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train · ~1.15M rows (showing the first 125k)

question stringlengths 4 930	answer stringlengths 1 1.49k ⌀	positives listlengths 1 21	dataset_name stringclasses 8 values	language stringclasses 44 values	added_neg bool 2 classes	doc_id listlengths 1 1 ⌀	added_doc_id bool 2 classes	negatives listlengths 1 585
What happens with most of the treated produced water in the offshore exploration?	It is discharged in the marine environment.	[ "Environmental impacts Offshore oil and gas exploration and development practices have evolved significantly in terms of minimizing impacts on the surrounding environment, but operational and accidental discharges and other environmental impacts still occur. Operational discharges include chemicals that arise from ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2111" ]	false	[ "Increased use of ocean space Offshore hydrocarbon industries The growth of the offshore oil and gas industry has increased the demand by that sector for access to ocean space within areas under national jurisdiction (including space for pipelines to bring the hydrocarbon products ashore). More than 620,000 km² (al...
Is it possible to produce quality gasoline with oil extracted from the Brazilian coast?	No, Brazilian oil fields mainly produce heavy crude oil. For this, it needs to be mixed with lighter imported crude oil.	[ "In 2004, after a cycle of 11 yr in which the annual increase in crude oil production was 8.6% avg, the production decreased 3%, according to Petrobras. In 2003, the production was 1.54 million bpd avg. The decline in production was due to delays in construction and the arrival of two Floating Production Storage Of...	pira	en	true	[ "A1077" ]	false	[ "Significant volumes of heavy and high viscosity oil have been discovered in the Campos and Santos Basins, offshore Brazil, and its economical production is a challenge for the oil industry. New production technologies are required for the economic development of offshore heavy oil reservoirs. Long horizontal or mu...
What fraction of the ocean is calculated for each individual?	About one-fifth of a cubic kilometre.	[ "Consider how dependent upon the ocean we are. The ocean is vast – it covers seven-tenths of the planet. On average, it is about 4,000 metres deep. It contains 1.3 billion cubic kilometres of water (97 per cent of all water on Earth). But there are now about seven billion people on Earth. So we each have just one-f...	pira	en	true	[ "B2362" ]	false	[ "Looking in more detail at the services that the ocean provides, we can break them down into three main categories. First, there are the economic activities in providing goods and services which are often marketed (fisheries, shipping, communications, tourism and recreation, and so on). Secondly, there are the othe...
What causes the thermohaline circulation?	The flow of saltier and heavier waters coming from cold polar regions towards the equator	[ "The ocean is strongly coupled with the atmosphere, mutually transferring substances (mostly gases), heat and momentum at its surface, forming a single coupled system. That system is influenced by the seasonal changes caused by the Earth’s tilted rotation with respect to the sun. Variations in sea-surface temperatu...	pira	en	true	[ "B2212" ]	false	[ "The winds in the atmosphere are the main drivers of these ocean surface currents. The interface between the ocean and the atmosphere and the effect of the winds also allows for the ocean to absorb oxygen and, more importantly, carbon dioxide from the air. Annually, the ocean absorbs 2,300 gigatonnes of carbon diox...
What is the productive capacity in the FPSO of the Tupi field in 2014?	3.9 million boe/d	[ "Petrobras has brought online two fields, updated its files on the Tupi field and decided to dedicate its exploration efforts along its shores. The FPSO can produce 10mmcm/d of natural gas and 35,000b/d of oil and condensate and store up to 740,000 barrels of oil. The development plan for the field foresees four ho...	pira	en	true	[ "A561" ]	false	[ "Petrobras increased its oil production capacity by 100,000 bpd following the start-up of operations at the Marlim Sul floating production, storage, and offloading vessel (FPSO), at the Marlim Sul field, in the Campos basin. Petrobras has leased the FPSO from the US' Single Buoy Moorings since January 2003. The new...
How deep is the Albacora field?	From 230m to 1900m.	[ "Albacora, a giant field located under water depths ranging from 230m to 1,900m, in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, has an estimated oil-in-place volume of 4.4 billion bbl and extends over an area of 235 km2. The development plan conceived for this field has been divided into three phases, which the first one is a c...	pira	en	true	[ "A564" ]	false	[ "The Albacora field, located in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, was discovered by PETROBRÁS in 1984. Following the discovery, a 7000Km 3-D survey was recorded, in the search for a better understanding of the field. At least three distinct families of reservoirs were identified in the area, ranging in age from Cretac...
What are the consequences of coastal erosion?	Coastal retreat, habitat destruction, loss of land and negative ecological and socioeconomic impacts on coastal zones.	[ "Coastal erosion can lead to coastal retreat, habitat destruction and loss of land, which result in significant negative ecological and socioeconomic impacts on the global coastal zones. Sediment budget and geology determine coastal morphology and dynamics, which influence the nature and health of coastal ecosystem...	pira	en	true	[ "B2076" ]	false	[ "Changes in impact Coastal erosion and changes in sedimentation pose severe risks to coastal infrastructure, property, economic activities and ecological systems, and adaptation calls for significant investment. There is a tendency towards increasing damage from coastal erosion in specific locations that severely a...
How many countries are known for having sand mining in their territories?	73	[ "Changes in drivers Human civilizations originated and thrived in the floodplains and the deltaic coastal zones of the world’s large rivers, which are now inhabited by about 2.7 billion people (Best, 2019). The rapid increase in the demand for water, food, land and power has led to human interventions, such as the ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2538" ]	false	[ "An overview covers ongoing offshore E&P developments in Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, and Argentina and the interest of policy in the sub-salt. Information on E&P activity in Latin America begins in Brazil and includes discussions on discoveries in the pre-salt/sub-salt in deep water. Discoveries are being made in the ...
What is the "water produced" resulting from offshore oil and gas exploration?	It is a mix of oil and water from underground formations brought to the surface during the oil and gas exploration.	[ "Environmental impacts Offshore oil and gas exploration and development practices have evolved significantly in terms of minimizing impacts on the surrounding environment, but operational and accidental discharges and other environmental impacts still occur. Operational discharges include chemicals that arise from ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2311" ]	false	[ "Advances in knowledge and capacity New exploration and development in offshore areas remain a major source of increasing global oil and gas production. Technological advances in the past decade have encouraged exploration in deep and ultradeep waters further away from shore and enabled the discovery of significant...
How can the integrity of a deep-water drilling well be guaranteed for longer, thereby reducing intervention time and costs?	The application of The ultrasonic pulse-echo technology can be of particular benefit in high-cost, high-risk assets (ultra-deepwater Gulf of Mexico, West Africa, and offshore Brazil, etc.), where well integrity assurance and reduced intervention time and cost are of paramount importance.	[ "With the global onset of more complex and extreme drilling conditions, specialized well designs and equipment are no longer the exception, but the norm. Increased government oversight has also impacted asset development, emphasizing well integrity assurance and operational safety. In turn, intervention tools are b...	pira	en	true	[ "A1906" ]	false	[ "Well integrity has always been a major concern during the well design phase. But after some of the recent events in the oil industry, Macondo being the one still fresh in everyone's mind, it has turned into a critical concern. The need for monitoring well integrity, from the construction through its lifetime, beca...
What is the reason for a potential increase in the intensity of tropical cyclones globally?	Increasing seawater temperatures, which provide more energy for storms to develop at sea.	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Ocean circulation The intensified study of the ocean as part of the study of climate change has led to a much clearer understanding of the mechanisms of ocean circulation and its annual and decadal variations. As a result of changes in the heating of ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2258" ]	false	[ "Extreme climate events A tropical cyclone is the general term for a strong, cyclonic-scale disturbance that originates over the tropical ocean. Based on one-minute maximum sustained wind speed, the cyclonic disturbances are categorized into tropical depressions (? 17 m/s), tropical storms (18–32 m/s) and tropical ...
How much energy does the Brazilian P-51 semi-submersible platform consume?	100 Mw, enough energy to light a city of 300,000 persons.	[ "In the presence of the President of the Republic, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, the BrasFels S/A shipyard launched to the sea the $(US)1 billion P-51, the first semi-submersible platform built entirely in Brazil. Ordered by Petrobras, the unit is programmed to operate in the Marlim Sul field, Campos basin, state of R...	pira	en	true	[ "A734" ]	false	[ "Mega oil and gas reservoirs have been discovered in deep and ultra-deep offshore Brazil. These Pre-Salt discoveries are remotely located at water depths ranging from 2200m (~7,200 ft) to 2600 m (~8,500 ft). Offshore Brazil has unique metocean conditions with long swell periods which present challenges on floating ...
What are the reasons for the changes in the global sea mean level?	Variations in ocean heat content and freshwater exchanges between the ocean and continents.	[ "Imbalances in the freshwater cycle manifest themselves as changes in global sea level. Changes in global mean sea level are largely caused by a combination of changes in ocean heat content and exchanges of freshwater between the ocean and continents. When water is added to the ocean, global sea level adjusts, rapi...	pira	en	true	[ "B2485" ]	false	[ "Ocean warming and land ice melt are the main causes of present-day accelerating global mean sea level rise. The global mean sea level has been rising since 1993 (the altimetry era) at a mean rate of 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with a clear superimposed acceleration of approximately 0.1 mm per year. Satellite altimetry ...
What are the challenges that occur in carbonate reservoirs?	High temperatures, the high H2S content, as well as severe saline and scaling conditions	[ "The \"Pre-salt application\" offers some unique and challenging difficulties for producers and the service companies who support their operations. The carbonate reservoirs which occur in Brazilian deepwater fields provide unique challenges that relate to high temperatures, the high H2S content, as well as severe s...	pira	en	true	[ "A1224" ]	false	[ "Located in the Brazilian continental shelf, the so called \"Pre-Salt\" reservoirs with large accumulations of excellent quality, high commercial value light oil have become the most strategic oil production site for Brazil. One of the main challenges that has recently arisen concerns the definition of an adequate ...
Where is the Campos Basin located?	The Campos Basin is located on the continental shelf of southeastern Brazil.	[ "The Campos Basin (100,000 km2) is located on the continental shelf of southeastern Brazil. Despite the significant oil and gas industrial activities underway in the Campos Basin, scarce information is available regarding the hydrocarbon contents and microbial communities in the deep-sea sediments. To gain new insi...	pira	en	true	[ "A1434" ]	false	[ "Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ...
What are the factors that make the Campos Basin so technologically advanced?	Incremental, innovative, enabler or even disruptive technologies, structured actions based on technology programs and a focused projection of the future.	[ "Campos Basin, during the last 40 years, has been the stage where the technology development has played its main game in terms of pushing the offshore oil and gas production to overcome its challenges to go deeper and deeper in WDs never experienced before. Incremental, innovative, enabler or even disruptive techno...	pira	en	true	[ "A566" ]	false	[ "Campos Basin, the main production province in Brazil, was discovered in 1974. It is located on the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State and comprises an area of around 115,000 km2 (28,400 acres), as shown in Figure 1. The producing oil fields are between 70 and 150 km (43 to 93 miles) far from the seashore. It ...
What's a reason the study shows that ascending magma was arrested by the salt in some areas, but not others?	It was probably due to differences in evaporite lithology	[ "Many sedimentary basins host thick evaporite (salt) deposits. Some of these basins also host extensive igneous intrusion networks. It thus seems inevitable that, in some locations, magma will interact with salt. Yet how interaction between these materials may influence salt tectonics or magma emplacement, particul...	pira	en	true	[ "A1361" ]	false	[ "The discovery and production, by Petrobras, of over 50 billion barrels in place of pre-salt oil in Brazil's offshore South Atlantic Santos and Campos basins has drawn worldwide attention to its km-thick Cretaceous salt seal since 2007. However, the depth of the pre-salt reservoir in these basins make prohibitive t...
What is the Pará-maranhão/Barreirinhas margin?	It is a pull-apart passive margin, with two strike-slip borders, formed during the opening of the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean during Cretaceous time.	[ "The Pará-Maranhão/Barreirinhas margin, North Brazil, is a pull-apart passive margin, with two strike-slip borders, formed during the opening of the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean during Cretaceous time. Its geometry and evolution are speculative due to the lack of information on the crustal structure and the crustal na...	pira	en	true	[ "A1477" ]	false	[ "We investigate the role of reactivation of Precambrian basement fabric in the tectono-sedimentary and geomorphological evolution of the Paraíba Basin, continental margin of northeastern Brazil, during the Cretaceous, Neogene, and Quaternary. This basin represents part of the last bridge between South America and A...
What factors control the economic viability of the heavy oil exploration area?	Reservoir characteristics; water depth; possibility of blend with light oil; oil acidity and contaminants; price scenario; fiscal regime; availability of new production technologies; transportation, refining and marketability of the heavy oil.	[ "Significant volumes of heavy and high viscosity oil have been discovered in the Campos and Santos Basins, offshore Brazil, and its economical production is a challenge for the oil industry. New production technologies are required for the economic development of offshore heavy oil reservoirs. Long horizontal or mu...	pira	en	true	[ "A391" ]	false	[ "The economic consequences of increased trade and foreign investment, as a result of greater economic integration between countries, are on the global agenda. The interaction between coastal environment and the external sector is one of the most challenging topics. The convergence of these themes has being provokin...
What can be done to mitigate the death of marine animals caught accidentally during fishing?	Mitigation may include the use of acoustic deterrents, modifications or switching in equipment (for example, gillnets for hook and line) and the closure of areas or during periods of time for fishing.	[ "Higher mortality and less successful reproduction of marine biotas Levels of by-catch (non-target fish, marine mammals, reptiles and seabirds), discards and waste Current estimates of the number of overfished stocks do not take into account the broader effects of fishing on marine ecosystems and their productivity...	pira	en	true	[ "B2378" ]	false	[ "Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Marine mammals, marine reptiles, seabirds, sharks, tuna and billfis Cumulative effects are comparatively well documented for species groups of the top predators in the ocean, including marine mammals, seabirds and marine reptiles. Many of those species ...
Where is the Albacora field located?	It is located in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil.	[ "The Albacora field, located in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, was discovered by PETROBRÁS in 1984. Following the discovery, a 7000Km 3-D survey was recorded, in the search for a better understanding of the field. At least three distinct families of reservoirs were identified in the area, ranging in age from Cretac...	pira	en	true	[ "A819" ]	false	[ "Albacora, a giant field located under water depths ranging from 230m to 1,900m, in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, has an estimated oil-in-place volume of 4.4 billion bbl and extends over an area of 235 km2. The development plan conceived for this field has been divided into three phases, which the first one is a c...
How was the methodology tested before the pipe laying campaign?	Through tests of full-scale pressurized spooling	[ "As part of the ultra-deepwater field development of the Santos Basin, 300km offshore the Brazilian coast, the Sapinhoa and Lula NE pioneering riser system was successfully installed by Subsea 7, acting as a contractor for Petrobras and partners (BG E&P Brasil and Repsol Sinopec Brasil, in Sapinhoa Field, BG E&P Br...	pira	en	true	[ "A854" ]	false	[ "Petrobras has been successfully dealing with deep water floating production systems using flexible pipes since 1977. During the completion of Marlim South 3 well in 1977, Petrobras was surprised by the occurrence of two birdcage type failures. At that time, Marlim South 3, in a water depth of 1709 m was the deepes...
In what periods did the Piraquê-Açu Estuary (ES, Brazil) show increased confinement?	Four colder periods in the sedimentary record.	[ "Foraminifera have demonstrated to be a good proxy of climatic changes during the Cenozoic for their high preservation in the sediment and quick responses to environmental changes. The aim of this study is to identify climate changes and the variation of marine influence during the Late Holocene, in Piraquê-Açu Riv...	pira	en	true	[ "A188" ]	false	[ "This study describes the spatial and temporal patterns of changes in the macrobenthic communities of Guajará Bay, an estuary in northern Brazil. Samples were collected at seven sites in the dry (December 2004 and September 2005) and rainy seasons (March and June 2005). On each occasion, four biological samples and...
In which ways can produced water be disposed?	It can be either injected back into where it had been extracted, treated and discharged into the environment or re-used during the processing of the natural resource being extracted.	[ "Environmental impacts Offshore oil and gas exploration and development practices have evolved significantly in terms of minimizing impacts on the surrounding environment, but operational and accidental discharges and other environmental impacts still occur. Operational discharges include chemicals that arise from ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2566" ]	false	[ "IntroductionThe term “marine litter” refers to any persistent, manufactured or processed solid material discarded, disposed of or abandoned in marine and coastal environments (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP), 2019) and covers an extremely wide variety of...
How many categories of geomorphic features does the new map contain data layers for?	29 geomorphic features	[ "A new digital, global seafloor geomorphic features map has been built (especially to assist the World Ocean Assessment) using a combination of manual and ArcGIS methods based on the analysis and interpretation of the latest global bathymetry grid (Harris et al., 2014; Figure 1). The new map includes global spatial...	pira	en	true	[ "B2021" ]	false	[ "Advances in geomorphometry have allowed geoscientists to map landscapes through digital terrain analysis, although seascapes still remain poorly described as compared to continental area. We carried out a systematic morphometric analysis of the inner continental shelf using bathymetric data at Tamandaré, in northe...
What are seaweeds for?	They are consumed as food by people and pets, used in the food, cosmetic and medical industry	[ "As of 2012, about 80 per cent of seaweeds were either consumed directly, such as kelps, or processed for phycocolloids, such as carrageenan, for use in the food industry. The rest were used widely in pet food and in industrial, cosmetic and medical applications. World production of seaweeds steadily rose from 2012...	pira	en	true	[ "B2552" ]	false	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Seaweeds and seagrasses Cold-water seaweeds, in particular kelps, have reproductive regimes that are temperature-sensitive. Increase in seawater temperature affects their reproduction and survival, which will consequently affect their population distr...
When the first major discovery of the pre-salt region was announced?	Petrobras announced it in 2006.	[ "The Brazilian Pre-Salt region has garnered much attention since the first major discoveries were announced by Petrobras, in 2006. Since then, discoveries in the region have ranked among the largest in the world in the last ten years, including Tupi, Iara, and Libra. This led to various estimates, from within and o...	pira	en	true	[ "A1704" ]	false	[ "A discussion covers the new oil and natural gas discoveries by Petrobras from August 2005 to August 2008. The discovery of oil and natural gas by Petrobras in the presalt of the Santos basin, especially Tupi, has come to the attention of the global petroleum industry. Localized in reservoirs that vary from 5,300 t...
What was the period when Hg contamination of the Coroa de Boi Bay began?	Started in the colonial period in Southern Brazil, soon after a Hispanic–Lusitanian conflict situation in South America.	[ "This study presents results of a sediment core located in Coroa de Boi Bay, a not dredged cove within Patos Estuary, Southern Brazil. The distribution of metals (Hg, Cu, Pb) and U in the sediment profile records several contamination events since pre-colonial times to present days. A joint assessment of the distri...	pira	en	true	[ "A1659" ]	false	[ "The analysis of hydrocarbons in terms of individual compounds is relevant to understand the origin and source of these substances, as well as its distribution in environmental compartments, including sediments and biota. Hydrocarbons concentrations were determined in sediments and in whole-body soft tissues of the...
What did the Brazilian government promote with the Petrobras program in 2008?	The Brazilian government promoted the revitalization of the national shipbuilding industry by introducing this segment in its Growth Acceleration Program (PAC) and decided that shipbuilding should have local content in its production.	[ "This paper aims to report the production management of domestic shipyards, with the inclusion of the national fleet renewal program. The study addresses how domestic production may or may not leverage its business and promote sustainable growth of the national shipbuilding industry. The largest national power gene...	pira	en	true	[ "A1219" ]	false	[ "A discussion covers the new oil and natural gas discoveries by Petrobras from August 2005 to August 2008. The discovery of oil and natural gas by Petrobras in the presalt of the Santos basin, especially Tupi, has come to the attention of the global petroleum industry. Localized in reservoirs that vary from 5,300 t...
Does marine and coastal ecossystems provide social benefits only to populations near the shore?	No, they provide social benefits to all populations.	[ "Cultural services and other social benefits of marine and coastal ecosystems Heritage is also part of the cultural services provided by the ocean, with significant, though often unquantified, social and economic benefits (Firth, 2015). The iconic nature of underwater cultural heritage, such as historic shipwrecks,...	pira	en	true	[ "B2004" ]	false	[ "Ocean resources provide the main sources of livelihoods to millions of people across the globe, as well as a wide range of ecosystem services and benefits, including oxygen production, food provision, carbon storage, minerals, genetic resources and cultural and general life support services. However, the ecosystem...
In the estuary, what were associated to shallow areas with marine influence and muddy sediment?	The following species of foramnifera: C. excavatum Adelosina milletti, Elphidium discoidade, Rosalina bradyi and Triloculina oblonga.	[ "Analyses of living (L) and dead (D) foraminifera assemblages associated to environmental parameters were applied at the Almada River Estuary, aiming for assessments concerning local biodiversity, hydrodynamic sector and environmental quality. A total of 27 species were identified in the living assemblage and 35 in...	pira	en	true	[ "A1581" ]	false	[ "Wave-dominated nearshore deposits are commonly regarded as laterally-continuous, homogeneous, sheet-like reservoirs that can be resolved at the parasequence scale. Many reservoirs, however, have an internal complexity that becomes clearer during production, indicating unexpected internal compartmentalization. Mode...
What is unveiled by the geological model?	It unveils a more comprehensive picture of the depositional conditions that favoured the continuity of a significant carbonate factory in the middle of the Gondwanan continent.	[ "This study presents new stable carbon and oxygen isotope data from Lower Cretaceous lacustrine carbonate rock samples recovered from a well drilled in the Santos Basin, offshore southeast Brazil. These samples represent a record of a continental environment just prior to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and...	pira	en	true	[ "A154" ]	false	[ "The geometry and architecture of magmatic systems are important to understand the emplacement of magma and its eventual extrusion at surface. The magmatic or igneous rocks are indirectly observed in 3D reflection seismic data due to their high acoustic impedance contrast within host sedimentary rocks. Intrusions i...
What was the last major reservoir discovered in the country?	The Roncador field of ultra-deep water, with 3 billion barrels of oil.	[ "Petrobras announced a \"giant\" discovery in the northern part of Campos Basin, of at least an estimated recoverable 0.6 billion bbl of heavy oil. The reservoir, about 80 km offshore, was initially discovered in January 2001. The country's last major find, the 3 billion bbl, ultra-deep-water Roncador field, was ma...	pira	en	true	[ "A971" ]	false	[ "A discussion covers the new oil and natural gas discoveries by Petrobras from August 2005 to August 2008. The discovery of oil and natural gas by Petrobras in the presalt of the Santos basin, especially Tupi, has come to the attention of the global petroleum industry. Localized in reservoirs that vary from 5,300 t...
What is the representativeness of the P-50 ship's oil production in Brazil?	10% of Brazil's crude oil output.	[ "The Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras), a state-owned oil company utilizes its floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) P-50 vessel to 16 production wells at the Albacora Leste field in Campos basin. FPSO symbolizes Brazil's plans to reach oil self-sufficiency by mid-2006. The FPSO will process oil pumped...	pira	en	true	[ "A526" ]	false	[ "In the presence of the President of the Republic, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, the BrasFels S/A shipyard launched to the sea the $(US)1 billion P-51, the first semi-submersible platform built entirely in Brazil. Ordered by Petrobras, the unit is programmed to operate in the Marlim Sul field, Campos basin, state of R...
What were the main products imported with the drop in oil production in 2004?	Diesel, naphtha, and LPG.	[ "With the prospect of about 200,000 bpd of crude oil productions from offshore fields operated by Petrobras being added to output in 2005, Brazil should be very close to self-sufficiency by the end of the year. Delays to the completion of three large platforms, which have now taken up stations at fields in the Camp...	pira	en	true	[ "A362" ]	false	[ "Petrobras produced 1.98 million boe/day in January 2004, 1.9% less than in January 2003 and 1.4% less than in December 2003. Domestic output of 1.73 million boe/day was down by 1.3% on December 2003 because of outages on the P-40 platform at the Marlim Sul field, as well as on four wells in the Marlim and Voador f...
What are some reasons for creating partnerships between national and international companies in the oil and gas market?	To reduce risks from capital-intensive projects, companies create partnerships to help with local content requirements and barriers to entry into new markets.	[ "Partnerships and JV are quite common in the Oil and Gas industry. In the offshore activity, in order to reduce the risks of capital intensive projects oil companies used cooperate entering into JV agreements. In addition, local content requirements and entry barriers in new markets, are some reasons to create part...	pira	en	true	[ "A691" ]	false	[ "Improved sustainability performance in increasingly complex business environments is a challenging task for organizations operating in many different industries. In the offshore oil and gas industry, the use of potentially hazardous materials and operation under progressively hostile environments increases the ris...
Why not all States have the capacity to participate fully in and benefit from the ocean and its resources?	They either do not have the financial means to develop maritime industries, which is the case for many developing countries, or do not have access to the ocean, such as landlocked States.	[ "While some benefits from the ocean are very central and ensure the existence of life on earth, including the production of oxygen and the uptake of carbon dioxide and heat, most services are related to specific ecosystems or elements therein and are thus not evenly distributed. Moreover, not all States have the ca...	pira	en	true	[ "B2371" ]	false	[ "Ocean resources provide the main sources of livelihoods to millions of people across the globe, as well as a wide range of ecosystem services and benefits, including oxygen production, food provision, carbon storage, minerals, genetic resources and cultural and general life support services. However, the ecosystem...
What are the consequences of early loss of cyanobacterial biofilm?	This loss contributes to a high intercrystalline porosity.	[ "The South Atlantic Aptian “Pre-Salt” shrubby carbonate successions offshore Brazil and Angola are of major interest due to their potential hydrocarbon accumulations. Although the general sedimentology of these deposits is widely recognized to be within saline, alkaline lakes in rift volcanic settings, the specific...	pira	en	true	[ "A1614" ]	false	[ "Aquaculture production is continuously growing worldwide, and marine fish farming in Brazil is still in its infancy. Intensive farming conditions may cause physiological stress to the cultured organism, which can be evaluated by citogenotoxic biomarkers. The aim of this study was to assess the genotoxic effect of ...
How can sediment distribution be understood in areas in which it is not possible to take samples?	By analyzing acoustic pattern variations.	[ "The acoustic patterns variation can be used to understand the sediment distribution extrapolating the information to places where is not possible to take any sample. Many authors already use this integrated method to investigate interest areas in, both, commercial and scientific aspect. In this direction the curre...	pira	en	true	[ "A666" ]	false	[ "Using an integrated approach of reservoir simulation, rock physics and seismic modeling, the present study analyzes the influence of changes in pressure and fluid saturation on synthetic time-lapse seismic sections. The forms and occasions in which these changes can be detected on 4D seismic are studied, to help i...
Ocean warming and acidification, sea level rise, biological invasions and their interactions with pollution, overfishing, and other stressors undermine what structures of the ecosystem?	Saltmarshes, mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds, macroalgae and rhodolith beds	[ "The coastal zone, where most of the Brazilian population lives, plays a central role for discussing vulnerability and adaptation strategies to climate change. Besides saltmarshes, mangroves and coral reefs, this region also presents seagrass beds, macroalgae and rhodolith beds, forming underwater forests, which ar...	pira	en	true	[ "A615" ]	false	[ "Pressures from changes in ocean chemistry Ocean uptake of carbon dioxide emissions is rapidly changing seawater chemistry in a process known as ocean acidification (see chap. 5). As the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in seawater increases, it causes the carbonate saturation state to fall below levels suitable ...
What kind of practice increases the risk of serious accidents?	Use of potentially hazardous materials and operation in hostile environments.	[ "Improved sustainability performance in increasingly complex business environments is a challenging task for organizations operating in many different industries. In the offshore oil and gas industry, the use of potentially hazardous materials and operation under progressively hostile environments increases the ris...	pira	en	true	[ "A827" ]	false	[ "In a scenario of huge investments in the quest for new oil and natural gas discoveries, the oil industry has reached a consensus: no easy fields to be developed remain undiscovered, especially in offshore environments. New and old challenges on well drilling such as drilled extensions over 6000 m, sub-salt drillin...
Why does ETH-IPB production system present a lot of innovations?	Because of its overall length, thermal requirements, heating control and riser to flowline electrical connection on the seabed	[ "The Papa Terra oil field is located on the BC-20 Block in the Campos Basin - Brazil (110 kilometers away from Rio de Janeiro state coast) in a water depth of 1,200 meters. The field is operated by Petrobras having Chevron as non-operator partner. Papa Terra has a crude oil with an API index between 14 and 17 degre...	pira	en	true	[ "A749" ]	false	[ "Atlanta is a post-salt oil field located offshore Brazil in the Santos Basin, 185 km southeast of Rio de Janeiro. The combination of ultra-deepwater (1,550 m) and heavy and viscous oil (14° API and 228 cP at reservoir conditions) composes a unique challenging scenario for Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) applicat...
What is the purpose of this study?	This study aims to investigate the predictability of extended reach of the HYCOM + RODAS System over the west of the South Atlantic, using its analyzes as an initial condition for 48 retransmissions, each covering 30 days.	[ "The Brazilian Oceanographic Modeling and Observation Network (REMO, acronym for ‘Rede de Modelagem e Observação Oceanográfica’ in Portuguese) has developed the REMO Ocean Data Assimilation System (RODAS). It is based on an Ensemble Optimal Interpolation scheme applied into the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM)...	pira	en	true	[ "A1669" ]	false	[ "Current climate changes have several consequences, such as rising sea levels. Today, the identification of coastal vulnerabilities worldwide is necessary to prevent impacts and drive action. The aim of the work was to estimate the vulnerable areas from a total rate of increase in sea level of 2.8 m and to identify...
What does the negligible porosity of the rock salt guarantees?	excellent impermeability to most fluids and gases, even under high pressures	[ "With the application of new technologies for processing and interpreting seismic data, PETROBRAS, in recent years, has achieved great success in the discovery of giant oil fields underlying thick layers of rock salt. Due to the mechanical behavior of these rocks, subject to the creep phenomenon, it was developed a...	pira	en	true	[ "A377" ]	false	[ "Most subsurface rock models consider salt bodies as homogenous masses and set to evaporite minerals constant values of elastic properties such as density, compressional and shear velocities, Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. Lithological analyzes of outcrops and wells indicate that evaporites present large vert...
What was the first oil field discovered in Brazil?	The Lobito oil field.	[ "In 1939, the Lobito oil field, Brazil's first, was discovered. During the 1950's, 15 significant fields were discovered. In 1975, the exclusion of private capital in Brazilian oil operations came to an abrupt end. Petrobras was authorized to seek service contracts with foreign oil companies in regions not under ex...	pira	en	true	[ "A363" ]	false	[ "A discussion covers the new oil and natural gas discoveries by Petrobras from August 2005 to August 2008. The discovery of oil and natural gas by Petrobras in the presalt of the Santos basin, especially Tupi, has come to the attention of the global petroleum industry. Localized in reservoirs that vary from 5,300 t...
How did they solve the ambiguities in the oil detection when highlighting the oil detection covered areas in Guanabara Bay?	The ambiguity were solved with the aid of ancillary information in a Geographic Information System environment.	[ "This paper describes the application of remote sensing data for oil spill monitoring in the Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During the emergency, Landsat-5/TM (Thematic Mapper) and Radarsat-1 data were acquired to monitor the location of the spill and its movement. Image classification procedures have been ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1027" ]	false	[ "The rupture of a pipeline transporting hydrocarbons at high temperature caused the spill of 1,300 m3 of fuel oil near the Guanabara Bay shoreline, on January 18, 2000. Immediately after the accident, an emergency effort was undertaken to obtain satellite images in order to monitor the spill's location and movement...
What are two kinds of intelligent completion installations besides the all-electric systems?	Electric-hydraulic and hydraulic systems.	[ "The first intelligent completion was achieved in 1997, and since then reliability assurance is regarded as one of the most important themes for market implementation of this technology. Currently, intelligent completion can be found in most global oil and gas production areas, from mature land to ultra-deepwater w...	pira	en	true	[ "A713" ]	false	[ "The world's first subsea, deepwater, all-electric intelligent completion system installed in the 8MLS-67HA-RJS well in 3,540 feet of water at Marlim Sul Field, Brazil was discussed. The 8-MLS-67HA-RJS well was a single-string, dual-zone injector well in a water-driven reservoir. The intelligent completion was subj...
How many risers can Piranema accommodate?	21	[ "Sevan Marine has let a contract to a unit of John Wood Group plc for the operation and management of the Sevan Stabilized Platform (SSP) Piranema, a floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessel. The FPSO will be operated for Petrobras in Piranema oil field off northeastern Brazil. The vessel will be ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1039" ]	false	[ "Built in China for 2006 startup, the SSP30 FPSO offshore platform is the first circular platform built in the world. It has been sent to Brazil to operate in the Piranema field, 37 km from the city of Aracaju, Sergipe state, northeastern Brazil. It can extract up to 30,000 bbl/day of 43-44 degree API light crude o...
What is the Libra project doing on the Brazilian coast?	The Libra project is exploring and developing a large oil and gas deposit in the pre-salt area of the Santos Basin, 160 kilometers off the Brazilian coast.	[ "The Libra project is exploring and developing a very large deposit of oil and gas in the pre-salt area of Santos Basin, 100 miles offshore Brazil's coastline. Five companies have come together in a consortium together with Pré-sal Petróleo SA (PPSA) to develop this area under the country's first Production Sharing...	pira	en	true	[ "A1738" ]	false	[ "As the operator of several exploratory blocks in ultradeep waters, Petrobras was responsible for many presalt oil discoveries in Santos Basin such as Tupi, Carioca, Guará, and Iara. In partnership with the National Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency (ANP), Petrobras drilled well 2-ANP-2A, which resulted in...
What may have caused the evolution of maternal care of arthropods that live in the soil on São Sebastião Island?	Predation pressure in the leaf litter and the high risk of infection due to fungi.	[ "This paper provides the first field report of maternal care in a Neotropical centipede. Nine females of Otostigmus scabricauda were found taking care of eggs or first instar nymphs at Sao Sebastiao Island, southeastern Brazil. Brood-guarding females were found in the leaf litter or under fallen trunks. The mean cl...	pira	en	true	[ "A179" ]	false	[ "Southeastern Brazilian marine coastal deposits provide an excellent opportunity to investigate environmental changes such as sea level and trophic variability during the Holocene period. In this study, we present a sediment record from Arraial do Cabo Bay, Rio de Janeiro State. In order to improve the understandin...
What motives the changes in the sedimentary dynamics of the channels of Camamu Bay?	The combined effect of freshwater input and tidal circulation.	[ "The Camamu bay (BCM), located at central coast of Bahia, is a pristine region which has been the target of oil and gas activities that could put in jeopardy the whole ecosystem in the case of an oil spill. The present study provides a first overview of its oceanographic characteristics based on a comprehensive set...	pira	en	true	[ "A1318" ]	false	[ "The dynamics of estuarine systems is sensitive to changes in its forcing conditions, including the morphology of its inlets. Coastline retraction, which may be induced by climate change, can result in modifications of estuarine inlet morphology. Through the use of a validated numerical model, we evaluate the effec...
What is a priority for future marine conservation in Brazil?	The species protection by Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)	[ "Conservation science is a mission-driven discipline, yet there are few assessments on whether conservation practices follow scientific recommendations, and thus missed opportunities for improvement. Brazil has among the greatest gaps in species protection by Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) globally and is thus a pri...	pira	en	true	[ "A1613" ]	false	[ "The North Brazil Shelf is a Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) that extends from the Caribbean Sea, in Central America, to the Parnaiba River in Brazil, and includes six countries. The area is dominated by the runoff of large rivers, including the Amazon and Orinoco, and by the intense disturbance of sediment transport,...
Why installing sensors to the casing annulus of the wells is a challenge?	Because there are severe restrictions in footprint of the components and also the problem getting the data to the surface without compromising well safety barriers	[ "Well integrity has always been a major concern during the well design phase. But after some of the recent events in the oil industry, Macondo being the one still fresh in everyone's mind, it has turned into a critical concern. The need for monitoring well integrity, from the construction through its lifetime, beca...	pira	en	true	[ "A752" ]	false	[ "In the 90's, after success in drilling wells deeper than 5,000 meters with high production rates between 80 to 120 MMSCFD of production, Petrobras decided to continuously measure pressure on their high productivity wells (7\" production tubing) because of the difficulty they experienced when running gauges in the ...
What were the consequences of the improvement in crude oil prices?	The increase of global drilling market	[ "Improvement in crude oil prices amid signs of an economic recovery throughout the world has led to an increase in the global drilling market. Schlumberger Ltd. Chief Executive Officer Andrew Gould said he was hopeful that oil producers might increase spending in 2010 if they feel oil prices will stay at $80/bbl. P...	pira	en	true	[ "A721" ]	false	[ "A mysterious oil spill occurred in the ocean near Brazil in 2019, which affected coastal areas in northeastern Brazil. When oil pollution occurs in coastal zones, organisms such as small mammals can suffer deleterious effects to their health. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of exposure to contaminated san...
What is UV filters used for?	They are used for protection against UV radiation and widely used in all sorts of goods	[ "UV filters (UV-Fs) constitute a heterogeneous group of chemicals used as protection against the effects of UV radiation, widely used in all sort of goods and ubiquitous in the environment. The presence of these chemicals in fish is a matter of concern, because many UV-Fs display hormonal activity. In this study, m...	pira	en	true	[ "A1646" ]	false	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Ocean circulation The intensified study of the ocean as part of the study of climate change has led to a much clearer understanding of the mechanisms of ocean circulation and its annual and decadal variations. As a result of changes in the heating of ...
What are the advantages for ultra-deep water developments?	High strength, light weight, corrosion free, low CAPEX, etc.	[ "Thermoplastic Composite Pipe (TCP) has a solid wall construction constituted from a single polymer material with embedded (melt-fused) fibre reinforcements. It is a disruptive technology where all the advantages for ultra-deep water developments come together: high strength, light weight, corrosion free, low CAPEX...	pira	en	true	[ "A1946" ]	false	[ "Giant deepwater oilfields had been discovered in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, through the eighties. After overcoming initial problems while drilling the exploratory wells, appraisal wells were drilled under regular performance standards, comparing to shallow water previous data. At that time, Albacora and Marlim...
What is the new application of seaweed in agriculture?	Reduction in methane production in farm animal husbandry	[ "As of 2012, about 80 per cent of seaweeds were either consumed directly, such as kelps, or processed for phycocolloids, such as carrageenan, for use in the food industry. The rest were used widely in pet food and in industrial, cosmetic and medical applications. World production of seaweeds steadily rose from 2012...	pira	en	true	[ "B2503" ]	false	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Seaweeds and seagrasses Cold-water seaweeds, in particular kelps, have reproductive regimes that are temperature-sensitive. Increase in seawater temperature affects their reproduction and survival, which will consequently affect their population distr...
What are the main products stored in the rock salts in Brazil's ultra deep water offshore?	Natural Gas, CO2 and Hydrocarbons	[ "With the application of new technologies for processing and interpreting seismic data, PETROBRAS, in recent years, has achieved great success in the discovery of giant oil fields underlying thick layers of rock salt. Due to the mechanical behavior of these rocks, subject to the creep phenomenon, it was developed a...	pira	en	true	[ "A800" ]	false	[ "Exploration for oil under the salt layer is concentrated in the basins of Santos, Campos, and Espiritu Santo, Brazil. Hopefully it extends to the eastern margin of the Jequitinhonha and Camamu-Almada basins. These basins have been unexplored under the salt layer with respect to the present objectives. One Petrobra...
Why are seabirds considered sentinels of hazards and negative anthropogenic impacts to marine ecosystems?	Because of it's abundance, wide distribution, long life cycles and higher positions in the throfic levels	[ "Background: Owing to the abundance, wide distribution, long life cycles and higher positions in the throfic levels, seabirds are considered sentinels of hazards and negative anthropogenic impacts to marine ecosystems. Gout is a common disease affecting birds, but also occurs in other taxa, including mammals and re...	pira	en	true	[ "A1210" ]	false	[ "Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Marine mammals, marine reptiles, seabirds, sharks, tuna and billfis Cumulative effects are comparatively well documented for species groups of the top predators in the ocean, including marine mammals, seabirds and marine reptiles. Many of those species ...
What could help with the difficulties in Brownfield projects and HP/HT applications?	Cold-work piping connection solutions	[ "Two of the biggest drivers in Middle East oil & gas operations today are the continued development and upgrade of existing facilities (Brownfield Projects) and the challenges involved in developing high pressure, high temperature (HP/HT) fields. These developments come with very different piping and pipeline chall...	pira	en	true	[ "A570" ]	false	[ "In a scenario of huge investments in the quest for new oil and natural gas discoveries, the oil industry has reached a consensus: no easy fields to be developed remain undiscovered, especially in offshore environments. New and old challenges on well drilling such as drilled extensions over 6000 m, sub-salt drillin...
What is the impact of climate change on ocean salinity levels?	There are several changes in the level of salinity in the oceans. In regions where the salinity level was already higher, an increase was noted, while in regions with low salinity there was a reduction in levels.	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Salinity Alongside broad-scale ocean warming, shifts in ocean salinity (salt content) have also occurred. The variations in the salinity of the ocean around the world result from differences in the balance between freshwater inflows (from rivers and g...	pira	en	true	[ "B2292" ]	false	[ "In the present chapter, the current physical and chemical state of the ocean and its trends are analysed using seven key climate change indicators: Sea level.Sea level integrates changes occurring in the Earth’s climate system in response to unforced climate variability, as well as natural and anthropogenic influe...
What relationships found in Fernando de Noronha and Trindade Island are novel for Science?	GmbHLength-weight and length-length relationships for nine fish species of Rocas Atoll.	[ "Length-weight and length-length relationships were determined for nine fish species of Rocas Atoll, Fernando de Noronha and Trindade Island. Samples were conducted in 2014 (Rocas) and 2015 (Noronha and Trindade) in tidepools using anaesthetic clove oil and hand nets to collect fish fauna. Four species (Stegastes r...	pira	en	true	[ "A1263" ]	false	[ "The Brazilian oceanic islands are privileged places for studying unique landforms, evolved under an active tectonic setting, and humid to semi-arid climates of marine influence. The main landform aspects of the two main islands (Fernando de Noronha and Trindade) are presented, showing the importance of volcanic ac...
Which regions could be responsible for the growth in offshore oil and gas exploration and production?	The main ones will be borders such as the eastern Mediterranean, the east coast of South America (Brazil and Guyana) and the west coast of Africa.	[ "Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017a), the offshore oil and gas sector has continued to expand globally, in particular in deep and ultradeep waters. The use of tension leg platforms, spars and floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) systems are key to such expansion. In the next...	pira	en	true	[ "B2461" ]	false	[ "Advances in knowledge and capacity New exploration and development in offshore areas remain a major source of increasing global oil and gas production. Technological advances in the past decade have encouraged exploration in deep and ultradeep waters further away from shore and enabled the discovery of significant...
Where is Cabo Frio Bay located and what are it's characteristics?	Located in SE Brazil, it is a small semienclosed system set adjacent to a region subject to sporadic coastal upwelling.	[ "This long-term study, performed during the years 2003-2005 and 2008-2009, investigated the carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) contents of the phyto- and zooplankton communities and the nutrient regime of Cabo Frio Bay, SE Brazil. The information intends to serve as baseline of the plankton C, N, and P st...	pira	en	true	[ "A1939" ]	false	[ "This study analyzes the geographical distribution of 131 podocopid ostracod species recovered from the Brazilian continental shelf between Cabo de São Roque (lat. 05°30’S) and Cabo Frio (lat. 23oS). This very large area corresponds to the northeastern and eastern Brazilian marine regions. The 104 samples studied w...
There is evidence that compressive structures that affect Cretaceous sedimentary rocks in areas close to previously mapped transfer failures appear to have caused topographic elevations on the platform where coarse bioclastic sedimentation predominates. Does this elevation help to define what kind of sediment accumulat...	these elevations delimit low areas where fine-grained sediments accumulate.	[ "The continental shelf adjacent to the municipality of Salvador (CSS), state of Bahia, is the narrowest sector of the entire Brazilian continental shelf. During most of the Quaternary, this sector of the shelf was exposed to subaereous conditions, since sea level was approximately 45-60 meters below what is current...	pira	en	true	[ "A1901" ]	false	[ "Several Mesozoic successions of the Southern Tethyan margin were accumulated on a carbonate platform evolving to pelagic plateau depositional systems. Rifting paleotectonics was the main process conditioning their tectono-sedimentary evolution. The well-exposed outcrops in NW Sicilian fold and thrust belt of the s...
How many periods of sediment accumulation the data revealed?	Three	[ "Two sediment cores collected in the shelf off Rio de Janeiro (RJ13-01B: 10.8 cal kyr BP, and RJ13-02B: 4.7 cal kyr BP) were investigated in high-resolution to evaluate changes in sedimentary processes and paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic variability during the Holocene in the Southeastern Brazil. Information fr...	pira	en	true	[ "A1468" ]	false	[ "Purpose: In order to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities on carbon and nutrient accumulation, total organic carbon (TOC), nitrogen (TN), and phosphorus (TP) accumulation rates were examined in a 210Pb-dated mangrove sediment core from Sepetiba Bay, Brazil, a coastal region impacted by multiple environmen...
When were the immense oil discoveries of Tertiary/Cretaceous made in Brazil?	In the 1970's and 1980's and the first half of the 1990's	[ "Exploration for oil under the salt layer is concentrated in the basins of Santos, Campos, and Espiritu Santo, Brazil. Hopefully it extends to the eastern margin of the Jequitinhonha and Camamu-Almada basins. These basins have been unexplored under the salt layer with respect to the present objectives. One Petrobra...	pira	en	true	[ "A658" ]	false	[ "Based on the evolution of the tectonic plate and pregeography, the passive continental margin basins on the east coasts of Brazil experienced three prototype phases. Berremian intracontinental rift megasequence in lower cretaceous, comprising lacustrine sediments overlying Neocomian basalts, Aptian intercontinenta...
Why are the geometry and architecture of magmatic systems important?	To understand the location of the magma and where its eventual extrusion on the surface can occur.	[ "The geometry and architecture of magmatic systems are important to understand the emplacement of magma and its eventual extrusion at surface. The magmatic or igneous rocks are indirectly observed in 3D reflection seismic data due to their high acoustic impedance contrast within host sedimentary rocks. Intrusions i...	pira	en	true	[ "A1932" ]	false	[ "Many sedimentary basins host thick evaporite (salt) deposits. Some of these basins also host extensive igneous intrusion networks. It thus seems inevitable that, in some locations, magma will interact with salt. Yet how interaction between these materials may influence salt tectonics or magma emplacement, particul...
What is the advantage of the subsurface buoy?	Anticipating the production of the field and allowing the installation of this system before the installation of the production vessel, with a technique of uncoupling the movements of the platform	[ "The Exploration and Production Department of Petrobras asked the R&D Center the development of a production system for 1800 m water depth, in Campos Basin, which would allow the installation of Steel Caterany Risers (SCR) in the starboard side of a production platform. The subsurface buoy concept was chosen as one...	pira	en	true	[ "A794" ]	false	[ "The Sapinhoá and Lula North-East fields, 300km offshore Rio de Janeiro, Brazil are the two pilot fields of the Pre-salt development strategy. Field architecture consists of satellite wells connected to a spread moored FPSO in each of the fields. Through a design competition Petrobras and Partners selected the de-c...
Who profit from the capture fisheries?	The vessels flagged to higher-income nations are responsible for the 97 per cent of trackable industrial fishing on the high seas and 78 per cent within the national waters of lower-income countries, and then they take the major part of the profit.	[ "While some benefits from the ocean are very central and ensure the existence of life on earth, including the production of oxygen and the uptake of carbon dioxide and heat, most services are related to specific ecosystems or elements therein and are thus not evenly distributed. Moreover, not all States have the ca...	pira	en	true	[ "B2372" ]	false	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in employment and income from fisheries and aquaculture The global harvest of marine capture fisheries has expanded rapidly since the early 1950s and is currently estimated to be about 80 million tons a year. That harvest is estimated to have a first (gro...
What is the Fernando de Noronha Island?	Fernando de Noronha Island is a Brazilian national marine park and a reserve in the Equatorial South Atlantic.	[ "This work reports on the widespread occurrence of tar balls on a pebble beach of Sueste Bay on Fernando de Noronha Island, a Brazilian national marine park and a preserve in the South Equatorial Atlantic. Environmental regulations preclude regular visitors to the Sueste Bay beach, and the bay is a pristine area wi...	pira	en	true	[ "A1449" ]	false	[ "Brazilian oceanic islands are areas of great environmental, scientific, economic and strategic interest for the country. A better understanding of the thermohaline and hydrodynamic properties is fundamental to complement studies of chemical and biological processes active on the Fernando de Noronha archipelago, lo...
Where are the largest mean tidal ranges found?	In the Bay of Fundy, on the Atlantic coast of Canada.	[ "Wind-driven mixing affects only the surface of the ocean, mainly the upper 200 metres or so, and rarely deeper than about 1,000 metres. Without the ocean’s thermohaline circulation system, the bottom waters of the ocean would soon be depleted of oxygen, and aerobic life there would cease to exist. Superimposed on ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2307" ]	false	[ "Extreme climate events A tropical cyclone is the general term for a strong, cyclonic-scale disturbance that originates over the tropical ocean. Based on one-minute maximum sustained wind speed, the cyclonic disturbances are categorized into tropical depressions (? 17 m/s), tropical storms (18–32 m/s) and tropical ...
What is the influence of the seasonal behavior presented by the water masses and the dynamical processes in the region of the Continental Shelf of Southern Brazil (SBCS)?	Strong effects in the ecosystem and the weather of the area and its vicinity	[ "The Southern Brazilian Continental Shelf (SBCS) is one of the more productive areas for fisheries in Brazilian waters. The water masses and the dynamical processes of the region present a very seasonal behavior that imprint strong effects in the ecosystem and the weather of the area and its vicinity. This paper ma...	pira	en	true	[ "A1276" ]	false	[ "The Santa Marta Grande Cape (CSM) area, a relatively steep and narrow continental shelf off southeast Brazil, is under the influence of the Brazil Current and intense seasonal variations of the wind field that affect the composition of water masses and their circulation. Hydrographic data, satellite-derived wind s...
What is produced water?	Water contaminated with hydrocarbons generated by offshore production wells in the oil and gas industry.	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Offshore hydrocarbon industries Major disasters in the offshore oil and gas industry have a global, historical recurrence of one about every 17 years. The most recent is the Deepwater Horizon blowout of 2010, which spilled 4.4 million barrels (about 600,000 tons) of oil into t...	pira	en	true	[ "B2494" ]	false	[ "Environmental impacts Offshore oil and gas exploration and development practices have evolved significantly in terms of minimizing impacts on the surrounding environment, but operational and accidental discharges and other environmental impacts still occur. Operational discharges include chemicals that arise from ...
Which are the main vectors that cause damage to marine biodiversity and to the quality of its environment?	Demand for food from population, international trade in agricultural and industrial products, and coastal degradation from land-based development and land-based sources.	[ "Integrated management of human activities affecting the ocean The Regular Process is to provide an assessment of all the aspects of the marine environment relevant to sustainable development: environmental, economic and social. Even though the marine environment covers seven tenths of the planet, it is still only ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2229" ]	false	[ "Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Marine mammals, marine reptiles, seabirds, sharks, tuna and billfis Cumulative effects are comparatively well documented for species groups of the top predators in the ocean, including marine mammals, seabirds and marine reptiles. Many of those species ...
What does the study done in the south-eastern Brazilian margin investigates?	It studies the response of geochemical fingerprints to the complex hydrodynamic processes present in the area.	[ "In this study, we use inorganic (metal) and organic (bulk and molecular) markers in sediment samples of the south-eastern Brazilian margin to investigate the response of geochemical fingerprints to the complex hydrodynamic processes present in the area. Results indicate the potential of export of terrigenous silic...	pira	en	true	[ "A1759" ]	false	[ "The continental margin of Brazil in intraplate South America exhibits a seismicity rate 70% higher than the average stable continental regions. This margin encompasses Northeastern Brazil, where most of the seismicity and active faults concentrate along the coast. The current study presents an integration of high-...
Where are igneous rocks?	In a Brazilian offshore sedimentary basin.	[ "The geometry and architecture of magmatic systems are important to understand the emplacement of magma and its eventual extrusion at surface. The magmatic or igneous rocks are indirectly observed in 3D reflection seismic data due to their high acoustic impedance contrast within host sedimentary rocks. Intrusions i...	pira	en	true	[ "A1938" ]	false	[ "Igneous rocks are widely developed in many hydrocarbon-bearing sedimentary basins in Brazil, and some igneous rocks play positive roles in the oil and gas accumulation process. But so far, no industrial oil or gas flow is discovered in igneous rocks in Brazilian onshore basins. At present, in some literatures publ...
What is the private sector's contribution to the RECOS project?	The private sector contributes with provisions for innovations in technology, improvement of the infrastructures and maintenance of the network.	[ "The meteorological monitoring program for the coastal zone of Brazil was established in cooperation with public and private institutions: Navy Hydrographic Center, Brazilian Institute of Natural Resources, National Space Agency, South Santa Catarina University, Paraná Federal State University, Rio Grande do Sul Fe...	pira	en	true	[ "A1131" ]	false	[ "The Brazilian Oceanographic Modeling and Observation Network (REMO, acronym for ‘Rede de Modelagem e Observação Oceanográfica’ in Portuguese) has developed the REMO Ocean Data Assimilation System (RODAS). It is based on an Ensemble Optimal Interpolation scheme applied into the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM)...
What production optimization have been trialed to achieve high and low GOR operations?	Alterations to gas-liquid subsea separation.	[ "The Shell operated BC-10 field located in deepwater, 1650-1920m (5500 -6400 ), offshore Brazil produces heavy oil in the range of API 16-24. Due to the low reservoir energy and deep water environment, 100% of BC-10 production has artificial lift. Mudline caisson separators with ESPs (Electrical Submersible Pumps) ...	pira	en	true	[ "A1380" ]	false	[ "Objective/Scope: Applicability of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes is gaining interest among offshore operators in recent years. CO2/miscible gas injection and Water Alternating Gas injection (WAG) are the most attractive EOR methods being considered by most offshore operators. Due to limitations imposed by t...
Data was collected at how many stations?	Five	[ "Brazilian oceanic islands are areas of great environmental, scientific, economic and strategic interest for the country. A better understanding of the thermohaline and hydrodynamic properties is fundamental to complement studies of chemical and biological processes active on the Fernando de Noronha archipelago, lo...	pira	en	true	[ "A1511" ]	false	[ "The meteorological monitoring program for the coastal zone of Brazil was established in cooperation with public and private institutions: Navy Hydrographic Center, Brazilian Institute of Natural Resources, National Space Agency, South Santa Catarina University, Paraná Federal State University, Rio Grande do Sul Fe...
What are the four colder periods in the sedimentary record?	The end of Iron Age (? 1000 B.C.), Greek Dark Ages (?450 B.C. - 100 B.C.), Dark Ages (?250 A.D. - 550 A.D.) and the Litter Ice Age (?1200 A.D. and 1850 AD.).	[ "Foraminifera have demonstrated to be a good proxy of climatic changes during the Cenozoic for their high preservation in the sediment and quick responses to environmental changes. The aim of this study is to identify climate changes and the variation of marine influence during the Late Holocene, in Piraquê-Açu Riv...	pira	en	true	[ "A187" ]	false	[ "Two sediment cores collected in the shelf off Rio de Janeiro (RJ13-01B: 10.8 cal kyr BP, and RJ13-02B: 4.7 cal kyr BP) were investigated in high-resolution to evaluate changes in sedimentary processes and paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic variability during the Holocene in the Southeastern Brazil. Information fr...
What can be done to decrease the risk that algae toxins are found in commercial seafood?	Implementation of control and management programs based on rigorous research both in the validation of methods and in the understanding of the temporal and spatial behavior of toxic algae.	[ "human health risk (Chang and others, 2020; Galloway and others, 2017; Mossman and others, 2007; Numan and others, 2015; Sforzini and others, 2020; Smith and others, 2018; Stapleton, 2019; Stern and others, 2012; Vethaak and Leslie, 2016; Von Moos and others, 2012). Combustion nanoparticles are taken up into cells ...	pira	en	true	[ "B2264" ]	false	[ "Increasing inputs of harmful material Human health, food security and food safety Marine biotas are under many different pressures from hazardous substances on reproductive success. Dead zones and low-oxygen zones resulting from eutrophication and climate change can lead to systematic changes in the species struct...
How is the Floating Production, Storage and Offloading System in the Campos Basin moored?	Using an internal bow mounted Turret system, anchored to the seafloor by eight chain-wire rope-chain combined mooring legs.	[ "This paper describes the site installation of a turret moored Floating Production, Storage and Offloading System - FPSO - in 780 meters of water in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil. The FPSO, a 270,000 dwt converted tanker, is the first of a series of two ordered by Petrobras for development of the Marlim Field. An i...	pira	en	true	[ "A1207" ]	false	[ "With the expansion of oil exploration in deep waters, assessing the risks associated with offloading operations becomes essential in preventing accidents that may cause huge environmental disasters. In this paper, the system that composed of a turret-moored floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) connect...
How were the extreme El Niño events characterized?	Heavy precipitation in the normally dry equatorial East Pacific	[ "Extreme climate events The El Niño Southern Oscillation is a coupled atmosphere-ocean phenomenon, identified by an oscillation between warm and cold ocean temperatures in the tropical central eastern Pacific Ocean and an associated fluctuation in the global-scale tropical and subtropical surface pressure patterns....	pira	en	true	[ "B2034" ]	false	[ "Extreme weather events are likely to become more frequent in the 21st century bringing significant impacts to coastal ecosystems. However, the capacity to detect and measure those impacts are still limited, with effects largely unstudied. In June 2016, a hailstorm with wind gusts of over 100 km·h?1 caused an unpre...
What are the impacts on ecosystems caused by shifting ocean climate and seawater temperatures ?	The seawater temperatures increase also increases metabolic rates, affects the distribution of many stocks of fish and various species in addition to fishing which results in social, economic and food security impacts, complicating sustainable management.	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Fish stock distribution As seawater temperatures increase, the distribution of many fish stocks and the fisheries that depend upon them is shifting. While the broad pattern is one of stocks moving poleward and deeper in order to stay within waters tha...	pira	en	true	[ "B2233" ]	false	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Changes in seasonal life cycles in the ocean It has been predicted under some climate change scenarios that up to 60 per cent of the current biomass in the ocean could be affected, either positively or negatively, resulting in disruptions to many exis...
When did the exclusion of private capital in Brazilian oil operations come to an abrupt end?	In 1975.	[ "In 1939, the Lobito oil field, Brazil's first, was discovered. During the 1950's, 15 significant fields were discovered. In 1975, the exclusion of private capital in Brazilian oil operations came to an abrupt end. Petrobras was authorized to seek service contracts with foreign oil companies in regions not under ex...	pira	en	true	[ "A364" ]	false	[ "A discussion covers the new oil and natural gas discoveries by Petrobras from August 2005 to August 2008. The discovery of oil and natural gas by Petrobras in the presalt of the Santos basin, especially Tupi, has come to the attention of the global petroleum industry. Localized in reservoirs that vary from 5,300 t...
What are the most active areas and which has 30 of the 53 installations made in 1987?	Brazil and the North Sea, with the North Sea having 30 of the 53 facilities.	[ "The trend in subsea completions worldwide is reviewed. In 1987, 53 systems were installed, taking the cumulative total to 472. The North Sea and Brazil are the most active areas, with the North Sea in the lead with 30 of the 1987 installations. Prospects for the continuation of present trends are considered." ]	pira	en	true	[ "A1757" ]	false	[ "Enjoyment of marine wildlife Diving Snorkelling and scuba diving continue to be a significant element in marine tourism, focused on enabling tourists to enjoy underwater wildlife. The substantial growth (about 25 per cent) in the levels of the activity recorded in the period from 2000 to 2013 and reported in the f...
what are the health risks of living near the ocean?	storms and tropical cyclones, contaminated food from the sea, sea level rise and storms and cyclones from climate change.	[ "There are both health benefits and risks to living near the sea. The advantages can include enhanced air quality, exercise opportunities, novel marine-derived pharmaceuticals and ready access to food from the sea, which itself has health benefits (as a source of protein and essential micronutrients), although seaf...	pira	en	true	[ "B2178" ]	false	[ "Human health can be affected by many aspects of food from the sea. Some problems are the result of pollutants (such as mercury) or pathogens (often from sewage and ballast water) discharged into the sea and taken up by plants, fish and shellfish that are harvested for human consumption (Takahashi and others, 2008)...
Why flexible risers have excellent mechanical performance?	They have an excellent mechanical performance, because they are much less rigid to flexion and are able to withstand more undesirable environmental conditions.	[ "Unbonded flexible risers are widely used in offshore oil and gas production due to excellent mechanical performance, Research achievement and advance in recent ten years are reviewed, the existing problems and trend are proposed. Unbonded flexible risers are slender multilayered marine structures, which was firstl...	pira	en	true	[ "A1651" ]	false	[ "In order to develop new deep water fields using FPSO's, Petrobras has introduced several innovations to install 34 flexible risers individually connected to the Barracuda FPSO project. This paper provides an overview of design of the pull in and pull out operations. It also deals with I tube dimensions considering...
What is the importance of Thalassinoides penetrating the rock matrix that the results of the study highlights?	The integration of ichnological datasets with reservoir characterization studies for more accurate reservoir quality assessments.	[ "The Miocene Pirabas Formation is of strategic importance for the hydrocarbon industry since it represents the onshore portion of larger offshore basins of Northern Brazil, including the Foz de Amazonas, the Pará-Maranhão, Barreirinhas, Ceará, and the Potiguar basins of the equatorial margin of South America. The P...	pira	en	true	[ "A1663" ]	false	[ "One late Quaternary sediment core from the continental slope of the northern sector of Pelotas Basin (southern Brazilian continental margin, 2091 m water depth) was analyzed in order to evaluate the influence of the organic matter influx in the benthic foraminiferal assemblage composition on a regional scale. This...
How much oil per day does Petrobras aim to extract from the Garoupa field?	45,000 barrels.	[ "By taking a bold step forward in developing the Garoupa field offshore Brazil with subsea techniques, Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras) will benefit from early production to help satisfy the country's growing energy demand. This article describes the first phase of the development program. Petrobras is seeking a ...	pira	en	true	[ "A771" ]	false	[ "Petrobras has brought online two fields, updated its files on the Tupi field and decided to dedicate its exploration efforts along its shores. The FPSO can produce 10mmcm/d of natural gas and 35,000b/d of oil and condensate and store up to 740,000 barrels of oil. The development plan for the field foresees four ho...
In which areas can gas escape from sediments to the sea?	where gas hydrates are stable on passive margins.	[ "Deep-sea fans have been proposed to act as carbon sinks, rapid deposition driving shallow methanogenesis to favor net storage within the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ). Here, we present new evidence of widespread gas venting from the GHSZ on the upper Amazon deep-sea fan, together with analyses of the first sam...	pira	en	true	[ "A1949" ]	false	[ "Marine hydrates (mainly methane hydrates) exist primarily on continental slopes where there are large quantities of methane gas in the ocean, the pressure is high enough and the temperature is low enough. Concern has been expressed about the climatic risks resulting from the sudden release of large amounts of meth...
How much did the total fish consumption per capita increase between the years 1960s and 2012?	9,3 kg per capita	[ "Distribution of ocean benefits and disbenefits Developments in fish and seafood consumption The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that total fish consumption, including all aquaculture and inland and marine capture fisheries, has been rising from 9.9 kg per capita in the 1960s...	pira	en	true	[ "B2260" ]	false	[ "Production and species Aquaculture is expanding faster than other types of food production, although no longer at the growth rates of the 1980s and 1990s (11.3 and 10.0 per cent, respectively, excluding aquatic plants). Average annual growth declined to 5.8 per cent during the period from 2000 to 2016, although hi...
What is the largest Brazilian oil region?	The largest Brazilian oil region is Campos Basin	[ "As new oil fields are discovered downslope on the largest Brazilian oil region, Campos Basin, situated on the shelf break and continental slope of eastern South America, new oceanographic challenges are continuously encountered by oceanographers and engineers involved in the design, installation and production of ...	pira	en	true	[ "A415" ]	false	[ "In 1939, the Lobito oil field, Brazil's first, was discovered. During the 1950's, 15 significant fields were discovered. In 1975, the exclusion of private capital in Brazilian oil operations came to an abrupt end. Petrobras was authorized to seek service contracts with foreign oil companies in regions not under ex...
What the knowledge of metal behavior in the aquatic environment could be used for?	Understanding its effects in estuarine zones and mangrove areas.	[ "The knowledge of metal behavior in the aquatic environment is important for understanding its effects in estuarine zones and mangrove areas. These important and precious ecosystems are affected by many different factors that may vary temporally and spatially. The present study investigated the spatial and temporal...	pira	en	true	[ "A1312" ]	false	[ "This work reports the chemical monitoring of saline water and sediments at Aratu port, All Saints Bay, Brazil, when subjected to a deep dragging process (DDP) over a 2-year period (2010–2012). The aim of this work was to detect which metals had possible deleterious effects on the biota. It analyzed percentage of s...
In terms of biological productivity, how can the Northern Platform of Brazil be considered?	It can be considered oligotrophic, with stratified habitats.	[ "The North Brazil Shelf is a Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) that extends from the Caribbean Sea, in Central America, to the Parnaiba River in Brazil, and includes six countries. The area is dominated by the runoff of large rivers, including the Amazon and Orinoco, and by the intense disturbance of sediment transport,...	pira	en	true	[ "A1432" ]	false	[ "The Southern Brazilian Continental Shelf (SBCS) is one of the more productive areas for fisheries in Brazilian waters. The water masses and the dynamical processes of the region present a very seasonal behavior that imprint strong effects in the ecosystem and the weather of the area and its vicinity. This paper ma...
Which type of pollution might pose a risk to seabirds, but whose effects are still not well understood?	Marine debris, in particular plastics.	[ "Since the first World Ocean Assessment (United Nations, 2017), the global conservation status of seabirds has worsened, continuing a long-term trend. Thirty-one per cent of species are now threatened with extinction, up from 28 per cent in 2010. Pressures related to fishing (by-catch and prey depletion) are now af...	pira	en	true	[ "B2571" ]	false	[ "Cumulative impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity Marine mammals, marine reptiles, seabirds, sharks, tuna and billfis Cumulative effects are comparatively well documented for species groups of the top predators in the ocean, including marine mammals, seabirds and marine reptiles. Many of those species ...
Why gas-influx events occured while drilling affected the drilling operations while drilling an exploratory well in 4,219 ft of water offshore the southeast coast of Brazil?	Because the water-based mud (WBM) formed in the operation mixed with the gas influx formed hydrates in the choke and kill lines in the low-temperature environment close to the seafloor	[ "Several gas-influx events occurred while drilling an exploratory well in 4,219 ft of water offshore the southeast coast of Brazil. The 9 5/8-in. casting was set at 12,480 ft before drilling the final 8 1/2-in. phase of the program. A sequence of gas-influx events adversely affected drilling operations. Water-based...	pira	en	true	[ "A251" ]	false	[ "Giant deepwater oilfields had been discovered in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, through the eighties. After overcoming initial problems while drilling the exploratory wells, appraisal wells were drilled under regular performance standards, comparing to shallow water previous data. At that time, Albacora and Marlim...
On which parameters were the study's sensitivity tests applied?	The sensitivity tests were carried out for parameters of porosity, thermal conductivity and initial hydrate saturation, which were shown to play an important role on the volume of methane released into the ocean and on the time interval in which such release occurs.	[ "The stability of methane hydrates on continental margins worldwide is sensitive to changes in temperature and pressure conditions. It has been shown how gradual increases in bottom water temperatures due to ocean warming over post-glacial timescales can destabilize shallow oceanic hydrate deposits, causing their d...	pira	en	true	[ "A1536" ]	false	[ "Three different packages describing the white capping dissipation process, and the corresponding energy input from wind to wave were used to study the surface wave dynamics in South Atlantic Ocean, close to the Brazilian coast. A host of statistical parameters were computed to evaluate the performance of wave mode...
What can climate warming change in the open ocean?	To increase stratification, reduce primary production and change productivity of small species	[ "Impacts of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere Changes in seasonal life cycles in the ocean It has been predicted under some climate change scenarios that up to 60 per cent of the current biomass in the ocean could be affected, either positively or negatively, resulting in disruptions to many exis...	pira	en	true	[ "B2217" ]	false	[ "Thermal expansion from a warming ocean and land ice melt are the main causes of the accelerating global rise in the mean sea level. Global warming is also affecting many circulation systems. The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation has already weakened and will most likely continue to do so in the future. T...

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