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Which fertilizer showed greater degradation of the saturated hydrocarbons and better biostimulation efficacy? | The fertilizer is nitrogen-phoshorus-potassium. | [
"This chapter presents advances in studies related to the monitoring and development of biotechnologies for the restoration of mangrove areas in Todos os Santos Bay that have been impacted by petroleum. The results of surface sediment monitoring show that the estuary of the São Paulo River has the most pollution fr... | pira | en | true | [
"A1773"
] | false | [
"The present study characterizes the quality of sediments from the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (South Brazil). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were determined in sediment samples together with a series of different in vitro bioassays. T... |
Which measure could face the two challenges: economic growth and sustainability in oceans? | Investment in technological advances and innovation. | [
"Economic activity in the ocean is expanding rapidly, with projections that, by 2030, under a business-as-usual scenario, the ocean economy could more than double to a value of more than $3 trillion, with approximately 40 million full-time jobs (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2016). Technolo... | pira | en | true | [
"B2079"
] | false | [
"Theme E Increased use of ocean space, especially in coastal areas, create conflicting demands for dedicated marine space. This arises both from the expansion of long-standing uses of the ocean (such as fishing and shipping) and from newly developing uses (such as hydrocarbon extraction, mining and the generation o... |
What is the main goal of this article? | To offer a preliminary analysis of the process by which the oceanographic sciences emerged and became firmly established in Brazil, by focusing on the contribution of the Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia | [
"Historians of science have yet to study the process by which the oceanographic sciences emerged and became firmly established in Brazil. The main goal of this article is to offer a preliminary analysis of this process by focusing on the contribution of the Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia (Paulista Institute of ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1508"
] | false | [
"In 2018, Brazil announced the designation of two new Large Scale Marine Protected Areas (LSMPAs), resulting in an increase in protection from 1.5% to 26.36% of the country’s maritime territory. We employ an agenda-setting theory to analyze the Brazilian LSMPAs as a causal case study, unpacking the factors that led... |
What was the percentage wise variation in oceanic oxygen levels in the five past decades? | Approximately -2% | [
"Global surface ocean pH has declined on average by approximately 0.1 since the Industrial Revolution, an increase in acidity of about 30 per cent. Ocean pH is projected to decline by approximately an additional 0.3 over the next century unless global carbon emissions are significantly curtailed. The changes can be... | pira | en | true | [
"B2086"
] | false | [
"In the present chapter, the current physical and chemical state of the ocean and its trends are analysed using seven key climate change indicators: Sea level.Sea level integrates changes occurring in the Earth’s climate system in response to unforced climate variability, as well as natural and anthropogenic influe... |
Why is there around 30 ° S an inertial resonance area for the NIO? | Because of the the proximity between the inertial frequency and the sea breeze frequency in this region. | [
"Near-inertial oscillations (NIO) are intermittent motions with a frequency close to the inertial frequency and represent an important fraction of the energy to the currents in the upper ocean. Based on hourly velocity records at the shelf break covering the top 50 m of the water column in 5 locations and one addit... | pira | en | true | [
"A1944"
] | false | [
"Extreme climate events The El Niño Southern Oscillation is a coupled atmosphere-ocean phenomenon, identified by an oscillation between warm and cold ocean temperatures in the tropical central eastern Pacific Ocean and an associated fluctuation in the global-scale tropical and subtropical surface pressure patterns.... |
Which technics enabled an improvement in the deepwater oil field drilling? | A combination of using dynamic positioned and deep anchored rigs simultaneously. | [
"Giant deepwater oilfields had been discovered in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, through the eighties. After overcoming initial problems while drilling the exploratory wells, appraisal wells were drilled under regular performance standards, comparing to shallow water previous data. At that time, Albacora and Marlim... | pira | en | true | [
"A427"
] | false | [
"The continuous discoveries of oil fields in deep and ultra-deep Brazilian waters and the excessive wide fluctuations on the rig rates were the reasons for PETROBRAS to enhance the capability of one of its owned semi-submersible drilling rig. This paper aims to present an overview of the main technical aspects of t... |
What should be considered during drilling pipe connections when drilling a well in ultra-deep waters off the coast of Brazil in the Carcará field? | Variations in measured and simulated downhole pressure ("surge and swab") can result in loss or inflow and should be considered in the well planning phase when mud weight, section lengths, etc. are selected. | [
"This paper describes measured and simulated downhole pressure variations (\"surge and swab\") during drill pipe connections when drilling an ultra-deepwater well offshore Brazil on the Carcará field. Floating rig motion caused by waves and swell (\"rig heave\") inducessurge and swab when the drillstring issuspende... | pira | en | true | [
"A1849"
] | false | [
"Giant deepwater oilfields had been discovered in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, through the eighties. After overcoming initial problems while drilling the exploratory wells, appraisal wells were drilled under regular performance standards, comparing to shallow water previous data. At that time, Albacora and Marlim... |
Where the new magnetic data were acquired? | In the Trindade Island | [
"This work discusses the regional geological and geophysical datasets (potential field data coupled with seismic lines) available across the Eastern Brazilian Continental Margin and addresses tectonic models that have been applied to the geological interpretation of the Vitória-Trindade Chain (VTC). New magnetic da... | pira | en | true | [
"A1628"
] | false | [
"The use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) logs for petrophysical interpretation and evaluation in the oil and gas industry has increased in recent decades, especially in Brazil, where the use of this technology was increased by more than 400% from 2011 to 2018 (from 49 to 208 runs). This increased usaged occurre... |
What are the functions for which the floating vessel chartered by Guara BV is responsible? | Production, storage and offloading | [
"Guara BV, an affiliate of Petrobras, has signed a letter of intent to charter a floating production, storage, and offloading vessel for use on Block BM-S-9 in the Santos basin offshore Brazil. The platform will have a processing capacity of ~ 100,000 bpd of oil and 5 million cu m/day of natural gas. The FPSO will ... | pira | en | true | [
"A469"
] | false | [
"Petrobras has awarded Excelerate Energy a 15-yr time charter for which Excelerate will provide an advanced floating storage and regasification unit (FSRU) to be named by Petrobras VT3. Capable of storing 173,400 cu m, the vessel will deliver 20 million cu m/day of natural gas to southeastern Brazil. In addition, f... |
What caused the Doce river to increase in concentration of metal(loid)s in 2015? | The Fundão Dam disaster and the mine tailings arrival that came with it. | [
"In the context of the Doce river (Southeast Brazil) Fundão dam disaster in 2015, we monitored the changes in concentrations of metal(loid)s in water and sediment and their particulate and dissolved partitioning over time. Samples were collected before, during, and after the mine tailings arrival to the Doce river ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1690"
] | false | [
"The present study deals with bioavailability of trace metals in the Doce river continental shelf, southeast of Brazil. The bottom sediments of the study area were firstly sampled a few weeks before the biggest environmental disaster of Brazil, the collapse of the Fundão dam in November of 2015. The disaster releas... |
What are the piping and pipeline challenges in Brownfield projects? | Ageing piping installations with increased corrosion and leaks, and the need to carry out piping modifications while continuing production. | [
"Two of the biggest drivers in Middle East oil & gas operations today are the continued development and upgrade of existing facilities (Brownfield Projects) and the challenges involved in developing high pressure, high temperature (HP/HT) fields. These developments come with very different piping and pipeline chall... | pira | en | true | [
"A766"
] | false | [
"Drilling and completion in Campos Basin have been in constant evolution, from the first subsea wells and fixed platforms to latest horizontal wells in deepwater. This paper will first present the lessons learned with drilling and completion in shallow water to latest wells drilled and completed in Roncador in the ... |
Why are fishing and aquaculture important to the world population? | They contribute substantially to the income and employment, and therefore indirectly, to the food security of more than 10 percent of the world’s population, principally in developing countries and emerging economies. | [
"The importance of fishes and fishery-based activities to food security in less developed countries is particularly prominent. In 2016, Asia accounted for 85.7 per cent of the global population engaged in fisheries and aquaculture (FAO, 2018a),which represents an increase of more than 1 per cent since 2014. More th... | pira | en | true | [
"B2386"
] | false | [
"The importance of fishes and fishery-based activities to food security in less developed countries is particularly prominent. In 2016, Asia accounted for 85.7 per cent of the global population engaged in fisheries and aquaculture (FAO, 2018a), which represents an increase of more than 1 per cent since 2014. More t... |
What are the factors that contribute to the heterogeneous distribution of biodiversity across the oceans? | The heterogeneity of the oceans, its water masses, currents, ecological processes, geological history and seafloor morphology. | [
"The major ocean currents connect geographic regions and also exert control on ocean life in other ways. Currents form natural boundaries that help define distinct habitats. Such boundaries may isolate different genetic strains of the same species as well as different species. Many marine animals (for example, salm... | pira | en | true | [
"B2411"
] | false | [
"Patterns of biodiversity Perhaps the most common large-scale biodiversity pattern on the planet is the “latitudinal gradient”, typically expressed as a decline in the variety of species from the equator to the poles. Adherence to that pattern varies among marine taxa. Although coastal species generally peak in abu... |
Why bathymetric data, side scan sonar imagery, and underwater were used? | Because were used to map the expressive feature, never informed before. | [
"A deposit dated from 40 cal ka bp is interpreted as a remnant of a spodic B horizon exposed on the seabed adjacent to Guanabara Bay at an average depth of 22 m. Bathymetric data, side scan sonar imagery, and underwater images were used to map the expressive feature, never informed before. It is a semi-consolidated... | pira | en | true | [
"A1733"
] | false | [
"Bathymetry surveys are the first step for every conservation effort on Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Maps depicting depth and bottom geomorphology are used to generate hillshades, that later become basemaps for other themes, such as fish distribution, bottom types, and water quality. Bathymetry map availability i... |
What is the distance between Rio de Janeiro's off-shore and the two pilot fields of the PreSalt? | 300Km | [
"The Sapinhoá and Lula North-East fields, 300km offshore Rio de Janeiro, Brazil are the two pilot fields of the Pre-salt development strategy. Field architecture consists of satellite wells connected to a spread moored FPSO in each of the fields. Through a design competition Petrobras and Partners selected the de-c... | pira | en | true | [
"A756"
] | false | [
"This article discusses the development of several mega projects for the development of the Pre-Salt fields, in the Santos Basin, deepwater, offshore Brazil. Special focus is given to the Lula Field, a super giant field, operated by Petrobras, having BG Brasil and Petrogal Brasil as partners. Discovered in 2006 and... |
For how much of the Brazilian oil production are the oil fields of Roncador, Marlim Sul, Marlim Leste, Barracuda, Caratinga and Albacora Leste responsible? | Approximately 20%. | [
"Petrobras launched the PDBC (Campos Basin Development Plan) as part of Company's Strategic Plan to increase production and incorporate reserves in a scenario of mature fields and low oil prices. The plan is based on an integrated analysis of opportunities, combining skills of professionals with different backgroun... | pira | en | true | [
"A1858"
] | false | [
"The Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras), a state-owned oil company utilizes its floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) P-50 vessel to 16 production wells at the Albacora Leste field in Campos basin. FPSO symbolizes Brazil's plans to reach oil self-sufficiency by mid-2006. The FPSO will process oil pumped... |
Into how many main packages can the Aptian along the Eastern Margin be subdivided into? | The Aptian along the Eastern Margin can be subdivided into 2 main packages with specific tectonic and sedimentological characteristics. | [
"The main tectonic, stratigraphic and sedimentological aspects of the Aptian Stage along the Brazilian Eastern Basins were analyzed based on data from 28 wells drilled by Petrobras, including the description of 750 meters of cores. The Aptian along the Eastern Margin (from Santos to Camamu-Almada basins) can be sub... | pira | en | true | [
"A745"
] | false | [
"Based on the evolution of the tectonic plate and pregeography, the passive continental margin basins on the east coasts of Brazil experienced three prototype phases. Berremian intracontinental rift megasequence in lower cretaceous, comprising lacustrine sediments overlying Neocomian basalts, Aptian intercontinenta... |
For what purpose was the Landsat-5/TM and Radarsat-1 data used for the emergence of Guanabara Bay? | To monitor the location of the oil spill and its movement. | [
"This paper describes the application of remote sensing data for oil spill monitoring in the Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During the emergency, Landsat-5/TM (Thematic Mapper) and Radarsat-1 data were acquired to monitor the location of the spill and its movement. Image classification procedures have been ... | pira | en | true | [
"A443"
] | false | [
"The rupture of a pipeline transporting hydrocarbons at high temperature caused the spill of 1,300 m3 of fuel oil near the Guanabara Bay shoreline, on January 18, 2000. Immediately after the accident, an emergency effort was undertaken to obtain satellite images in order to monitor the spill's location and movement... |
When were the lacustrine carbonates deposited ? | From the Neobarremian until the Aptian | [
"As the operator of several exploratory blocks in ultradeep waters, Petrobras was responsible for many presalt oil discoveries in Santos Basin such as Tupi, Carioca, Guará, and Iara. In partnership with the National Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency (ANP), Petrobras drilled well 2-ANP-2A, which resulted in... | pira | en | true | [
"A1092"
] | false | [
"This study presents new stable carbon and oxygen isotope data from Lower Cretaceous lacustrine carbonate rock samples recovered from a well drilled in the Santos Basin, offshore southeast Brazil. These samples represent a record of a continental environment just prior to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and... |
What are the most prevalent bacterial phyla associated with the mangrove soils in Paranaguá Bay? | Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, and Cyanobacteria | [
"While environmental drivers regulate the structure of mangrove microbial communities, their exact nature and the extent of their influence require further elucidation. By means of 16S rRNA gene-based sequencing, we determined the microbial taxonomic profiles of mangroves in the subtropical Paranaguá Bay, Brazil, c... | pira | en | true | [
"A1362"
] | false | [
"The present study characterizes the quality of sediments from the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (South Brazil). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were determined in sediment samples together with a series of different in vitro bioassays. T... |
Where is Camamu Bay located? | Brazil, south coast of Bahia state. | [
"The Camamu bay (BCM), located at central coast of Bahia, is a pristine region which has been the target of oil and gas activities that could put in jeopardy the whole ecosystem in the case of an oil spill. The present study provides a first overview of its oceanographic characteristics based on a comprehensive set... | pira | en | true | [
"A1317"
] | false | [
"Sambaquis are archaeological shell mounds and middens formed by pre-Columbian populations inhabiting the Atlantic Forest coast of Brazil between the Middle and Late Holocene. Beyond their recognized cultural values, sambaquis are valuable biological archives for tracking changes in past biodiversity and informing ... |
What makes up the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species? | The list includes 19 per cent of mangroves, 21 per cent of seagrass species and one marsh plant species. | [
"Some 90 per cent of mangrove, seagrass and marsh plant species have been assessed as being at risk of extinction; 19 per cent of mangroves, 21 per cent of seagrass species and one marsh plant species are on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Among macroalgae, ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2274"
] | false | [
"Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Ecosystems and habitats identified for special attention Considering specific types of important marine and coastal habitats, estuaries and deltas are categorized globally as in poor overall condition, based on published assessments of them for 101 regi... |
What do the several levels of approximation used in the dynamic analysis of offshore structures subject to wave section regard? | The definition of sea states and the type of analysis procedure applied. | [
"Several levels of approximation are used in the dynamic analysis of offshore structures subject to wave section, both regarding the definition of sea states and the type of analysis procedure applied. The dynamic behaviour is evaluated applying differential analysis procedures. These include a deterministic dynami... | pira | en | true | [
"A1940"
] | false | [
"The new age of oil and gas industry is being driven by cost effective solutions, aiming to provide cheaper, faster and better products/services. The industry 4.0 brings an opportunity to transform systems and processes to be more efficient, making use of digitalization and new technologies, including the use of ar... |
What was the Tegua system in Guanabara Bay created for? | So that derivatives for petroleum can realize 18 simultaneous operations of two tankers. | [
"The project and the construction of the secondary Mooring Berth intended for petroleum by-products which forms part of the system of the Petrobras Almirante Tamandate Maritime Terminal (Tegua) in Guanabara Bay, and permits 18 simultaneous operations of two 35,000 dwt tankers. The total length of the mooring berth ... | pira | en | true | [
"A307"
] | false | [
"On the 18th January 2000 a broken pipeline owned and operated by the oil company Petrobras spilt some 1300 tonne of bunker fuel into Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro. The wildlife response was divided amongst 2 operational strategies and included - avion fauna and cetaceans. This paper deals with the cetacean respons... |
What are the objectives of the thematic maps develop about the Brazilian rivers? | The objective of this maps is defining potential strategies for the planning of land use on different functional scales | [
"Estuaries provide an appropriate unit for spatial analyses that permit the establishment of environmental management strategies, based on the existing knowledge of their hydrographic basins. The present study developed a diagnostic approach to landscape and environmental management, based on the theoretical concep... | pira | en | true | [
"A1728"
] | false | [
"The Reduction Levels (RLs) of Tide Gauge (TG) are used, in Brazil, as Ocean Vertical Data or Chart Datum (CD) which are references to nautical charts made by the Hydrography and Navigation Board of the Brazilian Navy (DHN- Diretoria de Hidrografia e Navegação in Portuguese). In contrast to that was adopted in Braz... |
What important discovery did Petrobras make in the northern part of the Campos basin? | A large recoverable value of at least 0.6 billion barrels of heavy oil. | [
"Petrobras announced a \"giant\" discovery in the northern part of Campos Basin, of at least an estimated recoverable 0.6 billion bbl of heavy oil. The reservoir, about 80 km offshore, was initially discovered in January 2001. The country's last major find, the 3 billion bbl, ultra-deep-water Roncador field, was ma... | pira | en | true | [
"A954"
] | false | [
"Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ... |
How did the mapping of the Sergipe-Alagoas's shelf happen? | Through the study of high-resolution shallow seismic imaging, combined with bathymetry and sedimentology data on the platform. | [
"The following paper had its development on the continental shelf of Sergipe and southern Alagoas aiming the regional mapping of geomorphological features and sedimentary cover through the study of high-resolution shallow seismic imaging, combined with bathymetry and sedimentology data on the platform. This mapping... | pira | en | true | [
"A353"
] | false | [
"Advances in geomorphometry have allowed geoscientists to map landscapes through digital terrain analysis, although seascapes still remain poorly described as compared to continental area. We carried out a systematic morphometric analysis of the inner continental shelf using bathymetric data at Tamandaré, in northe... |
How many and which species were captured for the study in the Paranaguá Bay? | A total of 6,623 individuals were captured, belonging to 2 species of Chondrichthyes and 53 species of Actinopterygii (26 families). Sciaenidae was the most representative in terms of richness, with 11 species, and Ariidae was the most representative in terms of abundance. | [
"The composition of estuarine fish fauna is dynamic and complex. Despite the variation in fish fauna in estuaries, it is possible to observe some species associated with microhabitats. The assemblage composition of these communities is apparently derived from habitat selection. The aim of this study was to assess t... | pira | en | true | [
"A1535"
] | false | [
"Fish fauna was studied in five sites of the shallow infralittoral of the Paranaguá Bay during the period from October 1999 to September 2000. At each sampling site, fish were sampled with other trawls, salinity and temperature were measured, water samples were taken from the bottom of the water column for determin... |
what is the consequence of increased commercial maritime traffic across the Arctic Ocean? | It can displace marine mammals from their habitat. | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Submarine cables Submarine cables have always been at risk of breaks from submarine landslides, mainly at the edge of the continental shelf. As the pattern of cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons changes, submarine areas that have so far been stable may ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2474"
] | false | [
"Passenger traffic Passenger traffic is almost entirely carried on local ferries or on cruise ships. The pattern of ferry traffic remains as described in the first Assessment, but the level of traffic has grown steadily (International Shipping Economics and Logistics (ISL), 2017). The activities of cruise ships hav... |
What is the contract Acergy did in this fields of exploration? | Acergy has a four-year contract of $220-million | [
"Petrobras has brought online two fields, updated its files on the Tupi field and decided to dedicate its exploration efforts along its shores. The FPSO can produce 10mmcm/d of natural gas and 35,000b/d of oil and condensate and store up to 740,000 barrels of oil. The development plan for the field foresees four ho... | pira | en | true | [
"A539"
] | false | [
"Various companies have adopted new production practices in drilling industry. Cengroup Petroleum has signed a contract with the Azeri government to begin the oil-gathering process. A new gas pipeline, called Nabucco pipeline, is being planned to access the reserves at the Caspian basin that produces plenty of oil.... |
What are the conditions for water-based mud mixed with gas inflow to form hydrates that strangle and paralyze a drill in the ocean? | The conditions must be that of a low temperature environment at the bottom of the sea | [
"Several gas-influx events occurred while drilling an exploratory well in 4,219 ft of water offshore the southeast coast of Brazil. The 9 5/8-in. casting was set at 12,480 ft before drilling the final 8 1/2-in. phase of the program. A sequence of gas-influx events adversely affected drilling operations. Water-based... | pira | en | true | [
"A270"
] | false | [
"This paper describes measured and simulated downhole pressure variations (\"surge and swab\") during drill pipe connections when drilling an ultra-deepwater well offshore Brazil on the Carcará field. Floating rig motion caused by waves and swell (\"rig heave\") inducessurge and swab when the drillstring issuspende... |
What are the indicators that tectonic inversion is an active phase of the Brazilian margin? | The consistency of the structures formed during the postrift , with the present-day stress field. | [
"In passive continental margins, the brittle reactivation of shear zones and their role in the deformation and deposition of sedimentary basins are still a matter of debate. In this research, we investigated the role of the brittle reactivation of Precambrian shear zones in the nucleation of rift and postrift fault... | pira | en | true | [
"A1409"
] | false | [
"The continental margin of Brazil in intraplate South America exhibits a seismicity rate 70% higher than the average stable continental regions. This margin encompasses Northeastern Brazil, where most of the seismicity and active faults concentrate along the coast. The current study presents an integration of high-... |
Which presence we can determine using the fish hepatoma cell (PLHC-1)? | Using PLHC-1 we can determine the presence of cytotoxic compounds and CYP1A- and oxidative stress-inducing agents. | [
"The present study characterizes the quality of sediments from the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (South Brazil). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were determined in sediment samples together with a series of different in vitro bioassays. T... | pira | en | true | [
"A1775"
] | false | [
"UV filters (UV-Fs) constitute a heterogeneous group of chemicals used as protection against the effects of UV radiation, widely used in all sort of goods and ubiquitous in the environment. The presence of these chemicals in fish is a matter of concern, because many UV-Fs display hormonal activity. In this study, m... |
What did the water-based mud (WBM) mixed with the gas influx do the operation? | It adversely affected drilling. | [
"Several gas-influx events occurred while drilling an exploratory well in 4,219 ft of water offshore the southeast coast of Brazil. The 9 5/8-in. casting was set at 12,480 ft before drilling the final 8 1/2-in. phase of the program. A sequence of gas-influx events adversely affected drilling operations. Water-based... | pira | en | true | [
"A603"
] | false | [
"Water-Alternating-Gas (WAG) injection is an enhanced recovery method that is being applied in some brazilian offshore oilfields as an alternative to combine effective pressure maintenance policies, flexible produced gas management strategies and increased recoveries. In this technology, gas plays the role of reduc... |
How can the model implemented in the case study Brazil Estuary of Lagoa dos Patos help? | The model appears as a tool capable of generating comparative risk levels and can help to establish environmental management policies related to the climatic effects and the necessary adaptations. | [
"The effects of the global climate change on oceans and coastal areas are manifested in many ways. In coastal environments, the climate change influence on coastal ecosystems is particularly worrisome, affecting their configuration and restricting the ecosystem services they produce and their benefits to nature and... | pira | en | true | [
"A1331"
] | false | [
"Many estuaries present natural harbor conditions with relatively calm and shallow waters that provide a connection between the ocean and continental waterways. The increase in the demand for goods by the constant growing of the world population has forced estuaries to be altered by human activities, such as dredgi... |
What kind of changes can global warming and climate change cause in the hydrological cycle? | Shifts in the seasonal distribution and amount of precipitation, an increase in extreme precipitation events, changes in the balance between snow and rain, accelerated melting of glacial ice, and sea-level rise. | [
"Some key alterations are anticipated in the hydrological cycle due to global warming and climate change. Changes that have been identified include shifts in the seasonal distribution and amount of precipitation, an increase in extreme precipitation events, changes in the balance between snow and rain, accelerated ... | pira | en | true | [
"B2314"
] | false | [
"Climate change Climate has always been a major influence on the marine environment, with high natural variability from year to year and longer-term variability associated with climate phenomena at the regional and global levels. However, there is strong evidence that the climate is changing at a rate unprecedented... |
What was the location of the 210Pb mangrove sediment core examined? | Sepetiba Bay, Brazil. | [
"Purpose: In order to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities on carbon and nutrient accumulation, total organic carbon (TOC), nitrogen (TN), and phosphorus (TP) accumulation rates were examined in a 210Pb-dated mangrove sediment core from Sepetiba Bay, Brazil, a coastal region impacted by multiple environmen... | pira | en | true | [
"A1500"
] | false | [
"Rare-earth elements have gained significant attention as they are currently widely used in high tech, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Here we used the fiddler crabs Leptuca leptodactyla as bioindicators to verify the presence of rare-earth elements in two mangrove areas of the Ubatuba, northern littoral o... |
Which of the major limestone plankton events along the Oligocene-Miocene transition are reliable events at a global scale? | The Sphenolithus ciperoensis Top, the S. delphix Base and Top, and the Sphenolithus cometa Base | [
"After the formalization of the base of the Miocene in the Lemme-Carrosio section (Italy) at the base of Subchron C6Cn.2n, the calcareous plankton biostratigraphy was refined in several open ocean Deep Sea Drilling Project/Ocean Drilling Program sites. However, high-resolution quantitative biostratigraphic studies,... | pira | en | true | [
"A242"
] | false | [
"Based on the evolution of the tectonic plate and pregeography, the passive continental margin basins on the east coasts of Brazil experienced three prototype phases. Berremian intracontinental rift megasequence in lower cretaceous, comprising lacustrine sediments overlying Neocomian basalts, Aptian intercontinenta... |
Who delineated the 'Legal Continental Shelf' survey? | Brazilian Navy and PETROBRAS. | [
"In 1992, Brazilian Navy and PETROBRAS carried out a geophysical survey along the continental margin off northeastern Brazil, as part of a governmental plan to delineate the \"Legal Continental Shelf’ according to the international Law of the Sea. This data set is leading to a better understanding of the crustal tr... | pira | en | true | [
"A519"
] | false | [
"Continental shelves are areas of extreme environmental and economic importance and priority areas for management and planning efforts. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding many tropical shelves, mainly due to high costs associated with surveying large marine areas with traditional techniques. Carbonatic, se... |
Who won the first bidding round of LIBRA? | The winning consortium was comprised of Petrobras (operator), Shell, Total, CNOOC (China National Offshore Oil Corporation), CNPC (China National Petroleum Corporation), and PPSA (Pré-Sal Petróleo S.A.). | [
"As the operator of several exploratory blocks in ultradeep waters, Petrobras was responsible for many presalt oil discoveries in Santos Basin such as Tupi, Carioca, Guará, and Iara. In partnership with the National Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency (ANP), Petrobras drilled well 2-ANP-2A, which resulted in... | pira | en | true | [
"A1072"
] | false | [
"Forty-four companies competed for 23 blocks - 13 offshore and 10 onshore - in Brazil's second bid round in June 2000. That 21 of the 23 blocks on offer were licensed shows that the country remains a big draw among E&P firms. The top bidders include a consortium between Santa Fe Snyder (operator, 45%) and Construto... |
What could happen if greenhouse gas emissions maintain its current rates? | The surface temperature could increase by 1.5°C between 2030 and 2052. | [
"Economic activity in the ocean is expanding rapidly, with projections that, by 2030, under a business-as-usual scenario, the ocean economy could more than double to a value of more than $3 trillion, with approximately 40 million full-time jobs (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2016). Technolo... | pira | en | true | [
"B2432"
] | false | [
"Climate change Climate has always been a major influence on the marine environment, with high natural variability from year to year and longer-term variability associated with climate phenomena at the regional and global levels. However, there is strong evidence that the climate is changing at a rate unprecedented... |
Which installation could be built to improve the dispersion of effluents in the Port of Santos? | A study appointed that a increase of 1.2 km on the outfall's original length could improve this dispersion. | [
"Currently, the Port of Santos is the largest in Latin America, and its access channel is in the process of deepening, intending to reach 17 m DHN as an ultimate goal. Specifically for the maritime bar section, which is now maintained only by dredging, a significant increase in the volume of maintenance dredging is... | pira | en | true | [
"A1271"
] | false | [
"Home to approximately four hundred thousand inhabitants and an important touristic center, the City of Santos is the largest seaport in South America. This coastal city is located in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Since 1979, an ocean outfall has been in use for combined sewage disposal from the City of Santos an... |
Wich factor is very important to analyze sea surface temperature? | The wind | [
"Fourteen years (September 2002 to August 2016) of high-resolution satellite observations of sea surface temperature (SST) data are used to describe the frontal pattern and frontogenesis on the southeastern continental shelf of Brazil. The daily SST fronts are obtained using an edge-detection algorithm, and the mon... | pira | en | true | [
"A1256"
] | false | [
"In the present chapter, the current physical and chemical state of the ocean and its trends are analysed using seven key climate change indicators: Sea level.Sea level integrates changes occurring in the Earth’s climate system in response to unforced climate variability, as well as natural and anthropogenic influe... |
Who assessed marine fishes species and by which ways is it possible to accomplish this type of assessment? | International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Through the mobilization of existing data and the development of tools and open, global repositories. | [
"The mobilization of existing data and the development of tools and open, global repositories provide a global picture of the diversity of marine fishes, with 17,762 known species, including 238 species described since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017e).While knowledge of the biodiversity of m... | pira | en | true | [
"B2238"
] | false | [
"The global biomass of marine fishes is approximately four times the total biomass of all birds and mammals (Bar-On and others, 2018), and fishes constitute an important part of marine biodiversity. Approximately 70 per cent of the marine fish biomass is comprised of mesopelagic fishes, although with wide estimate ... |
Was the method using G. bonnieroides better or worse than using L. plumulosus? | Both tests showed similar results | [
"Brazilian Environmental Authority (IBAMA) adopted EPA rules for discharging drill cuttings from O&G operations. EPA method describes procedures to evaluate toxicity using Leptocheirus plumulosus. Despite being an exotic species, Brazilian laboratories keep L. plumulosus cultures. Otherwise, Grandidierella bonn... | pira | en | true | [
"A1822"
] | false | [
"Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis and F. paulensis are the most exploited shrimps of SE-S Brazilian coast. Our aim was to verify if adjacent nursery areas with different environmental condition (Sepetiba and Guanabara bays, SE Brazil) influence on shrimp populations (eg, CPUE) and body shapes. Samplings were carried ou... |
What are some practices that can increase the use of less-polluting pesticides? | Education of farmers, supervision of distribution systems, and monitoring of the Ocean. | [
"Increasing inputs of harmful material Agricultural inputs The agricultural revolution of the last part of the twentieth century, which has largely enabled the world to feed its rapidly growing population, has also brought with it problems for the ocean in the form of enhanced run-off of both agricultural nutrients... | pira | en | true | [
"B2095"
] | false | [
"This chapter presents advances in studies related to the monitoring and development of biotechnologies for the restoration of mangrove areas in Todos os Santos Bay that have been impacted by petroleum. The results of surface sediment monitoring show that the estuary of the São Paulo River has the most pollution fr... |
What needs to be considered to determine the location and capacity of platforms for oil exploration in order to minimize investment costs? | A set of oil wells to be drilled and a set of possible locations for platforms of standard sizes | [
"The problem of optimal location and sizing of offshore platforms for oil exploration can be formulated as follows: given a set of oil wells to be drilled and a set of possible locations for platforms of standard sizes, determine the location and capacity of the platforms to be built as well as the assignment of we... | pira | en | true | [
"A824"
] | false | [
"Offshore oil development projects are complex and require high capital investment. The application of methodologies that seek optimization of economic parameters of projects became particularly important since 2014, when oil barrel prices plummeted. At that moment, some projects required modifications to regain ec... |
What does the SERPENT project intend to create? | Baseline data about ecosystems around gas installations and offshore oil | [
"Advances in knowledge and capacity New exploration and development in offshore areas remain a major source of increasing global oil and gas production. Technological advances in the past decade have encouraged exploration in deep and ultradeep waters further away from shore and enabled the discovery of significant... | pira | en | true | [
"B2081"
] | false | [
"A discussion covers the South American activities of about a dozen companies in brief. Enventure Global Technology has installed the first solid expansible tubular system (SET) in a well in Campeche sound for Pemex. Enventure Global Technology and Halliburton Energy Services have installed a 270 ft 4.5 in. FlexCla... |
How does the ocean contribute to a cleaner atmosphere to the human being? | Marine plants in general are responsible for the production of 50 per cent of the atmospheric oxygen and for sinking carbon from the atmosphere. | [
"Looking in more detail at the services that the ocean provides, we can break them down into three main categories. First, there are the economic activities in providing goods and services which are often marketed (fisheries, shipping, communications, tourism and recreation, and so on). Secondly, there are the othe... | pira | en | true | [
"B2197"
] | false | [
"Consider how dependent upon the ocean we are. The ocean is vast – it covers seven-tenths of the planet. On average, it is about 4,000 metres deep. It contains 1.3 billion cubic kilometres of water (97 per cent of all water on Earth). But there are now about seven billion people on Earth. So we each have just one-f... |
Why doesn't Betulaceae represent the coastal vegetation of Rio Grande do Sul? | Because it represents montane forests, with anemophilous pollination and transported over long distances. | [
"Pollen and spore palynomorph diversity on Rio Grande do Sul inner continental shelf, southern Brazil. The knowledge of modern pollen and spore morphology are very important to consistent palynomorph identifications and robust interpretations on past vegetation and climate change. The objective of this work was to ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1719"
] | false | [
"Southeastern Brazilian marine coastal deposits provide an excellent opportunity to investigate environmental changes such as sea level and trophic variability during the Holocene period. In this study, we present a sediment record from Arraial do Cabo Bay, Rio de Janeiro State. In order to improve the understandin... |
How long is the Campos Basin in Km2? | 115.000 Km2 | [
"Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ... | pira | en | true | [
"A578"
] | false | [
"The Campos Basin (100,000 km2) is located on the continental shelf of southeastern Brazil. Despite the significant oil and gas industrial activities underway in the Campos Basin, scarce information is available regarding the hydrocarbon contents and microbial communities in the deep-sea sediments. To gain new insi... |
Taking into account all the growth that will happen with Acergy gaining Petrobras for flexible installation services in deep waters up to 2,000 m off the coast of Brazil, what is the revised target for 2020 of the pre-salt? | The revised 2020 target does not include any production from the new pre-salt regulatory framework. | [
"Petrobras has brought online two fields, updated its files on the Tupi field and decided to dedicate its exploration efforts along its shores. The FPSO can produce 10mmcm/d of natural gas and 35,000b/d of oil and condensate and store up to 740,000 barrels of oil. The development plan for the field foresees four ho... | pira | en | true | [
"A731"
] | false | [
"Brazilian company Petrobras has discovered various new deepwater pre-salt reservoirs and plans to devote 17% of its E&P capital during the 2009-2013 plan for the development of these resources. According to Petrobras' 2009-2013 Strategic Plan, pre-salt output could be the biggest source of domestic production grow... |
In which state does Petrobrás will invest at least $3.5 billion? | Bahia | [
"Petrobras will invest at least $3.5 billion in the northeastern state of Bahia through 2010 to expand the local gas networks, boost oil and gas output, and improve refining capabilities. Among the projects, Petrobras plans to invest over $1.2 billion to develop gas produciton at the offshore Manati field in the Ca... | pira | en | true | [
"A514"
] | false | [
"BR Petrobras plans to spend $224 billion through 2014 to develop deepsea oil finds. Supplying equipment in a timely fashion will be key to its efforts to nearly double oil production in Brazil by 2020. Brazil's government wants the majority of the cash headed to local companies or local units of foreign multinatio... |
Which test area was selected for the study? | Ilha Grande Bay region (southeastern Brazil) | [
"Current climate changes have several consequences, such as rising sea levels. Today, the identification of coastal vulnerabilities worldwide is necessary to prevent impacts and drive action. The aim of the work was to estimate the vulnerable areas from a total rate of increase in sea level of 2.8 m and to identify... | pira | en | true | [
"A1710"
] | false | [
"The analysis of hydrocarbons in terms of individual compounds is relevant to understand the origin and source of these substances, as well as its distribution in environmental compartments, including sediments and biota. Hydrocarbons concentrations were determined in sediments and in whole-body soft tissues of the... |
What parameters are used to monitor an oil spill? | The usually monitored parameters are petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), aliphatic compounds (n-alkanes), unresolved complex mixtures (UCM), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), terpanes and steranes. | [
"Faced with the latest experiences on Brazilian oil spill incidents, Petrobras has been trying to overcome many challenges in environmental management and operational safety, aiming to prevent environmental risks. This paper presents the oil characterizations and monitoring studies in affected ecosystems such as th... | pira | en | true | [
"A283"
] | false | [
"This paper describes the application of remote sensing data for oil spill monitoring in the Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During the emergency, Landsat-5/TM (Thematic Mapper) and Radarsat-1 data were acquired to monitor the location of the spill and its movement. Image classification procedures have been ... |
What would be the cost for cleaning up the marine litter European costal areas? | €630 million per year. | [
"Consequences of changes for human communities, economies and well-being The most significant impact of the use of plastic in products and packaging is marine pollution (UNEP, 2014), but it is important to emphasize that it is difficult to quantify the economic impact of marine litter. Based on figures from 2011, t... | pira | en | true | [
"B2130"
] | false | [
"IntroductionThe term “marine litter” refers to any persistent, manufactured or processed solid material discarded, disposed of or abandoned in marine and coastal environments (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP), 2019) and covers an extremely wide variety of... |
What was the methodology proposed by the case study in Brazilian wind farms? | The calculation of wind deficit in three different metmasts, through the comparison of measurement periods under wake effect and under no wake. | [
"This study measured the wake effect in a Brazilian onshore windfarm with 38 turbines located in complex terrain. The proposed methodology calculated the wind deficit in 3 different metmasts, by comparing the measurement periods in free-of-wake condition to measurement periods under wake effect. Uncertainties due t... | pira | en | true | [
"A1926"
] | false | [
"This work seeks to demonstrate the technical feasibility of offshore wind projects by calculating the preliminary estimate of wind energy production in the Brazilian marine environment, through a simplified methodology based on currently available data in a case study performed with the application of wind turbine... |
Where do the marine environments contribute to commercial and recreational fisheries landings? | In seagrass beds in the Mediterranean | [
"Regulating services of marine and coastal ecosystems Oceans perform fundamental regulating services. They influence biologically mediated processes, such as carbon fixation and oxygen release, enabling climate mitigation and regulation. Similarly, coastal fringes perform a key role in sequestering carbon. Those se... | pira | en | true | [
"B2211"
] | false | [
"Impacts on the marine environment Throughout all tourist areas, the major impact on the marine environment comes from coastal development, including the proportion of land covered by buildings, such as hotels, restaurants and retail shops, and transport infrastructure, including ports, airports and train terminals... |
where is Parque das Conchas located ? | northern Campos basin offshore Brazil | [
"Parque das Conchas is an ultra-deepwater heavy oil development located in the northern Campos basin offshore Brazil. The project is a joint venture between Shell, Petrobras, and ONGC. The first phase of the project is the development of 3 independent subsea fields tied back to the centrally located turret moored f... | pira | en | true | [
"A856"
] | false | [
"There are about thousands of shell-mounds (sambaqui in Portuguese) along the Brazilian sea coast. They have been built by sea water and therefore geologists used sambaquis positions to indicate sea level in the past. In the state of Santa Catarina in southern Brazil Ca. 60 very large sambaquis are found. One of th... |
What was the average production of the Marlin Sul field in 2003? | 151,000 bpd | [
"Petrobras increased its oil production capacity by 100,000 bpd following the start-up of operations at the Marlim Sul floating production, storage, and offloading vessel (FPSO), at the Marlim Sul field, in the Campos basin. Petrobras has leased the FPSO from the US' Single Buoy Moorings since January 2003. The new... | pira | en | true | [
"A904"
] | false | [
"The objective of this paper is to present how Petrobras is successfully managing production losses due to mineral scale formation in subsea production wells from its biggest offshore field1. Marlim Field, discovered in 1985 with a STOIIP estimated at 1,012 million STD m3 (6,369 million STB) and a field area of 146... |
What is the oil storage capacity of a 1975 VLCC? | 1.4 million barrels of oil. | [
"Parque das Conchas is an ultra-deepwater heavy oil development located in the northern Campos basin offshore Brazil. The project is a joint venture between Shell, Petrobras, and ONGC. The first phase of the project is the development of 3 independent subsea fields tied back to the centrally located turret moored f... | pira | en | true | [
"A1054"
] | false | [
"These last years the conversion of VLCC (Very Large crude Carrier) in FPSO (Floating, Production, Storage and Offloading) unit has been used by Petrobras in Brazil offshore to work in the exploitation of oil in deep, what is a consequence of the necessity of large storage unit with the capability to transfer the o... |
What does the Synthetic seismogram demonstrate? | The ambiguities and uncertainties in relating the seismic amplitude to salt types. | [
"On the account of the absence of modern analogues, the interpretation of evaporite-bearing basins relies extensively on seismic and well data. Recent studies describe the intrasalt kinematic, geometries and compositions, relating the change of reflection patterns in seismic data to variations in evaporite sequence... | pira | en | true | [
"A1282"
] | false | [
"Using an integrated approach of reservoir simulation, rock physics and seismic modeling, the present study analyzes the influence of changes in pressure and fluid saturation on synthetic time-lapse seismic sections. The forms and occasions in which these changes can be detected on 4D seismic are studied, to help i... |
What are the most important oil and natural gas basins in Brazil? | The Campos and Santos Basins are the most important oil and natural gas basins in Brazil. | [
"The acoustic patterns variation can be used to understand the sediment distribution extrapolating the information to places where is not possible to take any sample. Many authors already use this integrated method to investigate interest areas in, both, commercial and scientific aspect. In this direction the curre... | pira | en | true | [
"A950"
] | false | [
"Construction of the Rio de Janeiro-Sao Paulo gas line for Petrobras represents a landmark within Brazilian energy development since the system interconnects the main South America industrial center located in Sao Paulo state to the Campos basin. This basin, one of the gas and oil offshore producing areas, has the ... |
How depth in the ocean the photosynthesis takes place? | The upper 200 metres of the ocean are where most photosynthesis takes place | [
"The new map shows the way in which the ocean consists of four main basins (the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean) between the tectonic plates that form the continents. The tectonic plates have differing forms at their edges, giving broad or narrow continental shelves and vary... | pira | en | true | [
"B2408"
] | false | [
"The complex system of the atmosphere and ocean currents is also crucial to the distribution of life in the ocean, since it regulates, among other factors, (as said above) temperature, salinity, oxygen content, absorption of carbon dioxide and the penetration of light and (in addition to these) the distribution of ... |
How could improvement in drilling efficiency be observed in the reservoir section? | A comparison was performed between the previous bits used in the field and the new bit concept, certifying that the new bit reduced the reservoir section drilling time by 59%. | [
"This work explains the process of how a bit was designed specifically to address drilling challenges of the reservoir section of the Mero Field offshore Brazil. The performance of this new bit is compared to previous bits used in the field. A systematic process to design and evaluate the performance of a new bit i... | pira | en | true | [
"A1534"
] | false | [
"In the Peregrino field, located in the Campos Basin offshore Brazil, the operator adopted the use of water-based drilling fluids for drilling development wells due to rig limitations. In the 12 ¼-in. sections of several wells drilled in this field, high dispersion of shale minerals suffered by the drilling fluid c... |
What is the DSI? | Dredging Sensitivity Index (DSI) was developed as a management tool to be used in project planning steps. | [
"Ports link world commerce via maritime routes, and dredging services are essential to establish and maintain these connections. However, one question is critical when dredging is being considered: where are the best places to do it? To try to answer this question, a Dredging Sensitivity Index (DSI) was developed a... | pira | en | true | [
"A1441"
] | false | [
"SpaceData International (SDI) and WesternGeco have successfully launched the first operational high speed satellite transmission of seismic data (SDT), from a vessel offshore Brazil to WesternGeco's Houston processing center, using SDI's SeismicStar system. The SeismicStar service is a complete turnkey service, co... |
What are the challenges that Nathalia da Silva Sena presented to Petrobras to perform E&P demands? | Long-distance and infrastructure challenges due to the continued growth in the Santos and Campos basins. | [
"Offshore logistical operations can be complicated. Companies need to keep tabs on all equipment and products necessary to keep exploration and production moving. Operators and service companies such as Brazil's Petrobras and Schlumberger are contemplating ways in which to simplify the process of tracking assets lo... | pira | en | true | [
"A454"
] | false | [
"Petrobras' Barracuda and Caratinga Project consists in an offshore deep-water oil fields production development, located at the Campos Basin, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for which Petrobras is the concessionaire. The fields cover an area of 493 square kilometers at water depths of 600 to 1,100 meters for Barracuda ... |
What are the compounds of the Trombetas Group from the base to top? | The compounds from base to top are Autás-Mirim, Nhamundá formation, upper and lower Pitinga members and Manacapuru formation. | [
"This study refers to the palynological analysis of wells samples (cores) awarded by Petrobras and Eletronorte and has almost all stratigraphically positioned within the Trombetas Group, composed, from base to top by Autás-Mirim (Upper Ordovician neritic sandstones and shales); and Nhamundá (neritic sandstones of t... | pira | en | true | [
"A275"
] | false | [
"Martin Vaz Archipelago is located at the parallel 20°S, 1200 km away from the Brazilian coastline and is composed of Plio-Pleistocenic alkaline rocks that represent the last volcanic event of the Vitória-Trindade Ridge. The Archipelago is divided into three main units: Pico das Gaivotas Unit (i) is made up of nose... |
By what means do the selected methodologies offer us the statistical characterization of the undrained shear strength and the weight of the submerged unit in offshore soils? | The NORSOK G-001 (2004) standard recommends using conservatively computed mean values; Lacasse et al. (2007) propose that the characteristic value should be the mean value minus half a standard deviation of the parameter under analysis and DNV-RP-C207 (2012) suggests different methodologies for dependent and independen... | [
"Evaluation of characteristic values of geotechnical parameters is associated with uncertainties inherent to the geological processes that change soil strata. Statistical analysis of soil data allows one to deal rationally with these uncertainties. The present work addresses some normative recommendations and liter... | pira | en | true | [
"A1461"
] | false | [
"Piezocone Penetration Test (CPTu) is widely used in offshore projects to obtain soil parameters, suchas the undrained shear strength. Due to depth limitations to perform this test, it is common to obtaindata until around 40m when the conductor installation process would require at least double the depth.The presen... |
What factors influence the behavior of the salt formation causing it to flow into the well? | The depth, temperature and pressure exerted by the rocks above salt formation. | [
"Drilling salt zones, especially in deep and ultra-deep waters, presents several challenges to be overcome. One of the main problems faced by drilling engineers while designing and executing a section in salt zones, is the formation flow to the wellbore. Temperature and pressure exerted by the rocks above the salt ... | pira | en | true | [
"A506"
] | false | [
"Drilling operations in salt zones have gained importance in Brazil due to the discovery of large oil and gas reserves in the Pre-Salt area. Thus, the pursuit of excellence in such operations is requiring considerable development of new operational practices and technologies. Synthetic base mud has been the first c... |
What does the THAI tecnology do? | Drills an air injection well in combination with a horizontal well to recover heavy oil | [
"A discussion covers the South American activities of about a dozen companies in brief. Enventure Global Technology has installed the first solid expansible tubular system (SET) in a well in Campeche sound for Pemex. Enventure Global Technology and Halliburton Energy Services have installed a 270 ft 4.5 in. FlexCla... | pira | en | true | [
"A815"
] | false | [
"Technological advances As maritime activities have expanded and demands on resources have increased, technological advances have been key to increasing efficiencies, expanding markets and enhancing economic growth associated with activities. Such innovations have led to both positive and negative outcomes for the ... |
The last major discovery of Brazil in this context was in 1996. Was it related with Campos Basin too? | No, it was related with Roncador field | [
"Petrobras announced a \"giant\" discovery in the northern part of Campos Basin, of at least an estimated recoverable 0.6 billion bbl of heavy oil. The reservoir, about 80 km offshore, was initially discovered in January 2001. The country's last major find, the 3 billion bbl, ultra-deep-water Roncador field, was ma... | pira | en | true | [
"A1222"
] | false | [
"Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ... |
What kind of modifications on estuarine inlet morphology can climate change induce? | Coastline retraction. | [
"The dynamics of estuarine systems is sensitive to changes in its forcing conditions, including the morphology of its inlets. Coastline retraction, which may be induced by climate change, can result in modifications of estuarine inlet morphology. Through the use of a validated numerical model, we evaluate the effec... | pira | en | true | [
"A192"
] | false | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Changes in seasonal life cycles in the ocean It has been predicted under some climate change scenarios that up to 60 per cent of the current biomass in the ocean could be affected, either positively or negatively, resulting in disruptions to many exis... |
How can large-scale fishing be sustained by marine life? | With increased fish productivity by reducing food competition | [
"Higher mortality and less successful reproduction of marine biotas Captures of fish stocks at levels above maximum sustainable yield Globally, the levels of capture fisheries are near the ocean’s productive capacity, with catches on the order of 80 million tons. Exploitation inevitably reduces total population bio... | pira | en | true | [
"B2531"
] | false | [
"The global biomass of marine fishes is approximately four times the total biomass of all birds and mammals (Bar-On and others, 2018), and fishes constitute an important part of marine biodiversity. Approximately 70 per cent of the marine fish biomass is comprised of mesopelagic fishes, although with wide estimate ... |
According to the study, the concentrations of two metals in the sediments did not return to their original values. What metals are these and what does that mean for marine environment? | Ni and Zn. Indicates that they're the most deleterious elements to the marine environment. | [
"This work reports the chemical monitoring of saline water and sediments at Aratu port, All Saints Bay, Brazil, when subjected to a deep dragging process (DDP) over a 2-year period (2010–2012). The aim of this work was to detect which metals had possible deleterious effects on the biota. It analyzed percentage of s... | pira | en | true | [
"A1742"
] | false | [
"The knowledge of metal behavior in the aquatic environment is important for understanding its effects in estuarine zones and mangrove areas. These important and precious ecosystems are affected by many different factors that may vary temporally and spatially. The present study investigated the spatial and temporal... |
How many kilometers of Australia's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) are subject to oil and gas leases? | More than 620,000 square kilometers (almost 9%) of Australia's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) are subject to oil and gas leases. | [
"Increased use of ocean space Offshore hydrocarbon industries The growth of the offshore oil and gas industry has increased the demand by that sector for access to ocean space within areas under national jurisdiction (including space for pipelines to bring the hydrocarbon products ashore). More than 620,000 km² (al... | pira | en | true | [
"B2057"
] | false | [
"Marine mining is the ocean's new exploration frontier. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is the region over which the respective coastal states hold sovereign rights for exploration, exploitation, conservation and management of natural, living or non-living, resources. The Brazilian EEZ has a rough oceanic area of... |
What are the names of the four main basins that the new map shows? | the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean | [
"A new digital, global seafloor geomorphic features map has been built (especially to assist the World Ocean Assessment) using a combination of manual and ArcGIS methods based on the analysis and interpretation of the latest global bathymetry grid (Harris et al., 2014; Figure 1). The new map includes global spatial... | pira | en | true | [
"B2032"
] | false | [
"The new map shows the way in which the ocean consists of four main basins (the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean) between the tectonic plates that form the continents. The tectonic plates have differing forms at their edges, giving broad or narrow continental shelves and vary... |
Where was found a normal passive margin-style transition zone, farther north or farther south of Pernambuco Plateau? | Farther north. | [
"In 1992, Brazilian Navy and PETROBRAS carried out a geophysical survey along the continental margin off northeastern Brazil, as part of a governmental plan to delineate the \"Legal Continental Shelf’ according to the international Law of the Sea. This data set is leading to a better understanding of the crustal tr... | pira | en | true | [
"A528"
] | false | [
"The Pará-Maranhão/Barreirinhas margin, North Brazil, is a pull-apart passive margin, with two strike-slip borders, formed during the opening of the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean during Cretaceous time. Its geometry and evolution are speculative due to the lack of information on the crustal structure and the crustal na... |
How can ocean climate and seawater temperatures increase affect food production and sustainable management? | Considerations are of increasing concern for fishing, which results in social, economic and food security impacts. | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Fish stock distribution As seawater temperatures increase, the distribution of many fish stocks and the fisheries that depend upon them is shifting. While the broad pattern is one of stocks moving poleward and deeper in order to stay within waters tha... | pira | en | true | [
"B2235"
] | false | [
"Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Plankton Phytoplankton and marine bacteria carry out most of the primary production on which food webs depend. The climate-driven increases in the temperature of the upper ocean that had been predicted are now causing shifts in phytoplankton communiti... |
the Velocys combined SMR/FT system for offshore GTL takes advantage of what technology? | microchannel reactor technology to shrink the hardware and intensify the processes even further | [
"Due to advances in the development of technology for distributed or small-scale gas-to-liquids (GTL) technology, a much more flexible and economical option for capturing associated gas, both on- and offshore - in the form of modular GTL technologies - is approaching. These systems are designed to operate efficient... | pira | en | true | [
"A389"
] | false | [
"The unwanted gas produced during offshore oil drilling could be reused as an energy source using a technology developed by a consortium of firms including an Oxford Catalysts Group subsidiary. Velocys, the group's US subsidiary, is providing microchannel reactors for use in an offshore gas to liquids (GTL) facilit... |
What was the continent with the largest amount of population involved in fishing-related activities in 2016? | Asia | [
"The importance of fishes and fishery-based activities to food security in less developed countries is particularly prominent. In 2016, Asia accounted for 85.7 per cent of the global population engaged in fisheries and aquaculture (FAO, 2018a),which represents an increase of more than 1 per cent since 2014. More th... | pira | en | true | [
"B2346"
] | false | [
"The importance of fishes and fishery-based activities to food security in less developed countries is particularly prominent. In 2016, Asia accounted for 85.7 per cent of the global population engaged in fisheries and aquaculture (FAO, 2018a), which represents an increase of more than 1 per cent since 2014. More t... |
What is the type of the Campos basin? | Atlantic-type | [
"In 1939, the Lobito oil field, Brazil's first, was discovered. During the 1950's, 15 significant fields were discovered. In 1975, the exclusion of private capital in Brazilian oil operations came to an abrupt end. Petrobras was authorized to seek service contracts with foreign oil companies in regions not under ex... | pira | en | true | [
"A667"
] | false | [
"Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ... |
What is the contribution of the Campos Basin to Petrobras' oil production? | The global production system of the Campos Basin corresponds to more than 80% of Petrobras' oil production. | [
"Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ... | pira | en | true | [
"A576"
] | false | [
"Construction of the Rio de Janeiro-Sao Paulo gas line for Petrobras represents a landmark within Brazilian energy development since the system interconnects the main South America industrial center located in Sao Paulo state to the Campos basin. This basin, one of the gas and oil offshore producing areas, has the ... |
What is the function of an SRV? | Transport and store LNG, and then vaporize it into natural gas that can be sent ashore by subsea pipeline | [
"Hamworthy has supplied its first onboard LNG regasification plant - the first of four such installations due delivery from the supplier. Hamworthy delivered an onboard vaporizer system to be installed on the 145,000 cu m LNG shuttle regasification vessel (SRV) Suez Neptune. SRV are designed to transport and store ... | pira | en | true | [
"A277"
] | false | [
"The SCR (Steel Catenary Riser) was adopted by Petrobras as a cost-effective alternative for oil and gas export lines on deepwater fields, where large diameter flexible risers present technical and economic limitations. The SCR structures are subjected to several types of loads during their service life. These load... |
Which are the three major southern ocean basins? | South Atlantic, South Pacific and Indian basins. | [
"The Southern Ocean (defined as all ocean area south of 60°S) deserves special mention due to its role in the storage of heat (and carbon) for the entire planet. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) connects the three major southern ocean basins (South Atlantic, South Pacific and Indian) and is the largest curre... | pira | en | true | [
"B2046"
] | false | [
"The new map shows the way in which the ocean consists of four main basins (the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean) between the tectonic plates that form the continents. The tectonic plates have differing forms at their edges, giving broad or narrow continental shelves and vary... |
During the spring and summer sampling periods of the study in the Marine Park of Laje de Santos, what was the salinity levels at? | around 35 .at the bottom of the water column. | [
"Marine parks constitute important areas for the conservation of marine life and the genetic heritage around the world. The creation of such marine parks must be accompanied by careful measures to guarantee the coexistence of natural biota and human activities in these systems. The State Marine Park of Laje de Sant... | pira | en | true | [
"A1850"
] | false | [
"This study describes the spatial and temporal patterns of changes in the macrobenthic communities of Guajará Bay, an estuary in northern Brazil. Samples were collected at seven sites in the dry (December 2004 and September 2005) and rainy seasons (March and June 2005). On each occasion, four biological samples and... |
Of the 23 blocks offered in the second bid of oil exploration offered by Brazil's government in June 2000, how many were licensed? | 21 | [
"Forty-four companies competed for 23 blocks - 13 offshore and 10 onshore - in Brazil's second bid round in June 2000. That 21 of the 23 blocks on offer were licensed shows that the country remains a big draw among E&P firms. The top bidders include a consortium between Santa Fe Snyder (operator, 45%) and Construto... | pira | en | true | [
"A2000"
] | false | [
"Brazil's government has requested the construction of 28 new offshore drilling units to be built in country by Brazilian contractors under the 'Build in Brazil Initiative'. The government awarded contracts for the first seven rigs to Brazil-based Sete, a company associated with Petrobras. Petrobras is the frontrun... |
Where will the Camarupim gas pipeline be installed? | in Espirito Santo, Brazil. | [
"US subsea engineer Global Industries has received a letter of intent from Petrobras to install the 24-in. Camarupim gas pipeline in the Espirito Santo Basin offshore Brazil. The project, valued at ? $165 million, includes project planning, detailed engineering, and installation of 52 km of pipeline, and fabricatio... | pira | en | true | [
"A869"
] | false | [
"Petrobras has launched the 38-in., 179-km Cabiunas-Reduc III (Gasduc III) gas pipeline, which is capable of carrying 40 million cu m/day. Gasduc III enhances regional transportation capacity to 40 million from 16 million cu m/day. The line can transport gas produced in the Campos and Espirito Santo basins, as well... |
What deteriorates the quantity and quality of water in the Itaparica reservoir, northeastern Brazil? | Uncontrolled water resources consumption (e.g. irrigation, water supply), climate and land use | [
"The hydropower production, water supply and aquaculture services of the Itaparica Reservoir are of immense importance for the Brazilian Northeast. Uncontrolled water resources consumption (e.g. irrigation, water supply), climate and land use change effects deteriorated the water quantity and quality in the reservo... | pira | en | true | [
"A1514"
] | false | [
"The North Brazil Shelf is a Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) that extends from the Caribbean Sea, in Central America, to the Parnaiba River in Brazil, and includes six countries. The area is dominated by the runoff of large rivers, including the Amazon and Orinoco, and by the intense disturbance of sediment transport,... |
What are continental platforms? | Continental platforms are areas of extreme environmental and economic importance and priority areas for management and planning efforts. However, there is a knowledge gap in relation to many tropical platforms, mainly due to the high costs associated with traditional research techniques for large marine areas. | [
"Continental shelves are areas of extreme environmental and economic importance and priority areas for management and planning efforts. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding many tropical shelves, mainly due to high costs associated with surveying large marine areas with traditional techniques. Carbonatic, se... | pira | en | true | [
"A1460"
] | false | [
"A new digital, global seafloor geomorphic features map has been built (especially to assist the World Ocean Assessment) using a combination of manual and ArcGIS methods based on the analysis and interpretation of the latest global bathymetry grid (Harris et al., 2014; Figure 1). The new map includes global spatial... |
What morpho-sedimentary facies are present in the northern continental shelf of Espírito Santo? | Terrigenous mud, terrigenous sand, rhodolith beds, carbonate gravel with rhodoliths, and hardground. | [
"Shelf morphology and sedimentary regimes are influenced by processes operating at different temporal and spatial scales and are important records of sea level changes and sediment supply and/or carbonate production. The northern continental shelf of Espírito Santo (Brazil) contains evidence of different sedimentar... | pira | en | true | [
"A1586"
] | false | [
"Morphological features on low-latitude continental shelves have recorded past sea level fluctuations. This study aims to recognize and interrogate, on the Rio Grande do Norte (RN, NE Brazil) outer shelves, specific seabed morphologies that could have been produced by the punctuated relative sea level rise of the l... |
In which basin is the Cherne II jacket located? | Campos basin | [
"On December 23, 1982, only 30 days after the 18,600-ton Cherne II jacket was launched. Micoperi completed grouting in all of the 24 pile sleeves. This established a record for the Brazilian state oil company in jacket installation. The structure is located in 142-m water in Campos Basin. In establishing this recor... | pira | en | true | [
"A997"
] | false | [
"Exploration in the Cear basin, on the south-western part of the Equatorial Margin of Brazil, commenced in the early 1970s. Several moderate size fields such as Xar u, Curim , Atum, and Espada fields, with URR volume of around 200 MM BOE, were discovered on the shelf and are producing to this day. Exploration in th... |
How much storage capacity has the FPSO Espirito Santo? | 1.4 million barrels of oil | [
"Parque das Conchas is an ultra-deepwater heavy oil development located in the northern Campos basin offshore Brazil. The project is a joint venture between Shell, Petrobras, and ONGC. The first phase of the project is the development of 3 independent subsea fields tied back to the centrally located turret moored f... | pira | en | true | [
"A898"
] | false | [
"Petrobras signed letters of intent with Modec Inc to supply a floating production, storage, and offloading platform (FPSO) and a floating storage, and offloading (FSO) vessel in the offshore Campos basin. Modec will operate the FPSO in Espadarte Sul field and the FSO will receive stabilized crude oil from Marlin S... |
What is the name of the pipelay barge which will perform the offshore installation? | Iroquois | [
"US subsea engineer Global Industries has received a letter of intent from Petrobras to install the 24-in. Camarupim gas pipeline in the Espirito Santo Basin offshore Brazil. The project, valued at ? $165 million, includes project planning, detailed engineering, and installation of 52 km of pipeline, and fabricatio... | pira | en | true | [
"A974"
] | false | [
"This paper describes the site installation of a turret moored Floating Production, Storage and Offloading System - FPSO - in 780 meters of water in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil. The FPSO, a 270,000 dwt converted tanker, is the first of a series of two ordered by Petrobras for development of the Marlim Field. An i... |
What are the objectives of SAASS? | To study the development time and cost, and the technical requirements for acoustic monitoring. | [
"Acoustic monitoring in oceans has grown greatly for several purposes. To meet the needs of an acoustic monitoring program of Petrobras, a Brazilian oil exploration company, an acoustic recorder was developed, called SAASS, an autonomous system for the acquisition of submarine signals. This development had as main ... | pira | en | true | [
"A1036"
] | false | [
"National sovereignty and protection require a diversity of interdependent systems that jointly provide a large infrastructure for the national security, making possible a continuous monitoring and control. These systems assure the confidential information exchange while providing more complex functionalities when ... |
How can we improve the fishing capabilties and sustainability? | By ending overfishing, eliminating illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, rebuilding depleted resources and reducing the broader ecosystem impacts of fisheries and the adverse impacts of pollution. | [
"Food security and food safety Capture fisheries Globally, capture fisheries are near the ocean’s productive capacity, with catches on the order of 80 million metric tons. Only a few means to increase yield are available. Addressing sustainability concerns more effectively (including ending overfishing, eliminating... | pira | en | true | [
"B2030"
] | false | [
"Inputs and resources Land and water are the most important resources for aquaculture development. Gentry and others (2017) estimated that 11,400,000 km2 of coastline are suitable for fishes, and more than 1,500,000 km2 could be developed for bivalves. The challenge is to secure suitable land and water resources fo... |
Which data were acquired during the oil spill in Guanabara Bay to monitor the location? | Landsat-5 / TM (Thematic Mapper) and Radarsat-1. | [
"This paper describes the application of remote sensing data for oil spill monitoring in the Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During the emergency, Landsat-5/TM (Thematic Mapper) and Radarsat-1 data were acquired to monitor the location of the spill and its movement. Image classification procedures have been ... | pira | en | true | [
"A467"
] | false | [
"The rupture of a pipeline transporting hydrocarbons at high temperature caused the spill of 1,300 m3 of fuel oil near the Guanabara Bay shoreline, on January 18, 2000. Immediately after the accident, an emergency effort was undertaken to obtain satellite images in order to monitor the spill's location and movement... |
What is one of the biggest challenges for oil companies? | Current oil prices have made offshore exploration of oil reserves a major challenge for oil companies. | [
"Current oil prices have made the offshore exploration of oil reserves a major challenge for oil companies. Standardization and extensive use of chattered units has allowed Petrobras to effectively promote competitiveness, cost reduction and reduced schedules in its projects. As a step forward in its pursue for cos... | pira | en | true | [
"A1609"
] | false | [
"Improved sustainability performance in increasingly complex business environments is a challenging task for organizations operating in many different industries. In the offshore oil and gas industry, the use of potentially hazardous materials and operation under progressively hostile environments increases the ris... |
Each time the drilling column was suspended in wedges to make a connection, in the 8 1/2 "pre-salt section of the Carcará field well, do they reveal pressure fluctuations in the order of which magnitude? | Pressure fluctuations of up to 20 bar have been reported during connections. | [
"This paper describes measured and simulated downhole pressure variations (\"surge and swab\") during drill pipe connections when drilling an ultra-deepwater well offshore Brazil on the Carcará field. Floating rig motion caused by waves and swell (\"rig heave\") inducessurge and swab when the drillstring issuspende... | pira | en | true | [
"A1844"
] | false | [
"Pre-salt carbonate reservoirs are located offshore Brazil at Santos, Campos and Espírito Santo Basins, reaching depths up to 7000 m (22966 ft) and water depths of approximately 2200 m (7218 ft). Most of those reservoirs present very high permeability, resulting in extraordinary oil production rates, imposing, cons... |
What is the difference of the abundance and diversity of the organisms in the dry and rainy seasons? | Were significantly higher in the rainy season, when there was a marked increase in the abundance of oligochaetes and insect larvae, whereas polychaetes predominated during the dry season. | [
"This study describes the spatial and temporal patterns of changes in the macrobenthic communities of Guajará Bay, an estuary in northern Brazil. Samples were collected at seven sites in the dry (December 2004 and September 2005) and rainy seasons (March and June 2005). On each occasion, four biological samples and... | pira | en | true | [
"A1746"
] | false | [
"Patterns of biodiversity Perhaps the most common large-scale biodiversity pattern on the planet is the “latitudinal gradient”, typically expressed as a decline in the variety of species from the equator to the poles. Adherence to that pattern varies among marine taxa. Although coastal species generally peak in abu... |
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