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train · ~1.15M rows (showing the first 125k)

question stringlengths 4 930	answer stringlengths 1 1.49k ⌀	positives listlengths 1 21	dataset_name stringclasses 8 values	language stringclasses 44 values	added_neg bool 2 classes	doc_id listlengths 1 1 ⌀	added_doc_id bool 2 classes	negatives listlengths 1 585
What are the advantages of Phase II of the development plan conceived for Albacora field start?	It would debut a worldwide design and has a cost-effective production system.	[ "Albacora, a giant field located under water depths ranging from 230m to 1,900m, in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, has an estimated oil-in-place volume of 4.4 billion bbl and extends over an area of 235 km2. The development plan conceived for this field has been divided into three phases, which the first one is a c...	pira	en	true	[ "A785" ]	false	[ "The Albacora field, located in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, was discovered by PETROBRÁS in 1984. Following the discovery, a 7000Km 3-D survey was recorded, in the search for a better understanding of the field. At least three distinct families of reservoirs were identified in the area, ranging in age from Cretac...
What challenges can be encountered when drilling on the Brazilian coast for oil at great depths?	Complications can be found involving high pressures, temperatures and mechanical strengths, as well as the production of acid gas	[ "The oil industry's search for new hydrocarbon accumulations has led to the drilling of ever deeper wells, normally under harsh conditions that involve high pressures, temperatures and mechanical strengths as well as sour gas production. In order to perform drill-stem tests (DSTs) safely, these constraints must be ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1810" ]	false	[ "As new oil fields are discovered downslope on the largest Brazilian oil region, Campos Basin, situated on the shelf break and continental slope of eastern South America, new oceanographic challenges are continuously encountered by oceanographers and engineers involved in the design, installation and production of ...
What was found in the Macacú-Guapimirim River?	A low concentration of palynomorphs	[ "Here palynological assemblages are presented from channel surface sediment samples from the Caceribu, Guaraí and Guapimirim-Macacú rivers located in an important area of the Brazilian coast (Guanabara Bay, State of Rio de Janeiro), in order to provide information relevant for the interpretation of palaeoecological...	pira	en	true	[ "A1440" ]	false	[ "Rare-earth elements have gained significant attention as they are currently widely used in high tech, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Here we used the fiddler crabs Leptuca leptodactyla as bioindicators to verify the presence of rare-earth elements in two mangrove areas of the Ubatuba, northern littoral o...
What was the first step of the development of Petrobras' 4D seismic technological programme?	To align the objectives of the project with the company goals for the following 15 years	[ "Petrobras has been developing its 4D seismic technological programme since 1998, focused on the Brazilian deep-water fields in the Campos Basin, and considering the technical, operational and economic challenges involved in the development plan and reservoir management in this environment. The first step was to al...	pira	en	true	[ "A1050" ]	false	[ "In 1998, Petrobras installed the first steel catenary riser on a P-18 semi-submersible platform, in Marlim Field, at 910 m water depth. It was decided to install a monitoring system to check the riser design methodology, including Vortex Induced Vibrations (VIV) Analysis. For VIV monitoring, the riser was instrume...
What are the reasons why the pre salt is different from other analogue reservoirs around the world?	They do not compare in terms of volumes, water depth and distance to the coast	[ "The Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster (SBPSC), Offshore Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario, posing great development challenges. The microbial carbonate reservoir is unusual regarding its origin and petrophysical properties; the fluids have a variable CO2 content; the few analogue reservoirs around the world do no...	pira	en	true	[ "A1148" ]	false	[ "Located in the Brazilian continental shelf, the so called \"Pre-Salt\" reservoirs with large accumulations of excellent quality, high commercial value light oil have become the most strategic oil production site for Brazil. One of the main challenges that has recently arisen concerns the definition of an adequate ...
What can be inferred about the shear zones from this study?	Concluded that the shear zones across the study area are long-lived structures that have behaved as weakness zones. Their neotectonic brittle reactivation has controlled sediment deposition and landform development, which continued through the Neogene – Quaternary.	[ "We investigate the role of reactivation of Precambrian basement fabric in the tectono-sedimentary and geomorphological evolution of the Paraíba Basin, continental margin of northeastern Brazil, during the Cretaceous, Neogene, and Quaternary. This basin represents part of the last bridge between South America and A...	pira	en	true	[ "A1513" ]	false	[ "In passive continental margins, the brittle reactivation of shear zones and their role in the deformation and deposition of sedimentary basins are still a matter of debate. In this research, we investigated the role of the brittle reactivation of Precambrian shear zones in the nucleation of rift and postrift fault...
According to what the derived large-scale fields have large diurnal variations?	The derived large-scale fields have large diurnal variations according to convective activity in the GoAmazon region and the morning profiles show distinct differences between the dry and wet seasons.	[ "This study describes the characteristics of large-scale vertical velocity, apparent heating source (Q1) and apparent moisture sink (Q2) profiles associated with seasonal and diurnal variations of convective systems observed during the two intensive operational periods (IOPs) that were conducted from 15 February to...	pira	en	true	[ "A1923" ]	false	[ "Patterns of biodiversity Perhaps the most common large-scale biodiversity pattern on the planet is the “latitudinal gradient”, typically expressed as a decline in the variety of species from the equator to the poles. Adherence to that pattern varies among marine taxa. Although coastal species generally peak in abu...
what increases the risk of major accidents in the offshore oil and gas industry?	the use of potentially hazardous materials and operation under progressively hostile environments	[ "Improved sustainability performance in increasingly complex business environments is a challenging task for organizations operating in many different industries. In the offshore oil and gas industry, the use of potentially hazardous materials and operation under progressively hostile environments increases the ris...	pira	en	true	[ "A384" ]	false	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Offshore hydrocarbon industries Major disasters in the offshore oil and gas industry have a global, historical recurrence of one about every 17 years. The most recent is the Deepwater Horizon blowout of 2010, which spilled 4.4 million barrels (about 600,000 tons) of oil into t...
Wich results can be taken from the data analyzed on the study?	Important insights for the development of more effective management strategies for the local environments.	[ "The present study evaluated the different morphodynamic scenarios that arise under varying tidal and wave conditions on a sandy beach (Ajuruteua) and an exposed tidal flat (Vila dos Pescadores) on the Amazon coast of northern Brazil. For this, four field campaigns were conducted, covering a full annual cycle, for ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1252" ]	false	[ "The experience gained by PETROBRAS over eleven years operating several floating production systems based on extensive use of flexible pipes, indicated that such a concept was a reliable alternative for deep water exploitation. To properly predict the behavior of flexible pipes in deeper water applications, more so...
What do the offshore oil and gas industry regulators try to protect?	people, assets, and the environment	[ "Improved sustainability performance in increasingly complex business environments is a challenging task for organizations operating in many different industries. In the offshore oil and gas industry, the use of potentially hazardous materials and operation under progressively hostile environments increases the ris...	pira	en	true	[ "A284" ]	false	[ "Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017a), the offshore oil and gas sector has continued to expand globally, in particular in deep and ultradeep waters. The use of tension leg platforms, spars and floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) systems are key to such expansion. In the next...
Where can metal sediment in their bioavailable or labile form be found?	In shipyards on estuarine environments.	[ "Shipyards impact on estuarine environments because of the use of antifouling paints and petroleum products, which release trace metals that may remain in their bioavailable or labile form. Regardless of its importance, the relation between continuous input of trace metals (hotspot area) and their availability in t...	pira	en	true	[ "A975" ]	false	[ "The knowledge of metal behavior in the aquatic environment is important for understanding its effects in estuarine zones and mangrove areas. These important and precious ecosystems are affected by many different factors that may vary temporally and spatially. The present study investigated the spatial and temporal...
Which landforms suggest structural control by normal faults in the Pernambuco Basin?	The paleo-coastal lagoon and the paleo-split.	[ "Advances in geomorphometry have allowed geoscientists to map landscapes through digital terrain analysis, although seascapes still remain poorly described as compared to continental area. We carried out a systematic morphometric analysis of the inner continental shelf using bathymetric data at Tamandaré, in northe...	pira	en	true	[ "A1601" ]	false	[ "The dynamic of gravity-driven turbidity currents is strongly influenced by the morphology of the seafloor, formed by topographic highs and lows on the margin along the depositional profile. This paper focuses on the methodology and the main results of a study on the palaeotopographic controls in a turbidite succes...
What has replaced large stretches of natural coastline?	Artificial coastal structures.	[ "Increased use of ocean space Increased coastal population and urbanization (including tourism) A large proportion of humans live in the coastal zone: 38 per cent of the world’s population live within 100 km of the shore, 44 per cent within 150 km, 50 per cent within 200 km, and 67 per cent within 400 km. This prop...	pira	en	true	[ "B2126" ]	false	[ "Impacts on the marine environment Throughout all tourist areas, the major impact on the marine environment comes from coastal development, including the proportion of land covered by buildings, such as hotels, restaurants and retail shops, and transport infrastructure, including ports, airports and train terminals...
What type of ship performs Extended Well Testing (EWT) in offshore environments?	Ships that are able to store the produced oil in cargo tanks for subsequent offloading.	[ "During the exploratory phase, Petrobras traditionally performs extended well tests (EWT) in deepwater reservoirs. In offshore environments these extended well tests (EWT) are performed by ships that are able to store the produced oil in cargo tanks for subsequent offloading. In pursuit of a more environmentally fr...	pira	en	true	[ "A1094" ]	false	[ "The paper uses a case study approach to present the challenges to develop a large and thick oil carbonate reservoir, full of opportunities but also of uncertainties. Additionally, Libra block development is under a Production Sharing Contract that was awarded to a Consortium where Petrobras is the operator in part...
Why do less developed countrieshave dificulties in taking advantage of what the ocean can offer?	Gaps in capacity-buiding, diponibility of resources and financial constraints	[ "Ocean resources provide the main sources of livelihoods to millions of people across the globe, as well as a wide range of ecosystem services and benefits, including oxygen production, food provision, carbon storage, minerals, genetic resources and cultural and general life support services. However, the ecosystem...	pira	en	true	[ "B2563" ]	false	[ "While some benefits from the ocean are very central and ensure the existence of life on earth, including the production of oxygen and the uptake of carbon dioxide and heat, most services are related to specific ecosystems or elements therein and are thus not evenly distributed. Moreover, not all States have the ca...
The "Blue Amazon" corresponds to how much of the Brazilian land area?	It corresponds to 52% of the country's land area	[ "Marine mining is the ocean's new exploration frontier. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is the region over which the respective coastal states hold sovereign rights for exploration, exploitation, conservation and management of natural, living or non-living, resources. The Brazilian EEZ has a rough oceanic area of...	pira	en	true	[ "A755" ]	false	[ "The establishment of policies relevant to the oceanic area in Brazil aims to guide the rational planning of resources of marine space (Blue Amazon), ensuring the quality of coastal population life and the effective protection of ecosystems and resources within it. Therefore, it appears as a major factor in the for...
What are the top farmed seaweed species?	Carrageenophytes, Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma spp.	[ "As of 2012, about 80 per cent of seaweeds were either consumed directly, such as kelps, or processed for phycocolloids, such as carrageenan, for use in the food industry. The rest were used widely in pet food and in industrial, cosmetic and medical applications. World production of seaweeds steadily rose from 2012...	pira	en	true	[ "B2445" ]	false	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Seaweeds and seagrasses Cold-water seaweeds, in particular kelps, have reproductive regimes that are temperature-sensitive. Increase in seawater temperature affects their reproduction and survival, which will consequently affect their population distr...
What is the water depth of Marlim South 3?	1709m.	[ "Petrobras has been successfully dealing with deep water floating production systems using flexible pipes since 1977. During the completion of Marlim South 3 well in 1977, Petrobras was surprised by the occurrence of two birdcage type failures. At that time, Marlim South 3, in a water depth of 1709 m was the deepes...	pira	en	true	[ "A818" ]	false	[ "The objective of this paper is to present how Petrobras is successfully managing production losses due to mineral scale formation in subsea production wells from its biggest offshore field1. Marlim Field, discovered in 1985 with a STOIIP estimated at 1,012 million STD m3 (6,369 million STB) and a field area of 146...
Where is well 8MLS-67HA-RJS located?	3,540 feet of water at Marlim Sul Field, Brazil.	[ "The world's first subsea, deepwater, all-electric intelligent completion system installed in the 8MLS-67HA-RJS well in 3,540 feet of water at Marlim Sul Field, Brazil was discussed. The 8-MLS-67HA-RJS well was a single-string, dual-zone injector well in a water-driven reservoir. The intelligent completion was subj...	pira	en	true	[ "A370" ]	false	[ "Atlanta is a post-salt oil field located offshore Brazil in the Santos Basin, 150 km southeast of Rio de Janeiro. The combination of ultra-deep water (1550m), heavy and viscous oil (14 API), unconsolidated sandstones, low overburden (800m), faulted reservoir rock, etc., composes a unique and challenging scenario f...
What kind of salt rocks are present in the Santos basin	Halite, carnallite, and tachyhydrite.	[ "In the Santos basin off Brazil, Petrobras ran numerical simulations to evaluate the creep behavior of salt rocks (halite, carnallite, and tachyhydrite) at high differential stress and high temperature, using finite-element codes developed in-house. The results were used to predict the evolution of the well closure...	pira	en	true	[ "A786" ]	false	[ "The discovery and production, by Petrobras, of over 50 billion barrels in place of pre-salt oil in Brazil's offshore South Atlantic Santos and Campos basins has drawn worldwide attention to its km-thick Cretaceous salt seal since 2007. However, the depth of the pre-salt reservoir in these basins make prohibitive t...
What is the main oil exploration field in Brazil?	The Campo basin, located in the state of São Paulo. This basin has the fastest development in the world and is responsible for more than 50% of the brazilian production of oil and natural gas.	[ "Construction of the Rio de Janeiro-Sao Paulo gas line for Petrobras represents a landmark within Brazilian energy development since the system interconnects the main South America industrial center located in Sao Paulo state to the Campos basin. This basin, one of the gas and oil offshore producing areas, has the ...	pira	en	true	[ "A744" ]	false	[ "In 1939, the Lobito oil field, Brazil's first, was discovered. During the 1950's, 15 significant fields were discovered. In 1975, the exclusion of private capital in Brazilian oil operations came to an abrupt end. Petrobras was authorized to seek service contracts with foreign oil companies in regions not under ex...
In which itens specifically this evaluation of BESM-OA2.5 focused?	On the mean climate state and the most important large-scale climate variability patterns simulated in the historical run	[ "The performance of the coupled ocean-atmosphere component of the Brazilian Earth System Model version 2.5 (BESM-OA2.5) was evaluated in simulating the historical period 1850-2005. After a climate model validation procedure in which the main atmospheric and oceanic variabilities were evaluated against observed and ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1384" ]	false	[ "Large volume semi-submersible units may present significant wave induced resonant motions in heave, roll and pitch. Evaluating the slow motions of such systems is important from the initial stages of their designs and therefore requires a model that is both accurate and expedite enough. In the present article, dif...
who is the world's largest producer of marine aggregates?	the United Kingdom	[ "Increased use of ocean space Offshore hydrocarbon industries The growth of the offshore oil and gas industry has increased the demand by that sector for access to ocean space within areas under national jurisdiction (including space for pipelines to bring the hydrocarbon products ashore). More than 620,000 km² (al...	pira	en	true	[ "B2466" ]	false	[ "Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017a), the offshore oil and gas sector has continued to expand globally, in particular in deep and ultradeep waters. The use of tension leg platforms, spars and floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) systems are key to such expansion. In the next...
How can NIS affect coastal communities?	By reducing the productivity and resilience of marine systems where sustainable fisheries or aquaculture are traditionally held.	[ "Invasion by non-indigenous species (NIS) is a major driver of biodiversity change that can reduce biodiversity, alter community structure and function, diminish fisheries and aquaculture production and impact human health and well-being. It is exacerbated by climate change, including extreme events, and other huma...	pira	en	true	[ "B2414" ]	false	[ "Globally, about 2,000 marine non-indigenous species (NIS) have been introduced to new locations through human-mediated movements. A few of those have economic value, but most have had negative ecological, socioeconomic or human health impacts. With increased trade and climate change, biological invasions are likel...
What was the result obtained from the tests on the new subsea safety tree tool?	After the tool was subjected to a pressure of 15000 psi for 10 minutes in full sand-concentration, the inspection showed minimal damage and erosion on the inside walls of the tool, indicating that the equipment would qualify for this type of offshore operation.	[ "Deep-water exploration in Brazil has continued to increase in complexity, requiring new technology to not only meet the ever increasing demands of the challenging environments but also the increase in costs. These have been incurred from the continuous increase and upgrades in safety regulations and the costs asso...	pira	en	true	[ "A1189" ]	false	[ "This paper reports the Lessons Learned from an innovative linepipe solution that was successfully implemented on P55 Deepwater Project. The P55 field is located offshore Brazil, in the northern area of Campos Basin, in a water depth ranging from 1500m to 1900m. The scope of work consisted in engineering, procuring...
In which basins were found a large volume of heavy oil with high viscosity?	The Campos and Santos Basins, offshore Brazil.	[ "Significant volumes of heavy and high viscosity oil have been discovered in the Campos and Santos Basins, offshore Brazil, and its economical production is a challenge for the oil industry. New production technologies are required for the economic development of offshore heavy oil reservoirs. Long horizontal or mu...	pira	en	true	[ "A1020" ]	false	[ "Petrobras announced a \"giant\" discovery in the northern part of Campos Basin, of at least an estimated recoverable 0.6 billion bbl of heavy oil. The reservoir, about 80 km offshore, was initially discovered in January 2001. The country's last major find, the 3 billion bbl, ultra-deep-water Roncador field, was ma...
What are the expected results and limitations of new techniques, such as genomics, for species identification and elucidation of phylogenetic relationships?	The number of species is expected to rise, especially for macroalgae; however, owing to uneven human and infrastructure capacities among regions, some regions will be less studied than others.	[ "Some 90 per cent of mangrove, seagrass and marsh plant species have been assessed as being at risk of extinction; 19 per cent of mangroves, 21 per cent of seagrass species and one marsh plant species are on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Among macroalgae, ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2275" ]	false	[ "Marine genetic resources continue to be the focus of an expanding range of commercial and non-commercial applications. Rapidly decreasing sequencing and gene synthesis costs and swift advances in the metabolic engineering and synthetic biology fields within the biotechnology sector have rendered scientists less re...
How many people are supported for fisheries and aquaculture?	Nearly 250 million livelihoods	[ "Ocean resources provide the basis for the livelihoods of millions of people across the globe, as well as a range of critical ecosystem services, including oxygen production and carbon storage, several biodiversity-related services, such as the harvesting of living resources, coastal protection and genetic resource...	pira	en	true	[ "B2343" ]	false	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in employment and income from fisheries and aquaculture The global harvest of marine capture fisheries has expanded rapidly since the early 1950s and is currently estimated to be about 80 million tons a year. That harvest is estimated to have a first (gro...
Approximately how many large estuaries and deltas worldwide benefit from some level of environmental protecion?	Around 450.	[ "Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Ecosystems and habitats identified for special attention Considering specific types of important marine and coastal habitats, estuaries and deltas are categorized globally as in poor overall condition, based on published assessments of them for 101 regi...	pira	en	true	[ "B2323" ]	false	[ "Changes in drivers Human civilizations originated and thrived in the floodplains and the deltaic coastal zones of the world’s large rivers, which are now inhabited by about 2.7 billion people (Best, 2019). The rapid increase in the demand for water, food, land and power has led to human interventions, such as the ...
What type of current will the rigid hull-shaped body of the analyzed HUB receive and what is its function?	Mainly transverse currents, acting as a floating breakwater in deep waters.	[ "Everyday thousands of people commute to offshore platforms in Brazil. The presence of a remote terminal, the so-called HUB, adjacent to the platforms, not only reduces the shipment costs, but also increases the speed of commuting. The present work addresses the feasibility of utilizing a ship shape hull as alterna...	pira	en	true	[ "A1814" ]	false	[ "Oil exploration in the pre-salt, mainly in the SANTOS BASIN, has increased significantly and as results increasing the number of thousands of people commute to offshore platforms in Brazil is inevitable. The presence of a remote terminal, the so-called HUB, adjacent to the platforms, not only reduces the shipment ...
Why the Pará-maranhão/Barreirinhas geometry and evolution are speculative?	Due to the lack of information on the crustal structure and the crustal nature.	[ "The Pará-Maranhão/Barreirinhas margin, North Brazil, is a pull-apart passive margin, with two strike-slip borders, formed during the opening of the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean during Cretaceous time. Its geometry and evolution are speculative due to the lack of information on the crustal structure and the crustal na...	pira	en	true	[ "A1479" ]	false	[ "The Barreiras Formation records continental-to-shallow–water marine sequences deposited during the Paleogene–Neogene periods in the Brazilian continental margin. In northern Rio de Janeiro and southern Espírito Santo states, the Barreiras Formation preserve alluvial depositional system. The sediments were derived ...
What are the main artificial lifting methods used by petrobras?	The main methods are gas lift, electric submersible pump, hydraulic jet pump, progressive cavity pump, multiphase pump, subsea separation system.	[ "Most of Brazilian oil and gas reserves are located in offshore deep waters. In this scenario, high well productivity is essential. Artificial lift will certainly play an important role in the exploitation of those deep water fields. This paper describes the most important artificial lift methods, their main charac...	pira	en	true	[ "A1220" ]	false	[ "Petrobras launched the PDBC (Campos Basin Development Plan) as part of Company's Strategic Plan to increase production and incorporate reserves in a scenario of mature fields and low oil prices. The plan is based on an integrated analysis of opportunities, combining skills of professionals with different backgroun...
Greater efficacy in removing organic compounds from sediments was observed in what models?	Greater efficacy was observed in two phytoremediation models.	[ "This chapter presents advances in studies related to the monitoring and development of biotechnologies for the restoration of mangrove areas in Todos os Santos Bay that have been impacted by petroleum. The results of surface sediment monitoring show that the estuary of the São Paulo River has the most pollution fr...	pira	en	true	[ "A1776" ]	false	[ "In this study, we use inorganic (metal) and organic (bulk and molecular) markers in sediment samples of the south-eastern Brazilian margin to investigate the response of geochemical fingerprints to the complex hydrodynamic processes present in the area. Results indicate the potential of export of terrigenous silic...
The first floating unit was released in 1977 and since then Petrobras managed to evolve the project further, getting international recognition for a new model, what is the name of this model?	Floating production and storage units	[ "This paper describes the history, challenges, solutions and evolution of the Floating Production Units in Brazil. The first floating unit was on stream in 1977 at Campos Basin in Brazil. It produced from a single well with a drilling riser and dry-X-tmas tree to a MODU converted into a floating production unit and...	pira	en	true	[ "A1070" ]	false	[ "The second phase, Module 1A, of the Roncador field, offshore Brazil, was developed with a large semisubmersible floating production unit (FPU). This paper explains the strategies adopted by Petrobras to overcome the challenge of starting oil and gas production at a water depth of 1800 m in a short period of time, ...
How many oil wells does Petrobras intend to drill into the Garoupa field?	Nine.	[ "By taking a bold step forward in developing the Garoupa field offshore Brazil with subsea techniques, Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras) will benefit from early production to help satisfy the country's growing energy demand. This article describes the first phase of the development program. Petrobras is seeking a ...	pira	en	true	[ "A772" ]	false	[ "Petrobras has brought online two fields, updated its files on the Tupi field and decided to dedicate its exploration efforts along its shores. The FPSO can produce 10mmcm/d of natural gas and 35,000b/d of oil and condensate and store up to 740,000 barrels of oil. The development plan for the field foresees four ho...
What can affect the sedimentation pattern along coasts?	The construction of dams and ports.	[ "Increased use of ocean space Increased coastal population and urbanization (including tourism) A large proportion of humans live in the coastal zone: 38 per cent of the world’s population live within 100 km of the shore, 44 per cent within 150 km, 50 per cent within 200 km, and 67 per cent within 400 km. This prop...	pira	en	true	[ "B2134" ]	false	[ "Coastal erosion can lead to coastal retreat, habitat destruction and loss of land, which result in significant negative ecological and socioeconomic impacts on the global coastal zones. Sediment budget and geology determine coastal morphology and dynamics, which influence the nature and health of coastal ecosystem...
What is the relationship between price and value in the ecosystem services approach?	an ecosystem services approach emphasizes that "price" is not equal to "value" and highlights human well-being, as a normative goal.	[ "Humanity has always drawn sustenance from the ocean through fishing, harvesting and trade. Today 44 per cent of the world's population lives on or within 150 kilometres from the coast (United Nations Atlas of Oceans). However this fundamental connection between nature and people has only very recently been incorpo...	pira	en	true	[ "B2492" ]	false	[ "Ecosystems, including marine ecosystems, provide services to people, which are lifesustaining and contribute to human health and well-being (Millennium Ecosyste Assessment, 2005; de Groot, 2011). The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment defines an ecosystem as “a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism comm...
Why is the conversion of VLCC in FPSO unit being used by Petrobras for exploitation of oil in deep water?	Necessity of large storage unit with the capability to transfer the oil to shuttle ships.	[ "These last years the conversion of VLCC (Very Large crude Carrier) in FPSO (Floating, Production, Storage and Offloading) unit has been used by Petrobras in Brazil offshore to work in the exploitation of oil in deep, what is a consequence of the necessity of large storage unit with the capability to transfer the o...	pira	en	true	[ "A556" ]	false	[ "Petrobras' Barracuda and Caratinga Project consists in an offshore deep-water oil fields production development, located at the Campos Basin, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for which Petrobras is the concessionaire. The fields cover an area of 493 square kilometers at water depths of 600 to 1,100 meters for Barracuda ...
What are the benefits of having a biodiversity hotspot?	Providing extractive services like fishing, not only on its own area, but also on adjacent areas, increasing biodiversity on wider distribution outside the hotspot, producing oxygen as a direct result of photosynthesis and adding value to services like tourism and other spiritual and cultural services	[ "Patterns of biodiversity Location of biodiversity hotspots and their relationship to the location of high levels of ecosystem services Although marine life is found everywhere in the ocean, biodiversity hotspots exist where the number of species and the concentration of biotas are consistently high relative to adj...	pira	en	true	[ "B2279" ]	false	[ "Patterns of biodiversity Biodiversity and economic activity Sometimes, because of the special physical features that contribute to high biodiversity, and sometimes because of the concentration of biodiversity itself, many societies and industries are most active in areas that are also biodiversity hotspots. As on ...
How can the results of remote sensing data in Guanabara Bay be positive for Petrobras?	The results help PETROBRAS to optimize the emergency response procedures and subsequent cleaning efforts.	[ "This paper describes the application of remote sensing data for oil spill monitoring in the Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During the emergency, Landsat-5/TM (Thematic Mapper) and Radarsat-1 data were acquired to monitor the location of the spill and its movement. Image classification procedures have been ...	pira	en	true	[ "A660" ]	false	[ "Petrobras announced a \"giant\" discovery in the northern part of Campos Basin, of at least an estimated recoverable 0.6 billion bbl of heavy oil. The reservoir, about 80 km offshore, was initially discovered in January 2001. The country's last major find, the 3 billion bbl, ultra-deep-water Roncador field, was ma...
In what month of 2016 is the production of the platform expected to start?	August	[ "Guara BV, an affiliate of Petrobras, has signed a letter of intent to charter a floating production, storage, and offloading vessel for use on Block BM-S-9 in the Santos basin offshore Brazil. The platform will have a processing capacity of ~ 100,000 bpd of oil and 5 million cu m/day of natural gas. The FPSO will ...	pira	en	true	[ "A502" ]	false	[ "Built in China for 2006 startup, the SSP30 FPSO offshore platform is the first circular platform built in the world. It has been sent to Brazil to operate in the Piranema field, 37 km from the city of Aracaju, Sergipe state, northeastern Brazil. It can extract up to 30,000 bbl/day of 43-44 degree API light crude o...
Which data, besides pressure, is a necessary when a new oil block is discovered?	It is necessary other data about downhole like its temperature under specific conditions (flow and build-up periods) as well as obtain pressure-compensated fluid samples and produced volume across time	[ "Deep-water exploration in Brazil has continued to increase in complexity, requiring new technology to not only meet the ever increasing demands of the challenging environments but also the increase in costs. These have been incurred from the continuous increase and upgrades in safety regulations and the costs asso...	pira	en	true	[ "A1188" ]	false	[ "With the application of new technologies for processing and interpreting seismic data, PETROBRAS, in recent years, has achieved great success in the discovery of giant oil fields underlying thick layers of rock salt. Due to the mechanical behavior of these rocks, subject to the creep phenomenon, it was developed a...
What is pressuring the existence of dedicated marine spaces?	The increase in long-standing uses of the ocean, such as fishing and shipping, and new uses, such as hydrocarbon extraction, mining and the offshore generation of renewable energy.	[ "Theme E Increased use of ocean space, especially in coastal areas, create conflicting demands for dedicated marine space. This arises both from the expansion of long-standing uses of the ocean (such as fishing and shipping) and from newly developing uses (such as hydrocarbon extraction, mining and the generation o...	pira	en	true	[ "B2097" ]	false	[ "The growing scale of human activities and the associated impacts on the marine environment mean that conflicts are increasingly occurring between different uses of the ocean. Marine spatial planning (MSP) is an effective way of resolving such conflicts. Over the past two decades, MSP has been instituted to a growi...
What the Exclusive Economic Zone of Brazil could be used for?	It could be harnessed for offshore wind energy production.	[ "This work seeks to demonstrate the technical feasibility of offshore wind projects by calculating the preliminary estimate of wind energy production in the Brazilian marine environment, through a simplified methodology based on currently available data in a case study performed with the application of wind turbine...	pira	en	true	[ "A1741" ]	false	[ "Marine mining is the ocean's new exploration frontier. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is the region over which the respective coastal states hold sovereign rights for exploration, exploitation, conservation and management of natural, living or non-living, resources. The Brazilian EEZ has a rough oceanic area of...
What were the methods used to compare the performance of oil and gas production units operating in Brazil with one considered ideal?	PROMETHEE II and ordinal COPELAND multicriteria methods.	[ "The increasing production of oil and gas in the marine environment and the growing participation of companies of different nationalities and sizes require the use of tools to support the sustainable management of offshore oil and gas production units. This paper presents the results of the application of a sustain...	pira	en	true	[ "A1639" ]	false	[ "The aim of this study is to systematize the knowledge related to the innovation capability of the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) operating in the exploration and production (E&P) of oil and natural gas in Rio de Janeiro state (Brazil). This systematization consists in the early stages of a larger study, which...
What has been observed in recent years about the milling difficulties to the cutter blocks to increase their durability and optimize the construction of the Pre-salt?	Has been observed in recent years about the milling difficulties, specifically, in the enlargement from 18.125in to 22in in the face of abrasive formations in the cutter blocks of construction of the Pre-salt.	[ "This paper will describe the improvement made to the reamer cutter blocks to enhance its durability and optimize the Pre-salt Well Construction Currently, most of the Brazilian's Pre-Salt wells have the last phase built-in 12.25in. In some situations, it is necessary to drill oil wells in a giant offshore field we...	pira	en	true	[ "A1823" ]	false	[ "Drilling operations in salt zones have gained importance in Brazil due to the discovery of large oil and gas reserves in the Pre-Salt area. Thus, the pursuit of excellence in such operations is requiring considerable development of new operational practices and technologies. Synthetic base mud has been the first c...
What influences the mid- to high latitudes of South America?	This region is largely influenced by sea-surface temperature patterns of the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, in combination with the frequent propagation of transient atmospheric systems.	[ "Turbulent air-sea heat fluxes were computed from in situ high-frequency micrometeorological data during two research cruises performed in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWAO) occurring in June 2012 and October 2014. Two different and dynamical areas were covered by the cruises: the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BM...	pira	en	true	[ "A161" ]	false	[ "Extreme climate events The El Niño Southern Oscillation is a coupled atmosphere-ocean phenomenon, identified by an oscillation between warm and cold ocean temperatures in the tropical central eastern Pacific Ocean and an associated fluctuation in the global-scale tropical and subtropical surface pressure patterns....
When the production of oil from the Atlanta Field started?	In May 2018 the production started.	[ "Atlanta is a post-salt oil field located offshore Brazil in the Santos Basin, 150 km southeast of Rio de Janeiro. The combination of ultra-deep water (1550m), heavy and viscous oil (14 API), unconsolidated sandstones, low overburden (800m), faulted reservoir rock, etc., composes a unique and challenging scenario f...	pira	en	true	[ "A1360" ]	false	[ "Atlanta is a post-salt oil field located offshore Brazil in the Santos Basin, 185 km southeast of Rio de Janeiro. The combination of ultra-deepwater (1,550 m) and heavy and viscous oil (14° API and 228 cP at reservoir conditions) composes a unique challenging scenario for Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) applicat...
How can humans be affected in their health by consuming fish contaminated with arsenic?	There is a lifetime cancer risk.	[ "High concentrations of total arsenic (As), even above the Brazilian legislative threshold for marine sediments of 70 mg kg-1, were found in beach sands and near-shore surface sediments. Two mechanisms (anthropogenic activities and sedimentary processes in the coastal waters) are responsible for this contamination....	pira	en	true	[ "A1345" ]	false	[ "Human health can be affected by many aspects of food from the sea. Some problems are the result of pollutants (such as mercury) or pathogens (often from sewage and ballast water) discharged into the sea and taken up by plants, fish and shellfish that are harvested for human consumption (Takahashi and others, 2008)...
Which companies are developing modular solutions that combine steam methane (SMR) and Fischer Tropsch (FT) reform?	CompactGTL plc and Velocys .	[ "Due to advances in the development of technology for distributed or small-scale gas-to-liquids (GTL) technology, a much more flexible and economical option for capturing associated gas, both on- and offshore - in the form of modular GTL technologies - is approaching. These systems are designed to operate efficient...	pira	en	true	[ "A457" ]	false	[ "The Parque das Conchas (BC10) field offshore Brazil, operated by Shell and owned together with ONGC and QPI, has challenging reservoir conditions. Several subsea fields with viscosities ranging from 1 to 900 cP and gas volume fractions between 5% and 70% require subsea boosting to lift production fluids to the FPS...
What are the reasons that national companies do not reach the productivity levels of international ones?	They required high monitoring costs and partly because the requirements of Brazilian policy were defined far beyond the capacity of the national industry.	[ "The conditions under which lead firms will invest in upgrading suppliers occupy center stage in the debates about how global value chains (GVCs) affect development and what room is left for governments to adopt industrial policies. In a key industry for developing economies, oil and gas (O&G), the maps of oil prod...	pira	en	true	[ "A1902" ]	false	[ "This case focuses on the challenges regarding capacity building required to meet the huge increase of manpower demand by the offshore and shipbuilding sectors in Brazil and Rio Grande do Sul state. This arises from four key factors: end of monopoly of exploration and production of oil and gas in 1997, expanding th...
How has the corporate environment for oil exploration changed in recent years in Brazil?	Formerly monopolist (operated by Petrobras), it now has several companies operating, both national and international.	[ "Brazil is entering the age of decommissioning, with aging offshore fields that have been in operation for more than 25 years. Brazil has migrated from an operator's monopolistic environment (with the state owned oil company, Petrobras) to a new reality in which many companies, national and international operate in...	pira	en	true	[ "A574" ]	false	[ "In 1939, the Lobito oil field, Brazil's first, was discovered. During the 1950's, 15 significant fields were discovered. In 1975, the exclusion of private capital in Brazilian oil operations came to an abrupt end. Petrobras was authorized to seek service contracts with foreign oil companies in regions not under ex...
The total production in the Campos basin in the first 4 months of 2004 was equivalent to how many % of the country's production?	About 80%	[ "Petrobras increased its oil production capacity by 100,000 bpd following the start-up of operations at the Marlim Sul floating production, storage, and offloading vessel (FPSO), at the Marlim Sul field, in the Campos basin. Petrobras has leased the FPSO from the US' Single Buoy Moorings since January 2003. The new...	pira	en	true	[ "A238" ]	false	[ "Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ...
What allowed the study to establish causal links between concentrations anomalies in the sediments and ancient anthropogenic contamination in the area?	A joint assessment of the distribution of these parameters and the consultation to historical documents.	[ "This study presents results of a sediment core located in Coroa de Boi Bay, a not dredged cove within Patos Estuary, Southern Brazil. The distribution of metals (Hg, Cu, Pb) and U in the sediment profile records several contamination events since pre-colonial times to present days. A joint assessment of the distri...	pira	en	true	[ "A1658" ]	false	[ "High concentrations of total arsenic (As), even above the Brazilian legislative threshold for marine sediments of 70 mg kg-1, were found in beach sands and near-shore surface sediments. Two mechanisms (anthropogenic activities and sedimentary processes in the coastal waters) are responsible for this contamination....
What is the capacity of production, storage and unloading of Piranema's floating vessel?	The project supports processing 30000 bpd, has an injection plant of 3.6 million cubic meters per day of injection capacity and 300000 bbl capacity	[ "Sevan Marine has let a contract to a unit of John Wood Group plc for the operation and management of the Sevan Stabilized Platform (SSP) Piranema, a floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessel. The FPSO will be operated for Petrobras in Piranema oil field off northeastern Brazil. The vessel will be ...	pira	en	true	[ "A690" ]	false	[ "Built in China for 2006 startup, the SSP30 FPSO offshore platform is the first circular platform built in the world. It has been sent to Brazil to operate in the Piranema field, 37 km from the city of Aracaju, Sergipe state, northeastern Brazil. It can extract up to 30,000 bbl/day of 43-44 degree API light crude o...
What are the biological benefits of marine hydrates?	Marine hydrates with seeping gas are high biodiverse environments	[ "Marine hydrates (mainly methane hydrates) exist primarily on continental slopes where there are large quantities of methane gas in the ocean, the pressure is high enough and the temperature is low enough. Concern has been expressed about the climatic risks resulting from the sudden release of large amounts of meth...	pira	en	true	[ "B2044" ]	false	[ "The marine environment brings both benefits and risks to human health, especially for people who live near it(see figure below; Depledge and others, 2013; Moore and others, 2013, 2014). Health has been defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or in...
What can marine mollusk shells from the south and southeast coasts of Brazil be used for?	Radiocarbon dating, and for the study of marine reservoir effect.	[ "The mixture of different water masses can strongly influence the marine reservoir effect (MRE) in localities under the effect of coastal marine upwelling. The Cabo Frio region, on the southeastern Brazilian coast, is well known for its seasonal marine upwelling and for its rich landscape of Holocene shellmounds. I...	pira	en	true	[ "A1762" ]	false	[ "There are about thousands of shell-mounds (sambaqui in Portuguese) along the Brazilian sea coast. They have been built by sea water and therefore geologists used sambaquis positions to indicate sea level in the past. In the state of Santa Catarina in southern Brazil Ca. 60 very large sambaquis are found. One of th...
What is "marine litter"?	Any persistent, manufactured or processed solid material discarded, disposed of or abandoned in marine and coastal environments.	[ "IntroductionThe term “marine litter” refers to any persistent, manufactured or processed solid material discarded, disposed of or abandoned in marine and coastal environments (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP), 2019) and covers an extremely wide variety of...	pira	en	true	[ "B2316" ]	false	[ "Plastics now represent the major share of marine litter or marine debris. Most marine litter is from land-based sources, resulting from poor waste management practices, especially in some rural and developing regions. Marine litter is present in all marine habitats, affecting the environment and marine organisms t...
Which technologies are contributing to the expansion of the oil and gas sector?	Tension leg platforms, spars and floating production, storage and offloading systems.	[ "Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017a), the offshore oil and gas sector has continued to expand globally, in particular in deep and ultradeep waters. The use of tension leg platforms, spars and floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) systems are key to such expansion. In the next...	pira	en	true	[ "B2059" ]	false	[ "Advances in knowledge and capacity New exploration and development in offshore areas remain a major source of increasing global oil and gas production. Technological advances in the past decade have encouraged exploration in deep and ultradeep waters further away from shore and enabled the discovery of significant...
What are the most important offshore oil reserves in Brazil?	The Campos and Santos basins.	[ "The growth of the activities of the Petroleum Industry in the Brazilian Equatorial Margin, reinforces the need for the environmental knowledge of the region, which will be potentially exposed to risks related to such activities. The environmental importance of this region evidences the need to deepen and systemati...	pira	en	true	[ "A1320" ]	false	[ "An overview covers ongoing offshore E&P developments in Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, and Argentina and the interest of policy in the sub-salt. Information on E&P activity in Latin America begins in Brazil and includes discussions on discoveries in the pre-salt/sub-salt in deep water. Discoveries are being made in the ...
How many tons of wild seaweed have been produced in 2012?	about 1 million tons	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in employment and income from fisheries and aquaculture The global harvest of marine capture fisheries has expanded rapidly since the early 1950s and is currently estimated to be about 80 million tons a year. That harvest is estimated to have a first (gro...	pira	en	true	[ "B2187" ]	false	[ "As of 2012, about 80 per cent of seaweeds were either consumed directly, such as kelps, or processed for phycocolloids, such as carrageenan, for use in the food industry. The rest were used widely in pet food and in industrial, cosmetic and medical applications. World production of seaweeds steadily rose from 2012...
What does this article detail about?	A modeling project to understand the uplift associated with a multicomponent towed streamer acquisition and processing workflow in the Espirito Santo basin offshore Brazil	[ "The paper details a modeling project to understand the uplift associated with a multicomponent towed streamer acquisition and processing workflow in the Espirito Santo basin offshore Brazil. A complex model was built representing many of the common geological features in the Espirito Santo basin including allochth...	pira	en	true	[ "A1400" ]	false	[ "The deepwater E&P technology used in Brazil for deepwater drilling which has made them a world leader in this area is discussed. The history and development of operations of Petrobrás and its various offshore operations are also presented. New strategies, recent discoveries, development of oil fields, production a...
What factors account for the global expansion of the offshore oil and gas sector in deep and ultradeep waters?	The use of tension leg platforms, spars and floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) systems	[ "Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017a), the offshore oil and gas sector has continued to expand globally, in particular in deep and ultradeep waters. The use of tension leg platforms, spars and floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) systems are key to such expansion. In the next...	pira	en	true	[ "B2266" ]	false	[ "Advances in knowledge and capacity New exploration and development in offshore areas remain a major source of increasing global oil and gas production. Technological advances in the past decade have encouraged exploration in deep and ultradeep waters further away from shore and enabled the discovery of significant...
What was the reason, pointed out by the text, that made possible new possibilities for industrial policy in the form of local content requirements?	In a key industry for developing economies, oil and gas (O&G), the maps of oil production and value chain have been redrawn by the growth of production from high-cost resources, which means that an increasing share of the value of oil production is to be found in the supply of capital goods and services rather than in ...	[ "The conditions under which lead firms will invest in upgrading suppliers occupy center stage in the debates about how global value chains (GVCs) affect development and what room is left for governments to adopt industrial policies. In a key industry for developing economies, oil and gas (O&G), the maps of oil prod...	pira	en	true	[ "A1889" ]	false	[ "This case focuses on the challenges regarding capacity building required to meet the huge increase of manpower demand by the offshore and shipbuilding sectors in Brazil and Rio Grande do Sul state. This arises from four key factors: end of monopoly of exploration and production of oil and gas in 1997, expanding th...
Does the London Convention and the London Protocol, by 2016, regulate ocean fertilization and geoengineering?	No, but these questions were in future goals.	[ "Outlook Drivers of change in reference to dumping are associated with modifications to the production and consumption patterns of materials that are currently dumped in the ocean. Whereas different and distinct waste streams are covered under the London Convention and the London Protocol, each stream is associated...	pira	en	true	[ "B2037" ]	false	[ "Changing governance structures and geopolitical instability Many international treaties and agreements, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter of 1972, the Agreement for the Implementation of the Prov...
When placing mammals such as C. laucha in an oil spill zone, what results can we obtain?	Mammals like C. laucha are useful for predicting environmental damage from exposure to crude oil.	[ "A mysterious oil spill occurred in the ocean near Brazil in 2019, which affected coastal areas in northeastern Brazil. When oil pollution occurs in coastal zones, organisms such as small mammals can suffer deleterious effects to their health. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of exposure to contaminated san...	pira	en	true	[ "A1768" ]	false	[ "On the 18th January 2000 a broken pipeline owned and operated by the oil company Petrobras spilt some 1300 tonne of bunker fuel into Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro. The wildlife response was divided amongst 2 operational strategies and included - avion fauna and cetaceans. This paper deals with the cetacean respons...
How many gastropod Heleobia australis were found?	21183	[ "This study was conducted in the Itajaí-Açu river lower estuary in Southern Brazil, in which we aimed to: (1) analyze spatiotemporal variations on the macrofauna; (2) search for relationships between environmental variables and the assembly and (3) evaluate the influence of capital dredging upon the assembly. Two h...	pira	en	true	[ "A1707" ]	false	[ "Seventeen species of podocopid and platycopid Ostracoda were recorded in the 26 samples studied from the DSDP (= Deep Sea Drilling Project) Site 515B, Brazil Basin. The Trachyleberididae (eight spp.) and Krithidae (four spp.) are the most-represented families. Most species were left in open nomenclature because of...
What was the reason for the choice of event under study in the article?	This event was chosen because of its high impact, as well as the inefficiency of meteorology centers to predict its occurrence	[ "A passing cold front is the main modifying agent of the weather in Rio de Janeiro State and it can occur throughout the whole year, most frequently during winter. By using synoptic charts, satellite images and data collected through meteorological observations, this paper aims to analyses the evolution and transit...	pira	en	true	[ "A1610" ]	false	[ "This study was conducted in the Itajaí-Açu river lower estuary in Southern Brazil, in which we aimed to: (1) analyze spatiotemporal variations on the macrofauna; (2) search for relationships between environmental variables and the assembly and (3) evaluate the influence of capital dredging upon the assembly. Two h...
When was the Special Department of Environment of the Presidency in Brazil created?	1973	[ "The establishment of policies relevant to the oceanic area in Brazil aims to guide the rational planning of resources of marine space (Blue Amazon), ensuring the quality of coastal population life and the effective protection of ecosystems and resources within it. Therefore, it appears as a major factor in the for...	pira	en	true	[ "A632" ]	false	[ "The Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster (SBPSC), Offshore Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario, posing great development challenges. The microbial carbonate reservoir is unusual regarding its origin and petrophysical properties; the fluids have a variable CO2 content; the few analogue reservoirs around the world do no...
Where is PETROBRAS in partnership with University of Sao Paulo studying the vortex-induced vibrations (VIV)?	Gulf of Mexico and Campos Basin.	[ "The vortex-induced vibrations - VIV have been studied for several fields of engineering due to its occurrence in different structures, such as electrical cables, industries chimneys and offshore risers. Although available an extensive literature describing its fundamental issues, these vortex-induced phenomena sti...	pira	en	true	[ "A936" ]	false	[ "In 1998, Petrobras installed the first steel catenary riser on a P-18 semi-submersible platform, in Marlim Field, at 910 m water depth. It was decided to install a monitoring system to check the riser design methodology, including Vortex Induced Vibrations (VIV) Analysis. For VIV monitoring, the riser was instrume...
Where can be found most of the fossils of ostracod species dated from the Neogene?	Atlantic coast of North and Central America	[ "This study analyzes the geographical distribution of 131 podocopid ostracod species recovered from the Brazilian continental shelf between Cabo de São Roque (lat. 05°30’S) and Cabo Frio (lat. 23oS). This very large area corresponds to the northeastern and eastern Brazilian marine regions. The 104 samples studied w...	pira	en	true	[ "A1385" ]	false	[ "Seventeen species of podocopid and platycopid Ostracoda were recorded in the 26 samples studied from the DSDP (= Deep Sea Drilling Project) Site 515B, Brazil Basin. The Trachyleberididae (eight spp.) and Krithidae (four spp.) are the most-represented families. Most species were left in open nomenclature because of...
How was the data collected for the research result?	Analysis of documentary sources, direct observation in decision-making arenas, and semi-structured interviews	[ "The fragmented and sectoral character of conservation as well as development policies has exacerbated the problems faced by small-scale fishers in developing countries. In Ilha Grande Bay (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), traditional small-scale fishers (“Caiçaras”) has struggled to respond to the contemporary challenges ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1389" ]	false	[ "The analysis of hydrocarbons in terms of individual compounds is relevant to understand the origin and source of these substances, as well as its distribution in environmental compartments, including sediments and biota. Hydrocarbons concentrations were determined in sediments and in whole-body soft tissues of the...
When was the International Whaling Commission established?	The IWC was established in 1946	[ "Consumption and competition The recovery of several marine mammal populations is generating the potential for conflicts in some regions and opportunities in others. Marine mammals can learn to associate fishing activities with food availability, leading to the development of behaviours to depredate catches from fi...	pira	en	true	[ "B2337" ]	false	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in employment and income from fisheries and aquaculture The global harvest of marine capture fisheries has expanded rapidly since the early 1950s and is currently estimated to be about 80 million tons a year. That harvest is estimated to have a first (gro...
Which are the only floaters able to support surface trees?	Tension Leg Platforms (TLP's) and deep draft vessels.	[ "The paper will present different versions of barge concepts with surface trees from the smallest unit \"The Wellhead Barge - WHB®\" supporting only surface trees and completion rig, to the largest unit \"The Multifunction Barge - MFB®\", an FPSO with surface trees and drilling facilities. A spread moored barge is ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1843" ]	false	[ "With Pre-salt area being a massive new offshore oil frontier, there is a high demand for deepwater floaters for both drilling and production. There are some unique challenges related to the ultra-deepwater (water depth beyond 1500m) and the Brazilian environment for the pre-salt area. Various floater concepts have...
Why is the economic production of the heavy oil found in the Campos and Santos Basins a challenge?	When working with heavy oil reservoirs, the use of new technologies is necessary.	[ "Significant volumes of heavy and high viscosity oil have been discovered in the Campos and Santos Basins, offshore Brazil, and its economical production is a challenge for the oil industry. New production technologies are required for the economic development of offshore heavy oil reservoirs. Long horizontal or mu...	pira	en	true	[ "A919" ]	false	[ "Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ...
In which country are Serra da Mantiqueira and Serra do Mar?	In Brazil	[ "The Atlantic Ocean coast region of southeast Brazil contains two coast-parallel mountain ranges (the Serra do Mar and Serra da Mantiqueira) generated by tectonic activity pulses tens of millions years after the main continental rift event occurred around 120 Ma. Although the short-term erosion rates for the region...	pira	en	true	[ "A1642" ]	false	[ "There are about thousands of shell-mounds (sambaqui in Portuguese) along the Brazilian sea coast. They have been built by sea water and therefore geologists used sambaquis positions to indicate sea level in the past. In the state of Santa Catarina in southern Brazil Ca. 60 very large sambaquis are found. One of th...
Which economic activity has the potential to have a major impact on biodiversity?	Hydrocarbon extraction	[ "Patterns of biodiversity Biodiversity and economic activity Sometimes, because of the special physical features that contribute to high biodiversity, and sometimes because of the concentration of biodiversity itself, many societies and industries are most active in areas that are also biodiversity hotspots. As on ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2389" ]	false	[ "Invasion by non-indigenous species (NIS) is a major driver of biodiversity change that can reduce biodiversity, alter community structure and function, diminish fisheries and aquaculture production and impact human health and well-being. It is exacerbated by climate change, including extreme events, and other huma...
How does Petrobras use the output information from TUBFLEX?	It makes improvements in flexible tubes for deepwater exploration solutions.	[ "The experience gained by PETROBRAS over eleven years operating several floating production systems based on extensive use of flexible pipes, indicated that such a concept was a reliable alternative for deep water exploitation. To properly predict the behavior of flexible pipes in deeper water applications, more so...	pira	en	true	[ "A617" ]	false	[ "Petrobras, as the largest operator in ultra-deep waters in South America, has been using a field development concept that has proved to be winner since 2010. This concept is well suited for fields with high productivity wells, which produce more than 20,000 barrels of oil per day. In the market, this concept is kn...
Is there an evidence of an extreme weather impact in Brazil?	Yes. In June 2016, a hailstorm with wind gusts of over 100 km/h caused an unprecedented mangrove dieback in Eastern Brazil, caused by the El niño.	[ "Extreme weather events are likely to become more frequent in the 21st century bringing significant impacts to coastal ecosystems. However, the capacity to detect and measure those impacts are still limited, with effects largely unstudied. In June 2016, a hailstorm with wind gusts of over 100 km·h?1 caused an unpre...	pira	en	true	[ "A1619" ]	false	[ "Central Brazil hydroclimate is in the core region of the South American monsoon system. Thus, understanding precipitation variability in this area is crucial not only for the prediction of extreme events such as droughts and floods, but also for water resources management. Ocean teleconnections influence central B...
What is the estimated oil processing capacity of the P-50 ship?	180,000 b/d and 6M cu m/day of natural gas	[ "The Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras), a state-owned oil company utilizes its floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) P-50 vessel to 16 production wells at the Albacora Leste field in Campos basin. FPSO symbolizes Brazil's plans to reach oil self-sufficiency by mid-2006. The FPSO will process oil pumped...	pira	en	true	[ "A525" ]	false	[ "In the presence of the President of the Republic, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, the BrasFels S/A shipyard launched to the sea the $(US)1 billion P-51, the first semi-submersible platform built entirely in Brazil. Ordered by Petrobras, the unit is programmed to operate in the Marlim Sul field, Campos basin, state of R...
Which is the main factor that may cause artificial coastal barriers to lose effectiveness in the following years?	The continuous increase of the average global sea level and its rate of change.	[ "Sea level rise and cities Cities located along coastlines and in archipelagic and island States are becoming increasingly susceptible to erosion and sea level rise (De Sherbinin and others, 2007; Hanson and others, 2011; Takagi and others, 2016). Many comprise large areas of reclaimed land (the gain of land from t...	pira	en	true	[ "B2462" ]	false	[ "Human activities affecting the incidence of coastal erosion and sedimentation include the substantial growth in the number and scale of dams on major waterways, land-use changes leading to catchment deforestation and increased human occupation of the coastal zone, coincident with a proliferation of coastal structu...
What is Petrobras' most important success in its more than 30 years of experience in developing offshore oil and gas resources in Brazil?	The company's most important success is the development of technologies for production systems in deep waters in the Campos Basin.	[ "Petrobras has almost 30yr experience of developing oil and gas resources offshore Brazil. Most important is the company's success in developing technologies for deepwater production systems in the Campos Basin. These technological challenges and developments are described together with specific development program...	pira	en	true	[ "A1014" ]	false	[ "Brazilian company Petrobras has discovered various new deepwater pre-salt reservoirs and plans to devote 17% of its E&P capital during the 2009-2013 plan for the development of these resources. According to Petrobras' 2009-2013 Strategic Plan, pre-salt output could be the biggest source of domestic production grow...
Why are the Deunffia and Domasia genera silurian acritarchs of the Pitinga Formation so important as guide-fossils?	Their wide geographical distribution and restrict time occurrence in the Silurian interval provide worldwide sharp dating and correlation of marine sequences.	[ "This study refers to the palynological analysis of wells samples (cores) awarded by Petrobras and Eletronorte and has almost all stratigraphically positioned within the Trombetas Group, composed, from base to top by Autás-Mirim (Upper Ordovician neritic sandstones and shales); and Nhamundá (neritic sandstones of t...	pira	en	true	[ "A542" ]	false	[ "The Miocene Pirabas Formation is of strategic importance for the hydrocarbon industry since it represents the onshore portion of larger offshore basins of Northern Brazil, including the Foz de Amazonas, the Pará-Maranhão, Barreirinhas, Ceará, and the Potiguar basins of the equatorial margin of South America. The P...
What was the main objective of the 3D CSEM survey in the Pelotas Basin?	Mapping the hydrate resistivity to investigate the origin and distribution of gas hydrate deposits in the Pelotas Basin.	[ "Mapping of natural gas hydrate systems has been performed successfully in the past using the controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) method. This method relies on differentiating resistive highly saturated free gas or hydrate bearing host sediment from a less resistive low-saturated gas or brine-bearing host sedi...	pira	en	true	[ "A1771" ]	false	[ "Exploration in the Cear basin, on the south-western part of the Equatorial Margin of Brazil, commenced in the early 1970s. Several moderate size fields such as Xar u, Curim , Atum, and Espada fields, with URR volume of around 200 MM BOE, were discovered on the shelf and are producing to this day. Exploration in th...
What were the methodologies selected for the statistical characterization of the undrained shear strength and the weight of the submerged unit in offshore soils?	The NORSOK G-001 (2004) standard, Lacasse et al. (2007) and DNV-RP-C207 (2012).	[ "Evaluation of characteristic values of geotechnical parameters is associated with uncertainties inherent to the geological processes that change soil strata. Statistical analysis of soil data allows one to deal rationally with these uncertainties. The present work addresses some normative recommendations and liter...	pira	en	true	[ "A1459" ]	false	[ "Piezocone Penetration Test (CPTu) is widely used in offshore projects to obtain soil parameters, suchas the undrained shear strength. Due to depth limitations to perform this test, it is common to obtaindata until around 40m when the conductor installation process would require at least double the depth.The presen...
Why are kelp forests especially affected by temperature changes?	Because they are only able to reproduce in a narrow range of temperatures.	[ "Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Ecosystems and habitats identified for special attention Considering specific types of important marine and coastal habitats, estuaries and deltas are categorized globally as in poor overall condition, based on published assessments of them for 101 regi...	pira	en	true	[ "B2135" ]	false	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Seaweeds and seagrasses Cold-water seaweeds, in particular kelps, have reproductive regimes that are temperature-sensitive. Increase in seawater temperature affects their reproduction and survival, which will consequently affect their population distr...
How many offshore support vessels were produced by the Petrobras marine fleet renewal support program?	146 offshore support vessels.	[ "This paper aims to report the production management of domestic shipyards, with the inclusion of the national fleet renewal program. The study addresses how domestic production may or may not leverage its business and promote sustainable growth of the national shipbuilding industry. The largest national power gene...	pira	en	true	[ "A347" ]	false	[ "Petrobras relies on a fleet of over 300 vessels to support the exploration and production of oil in Brazilian territorial waters. The fleet consists of vessels of various sizes, from Tug Supply vessels to Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Support vessels. These support vessels are designed to aid E&P rigs in wide ra...
What generated squall line in the city of Rio de Janeiro on the night of March 16, 2015?	Baroclinic waves that have had a quick breakthrough, caused by the training and persistence of a trough observed at medium levels, but associated with high levels and surface transition, making these waves baroclinic more intense.	[ "A passing cold front is the main modifying agent of the weather in Rio de Janeiro State and it can occur throughout the whole year, most frequently during winter. By using synoptic charts, satellite images and data collected through meteorological observations, this paper aims to analyses the evolution and transit...	pira	en	true	[ "A1626" ]	false	[ "Old photos showing rocks with barnacles and oysters lines were compared with recent photos in 18 areas of 5 Brazilian states (Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, and Santa Catarina). They suggest that the sea level in the region has been stable since 1864, at least. In 2017, 2018, and 2019, photos o...
What are the harmful effects of UV rays from the sun?	Inhibition of primary production by phytoplankton and cyanobacteria, changes in the structure and function of plankton communities, and alterations of the nitrogen cycle	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Ocean circulation The intensified study of the ocean as part of the study of climate change has led to a much clearer understanding of the mechanisms of ocean circulation and its annual and decadal variations. As a result of changes in the heating of ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2373" ]	false	[ "UV filters (UV-Fs) constitute a heterogeneous group of chemicals used as protection against the effects of UV radiation, widely used in all sort of goods and ubiquitous in the environment. The presence of these chemicals in fish is a matter of concern, because many UV-Fs display hormonal activity. In this study, m...
Why did the Pirataba and Faxinal forests expanded in the late Holocene?	The Pirataba and Faxinal forests expanded because of the high temperatures, an even greater increase in regional rainfall, and improved soil conditions at the end of the late Holocene	[ "In the northernmost of Rio Grande do Sul coastal plain, southern Brazil, the first comparative palynological study of the sedimentary profiles of two present-day Atlantic rainforests was conducted in Torres municipality: Pirataba forest (29°15? S, 49°51? W), 17 km from the coastline, and Faxinal forest (29°21? S, ...	pira	en	true	[ "A137" ]	false	[ "The aim of this work was to carry out a paleoenvironmental study of Holocene sedimentary deposits in the southern sector of Pernambuco's coast (northeastern Brazil). This work addresses an important aspect of Quaternary research that has implications for current climate debates, for instance, how does vegetation r...
How many bpd per module a two-stage system developed by CompactGTL can produce?	200 bdp per module	[ "Due to advances in the development of technology for distributed or small-scale gas-to-liquids (GTL) technology, a much more flexible and economical option for capturing associated gas, both on- and offshore - in the form of modular GTL technologies - is approaching. These systems are designed to operate efficient...	pira	en	true	[ "A728" ]	false	[ "The second phase, Module 1A, of the Roncador field, offshore Brazil, was developed with a large semisubmersible floating production unit (FPU). This paper explains the strategies adopted by Petrobras to overcome the challenge of starting oil and gas production at a water depth of 1800 m in a short period of time, ...
Why does the statistical analysis of the soil data allow the evaluation of the characteristic values of the geotechnical parameters?	Because the statistical analysis of the soil data allows us to deal rationally with the uncertainties inherent to the geological processes that alter the soil strata.	[ "Evaluation of characteristic values of geotechnical parameters is associated with uncertainties inherent to the geological processes that change soil strata. Statistical analysis of soil data allows one to deal rationally with these uncertainties. The present work addresses some normative recommendations and liter...	pira	en	true	[ "A1456" ]	false	[ "Advances in geomorphometry have allowed geoscientists to map landscapes through digital terrain analysis, although seascapes still remain poorly described as compared to continental area. We carried out a systematic morphometric analysis of the inner continental shelf using bathymetric data at Tamandaré, in northe...
What is the main change that has occurred, since the 1950s, with the location and operation of capture fisheries?	Increased participation of developing countries in this market - especially those located in the southern hemisphere.	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in employment and income from fisheries and aquaculture The global harvest of marine capture fisheries has expanded rapidly since the early 1950s and is currently estimated to be about 80 million tons a year. That harvest is estimated to have a first (gro...	pira	en	true	[ "B2007" ]	false	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in fish and seafood consumption The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that total fish consumption, including all aquaculture and inland and marine capture fisheries, has been rising from 9.9 kg per capita in the 1960s...
What kind of risks does seafood production have on human health?	Contamination from pathogens and toxins.	[ "Food security and food safety Social issues In both capture fisheries and aquaculture, gender and other equity issues arise. A significant number of women are employed in both types of activities, either directly or in related activities along the value chain. Women are particularly prominent in product processing...	pira	en	true	[ "B2116" ]	false	[ "Human health can be affected by many aspects of food from the sea. Some problems are the result of pollutants (such as mercury) or pathogens (often from sewage and ballast water) discharged into the sea and taken up by plants, fish and shellfish that are harvested for human consumption (Takahashi and others, 2008)...
What was the consequence of the low oil production and the increased demand for it in 2004?	The import of 173 million bbl of crude, which cost about $10 more per barrel than in 2003.	[ "With the prospect of about 200,000 bpd of crude oil productions from offshore fields operated by Petrobras being added to output in 2005, Brazil should be very close to self-sufficiency by the end of the year. Delays to the completion of three large platforms, which have now taken up stations at fields in the Camp...	pira	en	true	[ "A361" ]	false	[ "In 2004, after a cycle of 11 yr in which the annual increase in crude oil production was 8.6% avg, the production decreased 3%, according to Petrobras. In 2003, the production was 1.54 million bpd avg. The decline in production was due to delays in construction and the arrival of two Floating Production Storage Of...
What are the concerns related to the rapid increase in tourism verified between 2006 and 2016 on the Artic?	The boost in tourism in the Arctic is likely to impact the region's ecosystems and communities, especially as new parts of the Arctic open up with less sea ice, new airports, and continued promotion of the area.	[ "Passenger traffic Passenger traffic is almost entirely carried on local ferries or on cruise ships. The pattern of ferry traffic remains as described in the first Assessment, but the level of traffic has grown steadily (International Shipping Economics and Logistics (ISL), 2017). The activities of cruise ships hav...	pira	en	true	[ "B2438" ]	false	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in tourism Tourism has generally been increasing fairly steadily for the past 40 years (with occasional setbacks or slowing down during global recessions). In 2012, international tourism expenditure exceeded 1 billion dollars for the first time. Total exp...
What was a major step in limiting the by-catch of several marine mammal and seabird species?	The global moratorium on all large-scale pelagic drift-net fishing called for by the General Assembly in 1991 was a major step in limiting the by-catch of several marine mammal and seabird species	[ "Higher mortality and less successful reproduction of marine biotas Levels of by-catch (non-target fish, marine mammals, reptiles and seabirds), discards and waste Current estimates of the number of overfished stocks do not take into account the broader effects of fishing on marine ecosystems and their productivity...	pira	en	true	[ "B2406" ]	false	[ "Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Marine mammals, marine reptiles, seabirds, sharks, tuna and billfis Cumulative effects are comparatively well documented for species groups of the top predators in the ocean, including marine mammals, seabirds and marine reptiles. Many of those species ...
What can be done to improve the outfall system and deal with population increase and new environmental requirements in the City of Santos?	Enhance primary treatment and increase the length of the ocean outfall used for combined sewage disposal.	[ "Home to approximately four hundred thousand inhabitants and an important touristic center, the City of Santos is the largest seaport in South America. This coastal city is located in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Since 1979, an ocean outfall has been in use for combined sewage disposal from the City of Santos an...	pira	en	true	[ "A1778" ]	false	[ "Marine parks constitute important areas for the conservation of marine life and the genetic heritage around the world. The creation of such marine parks must be accompanied by careful measures to guarantee the coexistence of natural biota and human activities in these systems. The State Marine Park of Laje de Sant...
What can cause stuck bit or pipe?	Salt mobility rate	[ "Drilling operations in salt zones have gained importance in Brazil due to the discovery of large oil and gas reserves in the Pre-Salt area. Thus, the pursuit of excellence in such operations is requiring considerable development of new operational practices and technologies. Synthetic base mud has been the first c...	pira	en	true	[ "A1723" ]	false	[ "The development of Brazil's Offshore fields has been performed using flexible pipes because this pipe technology offers significantly increased flexibility, enabling the movement of pipes between wells and reducing lead time to bring a well onstream as compared to rigid pipe solutions. In addition, the decision of...
How many recoverable bbl of heavy oil were found on the northern part of Campos basin?	0.6 billion bbl	[ "Petrobras announced a \"giant\" discovery in the northern part of Campos Basin, of at least an estimated recoverable 0.6 billion bbl of heavy oil. The reservoir, about 80 km offshore, was initially discovered in January 2001. The country's last major find, the 3 billion bbl, ultra-deep-water Roncador field, was ma...	pira	en	true	[ "A1114" ]	false	[ "Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ...

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