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In order to compensate for the decline in oil extraction in the pre-salt fields from 2016 to 2025, what should be the minimum growth rate for those oil fields per year? | About 8% | [
"This study estimates oil production curves applying single and multi-cycle Hubbert models and Hubbert variants for the case of Brazil. The application of a top-down modeling approach is necessary, as the size of oil fields discoveries is usually confidential data and therefore not disclosed in Brazil. Despite frag... | pira | en | true | [
"A1809"
] | false | [
"Brazilian company Petrobras has discovered various new deepwater pre-salt reservoirs and plans to devote 17% of its E&P capital during the 2009-2013 plan for the development of these resources. According to Petrobras' 2009-2013 Strategic Plan, pre-salt output could be the biggest source of domestic production grow... |
Why have coastal area studies focused on low-elevation coastal areas? | Due to the significance of the impacts of sea level rise | [
"Coastal population and size of coastal communities Although there have been calls for regular monitoring and assessment of the process of change in coastal areas (see, for example, Shi and Singh, 2003), they have largely been at the national or regional levels. Little, if anything, has been published about the tot... | pira | en | true | [
"B2478"
] | false | [
"Current climate changes have several consequences, such as rising sea levels. Today, the identification of coastal vulnerabilities worldwide is necessary to prevent impacts and drive action. The aim of the work was to estimate the vulnerable areas from a total rate of increase in sea level of 2.8 m and to identify... |
What will the changes in patterns of variability of oscillations, such as the El Niño, result in? | They will bring climatic changes to many places and affect new areas, with consequent effects on agriculture and agricultural earnings | [
"Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Changes in the universal ecosystem services from the ocean The most obvious distributional effects of climate change relate to the rise in sea level. Some small island States are predicted to become submerged completely and some heavily populated deltas and other low-... | pira | en | true | [
"B2244"
] | false | [
"Extreme climate events The El Niño Southern Oscillation is a coupled atmosphere-ocean phenomenon, identified by an oscillation between warm and cold ocean temperatures in the tropical central eastern Pacific Ocean and an associated fluctuation in the global-scale tropical and subtropical surface pressure patterns.... |
What are the types of polen found in the samples? | Avicennia and Rhizophora | [
"Here palynological assemblages are presented from channel surface sediment samples from the Caceribu, Guaraí and Guapimirim-Macacú rivers located in an important area of the Brazilian coast (Guanabara Bay, State of Rio de Janeiro), in order to provide information relevant for the interpretation of palaeoecological... | pira | en | true | [
"A1439"
] | false | [
"Pollen and spore palynomorph diversity on Rio Grande do Sul inner continental shelf, southern Brazil. The knowledge of modern pollen and spore morphology are very important to consistent palynomorph identifications and robust interpretations on past vegetation and climate change. The objective of this work was to ... |
What are the difficulties in applying pre salt? | The pre-carbonate reservoir presents unique challenges and it is also necessary to remove hydrogen sulfide | [
"Spatial distributions of percent of normal monthly precipitation are presented for the months immediately prior to and during the 1982 rainy season in NE Brazil. A qualitative evaluation of several methods proposed for precipitation forecasting for the northeast has been made. The methods considered are: 1) teleco... | pira | en | true | [
"A1232"
] | false | [
"Drilling operations in salt zones have gained importance in Brazil due to the discovery of large oil and gas reserves in the Pre-Salt area. Thus, the pursuit of excellence in such operations is requiring considerable development of new operational practices and technologies. Synthetic base mud has been the first c... |
Which are the three main steps involved in cumulative effect assessments (Ceas)? | (a) collation of information on the intensity and footprint of activities that may be affecting marine ecosystems; (b) identification of the responses of ecosystem components; and (c) identification of management measures that could be applied in response. | [
"Increasing pressures on marine environments from multiple sources are resulting in biodiversity loss, habitat damage and fragmentation and disease. Effective implementation of ecosystembased management requires an appreciation of how, and to what extent, human activities and natural events interact and affect diff... | pira | en | true | [
"B2183"
] | false | [
"The marine environment is currently subject to a number of pressures, many of which are derived from human activities. They include climate change, the extraction of resources, pollution (from land and marine sources) and invasive species, resulting in biodiversity loss, habitat damage and fragmentation and diseas... |
Who develop the regulation for seabed mining? | The International Seabed Authority (ISA) | [
"The present chapter provides an update to chapter 23 of the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017a) in terms of shallow-water aggregate, placer deposits, ironsand deposits and phosphorite deposits. It focuses on exploration licences for deepwater seabed mineral resources, the number of which has incre... | pira | en | true | [
"B2022"
] | false | [
"Advances in knowledge and capacity New exploration and development in offshore areas remain a major source of increasing global oil and gas production. Technological advances in the past decade have encouraged exploration in deep and ultradeep waters further away from shore and enabled the discovery of significant... |
What energy sources from the oceans are we able to exploit? | Wind, wave and tide energy | [
"Consider how dependent upon the ocean we are. The ocean is vast – it covers seven-tenths of the planet. On average, it is about 4,000 metres deep. It contains 1.3 billion cubic kilometres of water (97 per cent of all water on Earth). But there are now about seven billion people on Earth. So we each have just one-f... | pira | en | true | [
"B2051"
] | false | [
"Renewable energies as an additional source have become vital in modern societies. The search for alternative energy sources has led the scientific community to the oceans, demanding a shift in energetic policies, which must be redefined to favor the development of renewable energy technologies at sea. The goal is ... |
What is the contribution of Aquaculture to human nutrition? | Aquaculture helps the rural poor, especially mothers and young children, to maintain a healthy diet. | [
"Production and species Aquaculture is expanding faster than other types of food production, although no longer at the growth rates of the 1980s and 1990s (11.3 and 10.0 per cent, respectively, excluding aquatic plants). Average annual growth declined to 5.8 per cent during the period from 2000 to 2016, although hi... | pira | en | true | [
"B2194"
] | false | [
"The importance of fishes and fishery-based activities to food security in less developed countries is particularly prominent. In 2016, Asia accounted for 85.7 per cent of the global population engaged in fisheries and aquaculture (FAO, 2018a), which represents an increase of more than 1 per cent since 2014. More t... |
What methods were combined to improve the quality of the estimations? | High-resolution inversion and consistent low-frequency model | [
"Creating an accurate subsurface model is paramount to many geophysical and geological workflows. Examples are background models for seismic inversion, rock property models for reservoir characterization, and geological models of depositional elements for seismic morphological interpretation. The standard workflow ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1716"
] | false | [
"Spatial distributions of percent of normal monthly precipitation are presented for the months immediately prior to and during the 1982 rainy season in NE Brazil. A qualitative evaluation of several methods proposed for precipitation forecasting for the northeast has been made. The methods considered are: 1) teleco... |
What species of catfishes lives in the Amazon Coastal Zone? | Siluriformes and Ariidae | [
"Length–weight relationships (LWR) were determined for seven commercially important species of catfishes (Siluriformes, Ariidae) from the Amazon Coastal Zone (ACZ), Brazil. The analyses included 3628 specimens sampled in three trawling expeditions: dry season of 1996 (111 hauls), rainy season of 1997 (120 hauls), a... | pira | en | true | [
"A435"
] | false | [
"Aim: To investigate how reef fish trophic structure responds to latitudinal changes, using a simple model: the extensive Brazilian coast. Location: Six Brazilian tropical and subtropical coral and rocky coastal reefs, and the oceanic island of Atol das Rocas, between latitudes 0° and 27° S. Methods: Underwater vis... |
Which country is the leader in aquaculture production? | China. | [
"The major growth in aquatic production is expected to come from aquaculture and is projected to reach 109 million tons in 2030, an increase of 37 per cent over 2016 levels. However, it is estimated that the annual growth rate of aquaculture will slow from 5.7 per cent in the period from 2003 to 2016 to 2.1 per cen... | pira | en | true | [
"B2325"
] | false | [
"Production and species Aquaculture is expanding faster than other types of food production, although no longer at the growth rates of the 1980s and 1990s (11.3 and 10.0 per cent, respectively, excluding aquatic plants). Average annual growth declined to 5.8 per cent during the period from 2000 to 2016, although hi... |
What are the main issues caused by overfishing? | Overfishing undermines biodiversity and, hence, it may also endanger marine habitats and human populations by exacerbating food security and livelihood issues. | [
"Higher mortality and less successful reproduction of marine biotas Captures of fish stocks at levels above maximum sustainable yield Globally, the levels of capture fisheries are near the ocean’s productive capacity, with catches on the order of 80 million tons. Exploitation inevitably reduces total population bio... | pira | en | true | [
"B2010"
] | false | [
"Food security and food safety Capture fisheries Globally, capture fisheries are near the ocean’s productive capacity, with catches on the order of 80 million metric tons. Only a few means to increase yield are available. Addressing sustainability concerns more effectively (including ending overfishing, eliminating... |
What is the global historical recurrence for disasters in the "IPGO - offshore oil and gas industry"? | One every 17 years. | [
"Increasing inputs of harmful material Offshore hydrocarbon industries Major disasters in the offshore oil and gas industry have a global, historical recurrence of one about every 17 years. The most recent is the Deepwater Horizon blowout of 2010, which spilled 4.4 million barrels (about 600,000 tons) of oil into t... | pira | en | true | [
"B2177"
] | false | [
"Improved sustainability performance in increasingly complex business environments is a challenging task for organizations operating in many different industries. In the offshore oil and gas industry, the use of potentially hazardous materials and operation under progressively hostile environments increases the ris... |
What is the main cause of changes in sea level, ocean circulation, and decline of sea ice extent? | The warming of the oceans | [
"Thermal expansion from a warming ocean and land ice melt are the main causes of the accelerating global rise in the mean sea level. Global warming is also affecting many circulation systems. The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation has already weakened and will most likely continue to do so in the future. T... | pira | en | true | [
"B2137"
] | false | [
"In the present chapter, the current physical and chemical state of the ocean and its trends are analysed using seven key climate change indicators: Sea level.Sea level integrates changes occurring in the Earth’s climate system in response to unforced climate variability, as well as natural and anthropogenic influe... |
In what year will Petrobras invest in gas production in the state of Bahia? | 2010 | [
"Petrobras will invest at least $3.5 billion in the northeastern state of Bahia through 2010 to expand the local gas networks, boost oil and gas output, and improve refining capabilities. Among the projects, Petrobras plans to invest over $1.2 billion to develop gas produciton at the offshore Manati field in the Ca... | pira | en | true | [
"A791"
] | false | [
"In 2004, after a cycle of 11 yr in which the annual increase in crude oil production was 8.6% avg, the production decreased 3%, according to Petrobras. In 2003, the production was 1.54 million bpd avg. The decline in production was due to delays in construction and the arrival of two Floating Production Storage Of... |
What kind of characteristics should be considered in identifying the main differences between the processes? | Motion effects, footprint, robustness, operational flexibility and easiness, safety, maintenance and availability. | [
"The lastest discoveries of oil and gas reserves in the Brazilian offshore area present new challenges on gas transportation due to their location, far away from the coast. For these new scenarios, Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) units may be a good solution for a natural gas volume production around 2.5 MTPA... | pira | en | true | [
"A1197"
] | false | [
"This study describes the characteristics of large-scale vertical velocity, apparent heating source (Q1) and apparent moisture sink (Q2) profiles associated with seasonal and diurnal variations of convective systems observed during the two intensive operational periods (IOPs) that were conducted from 15 February to... |
What area was affected by the oil spill at the Presidente Getúlio Vargas refinery at Petrobras in 2000? | An area of 2 km around the spill point. Including a part of the Arroio Saldanha stream, its banks and 4 other nearby wetlands. | [
"On July 16, 2000, a crude oil spill occurred at the PETROBRAS refinery Refinaria Presidente Getúlio Vargas-REPAR, located in Araucária, PR, Brazil A significant quantity of oil was retained within an area known as Ponto 0, between the spill site and Rio Barigüi, contaminating the banks of a small stream (Arroio Sa... | pira | en | true | [
"A1179"
] | false | [
"Faced with the latest experiences on Brazilian oil spill incidents, Petrobras has been trying to overcome many challenges in environmental management and operational safety, aiming to prevent environmental risks. This paper presents the oil characterizations and monitoring studies in affected ecosystems such as th... |
Of the known marine fish species, how many had their conservation status analyzed? | More than half of the known marine fish species have had their conservation status assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and approximately a third of those assessments having been conducted since the first Assessment. | [
"The mobilization of existing data and the development of tools and open, global repositories provide a global picture of the diversity of marine fishes, with 17,762 known species, including 238 species described since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017e).While knowledge of the biodiversity of m... | pira | en | true | [
"B2436"
] | false | [
"As of 2019, 153,434 marine benthic invertebrate species had been described globally. Since 2012, researchers have described 10,777 new marine benthic invertebrate species; at the same time, biodiversity is changing globally at rates unprecedented in human history, creating the potential for species extinction befo... |
What are the three places in which the development of the first phase of the project takes place? | Abalone, Oyster, and Argonaut B are the three submarine fields of phase one. | [
"Parque das Conchas is an ultra-deepwater heavy oil development located in the northern Campos basin offshore Brazil. The project is a joint venture between Shell, Petrobras, and ONGC. The first phase of the project is the development of 3 independent subsea fields tied back to the centrally located turret moored f... | pira | en | true | [
"A440"
] | false | [
"The second phase, Module 1A, of the Roncador field, offshore Brazil, was developed with a large semisubmersible floating production unit (FPU). This paper explains the strategies adopted by Petrobras to overcome the challenge of starting oil and gas production at a water depth of 1800 m in a short period of time, ... |
Route 3 connects which fields? | Lula Norte to Jaconé beach | [
"On November, 2010 Petrobras defined the necessity of one additional gas export pipeline in Santos Basin Pre-Salt area to improve the capacity of the export gas network and assure the objectives defined in the Strategic Plan. Nowadays there are two gas export pipelines in operation to export the gas from pre-salt a... | pira | en | true | [
"A233"
] | false | [
"Atlanta is a post-salt oil field located offshore Brazil in the Santos Basin, 150 km southeast of Rio de Janeiro. The combination of ultra-deep water (1550m), heavy and viscous oil (14 API), unconsolidated sandstones, low overburden (800m), faulted reservoir rock, etc., composes a unique and challenging scenario f... |
What type of seismic-geomorphic processes generate coastal systems with high mud content and discontinuous sand bodies? | Transgressive trajectories. | [
"Wave-dominated nearshore deposits are commonly regarded as laterally-continuous, homogeneous, sheet-like reservoirs that can be resolved at the parasequence scale. Many reservoirs, however, have an internal complexity that becomes clearer during production, indicating unexpected internal compartmentalization. Mode... | pira | en | true | [
"A1699"
] | false | [
"Coastal erosion can lead to coastal retreat, habitat destruction and loss of land, which result in significant negative ecological and socioeconomic impacts on the global coastal zones. Sediment budget and geology determine coastal morphology and dynamics, which influence the nature and health of coastal ecosystem... |
What preserve alluvial depositional system in northern Rio de Janeiro and southern Espírito Santo states? | The Barreiras Formation. | [
"The Barreiras Formation records continental-to-shallow–water marine sequences deposited during the Paleogene–Neogene periods in the Brazilian continental margin. In northern Rio de Janeiro and southern Espírito Santo states, the Barreiras Formation preserve alluvial depositional system. The sediments were derived ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1625"
] | false | [
"The objective of this article is to evaluate the spatial distribution and quantify the Permanent Preservation Areas in the outfall estuarine of the Apodi-Mossoró River, in Rio Grande do Norte (Northeastern Brazil), for the years 1965 and 2012 according to the environmental legislation. In this way, it was possible... |
What is Baía de todos os Santos? | Is the second largest coastal bay in Brazil | [
"Based on a vast set of in situ data, a first comprehensive overview of the oceanographic characteristics of Baía de Todos os Santos (BTS) is provided. BTS is the second largest coastal bay in Brazil (maximum area of 1223 km2 and average depth of 9,8 m), and is located in the northeast Brazil, In the vicinity of Sa... | pira | en | true | [
"A1354"
] | false | [
"Todos os Santos Bay (BTS) is the 2nd largest bay in Brazil and an important resource for the people of the State of Bahia. We made measurements of radon and radium in selected areas of the bay to evaluate if these tracers could provide estimates of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and flushing times of the Pa... |
Why does submarine melting have a greater contribution to the loss of the Antarctic sea ice sheet than surface melting when compared to the Arctic? | Because Antarctica's climate is more frigid than the Arctic's climate. | [
"The polar ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica are the largest reservoirs of freshwater on the planet, holding 7 m and 58 m of the sea-level equivalent, respectively (Vaughan et al., 2013). The net growth or shrinkage of such an ice sheet is a balance between the net accumulation of snow at the surface, the loss... | pira | en | true | [
"B2232"
] | false | [
"Global surface ocean pH has declined on average by approximately 0.1 since the Industrial Revolution, an increase in acidity of about 30 per cent. Ocean pH is projected to decline by approximately an additional 0.3 over the next century unless global carbon emissions are significantly curtailed. The changes can be... |
the trials are being undertaken by which companys? | CompactGTL and Velocys | [
"Due to advances in the development of technology for distributed or small-scale gas-to-liquids (GTL) technology, a much more flexible and economical option for capturing associated gas, both on- and offshore - in the form of modular GTL technologies - is approaching. These systems are designed to operate efficient... | pira | en | true | [
"A388"
] | false | [
"A discussion covers the South American activities of about a dozen companies in brief. Enventure Global Technology has installed the first solid expansible tubular system (SET) in a well in Campeche sound for Pemex. Enventure Global Technology and Halliburton Energy Services have installed a 270 ft 4.5 in. FlexCla... |
Which anthropogenic activities can be related to the high concentration of arsenic in the brazilian coastal environment? | Realeases from metallurgical plants, phosphate fertilizer plants and gold and iron mining. | [
"High concentrations of total arsenic (As), even above the Brazilian legislative threshold for marine sediments of 70 mg kg-1, were found in beach sands and near-shore surface sediments. Two mechanisms (anthropogenic activities and sedimentary processes in the coastal waters) are responsible for this contamination.... | pira | en | true | [
"A1343"
] | false | [
"The coastal zone, where most of the Brazilian population lives, plays a central role for discussing vulnerability and adaptation strategies to climate change. Besides saltmarshes, mangroves and coral reefs, this region also presents seagrass beds, macroalgae and rhodolith beds, forming underwater forests, which ar... |
Why did the sambaquis help in the identification of species in Babitonga Bay? | Because sambaquis are valuable biological archives for tracking changes in past biodiversity and informing modern conservation studies and management. | [
"Sambaquis are archaeological shell mounds and middens formed by pre-Columbian populations inhabiting the Atlantic Forest coast of Brazil between the Middle and Late Holocene. Beyond their recognized cultural values, sambaquis are valuable biological archives for tracking changes in past biodiversity and informing ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1465"
] | false | [
"There are about thousands of shell-mounds (sambaqui in Portuguese) along the Brazilian sea coast. They have been built by sea water and therefore geologists used sambaquis positions to indicate sea level in the past. In the state of Santa Catarina in southern Brazil Ca. 60 very large sambaquis are found. One of th... |
In addition to fishermen, what other workers are benefited by fisheries? | those who work in associated processing, marketing, distribution and supply industries | [
"Ocean resources provide the basis for the livelihoods of millions of people across the globe, as well as a range of critical ecosystem services, including oxygen production and carbon storage, several biodiversity-related services, such as the harvesting of living resources, coastal protection and genetic resource... | pira | en | true | [
"B2344"
] | false | [
"Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in employment and income from fisheries and aquaculture The global harvest of marine capture fisheries has expanded rapidly since the early 1950s and is currently estimated to be about 80 million tons a year. That harvest is estimated to have a first (gro... |
What is the main advantage of the crane ship Micoperi 7000, used for construction in Petrobras' Campos basin? | The main advantage is the heavy lifting capacity offered by the twin cranes mounted on the bow. | [
"The world's largest semi-submersible crane vessel, the Micoperi 7000, was completed in September 1987. After sea trials, it was delivered to owner/operator Micoperi S. p. A. of Milan in December, and immediately left for its first construction job in Petrobras' Campos basin, offshore Brazil. In its first six month... | pira | en | true | [
"A962"
] | false | [
"Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ... |
The polar characteristics of water molecules allow quantifying what? | Volume of water present in the reservoir, independently of salinity. | [
"This work aims to present a review of dielectric logging, including physical principles, petrophysical evaluation, and applications. In addition, we will present a history of its use in Petrobras oilfields. The dielectric properties are generated by the charge alignment created by an excitation provided by an elec... | pira | en | true | [
"A256"
] | false | [
"The polar ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica are the largest reservoirs of freshwater on the planet, holding 7 m and 58 m of the sea-level equivalent, respectively (Vaughan et al., 2013). The net growth or shrinkage of such an ice sheet is a balance between the net accumulation of snow at the surface, the loss... |
In 2008, Petrobras started a program to renew the fleet of marine support at the Brazilian shore. What did this program do? | The program provided the construction of 146 offshore support vessels in Brazilian shipyards | [
"This paper aims to report the production management of domestic shipyards, with the inclusion of the national fleet renewal program. The study addresses how domestic production may or may not leverage its business and promote sustainable growth of the national shipbuilding industry. The largest national power gene... | pira | en | true | [
"A1159"
] | false | [
"Petrobras has indulged in R&D programs and technology partnerships with key contractors, opening up offshore development opportunities within Brazil. One of the main contractors helping Petrobras to achieve its goals on Marlim is FMC Technologies Inc. The subsea separation, pumping, and water reinjection system wi... |
Where the normal stress regime ceased in the equatorial margin of Brazil? | It ceased during the Late Cretaceous | [
"Rifting and related normal stress regime in the equatorial continental margin of Brazil ceased during the Late Cretaceous, when the stress regimes in eastern South America and West Africa changed to induce strike-slip or reverse motion. In this study, we explore the postrift tectonic, geomorphic, magmatic, and sed... | pira | en | true | [
"A1633"
] | false | [
"The Pará-Maranhão/Barreirinhas margin, North Brazil, is a pull-apart passive margin, with two strike-slip borders, formed during the opening of the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean during Cretaceous time. Its geometry and evolution are speculative due to the lack of information on the crustal structure and the crustal na... |
What was the main reason for Petrobras to increase the capacity of one of its semi-submersible drilling platforms? | The continuous discoveries of oil fields in deep and ultra-deep Brazilian waters. | [
"The continuous discoveries of oil fields in deep and ultra-deep Brazilian waters and the excessive wide fluctuations on the rig rates were the reasons for PETROBRAS to enhance the capability of one of its owned semi-submersible drilling rig. This paper aims to present an overview of the main technical aspects of t... | pira | en | true | [
"A1151"
] | false | [
"Petrobras, as the largest operator in ultra-deep waters in South America, has been using a field development concept that has proved to be winner since 2010. This concept is well suited for fields with high productivity wells, which produce more than 20,000 barrels of oil per day. In the market, this concept is kn... |
Depending on the capacity to be attended, what type of refrigerant liquefaction processes may use? | Hydrocarbon refrigerant or inert refrigerant fluids. | [
"The lastest discoveries of oil and gas reserves in the Brazilian offshore area present new challenges on gas transportation due to their location, far away from the coast. For these new scenarios, Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) units may be a good solution for a natural gas volume production around 2.5 MTPA... | pira | en | true | [
"A1205"
] | false | [
"Petrobras and the UK's BG Group are studying the possibility of installing floating gas-liquefaction plants at the large offshore oil and gas discoveries in the Campos basin's pre-salt areas. The proposed 14 million cu m/day LNG plant would be moored 300 km offshore and would collect gas from various fields in the... |
What tends to happen to eukaryotic organisms as oxygen content of water declines? | Their biomass and diversity tend to decline and species composition changes. | [
"Pressures from changes in ocean chemistry As the oxygen content of water declines, an increasing fraction of production is diverted to microbes (Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008; Wright and others, 2012). Food webs change because of altered encounter rates and the species-specific effects of low oxygen on the feeding effi... | pira | en | true | [
"B2203"
] | false | [
"Pressures from changes in ocean chemistry Ocean uptake of carbon dioxide emissions is rapidly changing seawater chemistry in a process known as ocean acidification (see chap. 5). As the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in seawater increases, it causes the carbonate saturation state to fall below levels suitable ... |
What is the Santo Antônio Bank? | It is a large sand accumulation on the inner continental shelf of Salvador City, next to Todos os Santos Bay entrance, eastern Brazilian coast. | [
"The Santo Antônio Bank (SAB) is a large sand accumulation on the inner continental shelf of Salvador City, next to Todos os Santos Bay (TSB) entrance, eastern Brazilian coast. Since the sixteenth century, chroniclers report this feature as a navigational hazard. Previous studies have tried to determine the origin ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1792"
] | false | [
"The discovery and production, by Petrobras, of over 50 billion barrels in place of pre-salt oil in Brazil's offshore South Atlantic Santos and Campos basins has drawn worldwide attention to its km-thick Cretaceous salt seal since 2007. However, the depth of the pre-salt reservoir in these basins make prohibitive t... |
What is it about lateral buckling in the armor wire that can make it imply more danger than a birdcage failure? | It can go unnoticed. | [
"Petrobras has been successfully dealing with deep water floating production systems using flexible pipes since 1977. During the completion of Marlim South 3 well in 1977, Petrobras was surprised by the occurrence of two birdcage type failures. At that time, Marlim South 3, in a water depth of 1709 m was the deepes... | pira | en | true | [
"A871"
] | false | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Submarine cables Submarine cables have always been at risk of breaks from submarine landslides, mainly at the edge of the continental shelf. As the pattern of cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons changes, submarine areas that have so far been stable may ... |
Why reef fish structures changes depending of the latitude? | Because of phylogeny, physiological constraints (mainly related to temperature), and also by anthropogenic impacts. | [
"Aim: To investigate how reef fish trophic structure responds to latitudinal changes, using a simple model: the extensive Brazilian coast. Location: Six Brazilian tropical and subtropical coral and rocky coastal reefs, and the oceanic island of Atol das Rocas, between latitudes 0° and 27° S. Methods: Underwater vis... | pira | en | true | [
"A1258"
] | false | [
"Patterns of biodiversity Perhaps the most common large-scale biodiversity pattern on the planet is the “latitudinal gradient”, typically expressed as a decline in the variety of species from the equator to the poles. Adherence to that pattern varies among marine taxa. Although coastal species generally peak in abu... |
What is the water depth range of the Campos Basin? | Between 500 and 2000 m. | [
"As new oil fields are discovered downslope on the largest Brazilian oil region, Campos Basin, situated on the shelf break and continental slope of eastern South America, new oceanographic challenges are continuously encountered by oceanographers and engineers involved in the design, installation and production of ... | pira | en | true | [
"A416"
] | false | [
"Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ... |
What are the most important aspects of the helicopters used by PETROBRÁS? | Quality and safety. | [
"PETROBRÁS’s exploration and production operations in Campos Basin, is the biggest offshore activity supported by helicopter in the Brazilizan coast. With the increment of the activities, the number of platform, rigs and drilling ships are increasing and it is necessary a great number of helicopters to accomodate a... | pira | en | true | [
"A881"
] | false | [
"Petrobras, as the largest operator in ultra-deep waters in South America, has been using a field development concept that has proved to be winner since 2010. This concept is well suited for fields with high productivity wells, which produce more than 20,000 barrels of oil per day. In the market, this concept is kn... |
What are some artificial lift methods? | Gas lift, electrical submersible pump, hydraulic jet pump, progressing cavity pump, multiphase pump and subsea separation system | [
"Most of Brazilian oil and gas reserves are located in offshore deep waters. In this scenario, high well productivity is essential. Artificial lift will certainly play an important role in the exploitation of those deep water fields. This paper describes the most important artificial lift methods, their main charac... | pira | en | true | [
"A1024"
] | false | [
"Nowadays gas-lift is still a very expressive artificial lift method, for instance considering the whole Brazilian oil production profiles, gas lifted wells are responsible for 30% of monthly production. Due this huge importance, the injection efficiency should be ensured to avoid lid gas losses and maximize the pr... |
What is one of the effects of the increased ocean stratification, resulting from the climate warming? | Changing the efficiency of energy transfer within the food web in the ocean. | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Changes in seasonal life cycles in the ocean It has been predicted under some climate change scenarios that up to 60 per cent of the current biomass in the ocean could be affected, either positively or negatively, resulting in disruptions to many exis... | pira | en | true | [
"B1980"
] | false | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Salinity Alongside broad-scale ocean warming, shifts in ocean salinity (salt content) have also occurred. The variations in the salinity of the ocean around the world result from differences in the balance between freshwater inflows (from rivers and g... |
What did the oil spill monitoring in Guanabara Bay add to PETROBRAS? | The optimization of emergency response procedures and subsequent cleaning efforts. | [
"This paper describes the application of remote sensing data for oil spill monitoring in the Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During the emergency, Landsat-5/TM (Thematic Mapper) and Radarsat-1 data were acquired to monitor the location of the spill and its movement. Image classification procedures have been ... | pira | en | true | [
"A450"
] | false | [
"Faced with the latest experiences on Brazilian oil spill incidents, Petrobras has been trying to overcome many challenges in environmental management and operational safety, aiming to prevent environmental risks. This paper presents the oil characterizations and monitoring studies in affected ecosystems such as th... |
What is the main goal of the low shear valve? | Is generate water-in-oil (WiO) and oil-in-water(OiW) emulsions that can be easier treated by the separation process, when compared with emulsion generated by conventional valves. | [
"During the last years, a lot of work have been done focusing on development of low shear valves solutions to be applied on petroleum primary process plants. The main goal of the low shear valve is to generate water-in-oil (WiO) and oil-in-water (OiW) emulsions that can be easier treated by the separation process, ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1566"
] | false | [
"One of the main challenges in rigid riser design for Brazilian Pre-salt is the fatigue limit state. At this new production frontier, some key points are imposed as a challenge for riser designers, mainly due to the high level of motions imposed by the FPSO at the riser top in a coupled system with water depth arou... |
What percentage of the planet is covered by marine environment? | the marine environment covers seven tenths of the planet | [
"Integrated management of human activities affecting the ocean The Regular Process is to provide an assessment of all the aspects of the marine environment relevant to sustainable development: environmental, economic and social. Even though the marine environment covers seven tenths of the planet, it is still only ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2556"
] | false | [
"Consider how dependent upon the ocean we are. The ocean is vast – it covers seven-tenths of the planet. On average, it is about 4,000 metres deep. It contains 1.3 billion cubic kilometres of water (97 per cent of all water on Earth). But there are now about seven billion people on Earth. So we each have just one-f... |
What kind of method is used to treat the sea-state spectra in the SCR (Steel Catenary Riser) system? | A time-simulation method. | [
"The SCR (Steel Catenary Riser) was adopted by Petrobras as a cost-effective alternative for oil and gas export lines on deepwater fields, where large diameter flexible risers present technical and economic limitations. The SCR structures are subjected to several types of loads during their service life. These load... | pira | en | true | [
"A344"
] | false | [
"Steel catenary risers (SCRs) have been successfully deployed on the Shell Auger TLP in the Gulf of Mexico and will also be deployed on the Shell Mars TLP. There is considerable interest in using SCRs for other applications, in particular for semi-sub based FPS systems. Petrobras is developing an SCR for installati... |
What justifies Petrobras' success in developing technologies for deepwater production systems in the Campos Basin? | almost 30 years of experience in the development of offshore oil and gas resources in Brazil | [
"Petrobras has almost 30yr experience of developing oil and gas resources offshore Brazil. Most important is the company's success in developing technologies for deepwater production systems in the Campos Basin. These technological challenges and developments are described together with specific development program... | pira | en | true | [
"A461"
] | false | [
"Campos Basin, during the last 40 years, has been the stage where the technology development has played its main game in terms of pushing the offshore oil and gas production to overcome its challenges to go deeper and deeper in WDs never experienced before. Incremental, innovative, enabler or even disruptive techno... |
Wich of the control strategies presented the best performance, for most of the controlled variables? | MPC had for most of the controlled variables a better performance. | [
"The high CO2 content found in Pre-Salt offshore oil fields has led to cost-energetically processes for CO2 removal and destination. In this paper, an innovative and promising alternative subsea separation process (SSP), proposed by Petrobras, was analyzed. Since a CO2 rich phase is expected at reservoir conditions... | pira | en | true | [
"A1480"
] | false | [
"The increasing production of oil and gas in the marine environment and the growing participation of companies of different nationalities and sizes require the use of tools to support the sustainable management of offshore oil and gas production units. This paper presents the results of the application of a sustain... |
What is the oil process plant capacity of Piranema? | 30,000 bpd | [
"Sevan Marine has let a contract to a unit of John Wood Group plc for the operation and management of the Sevan Stabilized Platform (SSP) Piranema, a floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessel. The FPSO will be operated for Petrobras in Piranema oil field off northeastern Brazil. The vessel will be ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1031"
] | false | [
"Built in China for 2006 startup, the SSP30 FPSO offshore platform is the first circular platform built in the world. It has been sent to Brazil to operate in the Piranema field, 37 km from the city of Aracaju, Sergipe state, northeastern Brazil. It can extract up to 30,000 bbl/day of 43-44 degree API light crude o... |
What are the main employers and source of livelihoods in coastal States? | Fisheries and aquaculture. | [
"Food security and food safety Seafood products, including finfish, invertebrates and seaweeds, are a major component of food security around the world. They are the major source of protein for a significant fraction of the global population, in particular in countries where hunger is widespread. Even in the most d... | pira | en | true | [
"B2449"
] | false | [
"About 40 per cent of the world’s population lives in the coastal zone, that is, within 100 km of the coast. The proportion is increasing. Coastal communities play a key role in supporting all components of the ocean economy, as well as a range of social and cultural values, and all forms of coastal and marine mana... |
What has occurred while drilling an exploratory well in the southeast coast of Brazil? | Several gas-influx events. | [
"Several gas-influx events occurred while drilling an exploratory well in 4,219 ft of water offshore the southeast coast of Brazil. The 9 5/8-in. casting was set at 12,480 ft before drilling the final 8 1/2-in. phase of the program. A sequence of gas-influx events adversely affected drilling operations. Water-based... | pira | en | true | [
"A599"
] | false | [
"The oil industry's search for new hydrocarbon accumulations has led to the drilling of ever deeper wells, normally under harsh conditions that involve high pressures, temperatures and mechanical strengths as well as sour gas production. In order to perform drill-stem tests (DSTs) safely, these constraints must be ... |
Wheres is located the world's first Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP) installation in an underwater well? | In Campo de Carapeba, Campos Basin, Brazil. | [
"As offshore oil fields are being developed towards deeper and deeper waters, new technologies are required to curb capital expenditures. In Brazil, where oil consumption is increasing and huge oil fields lie in high water depths, the issue is particularly pressing. Earlier and higher oil production from those oil ... | pira | en | true | [
"A272"
] | false | [
"Atlanta is a post-salt oil field located offshore Brazil in the Santos Basin, 185 km southeast of Rio de Janeiro. The combination of ultra-deepwater (1,550 m) and heavy and viscous oil (14° API and 228 cP at reservoir conditions) composes a unique challenging scenario for Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) applicat... |
In whic phase does Petrobras traditionally perform extended well tests (EWT) in deepwater reservoirs? | Exploratory phase | [
"During the exploratory phase, Petrobras traditionally performs extended well tests (EWT) in deepwater reservoirs. In offshore environments these extended well tests (EWT) are performed by ships that are able to store the produced oil in cargo tanks for subsequent offloading. In pursuit of a more environmentally fr... | pira | en | true | [
"A906"
] | false | [
"The oil industry's search for new hydrocarbon accumulations has led to the drilling of ever deeper wells, normally under harsh conditions that involve high pressures, temperatures and mechanical strengths as well as sour gas production. In order to perform drill-stem tests (DSTs) safely, these constraints must be ... |
How much was the increase in per capita consumption of fish from 2013 to 2016? | 0.8 kg | [
"The importance of fishes and fishery-based activities to food security in less developed countries is particularly prominent. In 2016, Asia accounted for 85.7 per cent of the global population engaged in fisheries and aquaculture (FAO, 2018a),which represents an increase of more than 1 per cent since 2014. More th... | pira | en | true | [
"B2345"
] | false | [
"Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in fish and seafood consumption The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that total fish consumption, including all aquaculture and inland and marine capture fisheries, has been rising from 9.9 kg per capita in the 1960s... |
Why did offshore oil development projects need modifications from 2014? | Because that was when the price of a barrel of oil plummeted and it was necessary to recover the economic attractiveness. | [
"Offshore oil development projects are complex and require high capital investment. The application of methodologies that seek optimization of economic parameters of projects became particularly important since 2014, when oil barrel prices plummeted. At that moment, some projects required modifications to regain ec... | pira | en | true | [
"A1287"
] | false | [
"Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017a), the offshore oil and gas sector has continued to expand globally, in particular in deep and ultradeep waters. The use of tension leg platforms, spars and floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) systems are key to such expansion. In the next... |
What are some of the services and benefits that the ocean provides for people? | Oxygen production, food provision, carbon storage, minerals, genetic resources and cultural and general life support services. | [
"Ocean resources provide the main sources of livelihoods to millions of people across the globe, as well as a wide range of ecosystem services and benefits, including oxygen production, food provision, carbon storage, minerals, genetic resources and cultural and general life support services. However, the ecosystem... | pira | en | true | [
"B1972"
] | false | [
"Looking in more detail at the services that the ocean provides, we can break them down into three main categories. First, there are the economic activities in providing goods and services which are often marketed (fisheries, shipping, communications, tourism and recreation, and so on). Secondly, there are the othe... |
When did the three trawling expeditions occur? | In dry season of 1996, rainy season of 1997, and dry season of 1997. | [
"Length–weight relationships (LWR) were determined for seven commercially important species of catfishes (Siluriformes, Ariidae) from the Amazon Coastal Zone (ACZ), Brazil. The analyses included 3628 specimens sampled in three trawling expeditions: dry season of 1996 (111 hauls), rainy season of 1997 (120 hauls), a... | pira | en | true | [
"A204"
] | false | [
"Brazilian oceanic islands are areas of great environmental, scientific, economic and strategic interest for the country. A better understanding of the thermohaline and hydrodynamic properties is fundamental to complement studies of chemical and biological processes active on the Fernando de Noronha archipelago, lo... |
What are the new features of the new nozzle in this system? | Innovative design; control accuracy, flow and air; operator remotely; control of each individual nozzle and maintain efficient and flawless performance | [
"The paper discusses how a new burner can solve environmental challenges in well test applications by reducing the quantity of fallout, providing better control of the burning operation, and allowing operators to adjust to changes in the well/weather conditions. In order to conduct successful well tests, substantia... | pira | en | true | [
"A1837"
] | false | [
"In order to develop new deep water fields using FPSO's, Petrobras has introduced several innovations to install 34 flexible risers individually connected to the Barracuda FPSO project. This paper provides an overview of design of the pull in and pull out operations. It also deals with I tube dimensions considering... |
Why is it important to access the risks associated with offloading operations? | To prevent accidents that may cause huge environmental disasters. | [
"With the expansion of oil exploration in deep waters, assessing the risks associated with offloading operations becomes essential in preventing accidents that may cause huge environmental disasters. In this paper, the system that composed of a turret-moored floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) connect... | pira | en | true | [
"A1388"
] | false | [
"Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017a), the offshore oil and gas sector has continued to expand globally, in particular in deep and ultradeep waters. The use of tension leg platforms, spars and floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) systems are key to such expansion. In the next... |
What is the main goal presented in this paper? | Identify the best decommissioning option and estimating a reasonable cost for the complete program of decommissioning activities in oil and gas fields. | [
"Decommissioning and abandonment of Brazilian offshore oil & gas fields has become more important in the last few years due to the maturing hydrocarbon producing basin in the region. However, a complete abandonment of a Brazilian offshore field has not been completed to date and the consequent lack of a reference c... | pira | en | true | [
"A1564"
] | false | [
"In 2018, Brazil announced the designation of two new Large Scale Marine Protected Areas (LSMPAs), resulting in an increase in protection from 1.5% to 26.36% of the country’s maritime territory. We employ an agenda-setting theory to analyze the Brazilian LSMPAs as a causal case study, unpacking the factors that led... |
When did CompactGTL and Velocys make testing contracts with Petrobras and where did these tests occured? | With CompactGTL it was in 2006, Aracaju. With Velocys it was in 2010, Fortaleza. Both in Brazilian territories. | [
"Due to advances in the development of technology for distributed or small-scale gas-to-liquids (GTL) technology, a much more flexible and economical option for capturing associated gas, both on- and offshore - in the form of modular GTL technologies - is approaching. These systems are designed to operate efficient... | pira | en | true | [
"A459"
] | false | [
"During the exploratory phase, Petrobras traditionally performs extended well tests (EWT) in deepwater reservoirs. In offshore environments these extended well tests (EWT) are performed by ships that are able to store the produced oil in cargo tanks for subsequent offloading. In pursuit of a more environmentally fr... |
Why will Marlim's subsea separation, pumping, and water reinjection system be installed in 899 m water depth? | To meet the challenge of increased water production. | [
"Petrobras has indulged in R&D programs and technology partnerships with key contractors, opening up offshore development opportunities within Brazil. One of the main contractors helping Petrobras to achieve its goals on Marlim is FMC Technologies Inc. The subsea separation, pumping, and water reinjection system wi... | pira | en | true | [
"A241"
] | false | [
"The objective of this paper is to present how Petrobras is successfully managing production losses due to mineral scale formation in subsea production wells from its biggest offshore field1. Marlim Field, discovered in 1985 with a STOIIP estimated at 1,012 million STD m3 (6,369 million STB) and a field area of 146... |
What can limit the Landsat-5/TM image detection of oil spills? | The presence of clouds and haze. | [
"The rupture of a pipeline transporting hydrocarbons at high temperature caused the spill of 1,300 m3 of fuel oil near the Guanabara Bay shoreline, on January 18, 2000. Immediately after the accident, an emergency effort was undertaken to obtain satellite images in order to monitor the spill's location and movement... | pira | en | true | [
"A345"
] | false | [
"This paper describes the application of remote sensing data for oil spill monitoring in the Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During the emergency, Landsat-5/TM (Thematic Mapper) and Radarsat-1 data were acquired to monitor the location of the spill and its movement. Image classification procedures have been ... |
What are the major pressures marine invertebrates suffer? | Physical impacts on the seabed, temperature increase, ocean acidification, the extraction of living and non-living resources, coastal use, invasive species and pollution. | [
"As of 2019, 153,434 marine benthic invertebrate species had been described globally. Since 2012, researchers have described 10,777 new marine benthic invertebrate species; at the same time, biodiversity is changing globally at rates unprecedented in human history, creating the potential for species extinction befo... | pira | en | true | [
"B2334"
] | false | [
"Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Marine mammals, marine reptiles, seabirds, sharks, tuna and billfis Cumulative effects are comparatively well documented for species groups of the top predators in the ocean, including marine mammals, seabirds and marine reptiles. Many of those species ... |
What are the harmful effects that the ultraviolet (UV) radiation emitted by the sun may cause to the ocean ecosystems? | Inhibition of primary production by phytoplankton and cyanobacteria, changes in the structure and function of plankton communities and alterations of the nitrogen cycle. | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Ocean circulation The intensified study of the ocean as part of the study of climate change has led to a much clearer understanding of the mechanisms of ocean circulation and its annual and decadal variations. As a result of changes in the heating of ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2127"
] | false | [
"Ocean resources provide the main sources of livelihoods to millions of people across the globe, as well as a wide range of ecosystem services and benefits, including oxygen production, food provision, carbon storage, minerals, genetic resources and cultural and general life support services. However, the ecosystem... |
What are two indicators of possible sites of enhanced submarine groundwater discharge? | High radon and low salinities. | [
"Todos os Santos Bay (BTS) is the 2nd largest bay in Brazil and an important resource for the people of the State of Bahia. We made measurements of radon and radium in selected areas of the bay to evaluate if these tracers could provide estimates of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and flushing times of the Pa... | pira | en | true | [
"A1753"
] | false | [
"We present new evidence for the existence of a large pockmark field on the continental slope of the Santos Basin, offshore southeast Brazil. A recent high-resolution multibeam bathymetric survey revealed 984 pockmarks across a smooth seabed at water depths of 300–700 m. Four patterns of pockmark arrays were identi... |
What type of approach is used in the study about influence of in changes pressure and fluid saturation on synthetic time-lapse seismic sections? | Uses an integrated approach of reservoir simulation, rock physics and seismic modeling. | [
"Using an integrated approach of reservoir simulation, rock physics and seismic modeling, the present study analyzes the influence of changes in pressure and fluid saturation on synthetic time-lapse seismic sections. The forms and occasions in which these changes can be detected on 4D seismic are studied, to help i... | pira | en | true | [
"A1490"
] | false | [
"The SCR (Steel Catenary Riser) was adopted by Petrobras as a cost-effective alternative for oil and gas export lines on deepwater fields, where large diameter flexible risers present technical and economic limitations. The SCR structures are subjected to several types of loads during their service life. These load... |
New technologies were applied to this improvement project. One of them received a new concept, developed, field tested and certified. What does this concept refer to? | To the pile anchor installation concept. | [
"The continuous discoveries of oil fields in deep and ultra-deep Brazilian waters and the excessive wide fluctuations on the rig rates were the reasons for PETROBRAS to enhance the capability of one of its owned semi-submersible drilling rig. This paper aims to present an overview of the main technical aspects of t... | pira | en | true | [
"A1164"
] | false | [
"This work explains the process of how a bit was designed specifically to address drilling challenges of the reservoir section of the Mero Field offshore Brazil. The performance of this new bit is compared to previous bits used in the field. A systematic process to design and evaluate the performance of a new bit i... |
What was the desire of the oil companies to obtain seismic data from the ocean floor (OBS)? | Reduce unit costs of OBS data. | [
"Ocean bottom seismic (OBS) data have been used for appraisal and development applications for a number of years in the North Sea, West Africa, Gulf of Mexico, and more recently offshore Brazil and SE Asia but the scale of the surveys, by dint of their focus on field specific imaging, has been limited compared to t... | pira | en | true | [
"A1598"
] | false | [
"An overview covers ongoing offshore E&P developments in Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, and Argentina and the interest of policy in the sub-salt. Information on E&P activity in Latin America begins in Brazil and includes discussions on discoveries in the pre-salt/sub-salt in deep water. Discoveries are being made in the ... |
does the open flaring of unwanted or excess gas from production platforms affect air quality? | Yes, the open flaring affects air quality | [
"Environmental impacts Offshore oil and gas exploration and development practices have evolved significantly in terms of minimizing impacts on the surrounding environment, but operational and accidental discharges and other environmental impacts still occur. Operational discharges include chemicals that arise from ... | pira | en | true | [
"B1992"
] | false | [
"The unwanted gas produced during offshore oil drilling could be reused as an energy source using a technology developed by a consortium of firms including an Oxford Catalysts Group subsidiary. Velocys, the group's US subsidiary, is providing microchannel reactors for use in an offshore gas to liquids (GTL) facilit... |
To curb capital expenditures at oil extraction in subsea wells, what technology did Petrobras worked on? | Electrical Submersible Pumps that work in subsea wells. | [
"As offshore oil fields are being developed towards deeper and deeper waters, new technologies are required to curb capital expenditures. In Brazil, where oil consumption is increasing and huge oil fields lie in high water depths, the issue is particularly pressing. Earlier and higher oil production from those oil ... | pira | en | true | [
"A820"
] | false | [
"Petrobras, as the largest operator in ultra-deep waters in South America, has been using a field development concept that has proved to be winner since 2010. This concept is well suited for fields with high productivity wells, which produce more than 20,000 barrels of oil per day. In the market, this concept is kn... |
The Santos and Campos basins are part of what giant salt formation, divided between Brazil and southwestern Africa? | The Cretaceous South Atlantic Salt Giant. | [
"The discovery and production, by Petrobras, of over 50 billion barrels in place of pre-salt oil in Brazil's offshore South Atlantic Santos and Campos basins has drawn worldwide attention to its km-thick Cretaceous salt seal since 2007. However, the depth of the pre-salt reservoir in these basins make prohibitive t... | pira | en | true | [
"A1066"
] | false | [
"Exploration for oil under the salt layer is concentrated in the basins of Santos, Campos, and Espiritu Santo, Brazil. Hopefully it extends to the eastern margin of the Jequitinhonha and Camamu-Almada basins. These basins have been unexplored under the salt layer with respect to the present objectives. One Petrobra... |
What are considered challenging environments, when talking about well construction hydraulics? | Deep and ultra deepwater exploratory campaigns, inclined, horizontal and complex trajectory development wells, long horizontal wells, extended reach wells, long horizontal section wells and drilling through sensitive formations. | [
"This article reports the main R&D efforts on wellbore construction hydraulics which facilitated the technological development of major Brazilian offshore fields in challenging scenarios. These include: deep and ultra deepwater exploratory campaigns, inclined, horizontal and complex trajectory development wells, ex... | pira | en | true | [
"A1034"
] | false | [
"In a scenario of huge investments in the quest for new oil and natural gas discoveries, the oil industry has reached a consensus: no easy fields to be developed remain undiscovered, especially in offshore environments. New and old challenges on well drilling such as drilled extensions over 6000 m, sub-salt drillin... |
Which countries have had initial success in producing methane from marine methane hydrates? | China and Japan | [
"Marine hydrates (mainly methane hydrates) exist primarily on continental slopes where there are large quantities of methane gas in the ocean, the pressure is high enough and the temperature is low enough. Concern has been expressed about the climatic risks resulting from the sudden release of large amounts of meth... | pira | en | true | [
"B2501"
] | false | [
"The stability of methane hydrates on continental margins worldwide is sensitive to changes in temperature and pressure conditions. It has been shown how gradual increases in bottom water temperatures due to ocean warming over post-glacial timescales can destabilize shallow oceanic hydrate deposits, causing their d... |
Which company will benefit from early production in the Garoupa field offshore? | Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras) will benefit from early production. | [
"By taking a bold step forward in developing the Garoupa field offshore Brazil with subsea techniques, Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras) will benefit from early production to help satisfy the country's growing energy demand. This article describes the first phase of the development program. Petrobras is seeking a ... | pira | en | true | [
"A249"
] | false | [
"When Petrobras' Garoupa Field production tower collapsed last September 7, the company replaced it with a provisional early production system designed to restore production until permanent platforms and pipe lines could be installed. This provisional system uses the seafloor pipe line, meter, loading tower and pro... |
Which are the main issues that whoever wishes to have a major role in E&P will face? | The issues are that they will have to install local manufacturing support, pre-sales technical support, a presence close to the shipyards and an effective after-sales support. | [
"BR Petrobras plans to spend $224 billion through 2014 to develop deepsea oil finds. Supplying equipment in a timely fashion will be key to its efforts to nearly double oil production in Brazil by 2020. Brazil's government wants the majority of the cash headed to local companies or local units of foreign multinatio... | pira | en | true | [
"A234"
] | false | [
"In general, Oil Companies need a contract with the government to have legal rights to carry out Exploration and Production (E&P) projects. In this work, we discuss contractual and economic issues in (E&P) sector in Brazil and the dynamics of uncertainties throughout the stages of an E&P project. This study uses Pe... |
What was used on the investigation of the role of pre-existing intra-basement structures on the style and evolution of the rift faults? | 3D high-resolution seismic data, borehole logs and sidewall samples. | [
"The rift phase of the Campos Basin developed during the Early Cretaceous on a heterogeneous crust comprising structures inherited from the Brasiliano-Pan African tectonic events, mostly generated during the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian amalgamation of western Gondwana blocks. The main rifting episode took place from th... | pira | en | true | [
"A1865"
] | false | [
"The effect of previous structures inheritance is known to be important in the development of tectonic rifts. A series of overlapping structures generally can be represented by lineaments marking the successive tectonic events. We studied the NNE structural lineaments corridor in the central region of the Ribeira B... |
How can global warming accelerate the average rise in sea level? | By the resulting increase in the Earth's temperature. | [
"The greenhouse effect and resulting increase in the Earth's temperature may accelerate the mean sea-level rise. The natural response of bays and estuaries to this rise, such as this case study of Santos Bay (Brazil), will include change in shoreline position, land flooding and wetlands impacts. The main impacts of... | pira | en | true | [
"A183"
] | false | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Sea-level rise It is very likely that extreme sea-level maxima have already increased globally since the 1970s, mainly as a result of global mean sea-level rise. That rise is due in part to anthropogenic warming, causing ocean thermal expansion and th... |
Which areas were identified that could be targeted for new exploration? | Several debris facies with low AI and high porosities areas. | [
"In carbonate rock reservoirs, spatial distribution models and elastic properties are complex because of diagenetic processes and mineralogical composition, which together directly interfere with variations in pore shape and interconnectivity. The main objective of this paper is to propose a workflow to aid in thre... | pira | en | true | [
"A1426"
] | false | [
"The Brazilian Pre-Salt region has garnered much attention since the first major discoveries were announced by Petrobras, in 2006. Since then, discoveries in the region have ranked among the largest in the world in the last ten years, including Tupi, Iara, and Libra. This led to various estimates, from within and o... |
What are the causes of the increase in invasive species? | Human activities and increasing coastal urbanization | [
"There are a number of threats to human health arising from the marine environment that have now been identified: Increase in the spread of pathogens related to climate warming (e.g., Vibrio). Also, there is some evidence related to an increase in some harmful algal bloom species related to climate warming is some ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2152"
] | false | [
"Invasion by non-indigenous species (NIS) is a major driver of biodiversity change that can reduce biodiversity, alter community structure and function, diminish fisheries and aquaculture production and impact human health and well-being. It is exacerbated by climate change, including extreme events, and other huma... |
Who ordered the FPSO for the development of the Marlim Field? | Petrobras. | [
"This paper describes the site installation of a turret moored Floating Production, Storage and Offloading System - FPSO - in 780 meters of water in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil. The FPSO, a 270,000 dwt converted tanker, is the first of a series of two ordered by Petrobras for development of the Marlim Field. An i... | pira | en | true | [
"A861"
] | false | [
"The objective of this paper is to present how Petrobras is successfully managing production losses due to mineral scale formation in subsea production wells from its biggest offshore field1. Marlim Field, discovered in 1985 with a STOIIP estimated at 1,012 million STD m3 (6,369 million STB) and a field area of 146... |
What are the three main categories into which we can divide the services the ocean offers? | economic activities in providing goods and services which are often marketed, other tangible ecosystem services which are not part of a market, but which are vital to human life, and intangible ecosystem services | [
"Looking in more detail at the services that the ocean provides, we can break them down into three main categories. First, there are the economic activities in providing goods and services which are often marketed (fisheries, shipping, communications, tourism and recreation, and so on). Secondly, there are the othe... | pira | en | true | [
"B2453"
] | false | [
"Ocean resources provide the basis for the livelihoods of millions of people across the globe, as well as a range of critical ecosystem services, including oxygen production and carbon storage, several biodiversity-related services, such as the harvesting of living resources, coastal protection and genetic resource... |
What is the difference between the movable chain jack and the movable windlass system? | The movable chain jack concept is designed to operate multiple mooring lines within the same cluster, whereas a single chain jack is lifted by a skidding gantry and moved to the next mooring line and so forth. | [
"Recently, Aker Solutions delivered a movable chain jack system to Petrobras's P58/P62 FPSOs and a movable windlass system to ENI's Goliat FPSO. This paper highlights the main differences between the two systems and when it is beneficial to employ movable systems. There are many parameters to consider in determinin... | pira | en | true | [
"A1033"
] | false | [
"The development of Brazil's Offshore fields has been performed using flexible pipes because this pipe technology offers significantly increased flexibility, enabling the movement of pipes between wells and reducing lead time to bring a well onstream as compared to rigid pipe solutions. In addition, the decision of... |
To which oil field does the FPSO System at the Campos Basin belongs? | To the Marlim Field. | [
"This paper describes the site installation of a turret moored Floating Production, Storage and Offloading System - FPSO - in 780 meters of water in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil. The FPSO, a 270,000 dwt converted tanker, is the first of a series of two ordered by Petrobras for development of the Marlim Field. An i... | pira | en | true | [
"A1227"
] | false | [
"Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ... |
Why are natural coastlines normally replaced by artificial ones? | The huge and increasing demand of land near the coastal zone and the tourism development . | [
"Increased use of ocean space Increased coastal population and urbanization (including tourism) A large proportion of humans live in the coastal zone: 38 per cent of the world’s population live within 100 km of the shore, 44 per cent within 150 km, 50 per cent within 200 km, and 67 per cent within 400 km. This prop... | pira | en | true | [
"B2280"
] | false | [
"Coastal erosion can lead to coastal retreat, habitat destruction and loss of land, which result in significant negative ecological and socioeconomic impacts on the global coastal zones. Sediment budget and geology determine coastal morphology and dynamics, which influence the nature and health of coastal ecosystem... |
By whom will the FPSO be provided and operated? | By Modec Inc and Schahin Petroleo e Gas SA for the BM-S-9 consortium | [
"Guara BV, an affiliate of Petrobras, has signed a letter of intent to charter a floating production, storage, and offloading vessel for use on Block BM-S-9 in the Santos basin offshore Brazil. The platform will have a processing capacity of ~ 100,000 bpd of oil and 5 million cu m/day of natural gas. The FPSO will ... | pira | en | true | [
"A478"
] | false | [
"Petrobras signed letters of intent with Modec Inc to supply a floating production, storage, and offloading platform (FPSO) and a floating storage, and offloading (FSO) vessel in the offshore Campos basin. Modec will operate the FPSO in Espadarte Sul field and the FSO will receive stabilized crude oil from Marlin S... |
How are the disjunct distributions of freshwater organisms along coastal drainages explained? | They are explained by paleodrainings formed during sea level retreats that connected currently isolated basins, or by capturing rivers from tectonic adjustments between adjacent watersheds. | [
"Aim: The disjunct distributions of freshwater organisms along coastal drainages are usually explained by palaeodrainages formed during sea-level retreats that connected currently isolated basins, or by river capture from tectonic adjustments between adjoining watersheds. We evaluate the relative importance of thes... | pira | en | true | [
"A162"
] | false | [
"The major ocean currents connect geographic regions and also exert control on ocean life in other ways. Currents form natural boundaries that help define distinct habitats. Such boundaries may isolate different genetic strains of the same species as well as different species. Many marine animals (for example, salm... |
What improvements are made and how are they processed? | The improvements are made in the image resolution and in the illumination of the processed area. These improvements are processed by separating the data received from the up-going and down-going wave fields and organizing it into groups of receivers, then the data are separated into up-going and down-going wavefields i... | [
"We discuss a depth imaging solution that uses primaries and all orders of multiple reflections to image seismic data from seabed acquisitions. The processing sequence starts by separating the up-going (P-UP) and down-going (P-DWN) wavefields from the seabed hydrophone and geophone measurements. The data are then o... | pira | en | true | [
"A1133"
] | false | [
"This paper will describe the improvement made to the reamer cutter blocks to enhance its durability and optimize the Pre-salt Well Construction Currently, most of the Brazilian's Pre-Salt wells have the last phase built-in 12.25in. In some situations, it is necessary to drill oil wells in a giant offshore field we... |
Which allogenic and autogenic processes are the main factors controlling sand distribution in Quaternary coastal systems worldwide? | Relative sea-level change and shoreline trajectory. | [
"Wave-dominated nearshore deposits are commonly regarded as laterally-continuous, homogeneous, sheet-like reservoirs that can be resolved at the parasequence scale. Many reservoirs, however, have an internal complexity that becomes clearer during production, indicating unexpected internal compartmentalization. Mode... | pira | en | true | [
"A1697"
] | false | [
"High concentrations of total arsenic (As), even above the Brazilian legislative threshold for marine sediments of 70 mg kg-1, were found in beach sands and near-shore surface sediments. Two mechanisms (anthropogenic activities and sedimentary processes in the coastal waters) are responsible for this contamination.... |
What is GeDIg, a corporate program created by Petrobras in 2005, for? | GeDIg is designed to guide and implement Digital Integrated Field Management among its production assets. | [
"In 2005, Petrobras created a corporate program named GeDIg, designed to guide and implement Digital Integrated Field Management among its production assets. The Barracuda and Caratinga (BRC) asset was chosen as one of Rio de Janeiro Business Unit pilots. This asset is composed of two offshore deep-water oil fields... | pira | en | true | [
"A1236"
] | false | [
"Foreseeing near future opportunities for oil and gas fields, Petrobras created a corporate program dedicated to study, develop, and implement Digital Integrated Field Management (GeDIg) among its production assets. Over the last three years, Petrobras has been developing a pilot strategy based on multiple scenario... |
Who has established processes to systematically evaluate new concepts and new technologies, e.g. Approval in Principle (AiP) and Technology Qualification (TQ) ? | DNV. | [
"With Pre-salt area being a massive new offshore oil frontier, there is a high demand for deepwater floaters for both drilling and production. There are some unique challenges related to the ultra-deepwater (water depth beyond 1500m) and the Brazilian environment for the pre-salt area. Various floater concepts have... | pira | en | true | [
"A1905"
] | false | [
"Thermoplastic Composite Pipe (TCP) has a solid wall construction constituted from a single polymer material with embedded (melt-fused) fibre reinforcements. It is a disruptive technology where all the advantages for ultra-deep water developments come together: high strength, light weight, corrosion free, low CAPEX... |
When and where did the first floating production unit entered on stream in Brazil? | In 1977 at Campos Basin. | [
"This paper describes the history, challenges, solutions and evolution of the Floating Production Units in Brazil. The first floating unit was on stream in 1977 at Campos Basin in Brazil. It produced from a single well with a drilling riser and dry-X-tmas tree to a MODU converted into a floating production unit and... | pira | en | true | [
"A543"
] | false | [
"In the deep waters off Brazil, Petrobras and Frontier Drilling do Brasil have carried out early production of heavy crude since October 2002 at Jubarte field, offshore Espirito Santo state. The Seillean, a dynamically positioned vessel on contract to Petrobras, was used as the floating production storage and offlo... |
How were the model tests carried out on the trailer tank of the IPT (Institute of Technological Research of the State of São Paulo) without risers implemented? | With a set of large diameter hoses that are capable of providing a significant increase in the damping of the system. | [
"This paper presents the experimental results obtained from the model tests performed at the IPT (State of São Paulo Technological Research Institute) towing tank, located in São Paulo, Brazil. The model used was the semi-submersible ITTCSR192, at a scale 1:105. The main focus of this study is the analysis of the r... | pira | en | true | [
"A1018"
] | false | [
"The Papa Terra oil field is located on the BC-20 Block in the Campos Basin - Brazil (110 kilometers away from Rio de Janeiro state coast) in a water depth of 1,200 meters. The field is operated by Petrobras having Chevron as non-operator partner. Papa Terra has a crude oil with an API index between 14 and 17 degre... |
Why doesn't Brazilian conditions suit the project well? | Because of its specific conditions, like swell waves influence. | [
"After the boom of converted floating, production, storage and offloading systems, based on the old VLCC design, many engineering institutes started thinking about optimum dimension for new units. However, these new FPSOs designs carried out worldwide concerns about good seakeeping behavior when considering general... | pira | en | true | [
"A679"
] | false | [
"The Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster (SBPSC), Offshore Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario, posing great development challenges. The microbial carbonate reservoir is unusual regarding its origin and petrophysical properties; the fluids have a variable CO2 content; the few analogue reservoirs around the world do no... |
With the inclusion of the Manati field, the state of Bahia produces how many cubic meters of gas per day? | 11 million M³. | [
"Petrobras will invest at least $3.5 billion in the northeastern state of Bahia through 2010 to expand the local gas networks, boost oil and gas output, and improve refining capabilities. Among the projects, Petrobras plans to invest over $1.2 billion to develop gas produciton at the offshore Manati field in the Ca... | pira | en | true | [
"A600"
] | false | [
"Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ... |
What is the difference between the SBMS-500 and SMFPS? | The SBMS-500 is a conceptual project for a subsea multiphase flow pumping system, while the SMFPS is a multiphase flow pumping system (SMFPS) based on the SBMS-500 prototype. | [
"The collaboration between Petrobras and Westinghouse has resulted in the development of a conceptual design for a subsea multiphase-flow pumping system. The system, called SBMS-500, features 500 m3/hr total flow rate, up to 6 Mpa of pressure increase, up to 95% gas-void fraction (GVF) at the suction, and about 1.2... | pira | en | true | [
"A956"
] | false | [
"This paper presents the importance of deep water scenario for Brazil, the PETROBRAS Deep and Ultra-Deep Water R&D Program (PROCAP-2000) and the candidate fields for the deployment of subsea innovative boosting technologies (ESPS - electrical submersible pump in subsea wells, SSS - subsea separation systems and SBM... |
how does the dense phase separation technology patented by PETROBRAS enhance production? | by promptly enabling the separation and reinjection of a major fraction of this CO2-rich associated gas on the seabed as a dense fluid, hence reducing the need for large gas processing plant in the topside, which in turn extends the oil production plateau and accelerates the production. | [
"Some deepwater Offshore reservoir contain fluids with high Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR) and CO2 content, presenting also a high productivity index (PI) like the ones found in Brazilian Presalt area. All these leads to large production facilities with complex gas processing section, thus constraining the oil processing and ... | pira | en | true | [
"A380"
] | false | [
"Petrobras, as the largest operator in ultra-deep waters in South America, has been using a field development concept that has proved to be winner since 2010. This concept is well suited for fields with high productivity wells, which produce more than 20,000 barrels of oil per day. In the market, this concept is kn... |
In what situations is tender-assisted drilling (TAD) efficient? | The tender-assisted drilling (TAD) has been revealed as an efficient and effective solution in deep water installations to support drilling operations of tendon leg platforms (TLP). | [
"Tender-assisted drilling (TAD) has been revealed as an efficient and effective solution in deep water installations to support drilling operations of tendon leg platforms (TLP). Although this concept is new in offshore Brazil, this has been used for more than 30 years not only in the Southeast Asia but also in the... | pira | en | true | [
"A1637"
] | false | [
"Following the major pre-salt reservoirs discovery in Santos Basin by Petrobras in 2006, a large number of exploratory and development wells have been drilled in the area. More recently, some of those wells have been drilled in large wellbore configurations, mostly due to deeper pre-salt layers and geological uncer... |
What will play an important role in the exploration of deep waters? | The artificial lift. | [
"Most of Brazilian oil and gas reserves are located in offshore deep waters. In this scenario, high well productivity is essential. Artificial lift will certainly play an important role in the exploitation of those deep water fields. This paper describes the most important artificial lift methods, their main charac... | pira | en | true | [
"A990"
] | false | [
"This paper presents the importance of deep water scenario for Brazil, the PETROBRAS Deep and Ultra-Deep Water R&D Program (PROCAP-2000) and the candidate fields for the deployment of subsea innovative boosting technologies (ESPS - electrical submersible pump in subsea wells, SSS - subsea separation systems and SBM... |
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