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train · ~1.15M rows (showing the first 125k)

question stringlengths 4 930	answer stringlengths 1 1.49k ⌀	positives listlengths 1 21	dataset_name stringclasses 8 values	language stringclasses 44 values	added_neg bool 2 classes	doc_id listlengths 1 1 ⌀	added_doc_id bool 2 classes	negatives listlengths 1 585
What equipment is used to measure the sea level height?	High-precision satellite altimetry	[ "Ocean warming and land ice melt are the main causes of present-day accelerating global mean sea level rise. The global mean sea level has been rising since 1993 (the altimetry era) at a mean rate of 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with a clear superimposed acceleration of approximately 0.1 mm per year. Satellite altimetry ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2527" ]	false	[ "Bathymetry surveys are the first step for every conservation effort on Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Maps depicting depth and bottom geomorphology are used to generate hillshades, that later become basemaps for other themes, such as fish distribution, bottom types, and water quality. Bathymetry map availability i...
Where to find Amphisbaena pretrei?	Eastern Brazil.	[ "The Neotropics host the highest number of species of the biological realms, but the roles of Pleistocene climatic oscillations and longstanding geographic barriers on the origins of this remarkable biodiversity remains debated. Here, we test the relative contribution of these evolutionary mechanisms on the genetic...	pira	en	true	[ "A200" ]	false	[ "Foraminifera have demonstrated to be a good proxy of climatic changes during the Cenozoic for their high preservation in the sediment and quick responses to environmental changes. The aim of this study is to identify climate changes and the variation of marine influence during the Late Holocene, in Piraquê-Açu Riv...
Why did Petrobras and its partners have opted a fast track development, including extended well tests and production pilots, in the Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster (SBPSC)?	Because of importance of these reserves for the Brazilian economy and the opportunity to accelerate cash flow.	[ "The Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster (SBPSC), Offshore Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario, posing great development challenges. The microbial carbonate reservoir is unusual regarding its origin and petrophysical properties; the fluids have a variable CO2 content; the few analogue reservoirs around the world do no...	pira	en	true	[ "A1108" ]	false	[ "Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster, Deepwater Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario due to the heterogeneous nature of its microbial carbonate reservoir, underlain by 2,000 m salt layer and distant 300 km from the coast. Other characteristics for development are the variable CO2 content and compositional grading with ...
What is the warm phase of the Southern Oscillation called?	El Niño	[ "Extreme climate events The El Niño Southern Oscillation is a coupled atmosphere-ocean phenomenon, identified by an oscillation between warm and cold ocean temperatures in the tropical central eastern Pacific Ocean and an associated fluctuation in the global-scale tropical and subtropical surface pressure patterns....	pira	en	true	[ "B2039" ]	false	[ "The Southern Ocean (defined as all ocean area south of 60°S) deserves special mention due to its role in the storage of heat (and carbon) for the entire planet. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) connects the three major southern ocean basins (South Atlantic, South Pacific and Indian) and is the largest curre...
What influenced the preservation and accumulation of organic matter?	The paleo-topography and tectonic controls	[ "The current research was performed in the eastern portion of the Marlim oilfield to identify the hydrocarbon-generating potential of the Albian-Oligocene sequences (Macaé Group, Ubatuba and Carapebus formations) in the Campos Basin, Brazil. On the basis of petroleum geochemical proxies, an integrated approach was ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1286" ]	false	[ "Persistent organic pollutants Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) continue to be a global issue, persisting at concentrations likely to cause biological effects. POPs are detected in remote locations far from their source of production, which includes the deepest parts of the ocean and the polar regions. The numb...
What PETROBRAS did to transport gas more environmentally friendly way ?	Has researched gas to liquid (GTL) technology, which converts natural gas into synthetic crude oil that can be mixed with the produced oil for storage and offloading	[ "During the exploratory phase, Petrobras traditionally performs extended well tests (EWT) in deepwater reservoirs. In offshore environments these extended well tests (EWT) are performed by ships that are able to store the produced oil in cargo tanks for subsequent offloading. In pursuit of a more environmentally fr...	pira	en	true	[ "A1201" ]	false	[ "Petrobras, as the largest operator in ultra-deep waters in South America, has been using a field development concept that has proved to be winner since 2010. This concept is well suited for fields with high productivity wells, which produce more than 20,000 barrels of oil per day. In the market, this concept is kn...
How were ambiguities in oil detection by images resolved?	With the help of auxiliary information in a GIS (Geographic Information System) environment.	[ "This paper describes the application of remote sensing data for oil spill monitoring in the Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During the emergency, Landsat-5/TM (Thematic Mapper) and Radarsat-1 data were acquired to monitor the location of the spill and its movement. Image classification procedures have been ...	pira	en	true	[ "A446" ]	false	[ "The rupture of a pipeline transporting hydrocarbons at high temperature caused the spill of 1,300 m3 of fuel oil near the Guanabara Bay shoreline, on January 18, 2000. Immediately after the accident, an emergency effort was undertaken to obtain satellite images in order to monitor the spill's location and movement...
What could contribute to the earlier and higher oil production in Brazilian oil fields?	To the use of Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP)	[ "As offshore oil fields are being developed towards deeper and deeper waters, new technologies are required to curb capital expenditures. In Brazil, where oil consumption is increasing and huge oil fields lie in high water depths, the issue is particularly pressing. Earlier and higher oil production from those oil ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1028" ]	false	[ "Brazil's oil development continues its remarkable progress; latest figures show crude oil output averaged 160,000 bpd, strong 8% increase over 1967; largest producer became Miranga field, discovered only in 1965 (see Engineering Index 1967 p 1699), where 120 wells have been drilled, and average total output amount...
Where does the hylid frog Hypsiboas exastis is known from?	Is only known from few locations along the Atlantic coast of northeastern Brazil.	[ "The hylid frog Hypsiboas exastis has recently been described and is only known from few locations along the Atlantic coast of northeastern Brazil. This work reports this species in an Atlantic rainforest fragment north of the São Francisco River, the Coimbra forest, in the state of Alagoas. The new record expands ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1251" ]	false	[ "This study analyzes the geographical distribution of 131 podocopid ostracod species recovered from the Brazilian continental shelf between Cabo de São Roque (lat. 05°30’S) and Cabo Frio (lat. 23oS). This very large area corresponds to the northeastern and eastern Brazilian marine regions. The 104 samples studied w...
The Source rocks from the Ribeira and Araçuaí belts were formed during what age?	During the late Neoproterozoic.	[ "The Barreiras Formation records continental-to-shallow–water marine sequences deposited during the Paleogene–Neogene periods in the Brazilian continental margin. In northern Rio de Janeiro and southern Espírito Santo states, the Barreiras Formation preserve alluvial depositional system. The sediments were derived ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1627" ]	false	[ "Geologic events related to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean deeply influenced the sedimentary record of the Araripe Basin. As consequence, upper stratigraphic units of the basin record a marine ingression in northeastern Brazil during the late Aptian. The timing and stratigraphic architecture of these units...
What does the provisional system, implemented after Petrobras' Garoupa Field production tower collapsed, use?	This provisional system uses the seafloor pipe line, meter, loading tower and processing ship (Presidente Prudente Moraes) remaining from the original production system.	[ "When Petrobras' Garoupa Field production tower collapsed last September 7, the company replaced it with a provisional early production system designed to restore production until permanent platforms and pipe lines could be installed. This provisional system uses the seafloor pipe line, meter, loading tower and pro...	pira	en	true	[ "A797" ]	false	[ "This paper describes the site installation of a turret moored Floating Production, Storage and Offloading System - FPSO - in 780 meters of water in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil. The FPSO, a 270,000 dwt converted tanker, is the first of a series of two ordered by Petrobras for development of the Marlim Field. An i...
what is the PROCAP-3000 program?	It is the world's first all-electric, intelligent submarine system	[ "A discussion covers the three consecutive PROCAP programs. They are the engineering programs that the state owned Petrobras developed with respect to exploitation in ultra deep waters. Five factors that have been decisive for success in the exploitation of petroleum in deep and ultra deep waters in the Campos basi...	pira	en	true	[ "A468" ]	false	[ "Petrobras has indulged in R&D programs and technology partnerships with key contractors, opening up offshore development opportunities within Brazil. One of the main contractors helping Petrobras to achieve its goals on Marlim is FMC Technologies Inc. The subsea separation, pumping, and water reinjection system wi...
by what means did the modeling and optimization of the ESP system take place?	From software simulations and continuous production monitoring.	[ "Atlanta is a post-salt oil field located offshore Brazil in the Santos Basin, 185 km southeast of Rio de Janeiro. The combination of ultra-deepwater (1,550 m) and heavy and viscous oil (14° API and 228 cP at reservoir conditions) composes a unique challenging scenario for Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) applicat...	pira	en	true	[ "A1725" ]	false	[ "As offshore oil fields are being developed towards deeper and deeper waters, new technologies are required to curb capital expenditures. In Brazil, where oil consumption is increasing and huge oil fields lie in high water depths, the issue is particularly pressing. Earlier and higher oil production from those oil ...
Why are the cyanobacterial biofilms lost early?	Because of the high solubility of silica and organics in hyperalkaline configurations.	[ "The South Atlantic Aptian “Pre-Salt” shrubby carbonate successions offshore Brazil and Angola are of major interest due to their potential hydrocarbon accumulations. Although the general sedimentology of these deposits is widely recognized to be within saline, alkaline lakes in rift volcanic settings, the specific...	pira	en	true	[ "A1612" ]	false	[ "Biosecurity Diseases continue to challenge global aquaculture and are one of the primary deterrents to the aquaculture development of many species. Thus, investment, along with a focus on biosecurity and health, have been on the increase worldwide (Subasinghe and others, 2019). Biosecurity in aquaculture consists ...
What are managers and what do they do?	The managers are the bridge between the central government and communities, dealing with the implementation of the institutional framework in a reality of multi-level and multi-scale drama: from local to national dilemmas, from organizational to structural ones.	[ "In this paper, we describe and analyze the co-management institutional framework at 21 Brazilian Marine Extractive Reserves (MERs) and present the dramas of its implementation from the local manager’s perspective. We categorized the governance instruments of MERs into (i) instruments for land/sea tenure and benefi...	pira	en	true	[ "A1525" ]	false	[ "There is no universally agreed set of drivers that has been defined for the marine environment. Different programmes and assessment processes have defined drivers in varying ways and, in some cases, drivers and pressures, whether natural or anthropogenic in nature, are used interchangeably. In the Millennium Ecosy...
What led Brazil to distance itself from self-sufficiency in oil production until 2005?	Delays in completing large platforms coupled with declining production at aging fields.	[ "With the prospect of about 200,000 bpd of crude oil productions from offshore fields operated by Petrobras being added to output in 2005, Brazil should be very close to self-sufficiency by the end of the year. Delays to the completion of three large platforms, which have now taken up stations at fields in the Camp...	pira	en	true	[ "A359" ]	false	[ "In 1939, the Lobito oil field, Brazil's first, was discovered. During the 1950's, 15 significant fields were discovered. In 1975, the exclusion of private capital in Brazilian oil operations came to an abrupt end. Petrobras was authorized to seek service contracts with foreign oil companies in regions not under ex...
What is the advantage of 4d technology for deep-water turbiditite reservoirs?	it is able to distinguish contrasts between injected water and remaining oil	[ "Petrobras has been developing its 4D seismic technological programme since 1998, focused on the Brazilian deep-water fields in the Campos Basin, and considering the technical, operational and economic challenges involved in the development plan and reservoir management in this environment. The first step was to al...	pira	en	true	[ "A804" ]	false	[ "Brazilian carbonate reservoirs contain huge oil-in-place volumes and are likely to have an important economic impact in global oil industry. Such carbonate reservoirs, both Albian and Aptian, are located offshore in deep water, which has an important role in development costs. In siliciclastic plays it is standard...
What are the major threats to the marine-fishes biodiversity and how can the effects of some of these threats be reversed?	Overexploitation and habitat loss and degradation. Scientific assessment and effective fisheries management can reverse some of these effects.	[ "The global biomass of marine fishes is approximately four times the total biomass of all birds and mammals (Bar-On and others, 2018), and fishes constitute an important part of marine biodiversity. Approximately 70 per cent of the marine fish biomass is comprised of mesopelagic fishes, although with wide estimate ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2242" ]	false	[ "Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Marine mammals, marine reptiles, seabirds, sharks, tuna and billfis Cumulative effects are comparatively well documented for species groups of the top predators in the ocean, including marine mammals, seabirds and marine reptiles. Many of those species ...
How can society overcome the difficulties related to population aging and the decrease over the workforce?	It will depend on public policy, such as introducing policies that reduce barriers to the employment of women, and their ability to use advances in technologies to maintain productivity.	[ "Within coastal regions, projections under shared socioeconomic pathways estimate a 71 per cent increase in the global human population across the period 2000–2050 to over 1 billion, as a result of overall global population growth as well as migration into those areas (Merkens and others, 2016). Under the same scen...	pira	en	true	[ "B2041" ]	false	[ "Changes in pressure Economics and population growth commonly drive human occupation of the coastal zone, which is offset by the socioeconomic costs of coastal management and adverse effects upon coastal ecosystem services. The balance between those pressures is commonly challenged by jurisdictional or economic div...
What are the main limitations of the analysis utilized by the case study?	The restraint imposed by the association of the results to the terrain conditions of the analysed wind farm and the restriction of the wake effect measurement.	[ "This study measured the wake effect in a Brazilian onshore windfarm with 38 turbines located in complex terrain. The proposed methodology calculated the wind deficit in 3 different metmasts, by comparing the measurement periods in free-of-wake condition to measurement periods under wake effect. Uncertainties due t...	pira	en	true	[ "A1928" ]	false	[ "Current climate changes have several consequences, such as rising sea levels. Today, the identification of coastal vulnerabilities worldwide is necessary to prevent impacts and drive action. The aim of the work was to estimate the vulnerable areas from a total rate of increase in sea level of 2.8 m and to identify...
What are the effects of algae toxins on living marine organisms?	They can make mollusks and fish sick, causing destruction of ecosystems caused by the death of fish and top predators that ingest the algae or the toxins that they produce	[ "human health risk (Chang and others, 2020; Galloway and others, 2017; Mossman and others, 2007; Numan and others, 2015; Sforzini and others, 2020; Smith and others, 2018; Stapleton, 2019; Stern and others, 2012; Vethaak and Leslie, 2016; Von Moos and others, 2012). Combustion nanoparticles are taken up into cells ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2265" ]	false	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Eutrophication Eutrophication resulting from excess inputs of nutrients from both agriculture and sewage causes algal blooms. Those can generate toxins that can make fish and other seafood unfit for human consumption. Algal blooms can also lead to anoxic areas (i.e. dead zones...
What are Operational discharges?	Operational discharges include chemicals from drilling activities, produced water, drilling muds and shavings	[ "Environmental impacts Offshore oil and gas exploration and development practices have evolved significantly in terms of minimizing impacts on the surrounding environment, but operational and accidental discharges and other environmental impacts still occur. Operational discharges include chemicals that arise from ...	pira	en	true	[ "B1988" ]	false	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Offshore hydrocarbon industries Major disasters in the offshore oil and gas industry have a global, historical recurrence of one about every 17 years. The most recent is the Deepwater Horizon blowout of 2010, which spilled 4.4 million barrels (about 600,000 tons) of oil into t...
How is marine plastic litter viewed from the perspective of human health and the ocean?	Marine plastic litter is seen as a vector for opportunistic human pathogens and antibiotic-resistant microorganisms (Barboza and others, 2018; Harrison and others, 2018; Imran and others, 2019). Several pathogenic bacteria particularly and strongly bind to plastic waste (e.g., Vibrio cholerae and some strains of Escher...	[ "There are a number of threats to human health arising from the marine environment that have now been identified: Increase in the spread of pathogens related to climate warming (e.g., Vibrio). Also, there is some evidence related to an increase in some harmful algal bloom species related to climate warming is some ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2071" ]	false	[ "IntroductionThe term “marine litter” refers to any persistent, manufactured or processed solid material discarded, disposed of or abandoned in marine and coastal environments (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP), 2019) and covers an extremely wide variety of...
What created a mild drought conditions in Eastern Brazil?	The El Niño years of 2014-2016	[ "Extreme weather events are likely to become more frequent in the 21st century bringing significant impacts to coastal ecosystems. However, the capacity to detect and measure those impacts are still limited, with effects largely unstudied. In June 2016, a hailstorm with wind gusts of over 100 km·h?1 caused an unpre...	pira	en	true	[ "A1622" ]	false	[ "The vegetation history and climate in southeastern Brazil, as well as the oceanic dynamics of the tropical Atlantic Ocean offshore, were reconstructed for the last 7.4 cal ka BP. This reconstruction was based on pollen, fern spores and dinoflagellate cysts identified in a marine core (CF10–04B). It was possible to...
How many offshore wind energy installations there are in Brazil?	There isn't any offshore wind energy installations in Brazil.	[ "The onshore wind energy has been growing rapidly in recent years and has reached a share of 9% in the Brazilian energy matrix. Although there is no offshore wind installation in Brazil, research has shown a large and unexplored energy potential in the country. The aim of this study is to perform an economic analys...	pira	en	true	[ "A1890" ]	false	[ "This work seeks to demonstrate the technical feasibility of offshore wind projects by calculating the preliminary estimate of wind energy production in the Brazilian marine environment, through a simplified methodology based on currently available data in a case study performed with the application of wind turbine...
What is one of the challenges in rigid riser design for Brazilian Pre-salt?	The fatigue limit state.	[ "One of the main challenges in rigid riser design for Brazilian Pre-salt is the fatigue limit state. At this new production frontier, some key points are imposed as a challenge for riser designers, mainly due to the high level of motions imposed by the FPSO at the riser top in a coupled system with water depth arou...	pira	en	true	[ "A1793" ]	false	[ "The Sapinhoá and Lula North-East fields, 300km offshore Rio de Janeiro, Brazil are the two pilot fields of the Pre-salt development strategy. Field architecture consists of satellite wells connected to a spread moored FPSO in each of the fields. Through a design competition Petrobras and Partners selected the de-c...
Has the sea level in Brazil changed in the recent years?	The sea level does not appear to have changed in the last 165 years.	[ "Old photos showing rocks with barnacles and oysters lines were compared with recent photos in 18 areas of 5 Brazilian states (Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, and Santa Catarina). They suggest that the sea level in the region has been stable since 1864, at least. In 2017, 2018, and 2019, photos o...	pira	en	true	[ "A1365" ]	false	[ "Changes in the regional hydrodynamics of the region of the South Atlantic near the east coast of Brazil were evaluated from the beginning to the end of the century. The analysis was based on the anomalies from two downscaling experiments using the HadGEM2-ES outputs for the historical and RCP4.5 runs from the Coup...
How many jack-ups did Brazilian contractor Ensco acquire during its fleet expansion?	48 premium jack-ups.	[ "Brazil's government has requested the construction of 28 new offshore drilling units to be built in country by Brazilian contractors under the 'Build in Brazil Initiative'. The government awarded contracts for the first seven rigs to Brazil-based Sete, a company associated with Petrobras. Petrobras is the frontrun...	pira	en	true	[ "A314" ]	false	[ "A discussion covers the South American activities of about a dozen companies in brief. Enventure Global Technology has installed the first solid expansible tubular system (SET) in a well in Campeche sound for Pemex. Enventure Global Technology and Halliburton Energy Services have installed a 270 ft 4.5 in. FlexCla...
What is the characteristic of the Lower Aptian Stage on the Eastern Margin along the Eastern Brazilian Basins?	It has continental sedimentation under rift tectonic.	[ "The main tectonic, stratigraphic and sedimentological aspects of the Aptian Stage along the Brazilian Eastern Basins were analyzed based on data from 28 wells drilled by Petrobras, including the description of 750 meters of cores. The Aptian along the Eastern Margin (from Santos to Camamu-Almada basins) can be sub...	pira	en	true	[ "A1005" ]	false	[ "Based on the evolution of the tectonic plate and pregeography, the passive continental margin basins on the east coasts of Brazil experienced three prototype phases. Berremian intracontinental rift megasequence in lower cretaceous, comprising lacustrine sediments overlying Neocomian basalts, Aptian intercontinenta...
Approximately, how much percent does the Saldanha Creek and the four wetlands areas upgradient of the Bangui River, the major areas affected by the major oil spill which occurred at the side of the Araucaria refinery of Petrobras, received of the total oil spilled?	70 percent.	[ "On July 16, 2000 a major oil spill occurred at the side of the Araucaria refinery of Petrobras. A total of4,000 m3 of a light crude oil (41° API) ran down along a small two kilometers creek referred to as Arroio Saldanha, crossing and contaminating a series of four wetlands. The oil discharged into the Barigüi Riv...	pira	en	true	[ "A784" ]	false	[ "On July 16, 2000, a crude oil spill occurred at the PETROBRAS refinery Refinaria Presidente Getúlio Vargas-REPAR, located in Araucária, PR, Brazil A significant quantity of oil was retained within an area known as Ponto 0, between the spill site and Rio Barigüi, contaminating the banks of a small stream (Arroio Sa...
What is the modeling done in this study?	Modeling water quality in mangroves areas	[ "This study focuses on modeling water quality in mangroves areas including the effects of wetting and drying processes on the biogeochemistry of the mangrove. To achieve it, we use a shallow water hydrodynamics model capable ofpredicting both water quality and wetting and drying, which uses a rough-porous layer app...	pira	en	true	[ "A1391" ]	false	[ "Three different packages describing the white capping dissipation process, and the corresponding energy input from wind to wave were used to study the surface wave dynamics in South Atlantic Ocean, close to the Brazilian coast. A host of statistical parameters were computed to evaluate the performance of wave mode...
What is the average number of seafood in the world per person?	14.6 kg	[ "Ocean resources provide the basis for the livelihoods of millions of people across the globe, as well as a range of critical ecosystem services, including oxygen production and carbon storage, several biodiversity-related services, such as the harvesting of living resources, coastal protection and genetic resource...	pira	en	true	[ "B2322" ]	false	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in fish and seafood consumption The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that total fish consumption, including all aquaculture and inland and marine capture fisheries, has been rising from 9.9 kg per capita in the 1960s...
How much was the increase in the brazilian`s maritime protected area, in 2018?	From 1.5% to 26.36% of the country’s maritime territory.	[ "In 2018, Brazil announced the designation of two new Large Scale Marine Protected Areas (LSMPAs), resulting in an increase in protection from 1.5% to 26.36% of the country’s maritime territory. We employ an agenda-setting theory to analyze the Brazilian LSMPAs as a causal case study, unpacking the factors that led...	pira	en	true	[ "A1306" ]	false	[ "In South America, Brazil is the country with the largest extension of mangroves, covering approximately 7000 km, departing from the Oiapoque River, on the border between Amapá and French Guiana, to Praia do Sonho, in Santa Catarina. With population growth, there was an expansion of cities towards the coast and wit...
What apparatus is used for seismic surveys at sea?	Vessels equipped with a combination of air cannons and other acoustic sources are used, which are equipped with hydrophones to record seismic pulses.	[ "Offshore hydrocarbon technologies for survey and exploration Oil and gas survey and exploration techniques locate hydrocarbon resources accumulated under impermeable rock formations. An initial assessment using seismic surveys evaluates the location of hydrocarbon-rich geologic plays (a group of oil- and gas-beari...	pira	en	true	[ "B2268" ]	false	[ "Bathymetry surveys are the first step for every conservation effort on Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Maps depicting depth and bottom geomorphology are used to generate hillshades, that later become basemaps for other themes, such as fish distribution, bottom types, and water quality. Bathymetry map availability i...
To drilling in brazilian offshore depths beneath 2000 meters, what is the most important characterization of the mechanical properties for the evaporite section?	It is especially recommended a well design of casings and the selection of drilling fluids.	[ "In the current scenario, the drilling of oil and gas wells in Brazilian offshore basins faces the barrier of crossing salt sequences to 2000 meters thick. In addition to the thickness, these sequences present in their composition different saline lithotypes with different physical and mechanical behavior. The char...	pira	en	true	[ "A1879" ]	false	[ "The main tectonic, stratigraphic and sedimentological aspects of the Aptian Stage along the Brazilian Eastern Basins were analyzed based on data from 28 wells drilled by Petrobras, including the description of 750 meters of cores. The Aptian along the Eastern Margin (from Santos to Camamu-Almada basins) can be sub...
What did the Brazilian government intend to promote with the renewal program of the Navy Fleet?	The revitalization of the national naval construction industry	[ "This paper aims to report the production management of domestic shipyards, with the inclusion of the national fleet renewal program. The study addresses how domestic production may or may not leverage its business and promote sustainable growth of the national shipbuilding industry. The largest national power gene...	pira	en	true	[ "A1562" ]	false	[ "Brazil's government has requested the construction of 28 new offshore drilling units to be built in country by Brazilian contractors under the 'Build in Brazil Initiative'. The government awarded contracts for the first seven rigs to Brazil-based Sete, a company associated with Petrobras. Petrobras is the frontrun...
Which global measures have been helpful in addressing specific sources of mortality?	Global moratorium on all large-scale pelagic drift-net fishing.	[ "Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Marine mammals, marine reptiles, seabirds, sharks, tuna and billfis Cumulative effects are comparatively well documented for species groups of the top predators in the ocean, including marine mammals, seabirds and marine reptiles. Many of those species ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2398" ]	false	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Human health, food security and food safety Marine biotas are under many different pressures from hazardous substances on reproductive success. Dead zones and low-oxygen zones resulting from eutrophication and climate change can lead to systematic changes in the species struct...
How many seismic facies and types of intra-basement structures were identified and mapped by the investigation?	Three seismic facies and three types of intra-basement structures.	[ "The rift phase of the Campos Basin developed during the Early Cretaceous on a heterogeneous crust comprising structures inherited from the Brasiliano-Pan African tectonic events, mostly generated during the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian amalgamation of western Gondwana blocks. The main rifting episode took place from th...	pira	en	true	[ "A1860" ]	false	[ "The late Pleistocene Holocene stratigraphic architecture on the northeastern Brazilian continental shelf off the Parnaíba Delta has been explored by high-resolution seismic profiles. The seismic surveys reveal the widespread distribution of incised valleys of different size in offshore continuation of the present-...
Which interventions in São Francisco river may be responsable for the low values of lipids biomarkers detected on it?	Diverse water use and urbanization, among others, which reduced the river flow.	[ "A better understanding of the sources – continental or marine – and distribution of organic matter (OM) in shelf sediments of areas under distinct natural and anthropogenic forces is essential to obtain a global view of the carbon cycle. In this study, we evaluated the influence of river discharge on the OM accumu...	pira	en	true	[ "A1346" ]	false	[ "Lipid biomarkers [fatty acids (FAs), sterols and alcohols] and carbon stable isotopes (?¹³C values) in surface sediments from 9 cross shelf transects (25–3000 m water depth) from the Campos Basin, SE Brazilian continental margin were analyzed. The aim was to investigate the link between the prevailing regional spe...
What are the levels of an environment that marine plastics can harm?	The level of organisms, population and ecosystem	[ "Description of environmental changes between 2010 and 2020 Plastic marine litter also smothers and damages benthic organisms. The potential impact is not only at the level of organisms, but also at the population and ecosystem levels (Rochman and others, 2016). The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biod...	pira	en	true	[ "B2162" ]	false	[ "Description of environmental changes between 2010 and 2020 Primary microplastics, such as microbeads or industrial granulated pellets, enter the marine environment directly, while secondary microplastics result from the weathering, abrasion and fragmentation of single-use plastics (e.g., cutlery, trays, straws, ci...
What are the floating vessel Piranema's production, storage, and offloading design characteristics?	30,000 bpd of oil process plant capacity, a gas injection plant with 3.6 million cu m/day of compression capacity, and 300,000 bbl of oil storage capacity.	[ "Sevan Marine has let a contract to a unit of John Wood Group plc for the operation and management of the Sevan Stabilized Platform (SSP) Piranema, a floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessel. The FPSO will be operated for Petrobras in Piranema oil field off northeastern Brazil. The vessel will be ...	pira	en	true	[ "A987" ]	false	[ "Built in China for 2006 startup, the SSP30 FPSO offshore platform is the first circular platform built in the world. It has been sent to Brazil to operate in the Piranema field, 37 km from the city of Aracaju, Sergipe state, northeastern Brazil. It can extract up to 30,000 bbl/day of 43-44 degree API light crude o...
What diseases can one get by bathing in contaminated seawaters?	Gastroenteritis, upper respiratory disease, neurological diseases, and topical infections, among others.	[ "The global impact of poor water quality was examined in a study by the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) and WHO. Based on global estimates of the number of tourists who go swimming, and WHO estimates of the relative risks at various levels of contaminatio...	pira	en	true	[ "B2002" ]	false	[ "There are both health benefits and risks to living near the sea. The advantages can include enhanced air quality, exercise opportunities, novel marine-derived pharmaceuticals and ready access to food from the sea, which itself has health benefits (as a source of protein and essential micronutrients), although seaf...
What can be deduced from the structural analysis as processing and interpretation of geophysical data from the Piúma lineament?	Indicate that the Piúma lineament is a brittle shear zone characterized by fractures, faults and shear joints.	[ "The Piúma lineament, located in the Southern Espírito Santo State, Brazil, is one of the most prominent linear morphostructural features of the northern Mantiqueira Province. The lineament stands out in satellite images and topographic maps, extending for about 70 km in a N50°W direction, between the towns of Icon...	pira	en	true	[ "A1352" ]	false	[ "This study refers to the palynological analysis of wells samples (cores) awarded by Petrobras and Eletronorte and has almost all stratigraphically positioned within the Trombetas Group, composed, from base to top by Autás-Mirim (Upper Ordovician neritic sandstones and shales); and Nhamundá (neritic sandstones of t...
What techniques were studied for the recovery of the oil spill that affected the barigui river in the year 2000?	injection and recovery trenches for free product recovery, in situ bioremediation and the treatment of a wetland close to the Saldanha Stream drain on the Barigüi River.	[ "On July 16, 2000, a crude oil spill occurred at the PETROBRAS refinery Refinaria Presidente Getúlio Vargas-REPAR, located in Araucária, PR, Brazil A significant quantity of oil was retained within an area known as Ponto 0, between the spill site and Rio Barigüi, contaminating the banks of a small stream (Arroio Sa...	pira	en	true	[ "A1134" ]	false	[ "On July 16, 2000 a major oil spill occurred at the side of the Araucaria refinery of Petrobras. A total of4,000 m3 of a light crude oil (41° API) ran down along a small two kilometers creek referred to as Arroio Saldanha, crossing and contaminating a series of four wetlands. The oil discharged into the Barigüi Riv...
What has been the method used to measure if the sea level has changed in Rio de Janeiro?	Old photos showing rocks with barnacles and oysters lines were compared with recent photos, with the same angle, distance and location.	[ "Old photos showing rocks with barnacles and oysters lines were compared with recent photos in 18 areas of 5 Brazilian states (Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, and Santa Catarina). They suggest that the sea level in the region has been stable since 1864, at least. In 2017, 2018, and 2019, photos o...	pira	en	true	[ "A1366" ]	false	[ "Changes in the regional hydrodynamics of the region of the South Atlantic near the east coast of Brazil were evaluated from the beginning to the end of the century. The analysis was based on the anomalies from two downscaling experiments using the HadGEM2-ES outputs for the historical and RCP4.5 runs from the Coup...
In terms of the number of people involved, which industry represents the largest maritime industry?	Food from the sea	[ "Food from the sea represents the largest maritime industry in terms of the numbers of people involved. In 2017, the total first sale value of total production was estimated at $221 billion, of which $95 billion was from marine aquaculture production (including fish, shellfish and seaweed). Those figures include sm...	pira	en	true	[ "B2171" ]	false	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in maritime transport All sectors of maritime transport (cargo trades, passenger and vehicle ferries and cruise ships) are growing in line with the world economy. It is not possible to estimate the earnings from those activities, as the structure of the c...
How was the Marlim Field developed by petrobras?	The Marlim Field was developed using underwater completion by means of vertical, deviated and horizontal wells.	[ "The objective of this paper is to present how Petrobras is successfully managing production losses due to mineral scale formation in subsea production wells from its biggest offshore field1. Marlim Field, discovered in 1985 with a STOIIP estimated at 1,012 million STD m3 (6,369 million STB) and a field area of 146...	pira	en	true	[ "A1135" ]	false	[ "Petrobras has utilized different types of units in Marlim Field development. From converted Semi-Submersibles to turret-equipped FPSOs, many different options were made. This paper describes the main reasons for choosing the different types of production units, the conversion approach, and the process plant automa...
How will the gas shipment work in the case of the vessel chartered by Petrobras?	The gas will be sent from the vessel to an onshore gas network.	[ "Hamworthy has supplied its first onboard LNG regasification plant - the first of four such installations due delivery from the supplier. Hamworthy delivered an onboard vaporizer system to be installed on the 145,000 cu m LNG shuttle regasification vessel (SRV) Suez Neptune. SRV are designed to transport and store ...	pira	en	true	[ "A373" ]	false	[ "Guara BV, an affiliate of Petrobras, has signed a letter of intent to charter a floating production, storage, and offloading vessel for use on Block BM-S-9 in the Santos basin offshore Brazil. The platform will have a processing capacity of ~ 100,000 bpd of oil and 5 million cu m/day of natural gas. The FPSO will ...
How do climatic oscillation show variations in precipitation and atmosphere humidity?	By areas of expansion and retraction of the herbaceous plain and forest vegetation.	[ "The aim of this work was to carry out a paleoenvironmental study of Holocene sedimentary deposits in the southern sector of Pernambuco's coast (northeastern Brazil). This work addresses an important aspect of Quaternary research that has implications for current climate debates, for instance, how does vegetation r...	pira	en	true	[ "A1304" ]	false	[ "Extreme climate events The El Niño Southern Oscillation is a coupled atmosphere-ocean phenomenon, identified by an oscillation between warm and cold ocean temperatures in the tropical central eastern Pacific Ocean and an associated fluctuation in the global-scale tropical and subtropical surface pressure patterns....
What was the first official use of the Micoperi 7000 semi-submersible crane ship?	His first job was to build in Petrobras' Campos basin, offshore in Brazil.	[ "The world's largest semi-submersible crane vessel, the Micoperi 7000, was completed in September 1987. After sea trials, it was delivered to owner/operator Micoperi S. p. A. of Milan in December, and immediately left for its first construction job in Petrobras' Campos basin, offshore Brazil. In its first six month...	pira	en	true	[ "A951" ]	false	[ "On December 23, 1982, only 30 days after the 18,600-ton Cherne II jacket was launched. Micoperi completed grouting in all of the 24 pile sleeves. This established a record for the Brazilian state oil company in jacket installation. The structure is located in 142-m water in Campos Basin. In establishing this recor...
What are the fundamental characteristics for the management and conservation of fishing resources?	Determining of the period of parturition and identification of nursery areas.	[ "The determination of the period of parturition and identification of nursery areas are fundamental for the management and conservation of a fishing resource. Through combination of monthly abundance, length measurements, and development time of embryos we inferred about parturition time of the Blacktip sharks, Car...	pira	en	true	[ "A1214" ]	false	[ "Ocean resources provide the basis for the livelihoods of millions of people across the globe, as well as a range of critical ecosystem services, including oxygen production and carbon storage, several biodiversity-related services, such as the harvesting of living resources, coastal protection and genetic resource...
Where is the Albacora field located?	In Campos Basin, offshore Brazil.	[ "Albacora, a giant field located under water depths ranging from 230m to 1,900m, in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, has an estimated oil-in-place volume of 4.4 billion bbl and extends over an area of 235 km2. The development plan conceived for this field has been divided into three phases, which the first one is a c...	pira	en	true	[ "A565" ]	false	[ "The Albacora field, located in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, was discovered by PETROBRÁS in 1984. Following the discovery, a 7000Km 3-D survey was recorded, in the search for a better understanding of the field. At least three distinct families of reservoirs were identified in the area, ranging in age from Cretac...
What is the benefit of using optical sensing technology in drilling wells?	It's the only proven technology that can support high vibration and high temperature.	[ "In the 90's, after success in drilling wells deeper than 5,000 meters with high production rates between 80 to 120 MMSCFD of production, Petrobras decided to continuously measure pressure on their high productivity wells (7\" production tubing) because of the difficulty they experienced when running gauges in the ...	pira	en	true	[ "A593" ]	false	[ "Technological changes in drilling and production, including emerging technologies Offshore drilling and production continue to benefit from significant technological advances. Sophisticated techniques now make it possible to drill multiple wells from a single drilling platform, while advances in real-time fibre-op...
Which areas have the highest levels of anthropogenic noise?	Areas with heavy industrial use.	[ "The main anthropogenic noise sources in the ocean include vessels, industrial activity, including seismic exploration and renewable energy development, and sonar. Anthropogenic noise levels vary across space and time, the primary drivers being levels of human activity and propagation characteristics in the region....	pira	en	true	[ "B2396" ]	false	[ "Higher mortality and less successful reproduction of marine biotas Impacts of disturbance from noise Anthropogenic noise in the ocean increased in the last half of the past century. Commercial shipping is the main source, and the noise that it produces is often in frequency bands used by many marine mammals for co...
What are the main risks to food safety and how can they be reduced?	The main risks to food safety are the contaminations at the source by pathogens and toxins, which can be addressed by appling the international guidelines.	[ "Food security and food safety Social issues In both capture fisheries and aquaculture, gender and other equity issues arise. A significant number of women are employed in both types of activities, either directly or in related activities along the value chain. Women are particularly prominent in product processing...	pira	en	true	[ "B2288" ]	false	[ "Food security and food safety Seafood products, including finfish, invertebrates and seaweeds, are a major component of food security around the world. They are the major source of protein for a significant fraction of the global population, in particular in countries where hunger is widespread. Even in the most d...
How does the computational tool presented in the text works?	Mechanistic model formulation, experimentation at a large scale flow loop and software development are detailed, the computer simulation results are then compared with field data collected in Campos Basin operations, offshore Brazil.	[ "This article presents the development of a computational tool to guide horizontal gravel pack design for long horizontal offshore wells. Mechanistic model formulation, experimentation at a large scale flow loop and software development are detailed. The computer simulation results are then compared with field data...	pira	en	true	[ "A1260" ]	false	[ "The experience gained by PETROBRAS over eleven years operating several floating production systems based on extensive use of flexible pipes, indicated that such a concept was a reliable alternative for deep water exploitation. To properly predict the behavior of flexible pipes in deeper water applications, more so...
What is the new jacket design concept by Interconsult?	Jackets using vertical external skirt pipes.	[ "On December 23, 1982, only 30 days after the 18,600-ton Cherne II jacket was launched. Micoperi completed grouting in all of the 24 pile sleeves. This established a record for the Brazilian state oil company in jacket installation. The structure is located in 142-m water in Campos Basin. In establishing this recor...	pira	en	true	[ "A420" ]	false	[ "ULTRA™ is a novel and advanced flow assurance coating technology recently introduced in the Brazilian market for upcoming, and challenging, offshore projects expected in the next years. This coating technology has been used for over 9 years, and has been designed, applied and installed in offshore projects worldwi...
What quantitative methods were used?	Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Clustering	[ "This study was conducted in the Itajaí-Açu river lower estuary in Southern Brazil, in which we aimed to: (1) analyze spatiotemporal variations on the macrofauna; (2) search for relationships between environmental variables and the assembly and (3) evaluate the influence of capital dredging upon the assembly. Two h...	pira	en	true	[ "A1706" ]	false	[ "The northeastern Brazilian continental shelf has a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sedimentation system. This study applied statistical analysis on superficial sediments to access the conditions and controls of sedimentary distribution and processes along the outer shelf depositional environment. The total of 123 gr...
What is the objective of the new acquisition and development of technology of PRAVAP (Petrobras' strategic project for reservoir characterization)?	It will impact on the characterization of the reservoir in oil exploration	[ "PRAVAP 2 (Petrobras' strategic project for reservoir characterization) aims mainly technology acquisition and development in reservoir characterization. The project is based on a multidisciplinary approach, and the synergism between operational and research teams. New technologies are put together with others alre...	pira	en	true	[ "A267" ]	false	[ "A discussion covers the three consecutive PROCAP programs. They are the engineering programs that the state owned Petrobras developed with respect to exploitation in ultra deep waters. Five factors that have been decisive for success in the exploitation of petroleum in deep and ultra deep waters in the Campos basi...
How can we adapt to the effects of marine heatwaves?	Using forecasting systems.	[ "Marine heatwaves are shown to be increasing in frequency and intensity owing to climate change caused by human activities and are having a mostly negative impact on marine ecosystems. Marine heatwaves and their impacts are projected to increase in the future but those increases can be strongly limited by efforts t...	pira	en	true	[ "B2104" ]	false	[ "The ocean is strongly coupled with the atmosphere, mutually transferring substances (mostly gases), heat and momentum at its surface, forming a single coupled system. That system is influenced by the seasonal changes caused by the Earth’s tilted rotation with respect to the sun. Variations in sea-surface temperatu...
What is SBMS-500?	SBMS-500 is the subsea multiphase-flow pumping system created by Petrobras and WestingHouse.	[ "The collaboration between Petrobras and Westinghouse has resulted in the development of a conceptual design for a subsea multiphase-flow pumping system. The system, called SBMS-500, features 500 m3/hr total flow rate, up to 6 Mpa of pressure increase, up to 95% gas-void fraction (GVF) at the suction, and about 1.2...	pira	en	true	[ "A799" ]	false	[ "This paper presents the importance of deep water scenario for Brazil, the PETROBRAS Deep and Ultra-Deep Water R&D Program (PROCAP-2000) and the candidate fields for the deployment of subsea innovative boosting technologies (ESPS - electrical submersible pump in subsea wells, SSS - subsea separation systems and SBM...
What will the company Excelerate Energy supply to Petrobras?	It will supply an FSRU (Floating Storage and Regasification Unit).	[ "Petrobras has awarded Excelerate Energy a 15-yr time charter for which Excelerate will provide an advanced floating storage and regasification unit (FSRU) to be named by Petrobras VT3. Capable of storing 173,400 cu m, the vessel will deliver 20 million cu m/day of natural gas to southeastern Brazil. In addition, f...	pira	en	true	[ "A293" ]	false	[ "A discussion covers the South American activities of about a dozen companies in brief. Enventure Global Technology has installed the first solid expansible tubular system (SET) in a well in Campeche sound for Pemex. Enventure Global Technology and Halliburton Energy Services have installed a 270 ft 4.5 in. FlexCla...
Where does the Brazilian salt giant extend?	Offshore Brazil, salt extends for 2.200 km from the Sergipe Basin in the northeast to the Santos Basin in the southwest.	[ "The discovery and production, by Petrobras, of over 50 billion barrels in place of pre-salt oil in Brazil's offshore South Atlantic Santos and Campos basins has drawn worldwide attention to its km-thick Cretaceous salt seal since 2007. However, the depth of the pre-salt reservoir in these basins make prohibitive t...	pira	en	true	[ "A552" ]	false	[ "Exploration for oil under the salt layer is concentrated in the basins of Santos, Campos, and Espiritu Santo, Brazil. Hopefully it extends to the eastern margin of the Jequitinhonha and Camamu-Almada basins. These basins have been unexplored under the salt layer with respect to the present objectives. One Petrobra...
Which is the advantage of RFID?	This tag can centralize control of physical processes with little localized visibility of the process in real time, monitoring and decision making.	[ "Offshore logistical operations can be complicated. Companies need to keep tabs on all equipment and products necessary to keep exploration and production moving. Operators and service companies such as Brazil's Petrobras and Schlumberger are contemplating ways in which to simplify the process of tracking assets lo...	pira	en	true	[ "A456" ]	false	[ "The Brazilian Oceanographic Modeling and Observation Network (REMO, acronym for ‘Rede de Modelagem e Observação Oceanográfica’ in Portuguese) has developed the REMO Ocean Data Assimilation System (RODAS). It is based on an Ensemble Optimal Interpolation scheme applied into the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM)...
How can intelligent completion be achieved on oil and gas production?	Oil recovery enhancement, efficient water or gas sweep, reduced interventions and ultimate reservoir control.	[ "The first intelligent completion was achieved in 1997, and since then reliability assurance is regarded as one of the most important themes for market implementation of this technology. Currently, intelligent completion can be found in most global oil and gas production areas, from mature land to ultra-deepwater w...	pira	en	true	[ "A1113" ]	false	[ "Drilling and completion in Campos Basin have been in constant evolution, from the first subsea wells and fixed platforms to latest horizontal wells in deepwater. This paper will first present the lessons learned with drilling and completion in shallow water to latest wells drilled and completed in Roncador in the ...
Who announced the discovery related to the Campos Basin?	The discovery was made by Petrobras.	[ "Petrobras announced a \"giant\" discovery in the northern part of Campos Basin, of at least an estimated recoverable 0.6 billion bbl of heavy oil. The reservoir, about 80 km offshore, was initially discovered in January 2001. The country's last major find, the 3 billion bbl, ultra-deep-water Roncador field, was ma...	pira	en	true	[ "A462" ]	false	[ "Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ...
What is the main mode of transport that would lose space in Brazil, if maritime cabotage services were further developed?	Road transport	[ "The economy of Brazil has the potential to further develop its existing maritime cabotage services by promoting a modal shift from the road to the sea. The road represents the biggest share in the Brazilian transport matrix, but the larger waterborne participation represents lower logistics costs and greater envir...	pira	en	true	[ "A1826" ]	false	[ "Brazil has a transport system with little presence of intermodality and use of Short-Sea Shipping. Nevertheless, these are goals for Brazilian waterborne transportation matrix, which is expected to exceed 13% going to 25% in 2025. Currently, Brazilian transportation matrix isn't balanced surpassing that of other c...
What happened with the mangrove of the Coreaú River estuary about the area in 2013 compared to 1985?	There was an increase of 3% (7.17 km²) in 2013 compared to 1985, these transformations consisted of a 55% gain in mangrove area.	[ "In South America, Brazil is the country with the largest extension of mangroves, covering approximately 7000 km, departing from the Oiapoque River, on the border between Amapá and French Guiana, to Praia do Sonho, in Santa Catarina. With population growth, there was an expansion of cities towards the coast and wit...	pira	en	true	[ "A1917" ]	false	[ "Extreme weather events are likely to become more frequent in the 21st century bringing significant impacts to coastal ecosystems. However, the capacity to detect and measure those impacts are still limited, with effects largely unstudied. In June 2016, a hailstorm with wind gusts of over 100 km·h?1 caused an unpre...
What is the production rate sought by Petrobras for the Garoupa Oil Field?	45,000 barrels per day.	[ "By taking a bold step forward in developing the Garoupa field offshore Brazil with subsea techniques, Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras) will benefit from early production to help satisfy the country's growing energy demand. This article describes the first phase of the development program. Petrobras is seeking a ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1073" ]	false	[ "The Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras), a state-owned oil company utilizes its floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) P-50 vessel to 16 production wells at the Albacora Leste field in Campos basin. FPSO symbolizes Brazil's plans to reach oil self-sufficiency by mid-2006. The FPSO will process oil pumped...
How deep was the installation of the turret moored Floating Production, Storage and Offloading System in Campos Basin?	The installation was about in 780 meters of water	[ "This paper describes the site installation of a turret moored Floating Production, Storage and Offloading System - FPSO - in 780 meters of water in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil. The FPSO, a 270,000 dwt converted tanker, is the first of a series of two ordered by Petrobras for development of the Marlim Field. An i...	pira	en	true	[ "A1048" ]	false	[ "With the expansion of oil exploration in deep waters, assessing the risks associated with offloading operations becomes essential in preventing accidents that may cause huge environmental disasters. In this paper, the system that composed of a turret-moored floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) connect...
What needs to be done in order to allow the stocks to recover?	Stop overfishing	[ "Higher mortality and less successful reproduction of marine biotas Captures of fish stocks at levels above maximum sustainable yield Globally, the levels of capture fisheries are near the ocean’s productive capacity, with catches on the order of 80 million tons. Exploitation inevitably reduces total population bio...	pira	en	true	[ "B2572" ]	false	[ "Food security and food safety Capture fisheries Globally, capture fisheries are near the ocean’s productive capacity, with catches on the order of 80 million metric tons. Only a few means to increase yield are available. Addressing sustainability concerns more effectively (including ending overfishing, eliminating...
What is the benefit of a helicopter routing optimization algorithm?	Safety and lower costs.	[ "This work presents a column generation baaed heuristic algorithm for the problem of planning the flights of helicopters to attend transport requests among airports in the continent and offshore platforms on the Campos basin for the Brazilian State Oil Company (Petrobras). We start from a previous MIP based heurist...	pira	en	true	[ "A271" ]	false	[ "In a growth scenario of the world economy, it is essential to increase the integration between the different actors in the companies’ supply chain, reducing operational costs, and improving efficiency. Ship routing is a crucial part of this integration regarding global maritime commerce. In this work, we present a...
What is the "pseudo-sticking and pull", also nicknamed "blocky effect"?	It is a common acquisition artifact that reduces considerably the quality of wireline acoustic and microresistive image logs.	[ "The \"pseudo-sticking and pull\", also nicknamed \"blocky effect\" (because of its general aspect), is a common acquisition artifact that reduces considerably the quality of wireline acoustic and microresistive image logs, even though it is not well known among image log interpreters, well-site geologists and engi...	pira	en	true	[ "A406" ]	false	[ "This paper describes measured and simulated downhole pressure variations (\"surge and swab\") during drill pipe connections when drilling an ultra-deepwater well offshore Brazil on the Carcará field. Floating rig motion caused by waves and swell (\"rig heave\") inducessurge and swab when the drillstring issuspende...
Has the oceanic oxygen level increased or decreased in recent years?	The oceanic oxygen level has decreased.	[ "Global surface ocean pH has declined on average by approximately 0.1 since the Industrial Revolution, an increase in acidity of about 30 per cent. Ocean pH is projected to decline by approximately an additional 0.3 over the next century unless global carbon emissions are significantly curtailed. The changes can be...	pira	en	true	[ "B1993" ]	false	[ "Ocean warming and land ice melt are the main causes of present-day accelerating global mean sea level rise. The global mean sea level has been rising since 1993 (the altimetry era) at a mean rate of 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with a clear superimposed acceleration of approximately 0.1 mm per year. Satellite altimetry ...
Why are estimates of directional wave spectra easy to perform?	because on-board estimates would only require only a simple set of accelerometers and rate-gyros connected to an ordinary PC.	[ "The practicability of estimating directional wave spectra based on a vessel 1s t order response has been recently addressed by several researchers. The interest is justified since on-board estimations would only require only a simple set of accelerometers and rate-gyros connected to an ordinary PC. The on-board wa...	pira	en	true	[ "A917" ]	false	[ "Bathymetry surveys are the first step for every conservation effort on Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Maps depicting depth and bottom geomorphology are used to generate hillshades, that later become basemaps for other themes, such as fish distribution, bottom types, and water quality. Bathymetry map availability i...
What other use of the sediments collected along the urbanized margin?	They were also analyzed for chlorophyll, total organic carbon and grain sizes.	[ "Amazonian aquatic systems are usually associated with pristine waters, however, irregular urban occupation of the hydrographic basins and sewerage deficiencies may lead to point and diffuse contamination. Sewage contamination in intertidal surface sediments from the Guajará Estuary, Brazilian Amazon coast, was eva...	pira	en	true	[ "A1496" ]	false	[ "Increased use of ocean space Increased coastal population and urbanization (including tourism) A large proportion of humans live in the coastal zone: 38 per cent of the world’s population live within 100 km of the shore, 44 per cent within 150 km, 50 per cent within 200 km, and 67 per cent within 400 km. This prop...
Which project is aiming to improve drilling performance offshore Brazil in depths up to 2,000 meters?	The ultra deepwater drilling R&D project.	[ "Giant deepwater oilfields had been discovered in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, through the eighties. After overcoming initial problems while drilling the exploratory wells, appraisal wells were drilled under regular performance standards, comparing to shallow water previous data. At that time, Albacora and Marlim...	pira	en	true	[ "A428" ]	false	[ "The continuous discoveries of oil fields in deep and ultra-deep Brazilian waters and the excessive wide fluctuations on the rig rates were the reasons for PETROBRAS to enhance the capability of one of its owned semi-submersible drilling rig. This paper aims to present an overview of the main technical aspects of t...
What is the most productive oil province in Brazil?	The Campos basin	[ "In 1939, the Lobito oil field, Brazil's first, was discovered. During the 1950's, 15 significant fields were discovered. In 1975, the exclusion of private capital in Brazilian oil operations came to an abrupt end. Petrobras was authorized to seek service contracts with foreign oil companies in regions not under ex...	pira	en	true	[ "A931" ]	false	[ "Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ...
What was Petrobras' investment in the Manati field?	$ 1.2 billion dollars	[ "Petrobras will invest at least $3.5 billion in the northeastern state of Bahia through 2010 to expand the local gas networks, boost oil and gas output, and improve refining capabilities. Among the projects, Petrobras plans to invest over $1.2 billion to develop gas produciton at the offshore Manati field in the Ca...	pira	en	true	[ "A597" ]	false	[ "Petrobras has brought online two fields, updated its files on the Tupi field and decided to dedicate its exploration efforts along its shores. The FPSO can produce 10mmcm/d of natural gas and 35,000b/d of oil and condensate and store up to 740,000 barrels of oil. The development plan for the field foresees four ho...
What was necessary to identify in order to develop the sustainability indicator system?	Economic, environmental, social, and operational impacts of the activities of oil and gas production units.	[ "The increasing production of oil and gas in the marine environment and the growing participation of companies of different nationalities and sizes require the use of tools to support the sustainable management of offshore oil and gas production units. This paper presents the results of the application of a sustain...	pira	en	true	[ "A1641" ]	false	[ "The development of Brazil's Offshore fields has been performed using flexible pipes because this pipe technology offers significantly increased flexibility, enabling the movement of pipes between wells and reducing lead time to bring a well onstream as compared to rigid pipe solutions. In addition, the decision of...
What was the objetive of pursuing an alternative subsea boosting solution using Mudline Pump (MLP) technology?	To reduce field Opex and increase redundancy	[ "The Parque das Conchas (BC10) field offshore Brazil, operated by Shell and owned together with ONGC and QPI, has challenging reservoir conditions. Several subsea fields with viscosities ranging from 1 to 900 cP and gas volume fractions between 5% and 70% require subsea boosting to lift production fluids to the FPS...	pira	en	true	[ "A1592" ]	false	[ "Atlanta is a post-salt oil field located offshore Brazil in the Santos Basin, 185 km southeast of Rio de Janeiro. The combination of ultra-deepwater (1,550 m) and heavy and viscous oil (14° API and 228 cP at reservoir conditions) composes a unique challenging scenario for Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) applicat...
What are the gender issues that present themselves in both capture fisheries and aquaculture?	A significant number of women are employed in both types of activities, either directly or in related activities along the value chain. Women are particularly prominent in product processing, but often their work is not compensated fairly and working conditions do not meet basic standards.	[ "Food security and food safety Social issues In both capture fisheries and aquaculture, gender and other equity issues arise. A significant number of women are employed in both types of activities, either directly or in related activities along the value chain. Women are particularly prominent in product processing...	pira	en	true	[ "B2067" ]	false	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in employment and income from fisheries and aquaculture The global harvest of marine capture fisheries has expanded rapidly since the early 1950s and is currently estimated to be about 80 million tons a year. That harvest is estimated to have a first (gro...
What impact did the Guanabara oil spilling pollution caused in foraminiferal taphonomic assemblages?	Abundance and species richness.	[ "In January 2000, Guanabara Bay in Rio de Janeiro experienced a major oil spilling caused by a break down in one PETROBRAS oil pipeline. Over than 1.3 tons of fuel oil escaped into the bay water in the northern region. Studies of foraminiferal taphonomic assemblages in sediment samples collected on three periods in...	pira	en	true	[ "A1261" ]	false	[ "On January 18, 2000, approximately 340,000 gallons (1,300 m3) of marine fuel (MF-380) spilled into Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The spill originated from a leak in the pipeline from the PETROBRAS refinery to the oil terminal. This paper presents the results for the water column and sediment monitoring 10...
To ensure the process variables remain at their desirable values, two control strategies were compared. What were their names?	PID and Linear Model Predictive Control (MPC)	[ "The high CO2 content found in Pre-Salt offshore oil fields has led to cost-energetically processes for CO2 removal and destination. In this paper, an innovative and promising alternative subsea separation process (SSP), proposed by Petrobras, was analyzed. Since a CO2 rich phase is expected at reservoir conditions...	pira	en	true	[ "A1482" ]	false	[ "The increasing production of oil and gas in the marine environment and the growing participation of companies of different nationalities and sizes require the use of tools to support the sustainable management of offshore oil and gas production units. This paper presents the results of the application of a sustain...
When were the carbonate rocks of the Ponta do Mel Formation formed?	Late Albian.	[ "This work intends to understand how the Ponta do Mel carbonate platform was implanted, to characterize its depositional model and its evolution in the light of modern stratigraphy, as well as to understand the stratigraphic relations with beneath, overlapping and contemporary units, from wells and seismic data. Th...	pira	en	true	[ "A1321" ]	false	[ "Lacustrine carbonate deposits mark the rift-sag sedimentation stage of the so-called pre-salt section of the Campos and Santos Basins, in the Southeast Brazilian continental shelf. These salt-sealed carbonate reservoirs form deep-water, giant and prolific oil fields that are currently responsible for approximately...
Why has the new technique been a topic of discussion in Petrobras?	Because it is a reliable, fast and economic way to increase the well productivity index in complex geology carbonate reservoirs.	[ "The application of the recent technique of creating lateral tunnels by acid jetting into the formation has been a topic of discussion in Petrobras because it is a reliable, fast an economic way to increase the well productivity index in complex geology carbonate reservoirs. In order to evaluate this technology, a ...	pira	en	true	[ "A639" ]	false	[ "Petrobras, as the largest operator in ultra-deep waters in South America, has been using a field development concept that has proved to be winner since 2010. This concept is well suited for fields with high productivity wells, which produce more than 20,000 barrels of oil per day. In the market, this concept is kn...
Where is oil exploration concentrated under the salt layer in Brazil?	In the basins of Santos, Campos, and Espiritu Santo, Brazil.	[ "Exploration for oil under the salt layer is concentrated in the basins of Santos, Campos, and Espiritu Santo, Brazil. Hopefully it extends to the eastern margin of the Jequitinhonha and Camamu-Almada basins. These basins have been unexplored under the salt layer with respect to the present objectives. One Petrobra...	pira	en	true	[ "A1149" ]	false	[ "An overview covers ongoing offshore E&P developments in Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, and Argentina and the interest of policy in the sub-salt. Information on E&P activity in Latin America begins in Brazil and includes discussions on discoveries in the pre-salt/sub-salt in deep water. Discoveries are being made in the ...
What major threats are faced by the corals ?	The warm-water corals face threats like extractive activities, sewage and other pollution, sedimentation, physical destruction and the effects of anthropogenic climate change, including increased coral bleaching. And the cold-water corals are often challenged by the synergistic effects of low oxygen and increasing acid...	[ "Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Ecosystems and habitats identified for special attention Considering specific types of important marine and coastal habitats, estuaries and deltas are categorized globally as in poor overall condition, based on published assessments of them for 101 regi...	pira	en	true	[ "B2331" ]	false	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Coral reefs Corals are subject to “bleaching” when the seawater temperature is too high: they lose the symbiotic algae that give coral its colour and part of its nutrients. Coral bleaching was a relatively unknown phenomenon until the early 1980s, whe...
Why the Itajaí-Açu estuarine region is one of the most important estuarine systems of south Brazil?	Due to the location of the Itajaí Harbor, which is the major route of international trading of the state and the largest national fishing pole landing.	[ "The Itajaí-Açu estuarine region is one of the most important estuarine systems of south Brazil, due to the location of the Itajaí Harbor, which is the major route of international trading of the state and the largest national fishing pole landing. In addition, industries as well as urban and tourism activities are...	pira	en	true	[ "A1368" ]	false	[ "This study was conducted in the Itajaí-Açu river lower estuary in Southern Brazil, in which we aimed to: (1) analyze spatiotemporal variations on the macrofauna; (2) search for relationships between environmental variables and the assembly and (3) evaluate the influence of capital dredging upon the assembly. Two h...
Why was the processor capability of the Mathematica package explored?	Due to the complexity of the analytical treatment of the problem.	[ "These last years the conversion of VLCC (Very Large crude Carrier) in FPSO (Floating, Production, Storage and Offloading) unit has been used by Petrobras in Brazil offshore to work in the exploitation of oil in deep, what is a consequence of the necessity of large storage unit with the capability to transfer the o...	pira	en	true	[ "A559" ]	false	[ "The experience gained by PETROBRAS over eleven years operating several floating production systems based on extensive use of flexible pipes, indicated that such a concept was a reliable alternative for deep water exploitation. To properly predict the behavior of flexible pipes in deeper water applications, more so...
What was the accident that ocurred in January 2000 in Guanabara Bay?	More than 1 million liters of crude oil has been spilled into the Guanabara Bay.	[ "This work discusses soil-structure interaction applied to thermal snaking of shallowly buried pipelines embedded in very soft clay. The main motivation of this research was the accident that occurred in January 2000 in Rio de Janeiro where more than 1 million liters of crude oil has been spilled into the Guanabara...	pira	en	true	[ "A1307" ]	false	[ "On the 18th January 2000 a broken pipeline owned and operated by the oil company Petrobras spilt some 1300 tonne of bunker fuel into Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro. The wildlife response was divided amongst 2 operational strategies and included - avion fauna and cetaceans. This paper deals with the cetacean respons...
How can the consumption of food from the sea affect human health?	Through the action of pollutants (such as mercury) or pathogens (often from sewage and ballast water) discharged into the sea and taken up by plants, fish and shellfish that are harvested for human consumption, and through toxins generated by, or viruses found in, various biota in the sea and taken up by some fish and ...	[ "Human health can be affected by many aspects of food from the sea. Some problems are the result of pollutants (such as mercury) or pathogens (often from sewage and ballast water) discharged into the sea and taken up by plants, fish and shellfish that are harvested for human consumption (Takahashi and others, 2008)...	pira	en	true	[ "B2251" ]	false	[ "There are both health benefits and risks to living near the sea. The advantages can include enhanced air quality, exercise opportunities, novel marine-derived pharmaceuticals and ready access to food from the sea, which itself has health benefits (as a source of protein and essential micronutrients), although seaf...
What discovery made using Euler deconvolution is difficult to use as a predictive tool?	The discovery that indicates that the failures found in the analyzed cases may be longer and deeper than segments illuminated by the current seismicity.	[ "The continental margin of Brazil in intraplate South America exhibits a seismicity rate 70% higher than the average stable continental regions. This margin encompasses Northeastern Brazil, where most of the seismicity and active faults concentrate along the coast. The current study presents an integration of high-...	pira	en	true	[ "A1578" ]	false	[ "This study estimates oil production curves applying single and multi-cycle Hubbert models and Hubbert variants for the case of Brazil. The application of a top-down modeling approach is necessary, as the size of oil fields discoveries is usually confidential data and therefore not disclosed in Brazil. Despite frag...
What are the impacts of economic growth on the ocean?	Increase of extraction of marine resources	[ "Economic activity Economic growth, measured as gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, has steadily increased globally, although it has slowed as a result of declining trade volume. Growth in the first half of 2019 stood at 1 per cent, the weakest level since 2012 (IMF, 2019). Economic growth, when averaged acros...	pira	en	true	[ "B2339" ]	false	[ "Economic activity in the ocean is expanding rapidly, with projections that, by 2030, under a business-as-usual scenario, the ocean economy could more than double to a value of more than $3 trillion, with approximately 40 million full-time jobs (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2016). Technolo...
What are the main sources of anthropogenic noise in the oceans?	Vessels, industrial activity and sonars.	[ "The main anthropogenic noise sources in the ocean include vessels, industrial activity, including seismic exploration and renewable energy development, and sonar. Anthropogenic noise levels vary across space and time, the primary drivers being levels of human activity and propagation characteristics in the region....	pira	en	true	[ "B2200" ]	false	[ "Higher mortality and less successful reproduction of marine biotas Impacts of disturbance from noise Anthropogenic noise in the ocean increased in the last half of the past century. Commercial shipping is the main source, and the noise that it produces is often in frequency bands used by many marine mammals for co...
How produced water reinjection works?	Produced water is combined with treated sea water and pumped back into the reservoir to maintain pressure.	[ "The Statoil-operated Peregrino field, one of Brazil's most significant offshore producers, is a wealth of resources, including Norwegian-developed technology. Statoil places a heavy emphasis on increased oil recovery (OIL), mostly developed in the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) and deployed elsewhere, to boost ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1296" ]	false	[ "Water-Alternating-Gas (WAG) injection is an enhanced recovery method that is being applied in some brazilian offshore oilfields as an alternative to combine effective pressure maintenance policies, flexible produced gas management strategies and increased recoveries. In this technology, gas plays the role of reduc...
What technologies does Petrobras use to detect pollution in the seas?	Multisensor remote sensing of the space system, ocean color data (SeaWiFS and MODIS), thermal infrared (NOAA / AVHRR), dispersometer (QuikSCAT) and synthetic aperture radar (RADARSAT-1 and ENVISAT) have been integrated to detect and characterize different types of marine pollution.	[ "Since May 2001 PETROBRAS is using spacebome multi-sensor remote sensing for its sea surface monitoring program at the Campos, Santos and Espirito Santo Basins, southeastern Brazilian coast. Ocean color (SeaWiFS and MODIS), thermal infrared (NOAA/AVHRR), scatterometer (QuikSCAT) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (RADARS...	pira	en	true	[ "A984" ]	false	[ "The Santos Basin Pre-salt reservoirs are located in deepwater offshore Brazil and although the oil has a good quality, their CO2 concentrations are higher than those generally found in other Brazilian fields. PETROBRAS and its partners established that they will not vent the CO 2 produced in the Pre-salt layer to ...
What is Petrobras' target production in this fields?	Petrobras aims to produce 3.9 million boe/d by 2014.	[ "Petrobras has brought online two fields, updated its files on the Tupi field and decided to dedicate its exploration efforts along its shores. The FPSO can produce 10mmcm/d of natural gas and 35,000b/d of oil and condensate and store up to 740,000 barrels of oil. The development plan for the field foresees four ho...	pira	en	true	[ "A533" ]	false	[ "Petrobras, as the largest operator in ultra-deep waters in South America, has been using a field development concept that has proved to be winner since 2010. This concept is well suited for fields with high productivity wells, which produce more than 20,000 barrels of oil per day. In the market, this concept is kn...
How Velocys combined SMR/FT system for offshore gas-to-liquids can shrink the hardware?	Velocys combined SMR/FT system for offshore GTL takes advantage of microchannel reactor technology to shrink the hardware and intensify the processes even further	[ "Due to advances in the development of technology for distributed or small-scale gas-to-liquids (GTL) technology, a much more flexible and economical option for capturing associated gas, both on- and offshore - in the form of modular GTL technologies - is approaching. These systems are designed to operate efficient...	pira	en	true	[ "A650" ]	false	[ "The unwanted gas produced during offshore oil drilling could be reused as an energy source using a technology developed by a consortium of firms including an Oxford Catalysts Group subsidiary. Velocys, the group's US subsidiary, is providing microchannel reactors for use in an offshore gas to liquids (GTL) facilit...
Do Petrobras' fields have records of oil and gas production numbers?	Yes, in the Espírito Santo basin, the potential reserves of light oil are around 600 MM boe, most of which are in deep waters. Petrobras produces light oil in 87 fields, 12 of which were seafarers (in 2005). Brazil produces up to 1.76 MM bpd of oil, of which about 70% is heavy oil. Average gas production was 43.9 MM cu...	[ "Exploration for oil under the salt layer is concentrated in the basins of Santos, Campos, and Espiritu Santo, Brazil. Hopefully it extends to the eastern margin of the Jequitinhonha and Camamu-Almada basins. These basins have been unexplored under the salt layer with respect to the present objectives. One Petrobra...	pira	en	true	[ "A1116" ]	false	[ "Brazil's oil development continues its remarkable progress; latest figures show crude oil output averaged 160,000 bpd, strong 8% increase over 1967; largest producer became Miranga field, discovered only in 1965 (see Engineering Index 1967 p 1699), where 120 wells have been drilled, and average total output amount...

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