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Which groups of marine ecosystems are still difficult to document and understand? | mesopelagic fishes | [
"The mobilization of existing data and the development of tools and open, global repositories provide a global picture of the diversity of marine fishes, with 17,762 known species, including 238 species described since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017e).While knowledge of the biodiversity of m... | pira | en | true | [
"B2181"
] | false | [
"As of 2019, 153,434 marine benthic invertebrate species had been described globally. Since 2012, researchers have described 10,777 new marine benthic invertebrate species; at the same time, biodiversity is changing globally at rates unprecedented in human history, creating the potential for species extinction befo... |
What is the main type of energy used in the Brazilian national electrical energy grid? | Hidropower. | [
"This is the year in which Petrobras consolidates its position in the international LNG market starting with the implementation of the LNG terminals in the Bay of Guanabara, state of Rio de Janeiro, and the port of Pecém, in the state of Ceará. These terminals integrate the Petrobras LNG system and are considered t... | pira | en | true | [
"A646"
] | false | [
"This study, firstly, provides an up-to-date global review of the potential, technologies, prototypes, installed capacities, and projects related to ocean renewable energy including wave, tidal, and thermal, and salinity gradient sources. Secondly, as a case study, we present a preliminary assessment of the wave, o... |
How many people were engaged in the primary sector of capture fisheries and aquaculture in 2016? | 59.6 million | [
"Production and species Aquaculture is expanding faster than other types of food production, although no longer at the growth rates of the 1980s and 1990s (11.3 and 10.0 per cent, respectively, excluding aquatic plants). Average annual growth declined to 5.8 per cent during the period from 2000 to 2016, although hi... | pira | en | true | [
"B2026"
] | false | [
"Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in employment and income from fisheries and aquaculture The global harvest of marine capture fisheries has expanded rapidly since the early 1950s and is currently estimated to be about 80 million tons a year. That harvest is estimated to have a first (gro... |
What caused the delay in the construction of tubes in the Espírito Santo basin that would connect the southeast and northeast regions? | the contractors abandoned the project, claiming adverse financial conditions. | [
"Petrobras has postponed until the end of the first half of 2006 the start of production at the offshore Peroa-Cangoa gasfields in the Espirito Santo basin because of lack of transport capacity for the fuel. The development project includes a fixed unmanned platform on Peroa and a 50-km subsea pipeline from the pla... | pira | en | true | [
"A476"
] | false | [
"Construction of the Rio de Janeiro-Sao Paulo gas line for Petrobras represents a landmark within Brazilian energy development since the system interconnects the main South America industrial center located in Sao Paulo state to the Campos basin. This basin, one of the gas and oil offshore producing areas, has the ... |
What man-made organic chemicals have adverse effects on aquatic organisms? | Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). | [
"Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are man-made organic chemicals that have adverse effects on aquatic organisms, sometimes altering ecosystem functioning with potential consequences for the coastal carbon cycle. This study assessed PCBs and OCPs in surface sediments of two estua... | pira | en | true | [
"A1493"
] | false | [
"Integrated management of human activities affecting the ocean When various conclusions in parts III to VI of the present Assessment are linked together, they clearly show that a similar broadening of the context of management decisions will produce similar benefits in and among other sectors of human activities th... |
What is included in the Petrobras fleet renewal program? | construction of 146 offshore support vessels in Brazilian shipyards. | [
"This paper aims to report the production management of domestic shipyards, with the inclusion of the national fleet renewal program. The study addresses how domestic production may or may not leverage its business and promote sustainable growth of the national shipbuilding industry. The largest national power gene... | pira | en | true | [
"A1561"
] | false | [
"Petrobras relies on a fleet of over 300 vessels to support the exploration and production of oil in Brazilian territorial waters. The fleet consists of vessels of various sizes, from Tug Supply vessels to Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Support vessels. These support vessels are designed to aid E&P rigs in wide ra... |
In the Tamandaré open embayment, what confirms the anthropogenic influence of river inputs? | The dominance of the Quinqueloculina and Textularia, negligible numbers of living specimens, low counts of symbiont-bearing foraminifera, high turbidity and high phosphorus concentrations. | [
"This study aimed to assess spatial and temporal ecosystem health variability of coral reefs in the Tamandaré open embayment, located in Northeast Brazil, Southwest Atlantic Ocean, using water and sediment parameters and benthic foraminifera as bioindicators. Sediment samples were collected during the summer and wi... | pira | en | true | [
"A1275"
] | false | [
"Advances in geomorphometry have allowed geoscientists to map landscapes through digital terrain analysis, although seascapes still remain poorly described as compared to continental area. We carried out a systematic morphometric analysis of the inner continental shelf using bathymetric data at Tamandaré, in northe... |
how much of Australia's Exclusive Economic Zone is subject to oil and gas leases? | More than 620,000 km² (almost 9 percent) of Australia's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is subjected to oil and gas leases | [
"Increased use of ocean space Offshore hydrocarbon industries The growth of the offshore oil and gas industry has increased the demand by that sector for access to ocean space within areas under national jurisdiction (including space for pipelines to bring the hydrocarbon products ashore). More than 620,000 km² (al... | pira | en | true | [
"B2469"
] | false | [
"Marine mining is the ocean's new exploration frontier. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is the region over which the respective coastal states hold sovereign rights for exploration, exploitation, conservation and management of natural, living or non-living, resources. The Brazilian EEZ has a rough oceanic area of... |
What caused the changes in paleogeography and coastal paleogeomorphology? | Variations in the composition of vegetation in the Formoso River estuary. | [
"The aim of this work was to carry out a paleoenvironmental study of Holocene sedimentary deposits in the southern sector of Pernambuco's coast (northeastern Brazil). This work addresses an important aspect of Quaternary research that has implications for current climate debates, for instance, how does vegetation r... | pira | en | true | [
"A1305"
] | false | [
"Coastal erosion can lead to coastal retreat, habitat destruction and loss of land, which result in significant negative ecological and socioeconomic impacts on the global coastal zones. Sediment budget and geology determine coastal morphology and dynamics, which influence the nature and health of coastal ecosystem... |
What mathematical model is good for estimating directional wave spectra? | Bayesian inference model | [
"The practicability of estimating directional wave spectra based on a vessel 1s t order response has been recently addressed by several researchers. The interest is justified since on-board estimations would only require only a simple set of accelerometers and rate-gyros connected to an ordinary PC. The on-board wa... | pira | en | true | [
"A762"
] | false | [
"Three different packages describing the white capping dissipation process, and the corresponding energy input from wind to wave were used to study the surface wave dynamics in South Atlantic Ocean, close to the Brazilian coast. A host of statistical parameters were computed to evaluate the performance of wave mode... |
Where were the reservoir production simulations performed to analyze the effects of changes in pressure and fluid saturation? | They were conducted in a geological model of a sandstone reservoir in the Campos Basin, offshore SE Brazil. | [
"Using an integrated approach of reservoir simulation, rock physics and seismic modeling, the present study analyzes the influence of changes in pressure and fluid saturation on synthetic time-lapse seismic sections. The forms and occasions in which these changes can be detected on 4D seismic are studied, to help i... | pira | en | true | [
"A1492"
] | false | [
"Pre-salt carbonate reservoirs are located offshore Brazil at Santos, Campos and Espírito Santo Basins, reaching depths up to 7000 m (22966 ft) and water depths of approximately 2200 m (7218 ft). Most of those reservoirs present very high permeability, resulting in extraordinary oil production rates, imposing, cons... |
where are most of the Brazilian oil reserves located? | the largest is found in deep waters. | [
"Most of Brazilian oil and gas reserves are located in offshore deep waters. In this scenario, high well productivity is essential. Artificial lift will certainly play an important role in the exploitation of those deep water fields. This paper describes the most important artificial lift methods, their main charac... | pira | en | true | [
"A1218"
] | false | [
"Exploration for oil under the salt layer is concentrated in the basins of Santos, Campos, and Espiritu Santo, Brazil. Hopefully it extends to the eastern margin of the Jequitinhonha and Camamu-Almada basins. These basins have been unexplored under the salt layer with respect to the present objectives. One Petrobra... |
If building a reference model for SMEs enterprises to operate in the exploration and production of oil and natural gas which procedure should be in the early stages of the study? | In the early stages you should have a systematization. | [
"The aim of this study is to systematize the knowledge related to the innovation capability of the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) operating in the exploration and production (E&P) of oil and natural gas in Rio de Janeiro state (Brazil). This systematization consists in the early stages of a larger study, which... | pira | en | true | [
"A1811"
] | false | [
"Improved sustainability performance in increasingly complex business environments is a challenging task for organizations operating in many different industries. In the offshore oil and gas industry, the use of potentially hazardous materials and operation under progressively hostile environments increases the ris... |
What was the result of the simulations made to estimate the water retention times in the bay of Icó-Mandantes? | The simulations showed that though the diversion channel did not significantly influence the hydrodynamics of the bay, it is necessary to continuously monitor water quality parameters in the withdrawal, especially during rainy periods after droughts, | [
"The hydropower production, water supply and aquaculture services of the Itaparica Reservoir are of immense importance for the Brazilian Northeast. Uncontrolled water resources consumption (e.g. irrigation, water supply), climate and land use change effects deteriorated the water quantity and quality in the reservo... | pira | en | true | [
"A1516"
] | false | [
"This study presents new stable carbon and oxygen isotope data from Lower Cretaceous lacustrine carbonate rock samples recovered from a well drilled in the Santos Basin, offshore southeast Brazil. These samples represent a record of a continental environment just prior to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and... |
Which ecosystem services are affected by changes in ocean conditions? | The provisioning services to benefit the middle and moderately high latitudes at the expense of low latitudes, where small-scale by subsistence fishing is often important for food security. | [
"Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Changes in the universal ecosystem services from the ocean The most obvious distributional effects of climate change relate to the rise in sea level. Some small island States are predicted to become submerged completely and some heavily populated deltas and other low-... | pira | en | true | [
"B2243"
] | false | [
"Ocean resources provide the main sources of livelihoods to millions of people across the globe, as well as a wide range of ecosystem services and benefits, including oxygen production, food provision, carbon storage, minerals, genetic resources and cultural and general life support services. However, the ecosystem... |
Technology used to decrease the time of planned shutdown of offshore platforms when it is necessary to install fiscal flow meters in gas pipelines? | Hot Tapping and Plugging with a Bypass arrangement | [
"In order to comply with ANP / INMETRO No. 1 regulations, Petrobras undertook a project to install fiscal flow meters on its gas pipelines located on its Marlin Asset platforms in the Campos Basin. However, meter installation required 15 days of shutdown on each platform, which would reduce production rates. A tech... | pira | en | true | [
"A1143"
] | false | [
"The development of Brazil's Offshore fields has been performed using flexible pipes because this pipe technology offers significantly increased flexibility, enabling the movement of pipes between wells and reducing lead time to bring a well onstream as compared to rigid pipe solutions. In addition, the decision of... |
What does the Barracuda FPSO project provides? | An overview of the design of pull in and pull out operations. | [
"In order to develop new deep water fields using FPSO's, Petrobras has introduced several innovations to install 34 flexible risers individually connected to the Barracuda FPSO project. This paper provides an overview of design of the pull in and pull out operations. It also deals with I tube dimensions considering... | pira | en | true | [
"A825"
] | false | [
"Petrobras' Barracuda and Caratinga Project consists in an offshore deep-water oil fields production development, located at the Campos Basin, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for which Petrobras is the concessionaire. The fields cover an area of 493 square kilometers at water depths of 600 to 1,100 meters for Barracuda ... |
What is the purpose of all the monitoring systems presented? | systems are synchronized to acquire data in the same period of time, to enable reanalysis with more reality | [
"In 1998, Petrobras installed the first steel catenary riser on a P-18 semi-submersible platform, in Marlim Field, at 910 m water depth. It was decided to install a monitoring system to check the riser design methodology, including Vortex Induced Vibrations (VIV) Analysis. For VIV monitoring, the riser was instrume... | pira | en | true | [
"A537"
] | false | [
"The meteorological monitoring program for the coastal zone of Brazil was established in cooperation with public and private institutions: Navy Hydrographic Center, Brazilian Institute of Natural Resources, National Space Agency, South Santa Catarina University, Paraná Federal State University, Rio Grande do Sul Fe... |
What does the FEL2 methodology allow to accomplish? | The methodology allows, for example, the evaluation of the number and capacity of the platforms, the ideal timetable for the construction of the well, the use of flexible or rigid risers, the diameter of the production lines and the choice of technologies for handling high C02 flows concentration in an integrated manne... | [
"Current oil prices have made the offshore exploration of oil reserves a major challenge for oil companies. Standardization and extensive use of chattered units has allowed Petrobras to effectively promote competitiveness, cost reduction and reduced schedules in its projects. As a step forward in its pursue for cos... | pira | en | true | [
"A1602"
] | false | [
"The finite element method was applied for the driving simulation of special offshore piles with a conic shape toe. The FEM solution developed allowed realistic modelling of the several aspects involved, such as the geometric characteristics of the pile, the surrounding soil including stratification, the pile soil ... |
What services does underwater forests promote? | Biodiversity conservation, O2 production and absorption of part of the CO2 from the atmosphere | [
"The coastal zone, where most of the Brazilian population lives, plays a central role for discussing vulnerability and adaptation strategies to climate change. Besides saltmarshes, mangroves and coral reefs, this region also presents seagrass beds, macroalgae and rhodolith beds, forming underwater forests, which ar... | pira | en | true | [
"A1102"
] | false | [
"Ocean resources provide the basis for the livelihoods of millions of people across the globe, as well as a range of critical ecosystem services, including oxygen production and carbon storage, several biodiversity-related services, such as the harvesting of living resources, coastal protection and genetic resource... |
How can climate change increase seawater contamination? | Higher temperatures caused by climate change speed up the proliferation of seawater bacteria that can cause not only gastroenteritis after ingesting oysters, but also topic infection after contact with the water. | [
"The global impact of poor water quality was examined in a study by the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) and WHO. Based on global estimates of the number of tourists who go swimming, and WHO estimates of the relative risks at various levels of contaminatio... | pira | en | true | [
"B2100"
] | false | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Sea-level rise It is very likely that extreme sea-level maxima have already increased globally since the 1970s, mainly as a result of global mean sea-level rise. That rise is due in part to anthropogenic warming, causing ocean thermal expansion and th... |
Why was the Monte Carlo method along with a Latin hypercube strategy implemented? | It was implemented to propagate the uncertainties in the input variables for the resulting pressure. The probabilistic approach aims to consider the uncertainties in the input variables (weight, rheology, penetration rate, speed and acceleration of the drilling column, pump flow, particle diameter, well trajectory, etc... | [
"The present study aims to propose a methodology to treat probabilistically the prediction of well bottom pressures during drilling, circulation and tripping operations. The pressure generated by the fluid is the primary safety barrier and its failure can immediately initiate gains and losses events in the well, wi... | pira | en | true | [
"A1664"
] | false | [
"Petrobras launched the PDBC (Campos Basin Development Plan) as part of Company's Strategic Plan to increase production and incorporate reserves in a scenario of mature fields and low oil prices. The plan is based on an integrated analysis of opportunities, combining skills of professionals with different backgroun... |
What is the main gain with HUBs close to offshore platforms? | Increase in the percentage of operating time on the site. | [
"Everyday thousands of people commute to offshore platforms in Brazil. The presence of a remote terminal, the so-called HUB, adjacent to the platforms, not only reduces the shipment costs, but also increases the speed of commuting. The present work addresses the feasibility of utilizing a ship shape hull as alterna... | pira | en | true | [
"A1816"
] | false | [
"Oil exploration in the pre-salt, mainly in the SANTOS BASIN, has increased significantly and as results increasing the number of thousands of people commute to offshore platforms in Brazil is inevitable. The presence of a remote terminal, the so-called HUB, adjacent to the platforms, not only reduces the shipment ... |
Why is seafood essential for food security? | Because it provides more than 20 per cent of the average per capita animal protein intake for 3 billion people, and more than 50 per cent in some developing countries. | [
"Ocean resources provide the basis for the livelihoods of millions of people across the globe, as well as a range of critical ecosystem services, including oxygen production and carbon storage, several biodiversity-related services, such as the harvesting of living resources, coastal protection and genetic resource... | pira | en | true | [
"B2068"
] | false | [
"Food security and food safety Seafood products, including finfish, invertebrates and seaweeds, are a major component of food security around the world. They are the major source of protein for a significant fraction of the global population, in particular in countries where hunger is widespread. Even in the most d... |
What are the trends of growth in the practice of snorkeling and scuba diving? | Although its growth rate has dropped significantly, these activities are still growing. Actually, between 2013 and 2019 there was about 6 per cent growth in the number of establishments offering diving training. | [
"Enjoyment of marine wildlife Diving Snorkelling and scuba diving continue to be a significant element in marine tourism, focused on enabling tourists to enjoy underwater wildlife. The substantial growth (about 25 per cent) in the levels of the activity recorded in the period from 2000 to 2013 and reported in the f... | pira | en | true | [
"B2285"
] | false | [
"Advances in knowledge and capacity New exploration and development in offshore areas remain a major source of increasing global oil and gas production. Technological advances in the past decade have encouraged exploration in deep and ultradeep waters further away from shore and enabled the discovery of significant... |
What is the purpose of this research? | Improve quality of life of fishing communities while conserving the land and seascape that they explore | [
"The fragmented and sectoral character of conservation as well as development policies has exacerbated the problems faced by small-scale fishers in developing countries. In Ilha Grande Bay (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), traditional small-scale fishers (“Caiçaras”) has struggled to respond to the contemporary challenges ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1390"
] | false | [
"The aim of this study is to systematize the knowledge related to the innovation capability of the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) operating in the exploration and production (E&P) of oil and natural gas in Rio de Janeiro state (Brazil). This systematization consists in the early stages of a larger study, which... |
What are microplastics? | Microplastics are particles smaller than 5 mm derived (or not) from the fragmentation of larger plastics. | [
"The coastal environment is constantly affected by materials of anthropogenic origin, among which are microplastics. Microplastics are particles smaller than 5 mm that are derived (or not) from the fragmentation of larger plastics. They are carried by currents and tides and deposited along the shoreline, and are mi... | pira | en | true | [
"A1435"
] | false | [
"Description of environmental changes between 2010 and 2020 Primary microplastics, such as microbeads or industrial granulated pellets, enter the marine environment directly, while secondary microplastics result from the weathering, abrasion and fragmentation of single-use plastics (e.g., cutlery, trays, straws, ci... |
Why the results obtained from inspection and numerical reanalysis provides important feedback for the wholeness management of the two HP/HT pipelines? | Because it reduces latent risks and lessons learned for projects in the future. | [
"This paper addresses the results from a monitoring inspection as part of Petrobras regular plane of inspection of rigid pipelines (PIDR) and numerical Finite Element analysis (FEA) of two parallel HP/HT subsea pipelines operating in Brazilian deepwater subjected to lateral buckling and walking behaviors. The resul... | pira | en | true | [
"A1199"
] | false | [
"Two of the biggest drivers in Middle East oil & gas operations today are the continued development and upgrade of existing facilities (Brownfield Projects) and the challenges involved in developing high pressure, high temperature (HP/HT) fields. These developments come with very different piping and pipeline chall... |
Which habitats are in the worst conservation condition? | The deltas and estuaries are globally categorized as in the worst conditions. | [
"Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Ecosystems and habitats identified for special attention Considering specific types of important marine and coastal habitats, estuaries and deltas are categorized globally as in poor overall condition, based on published assessments of them for 101 regi... | pira | en | true | [
"B2295"
] | false | [
"Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017), the global conservation status of seabirds has worsened, continuing a long-term trend. Thirty-one per cent of species are now threatened with extinction, up from 28 per cent in 2010. Pressures related to fishing (by-catch and prey depletion) are now af... |
Where was Brazil's pre-salt oil discovered? | It was discovered in the South Atlantic Santos and Campos salt basins. | [
"The discovery and production, by Petrobras, of over 50 billion barrels in place of pre-salt oil in Brazil's offshore South Atlantic Santos and Campos basins has drawn worldwide attention to its km-thick Cretaceous salt seal since 2007. However, the depth of the pre-salt reservoir in these basins make prohibitive t... | pira | en | true | [
"A572"
] | false | [
"The Brazilian Pre-Salt region has garnered much attention since the first major discoveries were announced by Petrobras, in 2006. Since then, discoveries in the region have ranked among the largest in the world in the last ten years, including Tupi, Iara, and Libra. This led to various estimates, from within and o... |
What are the proportions of the berth in Guanabara Bay? | It has a total length of 314.50 m and 13 m below low water level. | [
"The project and the construction of the secondary Mooring Berth intended for petroleum by-products which forms part of the system of the Petrobras Almirante Tamandate Maritime Terminal (Tegua) in Guanabara Bay, and permits 18 simultaneous operations of two 35,000 dwt tankers. The total length of the mooring berth ... | pira | en | true | [
"A309"
] | false | [
"In January 2000, Guanabara Bay in Rio de Janeiro experienced a major oil spilling caused by a break down in one PETROBRAS oil pipeline. Over than 1.3 tons of fuel oil escaped into the bay water in the northern region. Studies of foraminiferal taphonomic assemblages in sediment samples collected on three periods in... |
What would "satellite wells" be? | These are high-productivity wells that produce more than 20,000 barrels of oil per day. | [
"Petrobras, as the largest operator in ultra-deep waters in South America, has been using a field development concept that has proved to be winner since 2010. This concept is well suited for fields with high productivity wells, which produce more than 20,000 barrels of oil per day. In the market, this concept is kn... | pira | en | true | [
"A1629"
] | false | [
"The world's first subsea, deepwater, all-electric intelligent completion system installed in the 8MLS-67HA-RJS well in 3,540 feet of water at Marlim Sul Field, Brazil was discussed. The 8-MLS-67HA-RJS well was a single-string, dual-zone injector well in a water-driven reservoir. The intelligent completion was subj... |
What are the impacts of the offshore industry on marine environment? | Contamination by hydrocarbons and other chemicals, destruction of fauna and flora, increased turbidity, underwater noise among others. | [
"Increasing inputs of harmful material Offshore hydrocarbon industries Major disasters in the offshore oil and gas industry have a global, historical recurrence of one about every 17 years. The most recent is the Deepwater Horizon blowout of 2010, which spilled 4.4 million barrels (about 600,000 tons) of oil into t... | pira | en | true | [
"B2488"
] | false | [
"Impacts on the marine environment Throughout all tourist areas, the major impact on the marine environment comes from coastal development, including the proportion of land covered by buildings, such as hotels, restaurants and retail shops, and transport infrastructure, including ports, airports and train terminals... |
What is the factor that indicates an increase in organic matter and dominance of eutrophic conditions? | The domain of infanit species, mainly globocassidulin subglobosis, boliviniids and buliminiids throughout the nucleus allow this interpretation | [
"One late Quaternary sediment core from the continental slope of the northern sector of Pelotas Basin (southern Brazilian continental margin, 2091 m water depth) was analyzed in order to evaluate the influence of the organic matter influx in the benthic foraminiferal assemblage composition on a regional scale. This... | pira | en | true | [
"A1571"
] | false | [
"Increasing inputs of harmful material Eutrophication Eutrophication resulting from excess inputs of nutrients from both agriculture and sewage causes algal blooms. Those can generate toxins that can make fish and other seafood unfit for human consumption. Algal blooms can also lead to anoxic areas (i.e. dead zones... |
When the provisional system in Garoupa Field was implemented, what tools did it use? | Seafloor pipe line, meter, loading tower and a processing ship remaining from the original production system | [
"When Petrobras' Garoupa Field production tower collapsed last September 7, the company replaced it with a provisional early production system designed to restore production until permanent platforms and pipe lines could be installed. This provisional system uses the seafloor pipe line, meter, loading tower and pro... | pira | en | true | [
"A1040"
] | false | [
"The application of the recent technique of creating lateral tunnels by acid jetting into the formation has been a topic of discussion in Petrobras because it is a reliable, fast an economic way to increase the well productivity index in complex geology carbonate reservoirs. In order to evaluate this technology, a ... |
In which region of the coast of southeastern Brazil was the animal muzzled blenny found? | Near the port of São Sebastião. | [
"Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2015.We report, for the first time, the occurrence of the muzzled blenny, Omobranchus punctatus, on the coast of São Paulo, South-Eastern Brazil, partially filling a record gap within the species' expected distribution in Brazil. One individual was found on 16 Ju... | pira | en | true | [
"A1175"
] | false | [
"Pollen and spore palynomorph diversity on Rio Grande do Sul inner continental shelf, southern Brazil. The knowledge of modern pollen and spore morphology are very important to consistent palynomorph identifications and robust interpretations on past vegetation and climate change. The objective of this work was to ... |
What is the fluid content of the microbial carbonate reservoir in the Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster? | A variable CO2 content. | [
"The Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster (SBPSC), Offshore Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario, posing great development challenges. The microbial carbonate reservoir is unusual regarding its origin and petrophysical properties; the fluids have a variable CO2 content; the few analogue reservoirs around the world do no... | pira | en | true | [
"A793"
] | false | [
"Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster, Deepwater Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario due to the heterogeneous nature of its microbial carbonate reservoir, underlain by 2,000 m salt layer and distant 300 km from the coast. Other characteristics for development are the variable CO2 content and compositional grading with ... |
In 1977, what was the deepest offshore production well in operation? | Marlim South 3. | [
"Petrobras has been successfully dealing with deep water floating production systems using flexible pipes since 1977. During the completion of Marlim South 3 well in 1977, Petrobras was surprised by the occurrence of two birdcage type failures. At that time, Marlim South 3, in a water depth of 1709 m was the deepes... | pira | en | true | [
"A777"
] | false | [
"The objective of this paper is to present how Petrobras is successfully managing production losses due to mineral scale formation in subsea production wells from its biggest offshore field1. Marlim Field, discovered in 1985 with a STOIIP estimated at 1,012 million STD m3 (6,369 million STB) and a field area of 146... |
What was the estimated potential recoverable volume for the Lula Oil Field when it was discovered in 2006? | Up to 8.3 billion Barrels of Oil Equivalent | [
"This article discusses the development of several mega projects for the development of the Pre-Salt fields, in the Santos Basin, deepwater, offshore Brazil. Special focus is given to the Lula Field, a super giant field, operated by Petrobras, having BG Brasil and Petrogal Brasil as partners. Discovered in 2006 and... | pira | en | true | [
"A1854"
] | false | [
"The Brazilian Pre-Salt region has garnered much attention since the first major discoveries were announced by Petrobras, in 2006. Since then, discoveries in the region have ranked among the largest in the world in the last ten years, including Tupi, Iara, and Libra. This led to various estimates, from within and o... |
How are magmatic or igneous rocks observed? | Indirectly through 3D reflection seismic data due to its high contrast of acoustic impedance within host sedimentary rocks. | [
"The geometry and architecture of magmatic systems are important to understand the emplacement of magma and its eventual extrusion at surface. The magmatic or igneous rocks are indirectly observed in 3D reflection seismic data due to their high acoustic impedance contrast within host sedimentary rocks. Intrusions i... | pira | en | true | [
"A1934"
] | false | [
"Igneous rocks are widely developed in many hydrocarbon-bearing sedimentary basins in Brazil, and some igneous rocks play positive roles in the oil and gas accumulation process. But so far, no industrial oil or gas flow is discovered in igneous rocks in Brazilian onshore basins. At present, in some literatures publ... |
What was the increase in global CO2 emissions between 2010 and 2019? | From 30.4 gigatons in 2010 to 33.3 gigatons in 2019. | [
"Climate change Climate has always been a major influence on the marine environment, with high natural variability from year to year and longer-term variability associated with climate phenomena at the regional and global levels. However, there is strong evidence that the climate is changing at a rate unprecedented... | pira | en | true | [
"B2312"
] | false | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Sea-level rise It is very likely that extreme sea-level maxima have already increased globally since the 1970s, mainly as a result of global mean sea-level rise. That rise is due in part to anthropogenic warming, causing ocean thermal expansion and th... |
What is the extent of the structure under which LIBRA is located? | The Libra discovery is sitting over a structural trap of about 550 km2 (212 mi2) closure at the Aptian top reservoirs level | [
"As the operator of several exploratory blocks in ultradeep waters, Petrobras was responsible for many presalt oil discoveries in Santos Basin such as Tupi, Carioca, Guará, and Iara. In partnership with the National Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency (ANP), Petrobras drilled well 2-ANP-2A, which resulted in... | pira | en | true | [
"A1112"
] | false | [
"The Libra project is exploring and developing a very large deposit of oil and gas in the pre-salt area of Santos Basin, 100 miles offshore Brazil's coastline. Five companies have come together in a consortium together with Pré-sal Petróleo SA (PPSA) to develop this area under the country's first Production Sharing... |
What are the Dinoflagellate cysts ages that can be recognized by a well drilled in Pelotas basin? | The range of dates are between Cretaceous and Neogene. | [
"Dinoflagellate cysts are commonly used to obtain the relative ages, correlations and paleoenvironmental interpretations of the Cretaceous and Paleogenic sections of the Brazilian continental margin. However, the micropaleontological data of the Pelotas Basin is mainly concerning to calcareous microfossils, which i... | pira | en | true | [
"A1291"
] | false | [
"The vegetation history and climate in southeastern Brazil, as well as the oceanic dynamics of the tropical Atlantic Ocean offshore, were reconstructed for the last 7.4 cal ka BP. This reconstruction was based on pollen, fern spores and dinoflagellate cysts identified in a marine core (CF10–04B). It was possible to... |
What type of geological event related to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean characterizes the Romualdo Formation, in the Araripe Basin? | Marine ingression caused by transgressive-regressive cycle bounded by two regional unconformities. | [
"Geologic events related to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean deeply influenced the sedimentary record of the Araripe Basin. As consequence, upper stratigraphic units of the basin record a marine ingression in northeastern Brazil during the late Aptian. The timing and stratigraphic architecture of these units... | pira | en | true | [
"A1839"
] | false | [
"The Miocene Pirabas Formation is of strategic importance for the hydrocarbon industry since it represents the onshore portion of larger offshore basins of Northern Brazil, including the Foz de Amazonas, the Pará-Maranhão, Barreirinhas, Ceará, and the Potiguar basins of the equatorial margin of South America. The P... |
What has been demonstrated based on the sensitivity analysis? | The effect of using different boundary conditions would decrease as the distance from the open limit increased; however, the difference was still noticeable in the location of the buoy, which was located 200-300 km from the limits of the model; but restricted to the narrow band of the low frequency wave spectrum. | [
"Three different packages describing the white capping dissipation process, and the corresponding energy input from wind to wave were used to study the surface wave dynamics in South Atlantic Ocean, close to the Brazilian coast. A host of statistical parameters were computed to evaluate the performance of wave mode... | pira | en | true | [
"A1503"
] | false | [
"The use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) logs for petrophysical interpretation and evaluation in the oil and gas industry has increased in recent decades, especially in Brazil, where the use of this technology was increased by more than 400% from 2011 to 2018 (from 49 to 208 runs). This increased usaged occurre... |
What tests does Petrobras traditionally carry out in deep water reservoirs during the exploratory phase? | Extended Well Tests (EWT). | [
"During the exploratory phase, Petrobras traditionally performs extended well tests (EWT) in deepwater reservoirs. In offshore environments these extended well tests (EWT) are performed by ships that are able to store the produced oil in cargo tanks for subsequent offloading. In pursuit of a more environmentally fr... | pira | en | true | [
"A1082"
] | false | [
"The oil industry's search for new hydrocarbon accumulations has led to the drilling of ever deeper wells, normally under harsh conditions that involve high pressures, temperatures and mechanical strengths as well as sour gas production. In order to perform drill-stem tests (DSTs) safely, these constraints must be ... |
What is the depth of the Barracuda and Caratinga fields? | Barracuda is approximately 600 to 1100 meters deep and Caratinga is 850 to 1350 meters deep. | [
"Petrobras' Barracuda and Caratinga Project consists in an offshore deep-water oil fields production development, located at the Campos Basin, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for which Petrobras is the concessionaire. The fields cover an area of 493 square kilometers at water depths of 600 to 1,100 meters for Barracuda ... | pira | en | true | [
"A342"
] | false | [
"Albacora, a giant field located under water depths ranging from 230m to 1,900m, in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, has an estimated oil-in-place volume of 4.4 billion bbl and extends over an area of 235 km2. The development plan conceived for this field has been divided into three phases, which the first one is a c... |
What is a possible drawback of the Bayesian inference method? | the inversion of the mean direction (the 180° shift) | [
"The practicability of estimating directional wave spectra based on a vessel 1s t order response has been recently addressed by several researchers. The interest is justified since on-board estimations would only require only a simple set of accelerometers and rate-gyros connected to an ordinary PC. The on-board wa... | pira | en | true | [
"A930"
] | false | [
"The characterization of geological faults from geological and geophysical data is often subject to uncertainties, owing to data ambiguity and incomplete spatial coverage. We propose a stochastic sampling algorithm which generates fault network scenarios compatible with sparse fault evidence while honoring some geo... |
In what months does the 10-m wind over the ESGA blow the strongest? | September and January . | [
"The objective of this work is to describe the climate of Espírito Santo and the northern part of the Campos Basin (i.e., the Espírito Santo geographical area - ESGA), which is located in southeastern Brazil. The observed data from the Floating, Production, Storage and Offloading-Brazil platform, operated by Petrob... | pira | en | true | [
"A295"
] | false | [
"Fourteen years (September 2002 to August 2016) of high-resolution satellite observations of sea surface temperature (SST) data are used to describe the frontal pattern and frontogenesis on the southeastern continental shelf of Brazil. The daily SST fronts are obtained using an edge-detection algorithm, and the mon... |
What was an important project developed by Procap? | The development of the subsea multiphase flow pumping system (SMFPS) based on the SBMS-500 prototype. The SMFPS features several subsystems that incorporate electrical motors and ancillary equipment. | [
"The collaboration between Petrobras and Westinghouse has resulted in the development of a conceptual design for a subsea multiphase-flow pumping system. The system, called SBMS-500, features 500 m3/hr total flow rate, up to 6 Mpa of pressure increase, up to 95% gas-void fraction (GVF) at the suction, and about 1.2... | pira | en | true | [
"A403"
] | false | [
"A discussion covers the three consecutive PROCAP programs. They are the engineering programs that the state owned Petrobras developed with respect to exploitation in ultra deep waters. Five factors that have been decisive for success in the exploitation of petroleum in deep and ultra deep waters in the Campos basi... |
How many seafarers serving on international merchant ships were estimated to be in 2015, considering both officers and ratings? | 1647500 | [
"Seafarers The number of seafarers serving on international merchant ships was estimated in 2015 at 1,647,500, of which 774,000 were officers and 873,500 ratings. A new survey will be carried out in 2020. China, the Philippines, Indonesia, the Russian Federation and Ukraine were estimated to be the five largest sup... | pira | en | true | [
"B2164"
] | false | [
"Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in maritime transport All sectors of maritime transport (cargo trades, passenger and vehicle ferries and cruise ships) are growing in line with the world economy. It is not possible to estimate the earnings from those activities, as the structure of the c... |
Which company is used to develop a descriptive case study of the offshore oil and gas industry? | Petrobras | [
"Improved sustainability performance in increasingly complex business environments is a challenging task for organizations operating in many different industries. In the offshore oil and gas industry, the use of potentially hazardous materials and operation under progressively hostile environments increases the ris... | pira | en | true | [
"A866"
] | false | [
"The views of engineering executives of six major international oil companies on the role of new technology in helping offshore operating companies meet demanding technical and economic challenges are presented. The companies are BP, Chevron, Elf Aquitaine, Mobil, Petrobras and Shell. The top ten technical advances... |
What are the elements that are necessary in order to make the SCC condition occur? | Water, stress and susceptible material. | [
"The development of Brazil Offshore fields using flexible pipes took the advantage of the possibility to move around lines, anticipate the production and postpone the decision of where exactly the development phase wells should be placed, making the drilling campaign easier, cheaper and faster. For the Pre-Salt fie... | pira | en | true | [
"A1310"
] | false | [
"The development of Brazil's Offshore fields has been performed using flexible pipes because this pipe technology offers significantly increased flexibility, enabling the movement of pipes between wells and reducing lead time to bring a well onstream as compared to rigid pipe solutions. In addition, the decision of... |
Where can we find birth places of C. limbatus? | Throughout the Brazilian coast | [
"The determination of the period of parturition and identification of nursery areas are fundamental for the management and conservation of a fishing resource. Through combination of monthly abundance, length measurements, and development time of embryos we inferred about parturition time of the Blacktip sharks, Car... | pira | en | true | [
"A1217"
] | false | [
"Loliginid squids constitute marine resources of increasing importance in shelf ecosystems off the coast of South Brazil. However, the existing information and knowledge about the occurrence of early-life stages and causes of distributional patterns are insufficient. Here, we have revisited Brazilian historical pla... |
Which regions are with higher downward trends in oil activity? | Mature regions, such as the North Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. | [
"Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017a), the offshore oil and gas sector has continued to expand globally, in particular in deep and ultradeep waters. The use of tension leg platforms, spars and floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) systems are key to such expansion. In the next... | pira | en | true | [
"B2062"
] | false | [
"As new oil fields are discovered downslope on the largest Brazilian oil region, Campos Basin, situated on the shelf break and continental slope of eastern South America, new oceanographic challenges are continuously encountered by oceanographers and engineers involved in the design, installation and production of ... |
What made it possible to predict the polyphasic tectonic-sedimentary evolution and to specify different depositional configurations? | The integration of facies analysis, stratigraphic data, and subsidence history. | [
"Several Mesozoic successions of the Southern Tethyan margin were accumulated on a carbonate platform evolving to pelagic plateau depositional systems. Rifting paleotectonics was the main process conditioning their tectono-sedimentary evolution. The well-exposed outcrops in NW Sicilian fold and thrust belt of the s... | pira | en | true | [
"A1546"
] | false | [
"The dynamic of gravity-driven turbidity currents is strongly influenced by the morphology of the seafloor, formed by topographic highs and lows on the margin along the depositional profile. This paper focuses on the methodology and the main results of a study on the palaeotopographic controls in a turbidite succes... |
What is population growth and its associated demands causing? | The increase in greenhouse gas emissions, waste production, including plastics, and the use of chemicals in agriculture, energy production and resource extraction | [
"There is no universally agreed set of drivers that has been defined for the marine environment. Different programmes and assessment processes have defined drivers in varying ways and, in some cases, drivers and pressures, whether natural or anthropogenic in nature, are used interchangeably. In the Millennium Ecosy... | pira | en | true | [
"B2360"
] | false | [
"Population growth and demographic changes Although the global human population increased from 7 billion in 2011 to 7.7 billion in 2019, the growth rate has been steadily decreasing, from 2.1 per cent in 1968 to 1.08 per cent in 2019. Projections of global population growth suggest an uneven but continuing increase... |
What are the results of the increasing population growth rate and urbanization in coastal regions? | Economic benefits which place more pressure on coastal ecosystems. | [
"Population growth and demographic changes Although the global human population increased from 7 billion in 2011 to 7.7 billion in 2019, the growth rate has been steadily decreasing, from 2.1 per cent in 1968 to 1.08 per cent in 2019. Projections of global population growth suggest an uneven but continuing increase... | pira | en | true | [
"B1983"
] | false | [
"Within coastal regions, projections under shared socioeconomic pathways estimate a 71 per cent increase in the global human population across the period 2000–2050 to over 1 billion, as a result of overall global population growth as well as migration into those areas (Merkens and others, 2016). Under the same scen... |
Why Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster is a unique scenario? | It is a unique scenario due to the heterogeneous nature of its microbial carbonate reservoir | [
"Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster, Deepwater Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario due to the heterogeneous nature of its microbial carbonate reservoir, underlain by 2,000 m salt layer and distant 300 km from the coast. Other characteristics for development are the variable CO2 content and compositional grading with ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1457"
] | false | [
"The Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster (SBPSC), Offshore Southeast Brazil, is a unique scenario, posing great development challenges. The microbial carbonate reservoir is unusual regarding its origin and petrophysical properties; the fluids have a variable CO2 content; the few analogue reservoirs around the world do no... |
How the spatial analyses permit the establishment of environmental management strategies? | Based on the existing knowledge of their hydrographic basins, the theoretical concepts of landscape geoecology and environmental planning, and supported by the techniques of remote sensing and thematic cartography. | [
"Estuaries provide an appropriate unit for spatial analyses that permit the establishment of environmental management strategies, based on the existing knowledge of their hydrographic basins. The present study developed a diagnostic approach to landscape and environmental management, based on the theoretical concep... | pira | en | true | [
"A1729"
] | false | [
"Increasing pressures on marine environments from multiple sources are resulting in biodiversity loss, habitat damage and fragmentation and disease. Effective implementation of ecosystembased management requires an appreciation of how, and to what extent, human activities and natural events interact and affect diff... |
What measure should the drilling fluid take to keep the wellbore stable and avoid problems such as high torque, drag and stuckpipes? | Exert a minimum hydrostatic pressure on the formation. | [
"Drilling salt zones, especially in deep and ultra-deep waters, presents several challenges to be overcome. One of the main problems faced by drilling engineers while designing and executing a section in salt zones, is the formation flow to the wellbore. Temperature and pressure exerted by the rocks above the salt ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1153"
] | false | [
"In the Peregrino field, located in the Campos Basin offshore Brazil, the operator adopted the use of water-based drilling fluids for drilling development wells due to rig limitations. In the 12 ¼-in. sections of several wells drilled in this field, high dispersion of shale minerals suffered by the drilling fluid c... |
What are the consequences of climate change in the way humans live nowadays? | People will redistribute themselves to more liveable regions, increasing urban footprints in those regions. | [
"Within coastal regions, projections under shared socioeconomic pathways estimate a 71 per cent increase in the global human population across the period 2000–2050 to over 1 billion, as a result of overall global population growth as well as migration into those areas (Merkens and others, 2016). Under the same scen... | pira | en | true | [
"B2016"
] | false | [
"Climate change Climate has always been a major influence on the marine environment, with high natural variability from year to year and longer-term variability associated with climate phenomena at the regional and global levels. However, there is strong evidence that the climate is changing at a rate unprecedented... |
What can affect metal desorption? | salinity | [
"Shipyards impact on estuarine environments because of the use of antifouling paints and petroleum products, which release trace metals that may remain in their bioavailable or labile form. Regardless of its importance, the relation between continuous input of trace metals (hotspot area) and their availability in t... | pira | en | true | [
"A325"
] | false | [
"The knowledge of metal behavior in the aquatic environment is important for understanding its effects in estuarine zones and mangrove areas. These important and precious ecosystems are affected by many different factors that may vary temporally and spatially. The present study investigated the spatial and temporal... |
What factors can influence the fronts? | Wind forcing, orientation of the coastline, seafloor topography and meandering of the Brazil current. | [
"Fourteen years (September 2002 to August 2016) of high-resolution satellite observations of sea surface temperature (SST) data are used to describe the frontal pattern and frontogenesis on the southeastern continental shelf of Brazil. The daily SST fronts are obtained using an edge-detection algorithm, and the mon... | pira | en | true | [
"A1255"
] | false | [
"A passing cold front is the main modifying agent of the weather in Rio de Janeiro State and it can occur throughout the whole year, most frequently during winter. By using synoptic charts, satellite images and data collected through meteorological observations, this paper aims to analyses the evolution and transit... |
How does Petrobras test drilling in deep fields? | The use of a simple and reliable test-string assembly, achieved by reducing and replacing components, and the adoption of extremely rigorous safety standards and careful selection of materials suitable for use in the presence of hydrogen sulphide. | [
"The oil industry's search for new hydrocarbon accumulations has led to the drilling of ever deeper wells, normally under harsh conditions that involve high pressures, temperatures and mechanical strengths as well as sour gas production. In order to perform drill-stem tests (DSTs) safely, these constraints must be ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1821"
] | false | [
"Petrobras has been successfully dealing with deep water floating production systems using flexible pipes since 1977. During the completion of Marlim South 3 well in 1977, Petrobras was surprised by the occurrence of two birdcage type failures. At that time, Marlim South 3, in a water depth of 1709 m was the deepes... |
When is Surface Related Multiple Elimination (SRME) not effective? | The SRME breaks down when applied to shallow water data | [
"Surface Related Multiple Elimination (SRME) has been approved to be an effective demultiple tool for marine data processing. However, it breaks down when applied to shallow water data mainly because 1) missing or contaminated near-offsets lead to inaccurate multiple models; 2) the cross-talk of short-period multip... | pira | en | true | [
"A1520"
] | false | [
"The mixture of different water masses can strongly influence the marine reservoir effect (MRE) in localities under the effect of coastal marine upwelling. The Cabo Frio region, on the southeastern Brazilian coast, is well known for its seasonal marine upwelling and for its rich landscape of Holocene shellmounds. I... |
How much petroleum and natural gas was discovered by Petrobras in Brazillian reserves? | 25 billion bbl. | [
"A discussion covers the new oil and natural gas discoveries by Petrobras from August 2005 to August 2008. The discovery of oil and natural gas by Petrobras in the presalt of the Santos basin, especially Tupi, has come to the attention of the global petroleum industry. Localized in reservoirs that vary from 5,300 t... | pira | en | true | [
"A350"
] | false | [
"Petrobras announced a \"giant\" discovery in the northern part of Campos Basin, of at least an estimated recoverable 0.6 billion bbl of heavy oil. The reservoir, about 80 km offshore, was initially discovered in January 2001. The country's last major find, the 3 billion bbl, ultra-deep-water Roncador field, was ma... |
Which other kind of species resides close to the Mithraculus forceps? | Other decapod crustaceans. | [
"The population structure of Mithraculus forceps sampled monthly on Anchieta Island from January 1999 to December 2000 was studied. A total of 68 individuals were collected by SCUBA diving. The population presented normal and unimodal distribution, and the total sex ratio was 1.4:1.0 in favour of males. Ovigerous f... | pira | en | true | [
"A330"
] | false | [
"Length-weight and length-length relationships were determined for nine fish species of Rocas Atoll, Fernando de Noronha and Trindade Island. Samples were conducted in 2014 (Rocas) and 2015 (Noronha and Trindade) in tidepools using anaesthetic clove oil and hand nets to collect fish fauna. Four species (Stegastes r... |
What are the innovative boosting techonologies that PETROBRAS Deep and Ultra-Deep Water R&D Program are deploying? | ESPS - electrical submersible pump in subsea wells, SSS - subsea separation systems and SBMS - subsea multiphase flow pumping system. | [
"This paper presents the importance of deep water scenario for Brazil, the PETROBRAS Deep and Ultra-Deep Water R&D Program (PROCAP-2000) and the candidate fields for the deployment of subsea innovative boosting technologies (ESPS - electrical submersible pump in subsea wells, SSS - subsea separation systems and SBM... | pira | en | true | [
"A980"
] | false | [
"Petrobras has indulged in R&D programs and technology partnerships with key contractors, opening up offshore development opportunities within Brazil. One of the main contractors helping Petrobras to achieve its goals on Marlim is FMC Technologies Inc. The subsea separation, pumping, and water reinjection system wi... |
How many reservoir-scale units were identified? | Four. | [
"The dynamic of gravity-driven turbidity currents is strongly influenced by the morphology of the seafloor, formed by topographic highs and lows on the margin along the depositional profile. This paper focuses on the methodology and the main results of a study on the palaeotopographic controls in a turbidite succes... | pira | en | true | [
"A1383"
] | false | [
"The definition of Reservoir Rock Types (RRT) is a key challenge in the evaluation and characterization of carbonate reservoirs, and this step is critical as the RRT's define the building blocks for constructing 3D models, as RRT definition links to static and dynamic reservoir properties. This paper describes an i... |
What can RFID and RTLS provide? | An effective and proven real-time bridge and report current process events as they happen. | [
"Offshore logistical operations can be complicated. Companies need to keep tabs on all equipment and products necessary to keep exploration and production moving. Operators and service companies such as Brazil's Petrobras and Schlumberger are contemplating ways in which to simplify the process of tracking assets lo... | pira | en | true | [
"A455"
] | false | [
"The Brazilian Oceanographic Modeling and Observation Network (REMO, acronym for ‘Rede de Modelagem e Observação Oceanográfica’ in Portuguese) has developed the REMO Ocean Data Assimilation System (RODAS). It is based on an Ensemble Optimal Interpolation scheme applied into the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM)... |
What kind of human activity poses a threat to bathypelagic fishes? | Deep-sea mining | [
"Positive outlooks for fish biodiversity come from the evidence that individual fish populations respond positively to effective fisheries management (Hilborn and others, 2020) and that fish diversity and biomass increase within effective marine protected areas (Sala and Giakoumi, 2017). However, the global extinct... | pira | en | true | [
"B2146"
] | false | [
"Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Marine mammals, marine reptiles, seabirds, sharks, tuna and billfis Cumulative effects are comparatively well documented for species groups of the top predators in the ocean, including marine mammals, seabirds and marine reptiles. Many of those species ... |
What chemical compouds can be considered a lipid biomarker? | Sterols, n-alcohols, phytol and taraxerol. | [
"A better understanding of the sources – continental or marine – and distribution of organic matter (OM) in shelf sediments of areas under distinct natural and anthropogenic forces is essential to obtain a global view of the carbon cycle. In this study, we evaluated the influence of river discharge on the OM accumu... | pira | en | true | [
"A1347"
] | false | [
"Lipid biomarkers [fatty acids (FAs), sterols and alcohols] and carbon stable isotopes (?¹³C values) in surface sediments from 9 cross shelf transects (25–3000 m water depth) from the Campos Basin, SE Brazilian continental margin were analyzed. The aim was to investigate the link between the prevailing regional spe... |
With what have the results of a comprehensive geochemical characterization of oil been integrated? | Cuttings and core sample descriptions, biostratigraphic controls, well log analyses and 2-D/3-D seismic interpretations | [
"The current research was performed in the eastern portion of the Marlim oilfield to identify the hydrocarbon-generating potential of the Albian-Oligocene sequences (Macaé Group, Ubatuba and Carapebus formations) in the Campos Basin, Brazil. On the basis of petroleum geochemical proxies, an integrated approach was ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1313"
] | false | [
"Petroleum exploration along the West African and South American Equatorial Margin has led to important oil discoveries along both margins. Similar geochemical characteristics of these finds suggest analogous petroleum systems with enormous potential in the conjugate margin sedimentary basins. The Jubilee giant oil... |
What is the average rate of sea level rise shown by spatial variations? | 7.30 mm | [
"Changes in the regional hydrodynamics of the region of the South Atlantic near the east coast of Brazil were evaluated from the beginning to the end of the century. The analysis was based on the anomalies from two downscaling experiments using the HadGEM2-ES outputs for the historical and RCP4.5 runs from the Coup... | pira | en | true | [
"A1748"
] | false | [
"Ocean warming and land ice melt are the main causes of present-day accelerating global mean sea level rise. The global mean sea level has been rising since 1993 (the altimetry era) at a mean rate of 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with a clear superimposed acceleration of approximately 0.1 mm per year. Satellite altimetry ... |
What was the desire of the oil companies to obtain seismic data from the ocean floor (OBS)? | Reduce unit costs of OBS data. | [
"Ocean bottom seismic (OBS) data have been used for appraisal and development applications for a number of years in the North Sea, West Africa, Gulf of Mexico, and more recently offshore Brazil and SE Asia but the scale of the surveys, by dint of their focus on field specific imaging, has been limited compared to t... | pira | en | true | [
"A1599"
] | false | [
"An overview covers ongoing offshore E&P developments in Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, and Argentina and the interest of policy in the sub-salt. Information on E&P activity in Latin America begins in Brazil and includes discussions on discoveries in the pre-salt/sub-salt in deep water. Discoveries are being made in the ... |
In which of Brazil' offshore basins has heavy and high viscosity oil been discovered? | In both the Campos Basin and the Santos Basin. | [
"Significant volumes of heavy and high viscosity oil have been discovered in the Campos and Santos Basins, offshore Brazil, and its economical production is a challenge for the oil industry. New production technologies are required for the economic development of offshore heavy oil reservoirs. Long horizontal or mu... | pira | en | true | [
"A789"
] | false | [
"Exploration for oil under the salt layer is concentrated in the basins of Santos, Campos, and Espiritu Santo, Brazil. Hopefully it extends to the eastern margin of the Jequitinhonha and Camamu-Almada basins. These basins have been unexplored under the salt layer with respect to the present objectives. One Petrobra... |
How many people in the world work with fish farming related activities? | More than 19 million | [
"The importance of fishes and fishery-based activities to food security in less developed countries is particularly prominent. In 2016, Asia accounted for 85.7 per cent of the global population engaged in fisheries and aquaculture (FAO, 2018a),which represents an increase of more than 1 per cent since 2014. More th... | pira | en | true | [
"B2009"
] | false | [
"Food from the sea represents the largest maritime industry in terms of the numbers of people involved. In 2017, the total first sale value of total production was estimated at $221 billion, of which $95 billion was from marine aquaculture production (including fish, shellfish and seaweed). Those figures include sm... |
What is an important advantage of the Chain Table Interface? | Considerable reduction in time of diver operations. | [
"In order to develop new deep water fields using FPSO's, Petrobras has introduced several innovations to install 34 flexible risers individually connected to the Barracuda FPSO project. This paper provides an overview of design of the pull in and pull out operations. It also deals with I tube dimensions considering... | pira | en | true | [
"A841"
] | false | [
"Current oil prices have made the offshore exploration of oil reserves a major challenge for oil companies. Standardization and extensive use of chattered units has allowed Petrobras to effectively promote competitiveness, cost reduction and reduced schedules in its projects. As a step forward in its pursue for cos... |
What are the possible origins of marginal seas around ocean basins? | The interaction between tectonic plates or the subsidence of the old dry land as a result of isostatic changes | [
"A new digital, global seafloor geomorphic features map has been built (especially to assist the World Ocean Assessment) using a combination of manual and ArcGIS methods based on the analysis and interpretation of the latest global bathymetry grid (Harris et al., 2014; Figure 1). The new map includes global spatial... | pira | en | true | [
"B2352"
] | false | [
"The new map shows the way in which the ocean consists of four main basins (the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean) between the tectonic plates that form the continents. The tectonic plates have differing forms at their edges, giving broad or narrow continental shelves and vary... |
In which regions is the Tender-assisted drilling (TAD) commonly used? | The Tender-assisted drilling (TAD) has been used for more than 30 years not only in the Southeast Asia but also in the Gulf of Mexico, West Africa, and the North Sea. | [
"Tender-assisted drilling (TAD) has been revealed as an efficient and effective solution in deep water installations to support drilling operations of tendon leg platforms (TLP). Although this concept is new in offshore Brazil, this has been used for more than 30 years not only in the Southeast Asia but also in the... | pira | en | true | [
"A1853"
] | false | [
"A discussion covers the South American activities of about a dozen companies in brief. Enventure Global Technology has installed the first solid expansible tubular system (SET) in a well in Campeche sound for Pemex. Enventure Global Technology and Halliburton Energy Services have installed a 270 ft 4.5 in. FlexCla... |
What kind of fishing is a popular activity in industrialized countries? | Recreational fishing. | [
"Higher mortality and less successful reproduction of marine biotas Impacts of disturbance from noise Anthropogenic noise in the ocean increased in the last half of the past century. Commercial shipping is the main source, and the noise that it produces is often in frequency bands used by many marine mammals for co... | pira | en | true | [
"B2394"
] | false | [
"Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in employment and income from fisheries and aquaculture The global harvest of marine capture fisheries has expanded rapidly since the early 1950s and is currently estimated to be about 80 million tons a year. That harvest is estimated to have a first (gro... |
What is the reason for the construction of the Petrobras Operations Center? | Human errors and mechanical problems in offshore equipment during the production, transportation and storage of oil that cause oil spillage. | [
"Brazil has suffered water contamination caused by oil spills, which has caused both short-and long-Term environmental damages. Human error and mechanical problems in offshore equipment during the production, transportation and storage of petroleum constitute the main causes of oil spill. Due to this fact and to em... | pira | en | true | [
"A681"
] | false | [
"Petrobras' Barracuda and Caratinga Project consists in an offshore deep-water oil fields production development, located at the Campos Basin, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for which Petrobras is the concessionaire. The fields cover an area of 493 square kilometers at water depths of 600 to 1,100 meters for Barracuda ... |
What stage is the Libra project on the Brazilian coast? | The Libra project is still in the exploration phase, but it is at an accelerated pace, drilling wells and developing a system to collect dynamic information from the reservoir. | [
"The Libra project is exploring and developing a very large deposit of oil and gas in the pre-salt area of Santos Basin, 100 miles offshore Brazil's coastline. Five companies have come together in a consortium together with Pré-sal Petróleo SA (PPSA) to develop this area under the country's first Production Sharing... | pira | en | true | [
"A1739"
] | false | [
"As the operator of several exploratory blocks in ultradeep waters, Petrobras was responsible for many presalt oil discoveries in Santos Basin such as Tupi, Carioca, Guará, and Iara. In partnership with the National Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency (ANP), Petrobras drilled well 2-ANP-2A, which resulted in... |
What was the major milestone for operational performance in obtaining seismic data from the ocean floor (OBS)? | The Z700 autonomous nodal system with its extreme reliability allowed the operation of ever greater extensions of the seabed, which brings several benefits. | [
"Ocean bottom seismic (OBS) data have been used for appraisal and development applications for a number of years in the North Sea, West Africa, Gulf of Mexico, and more recently offshore Brazil and SE Asia but the scale of the surveys, by dint of their focus on field specific imaging, has been limited compared to t... | pira | en | true | [
"A1597"
] | false | [
"Advances in knowledge and capacity New exploration and development in offshore areas remain a major source of increasing global oil and gas production. Technological advances in the past decade have encouraged exploration in deep and ultradeep waters further away from shore and enabled the discovery of significant... |
Although the literature indicates that the oceans adjacent to South America are not climatologically conducive to the formation of tropical cyclones, what does the study result indicate? | It indicates the presence of potential for the genesis of tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean along the Brazilian coast. | [
"According to the literature, the tropical/subtropical oceans adjacent to South America are not climatologically conducive to tropical cyclones forming according to the literature. However, since 2004, two tropical cyclones have been recorded in the southwest Atlantic Ocean and one subtropical that had the potentia... | pira | en | true | [
"A1638"
] | false | [
"Recent Southern Hemisphere (SH) atmospheric circulation, predominantly driven by stratospheric ozone depletion over Antarctica, has caused changes in climate across the extratropics. Here, we present evidence that the Brazilian coast (southwestern Atlantic) may have been impacted from both wind and sea-surface tem... |
What's the Blue Amazon Management System goal? | To develop the Brazilian navy management SoS. | [
"National sovereignty and protection require a diversity of interdependent systems that jointly provide a large infrastructure for the national security, making possible a continuous monitoring and control. These systems assure the confidential information exchange while providing more complex functionalities when ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1761"
] | false | [
"The establishment of policies relevant to the oceanic area in Brazil aims to guide the rational planning of resources of marine space (Blue Amazon), ensuring the quality of coastal population life and the effective protection of ecosystems and resources within it. Therefore, it appears as a major factor in the for... |
What are the six major international oil companies? | BP, Chevron, Elf Aquitaine, Mobil, Petrobras and Shell. | [
"The views of engineering executives of six major international oil companies on the role of new technology in helping offshore operating companies meet demanding technical and economic challenges are presented. The companies are BP, Chevron, Elf Aquitaine, Mobil, Petrobras and Shell. The top ten technical advances... | pira | en | true | [
"A741"
] | false | [
"The 3 million bpd of crude oil produced globally in deep waters represent only 4% of the total explored volume by the petroleum industry. However, the expectation of a large increase in demand for energy in the coming decades is attracting new investments by oil companies. Although a matter that dominates the scen... |
What is the main purpose of the Petrobras Heavy Oil Technological Program (PROPES)? | To determine the foundations for the economic development of the large amounts of heavy oil already found in offshore Brazil. | [
"Significant volumes of heavy and high viscosity oil have been discovered in the Campos and Santos Basins, offshore Brazil, and its economical production is a challenge for the oil industry. New production technologies are required for the economic development of offshore heavy oil reservoirs. Long horizontal or mu... | pira | en | true | [
"A847"
] | false | [
"A discussion covers the three consecutive PROCAP programs. They are the engineering programs that the state owned Petrobras developed with respect to exploitation in ultra deep waters. Five factors that have been decisive for success in the exploitation of petroleum in deep and ultra deep waters in the Campos basi... |
How many boe were discovered in the presalt of the Santos Basin Tupi? | 5-8 billion boe. | [
"A discussion covers the new oil and natural gas discoveries by Petrobras from August 2005 to August 2008. The discovery of oil and natural gas by Petrobras in the presalt of the Santos basin, especially Tupi, has come to the attention of the global petroleum industry. Localized in reservoirs that vary from 5,300 t... | pira | en | true | [
"A348"
] | false | [
"BG Group recently produced a new estimate on the Tupi oil discovery in the Santos basin, stating that the field contains 12-30 billion boe or more. On the one hand, Brazil's Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras) did not comment on the revised production estimate. It can be remembered that Petrobras reported the disco... |
What are the challenging scenarios in offshore construction? | Deep and ultra deepwater exploratory campaigns, inclined, horizontal and complex trajectory development wells, extended reach wells, long horizontal section wells and drilling through sensitive formations. | [
"This article reports the main R&D efforts on wellbore construction hydraulics which facilitated the technological development of major Brazilian offshore fields in challenging scenarios. These include: deep and ultra deepwater exploratory campaigns, inclined, horizontal and complex trajectory development wells, ex... | pira | en | true | [
"A698"
] | false | [
"Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017a), the offshore oil and gas sector has continued to expand globally, in particular in deep and ultradeep waters. The use of tension leg platforms, spars and floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) systems are key to such expansion. In the next... |
What data is obtained from the Drill-Stem Tests (DSTs)? | Downhole data such as pressure, temperature under specific conditions (flow and build-up periods) as well as obtain pressure-compensated fluid samples and produced volume across time. | [
"Deep-water exploration in Brazil has continued to increase in complexity, requiring new technology to not only meet the ever increasing demands of the challenging environments but also the increase in costs. These have been incurred from the continuous increase and upgrades in safety regulations and the costs asso... | pira | en | true | [
"A1203"
] | false | [
"The oil industry's search for new hydrocarbon accumulations has led to the drilling of ever deeper wells, normally under harsh conditions that involve high pressures, temperatures and mechanical strengths as well as sour gas production. In order to perform drill-stem tests (DSTs) safely, these constraints must be ... |
What are the aspects covered in this work? | Aspect of quaternary research. | [
"The aim of this work was to carry out a paleoenvironmental study of Holocene sedimentary deposits in the southern sector of Pernambuco's coast (northeastern Brazil). This work addresses an important aspect of Quaternary research that has implications for current climate debates, for instance, how does vegetation r... | pira | en | true | [
"A1303"
] | false | [
"Drilling and completion in Campos Basin have been in constant evolution, from the first subsea wells and fixed platforms to latest horizontal wells in deepwater. This paper will first present the lessons learned with drilling and completion in shallow water to latest wells drilled and completed in Roncador in the ... |
By what type of modeling were 4D impendence volumes were created and how were they created? | Through direct petro-elastic and seismic modeling. They were created using simulation results, and corresponding synthetic seismic volumes were computed. | [
"Using an integrated approach of reservoir simulation, rock physics and seismic modeling, the present study analyzes the influence of changes in pressure and fluid saturation on synthetic time-lapse seismic sections. The forms and occasions in which these changes can be detected on 4D seismic are studied, to help i... | pira | en | true | [
"A1491"
] | false | [
"Petrobras has been developing its 4D seismic technological programme since 1998, focused on the Brazilian deep-water fields in the Campos Basin, and considering the technical, operational and economic challenges involved in the development plan and reservoir management in this environment. The first step was to al... |
What can be considered necessary to meet safety and quality standards in the development of procedures performed on gas pipeline platforms? | Study and develop the procedure thinking about all technical and safety issues that involve it. | [
"In order to comply with ANP / INMETRO No. 1 regulations, Petrobras undertook a project to install fiscal flow meters on its gas pipelines located on its Marlin Asset platforms in the Campos Basin. However, meter installation required 15 days of shutdown on each platform, which would reduce production rates. A tech... | pira | en | true | [
"A1144"
] | false | [
"Improved sustainability performance in increasingly complex business environments is a challenging task for organizations operating in many different industries. In the offshore oil and gas industry, the use of potentially hazardous materials and operation under progressively hostile environments increases the ris... |
What were the sources of information used for this research? | Participatory monitoring conducted since 2014, and interviews made with boat owners. | [
"The Environmental Protected Area of Anhatomirim (EPAA) located in the Southern coast of Brazil, at Santa Catarina State, is a multiple-use Marine Protected Area (MPA), established to protect the southernmost population of the Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) and its habitats. Boat tourism is an important marine... | pira | en | true | [
"A1907"
] | false | [
"The analysis of hydrocarbons in terms of individual compounds is relevant to understand the origin and source of these substances, as well as its distribution in environmental compartments, including sediments and biota. Hydrocarbons concentrations were determined in sediments and in whole-body soft tissues of the... |
Which techniques can be used to perform detailed structural analysis of floating structures? | Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) | [
"Oil production in ultra-deep waters places some new challenges for floating units. As an FPSO is one of most common types of production units adopted by Petrobras, its behavior in extreme conditions has to be fully tested and verified. During extreme sea storms, ship type floating structures may be subjected to wa... | pira | en | true | [
"A489"
] | false | [
"Tender-assisted drilling (TAD) has been revealed as an efficient and effective solution in deep water installations to support drilling operations of tendon leg platforms (TLP). Although this concept is new in offshore Brazil, this has been used for more than 30 years not only in the Southeast Asia but also in the... |
Why are new technologies and operational practices being developed? | This are requirements to obtain sucess and excellence in these operations to extract oil and gas | [
"Drilling operations in salt zones have gained importance in Brazil due to the discovery of large oil and gas reserves in the Pre-Salt area. Thus, the pursuit of excellence in such operations is requiring considerable development of new operational practices and technologies. Synthetic base mud has been the first c... | pira | en | true | [
"A1722"
] | false | [
"The offshore O&G production has been increasing considerably in the last five years. Therefore, to guarantee the safety of their operations, the O&G companies are being pushed by regulators agencies to establish a robust and efficient safety management system, particularly in Brazil, where the Petroleum National A... |
What temperatures where observed in the marine park of Laje dos Santos during the spring and summer? | bellow 17ºC. | [
"Marine parks constitute important areas for the conservation of marine life and the genetic heritage around the world. The creation of such marine parks must be accompanied by careful measures to guarantee the coexistence of natural biota and human activities in these systems. The State Marine Park of Laje de Sant... | pira | en | true | [
"A1848"
] | false | [
"Based on a vast set of in situ data, a first comprehensive overview of the oceanographic characteristics of Baía de Todos os Santos (BTS) is provided. BTS is the second largest coastal bay in Brazil (maximum area of 1223 km2 and average depth of 9,8 m), and is located in the northeast Brazil, In the vicinity of Sa... |
What kinds of soils were encountered in FNI? | Inceptisol, Entisol, Mollisol, Vertisol and Oxisol | [
"Volcanic oceanic islands host soils that may hold important paleo-environmental proxies, based on vegetation and faunal evidences coupled with pedological and geomorphological indicators. In this regard, the main Brazilian oceanic island of Fernando de Noronha (FNI) still lacks a deeper and more complete analysis ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1539"
] | false | [
"This study aimed to assess spatial and temporal ecosystem health variability of coral reefs in the Tamandaré open embayment, located in Northeast Brazil, Southwest Atlantic Ocean, using water and sediment parameters and benthic foraminifera as bioindicators. Sediment samples were collected during the summer and wi... |
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