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Crowdsourcing as human-machine translation : Anastasious and Gupta believe that in the future, both advantages of using crowdsourcing and machines in translating will merge to form an efficient, cost-effective and high-quality translation service. == References == |
Dictionary-based machine translation : Machine translation can use a method based on dictionary entries, which means that the words will be translated as a dictionary does – word by word, usually without much correlation of meaning between them. Dictionary lookups may be done with or without morphological analysis or l... |
Dictionary-based machine translation : LMT, introduced around 1990, is a Prolog-based machine-translation system that works on specially made bilingual dictionaries, such as the Collins English-German (CEG), which have been rewritten in an indexed form which is easily readable by computers. This method uses a structure... |
Dictionary-based machine translation : This method of Dictionary-Based Machine translation explores a different paradigm from systems such as LMT. An example-based machine translation system is supplied with only a "sentence-aligned bilingual corpus". Using this data the translating program generates a "word-for-word b... |
Dictionary-based machine translation : Douglas Hofstadter through his "Le Ton beau de Marot: In Praise of the Music of Language" proves what a complex task translation is. The author produced and analysed dozens upon dozens of possible translations for an eighteen line French poem, thus revealing complex inner workings... |
Dictionary-based machine translation : One of the possible uses of Dictionary-Based Machine Translation is facilitating "Foreign Language Tutoring" (FLT). This can be achieved by using Machine-Translation technology as well as linguistics, semantics and morphology to produce "Large-Scale Dictionaries" in virtually any ... |
Dictionary-based machine translation : "DKvec is a method for extracting bilingual lexicons, from noisy parallel corpora based on arrival distances of words in noisy parallel corpora". This method has emerged in response to two problems plaguing the statistical extraction of bilingual lexicons: "(1) How can noisy paral... |
Dictionary-based machine translation : The history of machine translation (MT) starts around the mid 1940s. Machine translations was probably the first time computers were used for non-numerical purposes. Machine translation enjoyed a fierce research interest during the 1950s and 1960s, which was followed by a stagnati... |
Dictionary-based machine translation : "Translingual information retrieval (TLIR) consists of providing a query in one language and searching document collections in one or more different languages". Most methods of TLIR can be quantified into two categories, namely statistical-IR approaches and query translation. Mach... |
Dictionary-based machine translation : The examples of RUSLAN, a dictionary-based machine translation system between Czech and Russian and CESILKO, a Czech – Slovak dictionary-based machine translation system, shows that in the case of very close languages simpler translation methods are more efficient, fast and reliab... |
Dictionary-based machine translation : "Information Retrieval systems rank documents according to statistical similarity measures based on the co-occurrence of terms in queries and documents". The MLIR system was created and optimised in such a way that facilitates dictionary based translation of queries. This is becau... |
Dictionary-based machine translation : Example-based machine translation Language industry Machine translation Neural machine translation Rule-based machine translation Statistical machine translation Translation == Bibliography == |
Distributed Language Translation : Distributed Language Translation (Esperanto: Distribuita Lingvo-Tradukado, DLT) was a project to develop an interlingual machine translation system for twelve European languages. It ran between 1985 and 1990. The distinctive feature of DLT was the use of [a version of] Esperanto as an... |
Distributed Language Translation : Examples of DLT == References == |
Euromatrix : The EuroMatrix is a project that ran from September 2006 to February 2009. The project aimed to develop and improve machine translation (MT) systems between all official languages of the European Union (EU). EuroMatrix was followed up by another project EuroMatrixPlus (March 2009 to February 2012). |
Euromatrix : EuroMatrix explored using linguistic knowledge in statistical machine translation. Statistical techniques were combined with rule-based approach, resulting in hybrid MT architecture. The project experimented with combining methods and resources from statistical MT, rule-based MT, shallow language processin... |
Euromatrix : EuroMatrix focused on high-quality translation for the publication of technical, social, legal and political documents. It applied advanced MT technologies to all pairs of EU languages; languages of new and likely-to-become EU member states were also taken into account. |
Euromatrix : Competitive annual international evaluation of machine translation meetings (“MT marathons”) were organized to bring together MT researchers. Participants of the marathons translated test sets with their systems. The test sets were then evaluated by manual as well as automatic metrics. MT marathons were mu... |
Euromatrix : Several tools and resources were created or supported by the project: Moses, an open source statistical machine translation engine Europarl Corpus, version 3 Results from Workshops on Statistical Machine Translation (2007, 2008, 2009) CzEng Corpus, version 0.7 |
Euromatrix : The EuroMatrix project was sponsored by EU Information Society Technology program. Total cost of the project was 2 358 747 €, from which the European Union contributed 2 066 388 €. |
Euromatrix : Experienced research groups in machine translation that are internationally recognized, as well as relevant industrial partners participated in the project. The consortium included the University of Edinburgh (United Kingdom), Charles University (Czech Republic), Saarland University (Germany), Center for t... |
Euromatrix : official homepage EuroMatrixPlus official homepage |
EuroMatrixPlus : The EuroMatrixPlus is a project that ran from March 2009 to February 2012. EuroMatrixPlus succeeded a project called EuroMatrix (September 2006 to February 2009) and continued in further development and improvement of machine translation (MT) systems for languages of the European Union (EU). |
EuroMatrixPlus : EuroMatrixPlus focused on achieving several goals: To continue advance of MT technology (create MT systems for all official EU languages and provide other MT researchers with existing data and infrastructure). To continually expand and investigate different MT approaches and techniques; to stay open to... |
EuroMatrixPlus : EuroMatrixPlus contributed to MT field in several ways. It continued in development of an open source statistical MT engine Moses. The project worked on research in hybrid approaches to MT (combination of rule-based and statistical techniques). Several “MT Marathons” and annual evaluation campaigns wer... |
EuroMatrixPlus : The EuroMatrixPlus project was sponsored by EU Information Society Technology program. Total cost of the project was 5 942 121 €, from which the European Union contributed 4 266 896 €. |
EuroMatrixPlus : To ensure advance in MT, several organizations that are experts in various disciplines (linguistics, computer science, mathematics, translation) were brought together to cooperate on EuroMatrixPlus. The consortium consisted of academic as well as commercial partners. Academic partners were the Universi... |
EuroMatrixPlus : www.euromatrixplus.net |
EuroMatrixPlus : official homepage EuroMatrix official homepage |
European Association for Machine Translation : The European Association for Machine Translation is the European branch of the International Association for Machine Translation Archived 2010-06-24 at the Wayback Machine. It is a non-profit organisation and organises conferences and workshops on the subject of machine tr... |
European Association for Machine Translation : European Association for Machine Translation official website Association for Machine Translation in the Americas Asia-Pacific Association for Machine Translation |
Eurotra : Eurotra was a machine translation project established and funded by the European Commission from 1978 until 1992. |
Eurotra : In 1976, the European Commission started using the commercially developed machine translation system SYSTRAN with a plan to make it work for further languages than originally developed for (Russian-English and English-French), which however turned out to be difficult. This and the potential in existing system... |
Eurotra : Apertium Google Translate |
Eurotra : Eurotra Spain Eurotra Utrecht |
Evaluation of machine translation : Various methods for the evaluation for machine translation have been employed. This article focuses on the evaluation of the output of machine translation, rather than on performance or usability evaluation. |
Evaluation of machine translation : A typical way for lay people to assess machine translation quality is to translate from a source language to a target language and back to the source language with the same engine. Though intuitively this may seem like a good method of evaluation, it has been shown that round-trip tr... |
Evaluation of machine translation : This section covers two of the large scale evaluation studies that have had significant impact on the field—the ALPAC 1966 study and the ARPA study. |
Evaluation of machine translation : In the context of this article, a metric is a measurement. A metric that evaluates machine translation output represents the quality of the output. The quality of a translation is inherently subjective, there is no objective or quantifiable "good." Therefore, any metric must assign q... |
Evaluation of machine translation : There are some machine translation evaluation survey works, where people introduced more details about what kinds of human evaluation methods they used and how they work, such as the intelligibility, fidelity, fluency, adequacy, comprehension, and informativeness, etc. For automatic ... |
Evaluation of machine translation : Comparison of machine translation applications Machine translation software usability |
Evaluation of machine translation : Machine Translation Archive: Subject Index : Publications after 2000 Archived 6 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine (see Evaluation subheading) Machine Translation Archive: Subject Index : Publications prior to 2000 Archived 21 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine (see Evaluation subhea... |
Evaluation of machine translation : Asia Online Language Studio - Supports BLEU, TER, F-Measure, METEOR BLEU F-Measure NIST METEOR TER TERP LEPOR hLEPOR KantanAnalytics - segment level MT quality estimation |
Georgetown–IBM experiment : The Georgetown–IBM experiment was an influential demonstration of machine translation, which was performed on January 7, 1954. Developed jointly by Georgetown University and IBM, the experiment involved completely automatic translation of more than sixty Russian sentences into English. |
Georgetown–IBM experiment : Conceived and performed primarily in order to attract governmental and public interest and funding by showing the possibilities of machine translation, it was by no means a fully featured system: It had only six grammar rules and 250 lexical items in its vocabulary (of stems and endings). Wo... |
Georgetown–IBM experiment : The algorithm first translates Russian words into numerical codes, then performs the following case-analysis on each numerical code to choose between possible English word translations, reorder the English words, or omit some English words. The flowchart of the algorithm is reproduced in. Se... |
Georgetown–IBM experiment : How it analyzes Vyelyichyina ugla opryedyelyayetsya otnoshyenyiyem dlyini dugi k radyiusu (figure 2 of ). |
Georgetown–IBM experiment : Well publicized by journalists and perceived as a success, the experiment did encourage governments to invest in computational linguistics. The authors claimed that within three or five years, machine translation could well be a solved problem. However, the real progress was much slower, and... |
Georgetown–IBM experiment : A summary of the Georgetown–IBM experiment Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine IBM press release concerning the demonstration |
Ginger Software : Ginger Software is an American and Israeli start-up specialized in natural language processing and AI. The main products are tools aiming to improve written communications, develop English speaking skills and boost productivity. The company was founded in 2008 by Yael Karov and Avner Zangvil. Ginger S... |
Ginger Software : Before founding Ginger Software, Yael Karov had worked with Rosetta Genomics as its Chief Technology Officer and Vice President of Research and Development from 2003 to 2006, and with ClickSoftware Technologies as a Director of Research and Development from 1990 to 1994. Karov also founded Agentics, a... |
Ginger Software : Ginger Software uses patented software algorithms in the field of natural language processing. The company claims that the algorithm allows it to correct the written sentences with relatively high accuracy (eliminating up to 95 percent of writing errors), compared to standard spell checkers. Its uniqu... |
Ginger Software : Ginger Software products include Ginger Page, a cross-platform writing enhancement app, and Ginger Keyboard which is available for Android devices. Ginger Writer can be used as an online service or installed on your PC or Mac. It supports MS-Word, MS-Outlook, MS-PowerPoint, Microsoft Edge, Chrome, and... |
Ginger Software : Ginger Software started off targeting people with dyslexia. The algorithm underlying the software studied a vast pool of proper sentences in English and builds a model of proper language. The software does not analyze the text at the level of the word, but of the whole sentence. Dyslectics can have tr... |
Ginger Software : The main business model for consumers is freemium. The free version offers contextual-based grammar and spelling checker with some limitations. Its premium features include unlimited access to Grammar Checker, the grammar and spelling checker, and Sentence Rephraser the rephrasing tool. Ginger Keyboar... |
Ginger Software : Official website |
IBM alignment models : The IBM alignment models are a sequence of increasingly complex models used in statistical machine translation to train a translation model and an alignment model, starting with lexical translation probabilities and moving to reordering and word duplication. They underpinned the majority of stati... |
IBM alignment models : The IBM alignment models translation as a conditional probability model. For each source-language ("foreign") sentence f , we generate both a target-language ("English") sentence e and an alignment a . The problem then is to find a good statistical model for p ( e , a | f ) , the probability ... |
IBM alignment models : Model 2 allows alignment to be conditional on sentence lengths. That is, we have a probability distribution p a ( j | i , l e , l f ) (j|i,l_,l_) , meaning "the probability that English word i is aligned to foreign word j , when the English sentence is of length l e , and the foreign sentence ... |
IBM alignment models : The fertility problem is addressed in IBM Model 3. The fertility is modeled using probability distribution defined as: n ( ϕ ∨ f ) For each foreign word j , such distribution indicates to how many output words ϕ it usually translates. This model deals with dropping input words because it allow... |
IBM alignment models : In IBM Model 4, each word is dependent on the previously aligned word and on the word classes of the surrounding words. Some words tend to get reordered during translation more than others (e.g. adjective–noun inversion when translating Polish to English). Adjectives often get moved before the no... |
IBM alignment models : IBM Model 5 reformulates IBM Model 4 by enhancing the alignment model with more training parameters in order to overcome the model deficiency. During the translation in Model 3 and Model 4 there are no heuristics that would prohibit the placement of an output word in a position already taken. In ... |
IBM alignment models : Knight, Kevin (1997-12-15). "Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Machine Translation". AI Magazine. 18 (4): 81. doi:10.1609/aimag.v18i4.1323. ISSN 2371-9621. Knight, Kevin. "A statistical MT tutorial workbook." Prepared for the 1999 JHU Summer Workshop. 1999. |
Interlingual machine translation : Interlingual machine translation is one of the classic approaches to machine translation. In this approach, the source language, i.e. the text to be translated is transformed into an interlingua, i.e., an abstract language-independent representation. The target language is then genera... |
Interlingual machine translation : The first ideas about interlingual machine translation appeared in the 17th century with Descartes and Leibniz, who came up with theories of how to create dictionaries using universal numerical codes, not unlike numerical tokens used by large language models nowadays. Others, such as ... |
Interlingual machine translation : In this method of translation, the interlingua can be thought of as a way of describing the analysis of a text written in a source language such that it is possible to convert its morphological, syntactic, semantic (and even pragmatic) characteristics, that is "meaning" into a target ... |
Interlingual machine translation : In interlingual machine translation systems, there are two monolingual components: the analysis of the source language and the interlingual, and the generation of the interlingua and the target language. It is however necessary to distinguish between interlingual systems using only sy... |
Interlingual machine translation : One of the main advantages of this strategy is that it provides an economical way to make multilingual translation systems. With an interlingua it becomes unnecessary to make a translation pair between each pair of languages in the system. So instead of creating n ( n − 1 ) language ... |
Interlingual machine translation : Calliope-Aero Carabao Linguistic Virtual Machine Grammatical Framework Number Translator Google Translate use English internally as a pivot language for some language pairs such as Chinese and Japanese, and more generally those with "higher quality" neural-network translators with Eng... |
Interlingual machine translation : Intermediate representation Pivot language Universal Networking Language Knowledge representation and reasoning |
Internettolken : Internettolken (or InternetPreter) is a web-based machine translating tool. As the first Swedish online translating service, it was started in 2002 and included the English and Swedish languages. Today, there are 14 languages with more than 120 possible combinations. The service is free up to 150 words... |
Internettolken : EuroMatrix Referensboken |
Internettolken : Internettolken home page InternetPreter (English interface) Internettolken's Gadgets |
Jollo : Jollo was an online machine translation service where users could instantly translate texts into 23 languages, request human translations from a community of volunteers around the world, and compare the correctness of several leading machine translation websites. It was discontinued in 2012. |
Jollo : Jollo was a free Web 2.0 website that attempted to improve the way in which people translate online through the use of existing machine translation websites and a community of volunteers who correct and rate translations. The system relied on a similar methodology as computer-assisted translation to ensure tran... |
Jollo : The Jollo website was classified as beta. It was developed using LAMP and was praised for its colorful graphics and simple user interface. Jollo offered a simple web-based API that could be used for translations. For example, the URL: http://www.jollo.com/translate.php?st=I%20love%20you&sl=en&tl=zh was used to ... |
Jollo : Archive of the Jollo page |
Language Weaver : Language Weaver is the machine translation (MT) technology and brand of RWS. The brand name was revived in 2021 following the acquisition of SDL and Iconic Translation Machines Ltd. and the merging of the respective teams and technologies. Language Weaver was formerly a standalone company that was acq... |
Language Weaver : Language Weaver was a Los Angeles, California–based company founded in 2002 as a spin-out company from the University of Southern California. The company was founded to commercialise a statistical approach to automatic language translation and natural language processing known as statistical machine t... |
Language Weaver : SDL Language Weaver was the primary machine translation technology at SDL where, over time, it evolved from SMT to syntax-based MT, to Neural Machine Translation. The Language Weaver brand was retired in 2015 in favour of SDL BeGlobal for the cloud-based solution, and SDL Enterprise Translation Server... |
Language Weaver : The Language Weaver brand was revived in 2021 following the acquisition of SDL by RWS, and the merger of the SDL MT and Iconic Translation Machines teams and technologies. The combined technologies of both companies, based on state-of-the-art Transformer-based Neural Machine Translation, are now sold ... |
Language Weaver : As of September 2021, Language Weaver supports the following languages and language varieties: |
Language Weaver : RWS Group SDL == Notes and references == |
Lingoes : Lingoes is a dictionary and machine translation app. Lingoes was created in China. Lingoes is often compared to its competitor Babylon because of similarities in their GUI, functionalities and most importantly being freeware. |
Lingoes : Dictionaries and encyclopedias can be installed on Lingoes in the form of new add-ons to extend its functionality. Add-ons for Wikipedia, Baidu Baike, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, WordNet, MacMillan English Dictionary, Collins English Dictionary and othe... |
Lingoes : Comparison of machine translation applications == References == |
Linguatec : The Linguatec Sprachtechnologien GmbH is a language technology provider, specialized in the field of machine translation, speech synthesis and speech recognition. Linguatec was founded in Munich in 1996 and its headquarters are in Pasing. Linguatec has won the European Information Society Technologies Prize... |
Linguatec : Machine translation The different versions of Personal Translator (seven language pairs) can be used "for home use" or for professional business use in the company network. In addition to this, specialist dictionaries are offered to broaden standard vocabulary. Speech synthesis The Voice Reader text-to-spee... |
Linguatec : 2005 pending patent application for a newly developed hybrid technology that uses the intelligence of neural networks for machine translation. |
Linguatec : 2004 European IT Prize for Beyond Babel 2004 test winner Stiftung Warentest – best voice recognition 1998 European IT Prize – applied voice recognition 1996 European IT Prize – automated translation |
Linguatec : 2005 University of Regensburg: Voice Reader user test 2002 Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering and Organization IAO: user study on the efficiency of machine translation |
Linguatec : https://www.linguatec.de/en/ |
Linguistic Systems : Linguistic Systems, Inc., also known as LSI, provides language translation services (conversion) for all media in over 115 languages. LSI focuses on the translation of legal, medical, business, institutional, academic, government and personal documents. LSI is headquartered in Cambridge, Massachuse... |
Linguistic Systems : Linguistic Systems, Inc. (LSI) was founded in 1967 by Martin Roberts. LSI's translates to/from 115 languages, DTP, audio-visual conversions, software localization, consecutive and simultaneous interpreting services, foreign brand name analysis, and machine translation with post-editing. LSI has pro... |
Linguistics Research Center at UT Austin : The Linguistics Research Center (LRC) at the University of Texas is a center for computational linguistics research & development. It was directed by Prof. Winfred Lehmann until his death in 2007, and subsequently by Dr. Jonathan Slocum. Since its founding, virtually all proje... |
Linguistics Research Center at UT Austin : The LRC was founded by Winfred Lehmann in 1961. In the early days, research efforts at the LRC concentrated on machine translation (MT) -- the translation of texts from one human language to another with the aid of computers, very developed nowadays in the field of language in... |
Linguistics Research Center at UT Austin : Winfred Lehmann Rolf A. Stachowitz Jonathan Slocum Winfield S. Bennett John White |
Localization Industry Standards Association : Localization Industry Standards Association or LISA was a Swiss-based trade body concerning the translation of computer software (and associated materials) into multiple natural languages, which existed from 1990 to February 2011. It counted among its members most of the la... |
Lübke English : The term Lübke English (or, in German, Lübke-Englisch) refers to nonsensical English created by literal word-by-word translation of German phrases, disregarding differences between the languages in syntax and meaning. Lübke English is named after Heinrich Lübke, a president of Germany in the 1960s, whos... |
Lübke English : Fromlostiano, a similar translation from Spanish into English == References == |
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