreign oil companies in regions not under ex... | pira | en | true | [
"A662"
] | false | [
"A discussion covers the new oil and natural gas discoveries by Petrobras from August 2005 to August 2008. The discovery of oil and natural gas by Petrobras in the presalt of the Santos basin, especially Tupi, has come to the attention of the global petroleum industry. Localized in reservoirs that vary from 5,300 t... |
What was the result of the microfaces analysis realized in Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro? | Revealed that the substrate of the benthic community in the upper subtidal ecosystem of the Bay changed according to the relative sea level | [
"Southeastern Brazilian marine coastal deposits provide an excellent opportunity to investigate environmental changes such as sea level and trophic variability during the Holocene period. In this study, we present a sediment record from Arraial do Cabo Bay, Rio de Janeiro State. In order to improve the understandin... | pira | en | true | [
"A1523"
] | false | [
"The analysis of hydrocarbons in terms of individual compounds is relevant to understand the origin and source of these substances, as well as its distribution in environmental compartments, including sediments and biota. Hydrocarbons concentrations were determined in sediments and in whole-body soft tissues of the... |
Replacing fishmeal and fish oils with plant-based feed in aquaculture causes what kind of impact? | Impact on the levels of omega-3 fatty acids and on the nutritional value of farmed fish. | [
"Inputs and resources Land and water are the most important resources for aquaculture development. Gentry and others (2017) estimated that 11,400,000 km2 of coastline are suitable for fishes, and more than 1,500,000 km2 could be developed for bivalves. The challenge is to secure suitable land and water resources fo... | pira | en | true | [
"B1975"
] | false | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Plankton Phytoplankton and marine bacteria carry out most of the primary production on which food webs depend. The climate-driven increases in the temperature of the upper ocean that had been predicted are now causing shifts in phytoplankton communiti... |
Which region has the lowest economic contribution to tourism? | The middle east region | [
"Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in tourism Tourism has generally been increasing fairly steadily for the past 40 years (with occasional setbacks or slowing down during global recessions). In 2012, international tourism expenditure exceeded 1 billion dollars for the first time. Total exp... | pira | en | true | [
"B2554"
] | false | [
"Scale and distribution of tourism Tourism affecting the ocean, other than cruising, is predominantly located in the coastal zone. Statistics are not available globally to show the scale of tourism in the coastal zone. Because of their geography, some countries with large tourism industries, such as Greece, inevita... |
What are the problems caused to the general population when bathing in contaminated seas? | About 250 million cases of gastroenteritis and upper respiratory diseases are reported annually caused by bathing in contaminated seas. As a consequence, about 400 thousand cases of sequelae have been recorded over the years. | [
"The global impact of poor water quality was examined in a study by the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) and WHO. Based on global estimates of the number of tourists who go swimming, and WHO estimates of the relative risks at various levels of contaminatio... | pira | en | true | [
"B2290"
] | false | [
"Increasing inputs of harmful material Human health, food security and food safety Marine biotas are under many different pressures from hazardous substances on reproductive success. Dead zones and low-oxygen zones resulting from eutrophication and climate change can lead to systematic changes in the species struct... |
What were the consequences of the improvement in crude oil prices amid signs of economic recovery around the world? | The improvement in crude oil prices has led to an increase in the global drilling market. | [
"Improvement in crude oil prices amid signs of an economic recovery throughout the world has led to an increase in the global drilling market. Schlumberger Ltd. Chief Executive Officer Andrew Gould said he was hopeful that oil producers might increase spending in 2010 if they feel oil prices will stay at $80/bbl. P... | pira | en | true | [
"A1047"
] | false | [
"Offshore oil development projects are complex and require high capital investment. The application of methodologies that seek optimization of economic parameters of projects became particularly important since 2014, when oil barrel prices plummeted. At that moment, some projects required modifications to regain ec... |
What the magnetic episodes in Trindade Island indicate? | They indicate intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks formed on the Mesozoic | [
"This work discusses the regional geological and geophysical datasets (potential field data coupled with seismic lines) available across the Eastern Brazilian Continental Margin and addresses tectonic models that have been applied to the geological interpretation of the Vitória-Trindade Chain (VTC). New magnetic da... | pira | en | true | [
"A1630"
] | false | [
"The Brazilian oceanic islands are privileged places for studying unique landforms, evolved under an active tectonic setting, and humid to semi-arid climates of marine influence. The main landform aspects of the two main islands (Fernando de Noronha and Trindade) are presented, showing the importance of volcanic ac... |
Where the pre-salt carbonate reservoirs are located? | They are located offshore Brazil at Santos, Campos and Espírito Santo Basins | [
"Pre-salt carbonate reservoirs are located offshore Brazil at Santos, Campos and Espírito Santo Basins, reaching depths up to 7000 m (22966 ft) and water depths of approximately 2200 m (7218 ft). Most of those reservoirs present very high permeability, resulting in extraordinary oil production rates, imposing, cons... | pira | en | true | [
"A1617"
] | false | [
"Located in the Brazilian continental shelf, the so called \"Pre-Salt\" reservoirs with large accumulations of excellent quality, high commercial value light oil have become the most strategic oil production site for Brazil. One of the main challenges that has recently arisen concerns the definition of an adequate ... |
Which climate change impacts are people engaged with fisheries and aquaculture most vulnerable to? | Extreme weather conditions, storms, floods and rising sea levels. | [
"The major growth in aquatic production is expected to come from aquaculture and is projected to reach 109 million tons in 2030, an increase of 37 per cent over 2016 levels. However, it is estimated that the annual growth rate of aquaculture will slow from 5.7 per cent in the period from 2003 to 2016 to 2.1 per cen... | pira | en | true | [
"B2326"
] | false | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Shellfish productivity Because of the acidification of the ocean, impacts on the production by shellfish of their calcium carbonate shells has already been observed periodically at aquaculture facilities, hindering production. As acidification intensi... |
Who won the bid made by the Brazilian government to offer Libra? | The winning consortium is comprised of Petrobras (operator), Shell, Total, CNOOC (China National Offshore Oil Corporation), CNPC (China National Petroleum Corporation), and PPSA (Pré-Sal Petróleo S.A.) | [
"As the operator of several exploratory blocks in ultradeep waters, Petrobras was responsible for many presalt oil discoveries in Santos Basin such as Tupi, Carioca, Guará, and Iara. In partnership with the National Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency (ANP), Petrobras drilled well 2-ANP-2A, which resulted in... | pira | en | true | [
"A695"
] | false | [
"Forty-four companies competed for 23 blocks - 13 offshore and 10 onshore - in Brazil's second bid round in June 2000. That 21 of the 23 blocks on offer were licensed shows that the country remains a big draw among E&P firms. The top bidders include a consortium between Santa Fe Snyder (operator, 45%) and Construto... |
Which substance is responsible for the acidification of the oceans? | CO2 | [
"In the present chapter, the current physical and chemical state of the ocean and its trends are analysed using seven key climate change indicators: Sea level.Sea level integrates changes occurring in the Earth’s climate system in response to unforced climate variability, as well as natural and anthropogenic influe... | pira | en | true | [
"B2512"
] | false | [
"Pressures from changes in ocean chemistry Ocean uptake of carbon dioxide emissions is rapidly changing seawater chemistry in a process known as ocean acidification (see chap. 5). As the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in seawater increases, it causes the carbonate saturation state to fall below levels suitable ... |
Which two sensing devices were responsible for monitoring the oil spill? | Landsat-5 and Radarsat-1 | [
"This paper describes the application of remote sensing data for oil spill monitoring in the Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During the emergency, Landsat-5/TM (Thematic Mapper) and Radarsat-1 data were acquired to monitor the location of the spill and its movement. Image classification procedures have been ... | pira | en | true | [
"A661"
] | false | [
"The rupture of a pipeline transporting hydrocarbons at high temperature caused the spill of 1,300 m3 of fuel oil near the Guanabara Bay shoreline, on January 18, 2000. Immediately after the accident, an emergency effort was undertaken to obtain satellite images in order to monitor the spill's location and movement... |
What can cause submarine cables to break? | Submarine landslides can occur at sea or much simpler causes such as ship anchors and trawling. | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Submarine cables Submarine cables have always been at risk of breaks from submarine landslides, mainly at the edge of the continental shelf. As the pattern of cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons changes, submarine areas that have so far been stable may ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2484"
] | false | [
"The development of Brazil's Offshore fields has been performed using flexible pipes because this pipe technology offers significantly increased flexibility, enabling the movement of pipes between wells and reducing lead time to bring a well onstream as compared to rigid pipe solutions. In addition, the decision of... |
How much oil, in cubic meters, was spilled on the Iguassu river accident? | 4000 cubic meters | [
"On July 16, 2000 a major oil spill occurred at the side of the Araucaria refinery of Petrobras. A total of4,000 m3 of a light crude oil (41° API) ran down along a small two kilometers creek referred to as Arroio Saldanha, crossing and contaminating a series of four wetlands. The oil discharged into the Barigüi Riv... | pira | en | true | [
"A765"
] | false | [
"Faced with the latest experiences on Brazilian oil spill incidents, Petrobras has been trying to overcome many challenges in environmental management and operational safety, aiming to prevent environmental risks. This paper presents the oil characterizations and monitoring studies in affected ecosystems such as th... |
What caused the increase in the concentration of manganese in the estuary of the Rio Doce? | The world's largest mine tailings dam collapse | [
"Manganese (Mn) is an abundant element in terrestrial and coastal ecosystems and an essential micronutrient in the metabolic processes of plants and animals. Mn is generally not considered a potentially toxic element due to its low content in both soil and water. However, in coastal ecosystems, the Mn dynamic (comm... | pira | en | true | [
"A1300"
] | false | [
"In the context of the Doce river (Southeast Brazil) Fundão dam disaster in 2015, we monitored the changes in concentrations of metal(loid)s in water and sediment and their particulate and dissolved partitioning over time. Samples were collected before, during, and after the mine tailings arrival to the Doce river ... |
What were the Early Production Systems used for in the early years of the offshore industry? | To develop marginal and complex reservoirs in deep and remote waters | [
"In the early years of the offshore industry, Early Production Systems or EPSs were extensively utilized to develop marginal and/or complex reservoirs in progressively deeper and more remote waters. Their signature attributes were low capital and operating costs, simple designs and accelerated schedules to first oi... | pira | en | true | [
"A1419"
] | false | [
"In the deep waters off Brazil, Petrobras and Frontier Drilling do Brasil have carried out early production of heavy crude since October 2002 at Jubarte field, offshore Espirito Santo state. The Seillean, a dynamically positioned vessel on contract to Petrobras, was used as the floating production storage and offlo... |
Why have some ocean regions more biodiversity? | Key drivers for higher biodiversity are: complex threedimensional physical structures that create a diversity of physical habitats, dynamic oceanographic conditions causing higher bottom-up productivity, effects of land-based inputs extending far out to sea, and special vegetation features creating unique and productiv... | [
"Patterns of biodiversity Location of biodiversity hotspots and their relationship to the location of high levels of ecosystem services Although marine life is found everywhere in the ocean, biodiversity hotspots exist where the number of species and the concentration of biotas are consistently high relative to adj... | pira | en | true | [
"B2336"
] | false | [
"The major ocean currents connect geographic regions and also exert control on ocean life in other ways. Currents form natural boundaries that help define distinct habitats. Such boundaries may isolate different genetic strains of the same species as well as different species. Many marine animals (for example, salm... |
Who is currently developing a large and thick oil carbonate resevoir? | The development of this technology is under a Production Sharing Contract with Petrobras as the operator in partnership with Shell, Total, CNOOC Limited and CNPC. | [
"The paper uses a case study approach to present the challenges to develop a large and thick oil carbonate reservoir, full of opportunities but also of uncertainties. Additionally, Libra block development is under a Production Sharing Contract that was awarded to a Consortium where Petrobras is the operator in part... | pira | en | true | [
"A1863"
] | false | [
"Some deepwater Offshore reservoir contain fluids with high Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR) and CO2 content, presenting also a high productivity index (PI) like the ones found in Brazilian Presalt area. All these leads to large production facilities with complex gas processing section, thus constraining the oil processing and ... |
What are typical characteristics of high pressure rocks? | Containing massive poikiloblastic garnet and granoblastic amphibole with variable proportions of plagioclase + diopside in symplectitic texture | [
"We present the first evidence of Archean oceanic crust submitted to Proterozoic high-pressure (HP) metamorphism in the South American Platform. Sm–Nd and Lu–Hf isotopic data combined with U–Pb geochronological data from the Campo Grande area, Rio Grande do Norte domain, in the Northern Borborema Province, reflect ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1420"
] | false | [
"The geometry and architecture of magmatic systems are important to understand the emplacement of magma and its eventual extrusion at surface. The magmatic or igneous rocks are indirectly observed in 3D reflection seismic data due to their high acoustic impedance contrast within host sedimentary rocks. Intrusions i... |
Which is the largest producer of Brazil's oil? | Miranga Field. | [
"Brazil's oil development continues its remarkable progress; latest figures show crude oil output averaged 160,000 bpd, strong 8% increase over 1967; largest producer became Miranga field, discovered only in 1965 (see Engineering Index 1967 p 1699), where 120 wells have been drilled, and average total output amount... | pira | en | true | [
"A1247"
] | false | [
"In 1939, the Lobito oil field, Brazil's first, was discovered. During the 1950's, 15 significant fields were discovered. In 1975, the exclusion of private capital in Brazilian oil operations came to an abrupt end. Petrobras was authorized to seek service contracts with foreign oil companies in regions not under ex... |
What was one of the consequences of the Brazilian officials split in relation to the impact of the crisis on exploration and production? | Postponement to 2009 of construction tenders of 28 offshore drilling rigs by Petrobras | [
"The current global financial crisis and other issues have split Brazilian officials regarding the impact of the crisis on exploration and production. However, there have been impacts, as Petroleo Brasilerio SA (Petrobras) now is postponing to 2009 its construction tenders for 28 deep-sea drilling rigs. However, ac... | pira | en | true | [
"A672"
] | false | [
"The economic consequences of increased trade and foreign investment, as a result of greater economic integration between countries, are on the global agenda. The interaction between coastal environment and the external sector is one of the most challenging topics. The convergence of these themes has being provokin... |
What criterion was necessary to be fulfilled so that the profitability recovery of offshore oil development projects can be put into practice? | Crude oil price criterion (usually US $ 40-45), among other requirements. | [
"Offshore oil development projects are complex and require high capital investment. The application of methodologies that seek optimization of economic parameters of projects became particularly important since 2014, when oil barrel prices plummeted. At that moment, some projects required modifications to regain ec... | pira | en | true | [
"A1288"
] | false | [
"Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017a), the offshore oil and gas sector has continued to expand globally, in particular in deep and ultradeep waters. The use of tension leg platforms, spars and floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) systems are key to such expansion. In the next... |
Why can crustaceans become abundant in areas with low oxygen water? | Because crustaceans are adapted to low oxygen environments. | [
"Pressures from changes in ocean chemistry As the oxygen content of water declines, an increasing fraction of production is diverted to microbes (Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008; Wright and others, 2012). Food webs change because of altered encounter rates and the species-specific effects of low oxygen on the feeding effi... | pira | en | true | [
"B2303"
] | false | [
"Pressures from changes in ocean chemistry Ocean uptake of carbon dioxide emissions is rapidly changing seawater chemistry in a process known as ocean acidification (see chap. 5). As the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in seawater increases, it causes the carbonate saturation state to fall below levels suitable ... |
In the estuary, with marine influence, what was associated to deep areas with sandy sediment? | The Laryngosigma lactea and Pyrgo oblonga foraminifera species. | [
"Analyses of living (L) and dead (D) foraminifera assemblages associated to environmental parameters were applied at the Almada River Estuary, aiming for assessments concerning local biodiversity, hydrodynamic sector and environmental quality. A total of 27 species were identified in the living assemblage and 35 in... | pira | en | true | [
"A1582"
] | false | [
"Wave-dominated nearshore deposits are commonly regarded as laterally-continuous, homogeneous, sheet-like reservoirs that can be resolved at the parasequence scale. Many reservoirs, however, have an internal complexity that becomes clearer during production, indicating unexpected internal compartmentalization. Mode... |
In addition to the image, what other aspects can be improved using this method? | In addition to the image, improvements can be made in the capture of angles, which can be used to build velocity models or to improve images after migration. | [
"We discuss a depth imaging solution that uses primaries and all orders of multiple reflections to image seismic data from seabed acquisitions. The processing sequence starts by separating the up-going (P-UP) and down-going (P-DWN) wavefields from the seabed hydrophone and geophone measurements. The data are then o... | pira | en | true | [
"A1180"
] | false | [
"The \"pseudo-sticking and pull\", also nicknamed \"blocky effect\" (because of its general aspect), is a common acquisition artifact that reduces considerably the quality of wireline acoustic and microresistive image logs, even though it is not well known among image log interpreters, well-site geologists and engi... |
The formation of marginal seas are associated with which geological processes? | Erosion and sedimentation | [
"A new digital, global seafloor geomorphic features map has been built (especially to assist the World Ocean Assessment) using a combination of manual and ArcGIS methods based on the analysis and interpretation of the latest global bathymetry grid (Harris et al., 2014; Figure 1). The new map includes global spatial... | pira | en | true | [
"B2019"
] | false | [
"The Pará-Maranhão/Barreirinhas margin, North Brazil, is a pull-apart passive margin, with two strike-slip borders, formed during the opening of the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean during Cretaceous time. Its geometry and evolution are speculative due to the lack of information on the crustal structure and the crustal na... |
In which areas is the anthropogenic noise expected to increase? | Arctic and Africa. | [
"The main anthropogenic noise sources in the ocean include vessels, industrial activity, including seismic exploration and renewable energy development, and sonar. Anthropogenic noise levels vary across space and time, the primary drivers being levels of human activity and propagation characteristics in the region.... | pira | en | true | [
"B2397"
] | false | [
"Higher mortality and less successful reproduction of marine biotas Impacts of disturbance from noise Anthropogenic noise in the ocean increased in the last half of the past century. Commercial shipping is the main source, and the noise that it produces is often in frequency bands used by many marine mammals for co... |
What is the major control in the strain distribution during rifting? | The contrasting basement heterogeneity across the study area | [
"The rift phase of the Campos Basin developed during the Early Cretaceous on a heterogeneous crust comprising structures inherited from the Brasiliano-Pan African tectonic events, mostly generated during the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian amalgamation of western Gondwana blocks. The main rifting episode took place from th... | pira | en | true | [
"A1869"
] | false | [
"Rifting and related normal stress regime in the equatorial continental margin of Brazil ceased during the Late Cretaceous, when the stress regimes in eastern South America and West Africa changed to induce strike-slip or reverse motion. In this study, we explore the postrift tectonic, geomorphic, magmatic, and sed... |
Who made a proposal to Sevan Marine do Brasil Ltda for oil processing in the Piranema oilfield? | Petrobras. | [
"A discussion covers the South American activities of about a dozen companies in brief. Enventure Global Technology has installed the first solid expansible tubular system (SET) in a well in Campeche sound for Pemex. Enventure Global Technology and Halliburton Energy Services have installed a 270 ft 4.5 in. FlexCla... | pira | en | true | [
"A855"
] | false | [
"Sevan Marine has let a contract to a unit of John Wood Group plc for the operation and management of the Sevan Stabilized Platform (SSP) Piranema, a floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessel. The FPSO will be operated for Petrobras in Piranema oil field off northeastern Brazil. The vessel will be ... |
What are the six assets chosen by Petrobras for production processes in Brazilian fields? | The assets are heavy oil, offshore, onshore, brown, and green fields | [
"Foreseeing near future opportunities for oil and gas fields, Petrobras created a corporate program dedicated to study, develop, and implement Digital Integrated Field Management (GeDIg) among its production assets. Over the last three years, Petrobras has been developing a pilot strategy based on multiple scenario... | pira | en | true | [
"A1063"
] | false | [
"The Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras), a state-owned oil company utilizes its floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) P-50 vessel to 16 production wells at the Albacora Leste field in Campos basin. FPSO symbolizes Brazil's plans to reach oil self-sufficiency by mid-2006. The FPSO will process oil pumped... |
Why do algal blooms affect fishing industry? | Because algal blooms produce toxins that can make fish unfit for human consumption and create anoxic areas that drive fish away. | [
"Increasing inputs of harmful material Eutrophication Eutrophication resulting from excess inputs of nutrients from both agriculture and sewage causes algal blooms. Those can generate toxins that can make fish and other seafood unfit for human consumption. Algal blooms can also lead to anoxic areas (i.e. dead zones... | pira | en | true | [
"B2001"
] | false | [
"human health risk (Chang and others, 2020; Galloway and others, 2017; Mossman and others, 2007; Numan and others, 2015; Sforzini and others, 2020; Smith and others, 2018; Stapleton, 2019; Stern and others, 2012; Vethaak and Leslie, 2016; Von Moos and others, 2012). Combustion nanoparticles are taken up into cells ... |
What are the risks that nanoplastics and microplastics in the oceans impose to the human health? | For now, according to the European Food Safety Authority, it is not possible to evaluate the risks. | [
"Consequences of changes for human communities, economies and well-being The most significant impact of the use of plastic in products and packaging is marine pollution (UNEP, 2014), but it is important to emphasize that it is difficult to quantify the economic impact of marine litter. Based on figures from 2011, t... | pira | en | true | [
"B2129"
] | false | [
"There are both health benefits and risks to living near the sea. The advantages can include enhanced air quality, exercise opportunities, novel marine-derived pharmaceuticals and ready access to food from the sea, which itself has health benefits (as a source of protein and essential micronutrients), although seaf... |
What seems to be a viable option to mantain depths of 17 m DHN in the Port of Santos? | Adopting curved jetties to transpose the Port of Santos maritime bar. | [
"Currently, the Port of Santos is the largest in Latin America, and its access channel is in the process of deepening, intending to reach 17 m DHN as an ultimate goal. Specifically for the maritime bar section, which is now maintained only by dredging, a significant increase in the volume of maintenance dredging is... | pira | en | true | [
"A1272"
] | false | [
"Home to approximately four hundred thousand inhabitants and an important touristic center, the City of Santos is the largest seaport in South America. This coastal city is located in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Since 1979, an ocean outfall has been in use for combined sewage disposal from the City of Santos an... |
How many ships did Petrobras build with its program to renew the fleet of marine support? | 146 offshore support vessels | [
"This paper aims to report the production management of domestic shipyards, with the inclusion of the national fleet renewal program. The study addresses how domestic production may or may not leverage its business and promote sustainable growth of the national shipbuilding industry. The largest national power gene... | pira | en | true | [
"A501"
] | false | [
"Petrobras relies on a fleet of over 300 vessels to support the exploration and production of oil in Brazilian territorial waters. The fleet consists of vessels of various sizes, from Tug Supply vessels to Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Support vessels. These support vessels are designed to aid E&P rigs in wide ra... |
What kind of impacts does offshore oil and gas exploration have on environment? | Chemicals that arise from drilling activities, produced water, drilling muds, amounts of treated domestic and sanitary wastes, noise, seabed disturbance and loss of biodiversity. | [
"Environmental impacts Offshore oil and gas exploration and development practices have evolved significantly in terms of minimizing impacts on the surrounding environment, but operational and accidental discharges and other environmental impacts still occur. Operational discharges include chemicals that arise from ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2110"
] | false | [
"Increasing inputs of harmful material Offshore hydrocarbon industries Major disasters in the offshore oil and gas industry have a global, historical recurrence of one about every 17 years. The most recent is the Deepwater Horizon blowout of 2010, which spilled 4.4 million barrels (about 600,000 tons) of oil into t... |
What are the proportion of men and women employed in the fishery sector worlwide? | 85 per cent men and 15 per cent women. | [
"Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in employment and income from fisheries and aquaculture The global harvest of marine capture fisheries has expanded rapidly since the early 1950s and is currently estimated to be about 80 million tons a year. That harvest is estimated to have a first (gro... | pira | en | true | [
"B2142"
] | false | [
"Food from the sea represents the largest maritime industry in terms of the numbers of people involved. In 2017, the total first sale value of total production was estimated at $221 billion, of which $95 billion was from marine aquaculture production (including fish, shellfish and seaweed). Those figures include sm... |
What are some of the challenges in extracting oil from the Atlanta field in the Santos Basin? | Ultra-deep water, heavy and viscous oil, unconsolidated sandstones, faulted reservoir rock | [
"Atlanta is a post-salt oil field located offshore Brazil in the Santos Basin, 150 km southeast of Rio de Janeiro. The combination of ultra-deep water (1550m), heavy and viscous oil (14 API), unconsolidated sandstones, low overburden (800m), faulted reservoir rock, etc., composes a unique and challenging scenario f... | pira | en | true | [
"A1357"
] | false | [
"Atlanta is a post-salt oil field located offshore Brazil in the Santos Basin, 185 km southeast of Rio de Janeiro. The combination of ultra-deepwater (1,550 m) and heavy and viscous oil (14° API and 228 cP at reservoir conditions) composes a unique challenging scenario for Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) applicat... |
How did the Iguassu River oil spill happen? | A pipeline rupture occurred on REPAR, a Petrobras refinery located in the state of Parana. | [
"Faced with the latest experiences on Brazilian oil spill incidents, Petrobras has been trying to overcome many challenges in environmental management and operational safety, aiming to prevent environmental risks. This paper presents the oil characterizations and monitoring studies in affected ecosystems such as th... | pira | en | true | [
"A273"
] | false | [
"On July 16, 2000 a major oil spill occurred at the side of the Araucaria refinery of Petrobras. A total of4,000 m3 of a light crude oil (41° API) ran down along a small two kilometers creek referred to as Arroio Saldanha, crossing and contaminating a series of four wetlands. The oil discharged into the Barigüi Riv... |
How many tourists in the Republic of Korea visited the coastal zone in 2014? | The total number of beach visitors in 2014 was 69 million. | [
"Scale and distribution of tourism Tourism affecting the ocean, other than cruising, is predominantly located in the coastal zone. Statistics are not available globally to show the scale of tourism in the coastal zone. Because of their geography, some countries with large tourism industries, such as Greece, inevita... | pira | en | true | [
"B2185"
] | false | [
"Impacts on the marine environment Throughout all tourist areas, the major impact on the marine environment comes from coastal development, including the proportion of land covered by buildings, such as hotels, restaurants and retail shops, and transport infrastructure, including ports, airports and train terminals... |
What impacts can shipyards have on the environment? | Its main damages to biodiversity are associated with the use of antifouling paints and petroleum products. | [
"Shipyards impact on estuarine environments because of the use of antifouling paints and petroleum products, which release trace metals that may remain in their bioavailable or labile form. Regardless of its importance, the relation between continuous input of trace metals (hotspot area) and their availability in t... | pira | en | true | [
"A383"
] | false | [
"Impacts on the marine environment Throughout all tourist areas, the major impact on the marine environment comes from coastal development, including the proportion of land covered by buildings, such as hotels, restaurants and retail shops, and transport infrastructure, including ports, airports and train terminals... |
What is the importance of the results and what are their subsidies?What is the importance of the results and what are their subsidies? | The results achieved are important for the understanding of the Cretaceous volcanism events in the pre-salt layer and also provide support for the evaluation and geological modelling of the volcanic rocks in Santos Basin oil fields. | [
"Volcanic rock facies characterization in subsurface log data have always being challenging. Even though considerable types of well logs are acquired, the results achieved on facies characterization with the conventional log suits are very limited. Conversely, high-resolution borehole image logs calibrated with sid... | pira | en | true | [
"A1337"
] | false | [
"Food security and food safety Seafood products, including finfish, invertebrates and seaweeds, are a major component of food security around the world. They are the major source of protein for a significant fraction of the global population, in particular in countries where hunger is widespread. Even in the most d... |
Why was the cost of continuous coring in the pre-salt basin prohibitive? | Due to the depth of its reservoirs. | [
"The discovery and production, by Petrobras, of over 50 billion barrels in place of pre-salt oil in Brazil's offshore South Atlantic Santos and Campos basins has drawn worldwide attention to its km-thick Cretaceous salt seal since 2007. However, the depth of the pre-salt reservoir in these basins make prohibitive t... | pira | en | true | [
"A550"
] | false | [
"Drilling operations in salt zones have gained importance in Brazil due to the discovery of large oil and gas reserves in the Pre-Salt area. Thus, the pursuit of excellence in such operations is requiring considerable development of new operational practices and technologies. Synthetic base mud has been the first c... |
What advantages can be reached by using a ship shape hull as an alternative logistic HUB instead a common remote terminal? | The hull can be seen as a rigid body receiving mostly transversal waves and operating as a floating breakwater in deep water with a central turret, enduring for most time in difficult conditions. | [
"Oil exploration in the pre-salt, mainly in the SANTOS BASIN, has increased significantly and as results increasing the number of thousands of people commute to offshore platforms in Brazil is inevitable. The presence of a remote terminal, the so-called HUB, adjacent to the platforms, not only reduces the shipment ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1846"
] | false | [
"Everyday thousands of people commute to offshore platforms in Brazil. The presence of a remote terminal, the so-called HUB, adjacent to the platforms, not only reduces the shipment costs, but also increases the speed of commuting. The present work addresses the feasibility of utilizing a ship shape hull as alterna... |
What are the risks of living near the sea? | climate risks and pollution contamination | [
"There are both health benefits and risks to living near the sea. The advantages can include enhanced air quality, exercise opportunities, novel marine-derived pharmaceuticals and ready access to food from the sea, which itself has health benefits (as a source of protein and essential micronutrients), although seaf... | pira | en | true | [
"B2491"
] | false | [
"Increased use of ocean space Increased coastal population and urbanization (including tourism) A large proportion of humans live in the coastal zone: 38 per cent of the world’s population live within 100 km of the shore, 44 per cent within 150 km, 50 per cent within 200 km, and 67 per cent within 400 km. This prop... |
PCBs have had a major impact on dolphins (false killer whale, Guyana and rough-toothed dolphin). What was the relationship found from this study? | PCBs have caused the impact of delphinids (false killer whale, Guyana and rough-toothed dolphin) given their negative correlation between the individual's total length and the concentration of PCB126 / PCB169. This is very damaging not only in relation to animals, but also to human health through the consumption of mea... | [
"Blubber samples from three delphinid species (false killer whale, Guiana and rough-toothed dolphin), as well as liver samples from franciscana dolphins were analyzed for dioxins and related compounds (DRCs). Samples were collected from 35 cetaceans stranded or incidentally captured in a highly industrialized and u... | pira | en | true | [
"A1922"
] | false | [
"Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are man-made organic chemicals that have adverse effects on aquatic organisms, sometimes altering ecosystem functioning with potential consequences for the coastal carbon cycle. This study assessed PCBs and OCPs in surface sediments of two estua... |
How many drilling wells will there be on The Garoupa oil field? | Nine. | [
"By taking a bold step forward in developing the Garoupa field offshore Brazil with subsea techniques, Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras) will benefit from early production to help satisfy the country's growing energy demand. This article describes the first phase of the development program. Petrobras is seeking a ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1069"
] | false | [
"The application of the recent technique of creating lateral tunnels by acid jetting into the formation has been a topic of discussion in Petrobras because it is a reliable, fast an economic way to increase the well productivity index in complex geology carbonate reservoirs. In order to evaluate this technology, a ... |
What are the advantages of using a subsurface buoy? | Uncoupling the movements of the platform from the risers, reducing the loads due to the risers in the platform and allowing the installation of this system before the installation of the production vessel, anticipating the production of the field. | [
"The Exploration and Production Department of Petrobras asked the R&D Center the development of a production system for 1800 m water depth, in Campos Basin, which would allow the installation of Steel Caterany Risers (SCR) in the starboard side of a production platform. The subsurface buoy concept was chosen as one... | pira | en | true | [
"A554"
] | false | [
"As part of the ultra-deepwater field development of the Santos Basin, 300km offshore the Brazilian coast, the Sapinhoa and Lula NE pioneering riser system was successfully installed by Subsea 7, acting as a contractor for Petrobras and partners (BG E&P Brasil and Repsol Sinopec Brasil, in Sapinhoa Field, BG E&P Br... |
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