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Frame (artificial intelligence) : Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2010), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-604259-7, ch. 1. Marvin Minsky, A Framework for Representing Knowledge, MIT-AI Laboratory Memo 306, June, 1974. Daniel G. Bobrow, Ter... |
Frame (artificial intelligence) : Minsky's "A Framework for Representing Knowledge" Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach Website Frame-Based Systems The Generic Frame Protocol The Protégé Ontology Editor Intro Presentation to Frame Languages |
Frame (artificial intelligence) : Frames are an artificial intelligence data structure used to divide knowledge into substructures by representing "stereotyped situations". They were proposed by Marvin Minsky in his 1974 article "A Framework for Representing Knowledge". Frames are the primary data structure used in art... |
Frame (artificial intelligence) : The frame contains information on how to use the frame, what to expect next, and what to do when these expectations are not met. Some information in the frame is generally unchanged while other information, stored in "terminals", usually change. Terminals can be considered as variables... |
Frame (artificial intelligence) : A frame's terminals are already filled with default values, which is based on how the human mind works. For example, when a person is told "a boy kicks a ball", most people will visualize a particular ball (such as a familiar soccer ball) rather than imagining some abstract ball with n... |
Frame (artificial intelligence) : Worth noticing here is the easy analogical reasoning (comparison) that can be done between a boy and a monkey just by having similarly named slots. Also notice that Alex, an instance of a boy, inherits default values like "Sex" from the more general parent object Boy, but the boy may a... |
Frame (artificial intelligence) : A frame language is a technology used for knowledge representation in artificial intelligence. They are similar to class hierarchies in object-oriented languages although their fundamental design goals are different. Frames are focused on explicit and intuitive representation of knowle... |
Frame (artificial intelligence) : Early work on Frames was inspired by psychological research going back to the 1930s that indicated people use stored stereotypical knowledge to interpret and act in new cognitive situations. The term Frame was first used by Marvin Minsky as a paradigm to understand visual reasoning and... |
Frame (artificial intelligence) : Frame problem Deductive classifier Description logic First-order logic Knowledge base Knowledge-based system Knowledge graph Ontology language Predicate Semantic network Situation calculus |
Frame (artificial intelligence) : Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2010), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-604259-7, ch. 1. Marvin Minsky, A Framework for Representing Knowledge, MIT-AI Laboratory Memo 306, June, 1974. Daniel G. Bobrow, Ter... |
Frame (artificial intelligence) : Minsky's "A Framework for Representing Knowledge" Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach Website Frame-Based Systems The Generic Frame Protocol The Protégé Ontology Editor Intro Presentation to Frame Languages |
Framing (social sciences) : In the social sciences, framing comprises a set of concepts and theoretical perspectives on how individuals, groups, and societies organize, perceive, and communicate about reality. Framing can manifest in thought or interpersonal communication. Frames in thought consist of the mental repres... |
Framing (social sciences) : When we want to explain an event, our understanding is often based on our interpretation (frame). If someone rapidly closes and opens an eye, we react differently based on if we interpret this as a "physical frame" (they blinked) or a "social frame" (they winked). The blink may be due to a s... |
Framing (social sciences) : In communication, framing defines how news media coverage shapes mass opinion. Richard E. Vatz's discourse on the creation of rhetorical meaning relates directly to framing, although he references it little. To be specific, framing effects refer to behavioral or attitudinal strategies and/or... |
Framing (social sciences) : News media frame all news items by emphasizing specific values, facts, and other considerations, and endowing them with greater apparent applicability for making related judgments. News media promotes particular definitions, interpretations, evaluations and recommendations. |
Framing (social sciences) : Preference reversals and other associated phenomena are of wider relevance within behavioural economics, as they contradict the predictions of rational choice, the basis of traditional economics. Framing biases affecting investing, lending, borrowing decisions make one of the themes of behav... |
Framing (social sciences) : Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman have shown that framing can affect the outcome of choice problems (i.e. the choices one makes), so much so that some of the classic axioms of rational choice are not true. This led to the development of prospect theory. The context or framing of problems adop... |
Framing (social sciences) : Framing theory provides a broad theoretical approach that analysts have used in communication studies, news (Johnson-Cartee, 1995), politics, and social movements (among other applications). According to Bert Klandermans, the "social construction of collective action frames" involves "public... |
Framing (social sciences) : Although the idea of language-framing had been explored earlier by Kenneth Burke (terministic screens), political communication researcher Jim A. Kuypers first published work advancing frame analysis (framing analysis) as a rhetorical perspective in 1997. His approach begins inductively by l... |
Framing (social sciences) : Edward Zelinsky has shown that framing effects can explain some observed behaviors of legislators. |
Framing (social sciences) : In media, to frame is "to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communication context, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, casual interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described". The role ... |
Framing (social sciences) : Linguist and rhetoric scholar George Lakoff argues that, in order to persuade a political audience of one side of an argument or another, the facts must be presented through a rhetorical frame. It is argued that, without the frame, the facts of an argument become lost on an audience, making ... |
Framing (social sciences) : According to Susan T. Fiske and Shelley E. Taylor, human beings are by nature "cognitive misers", meaning they prefer to do as little thinking as possible. Frames provide people a quick and easy way to process information. Hence, people will use the previously mentioned mental filters (a ser... |
Framing (social sciences) : Bibliography Levin, Irwin P.; Gaeth, Gary J. (1988). "How Consumers are Affected by the Framing of Attribute Information Before and After Consuming the Product". Journal of Consumer Research. 15 (3): 374–378. doi:10.1086/209174. JSTOR 2489471. S2CID 54807672. Aziz, S., Imtiaz, A., & Saeed, R... |
Framing (social sciences) : Baars, B. A cognitive theory of consciousness, NY: Cambridge University Press 1988, ISBN 0-521-30133-5. Boulding, Kenneth E. (1956). The Image: Knowledge in Life and Society. Michigan University Press. Carruthers, P. (2003). "On Fodor's Problem". Mind and Language. 18 (5): 502–23. doi:10.111... |
Framing (social sciences) : Curry, Tom. 2005. "Frist chills talk of judges deal". "The framing of the issue as 'a fair, up-or-down vote,' Republican strategists believe, is the most advantageous one". MSNBC HBS.edu Archived June 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine – "Fixing Price Tag Confusion" (interview), Sean Silverthor... |
Futures wheel : The futures wheel is a method for graphical visualisation of direct and indirect future consequences of a particular change or development. It was invented by Jerome C. Glenn in 1971, when he was a student at the Antioch Graduate School of Education (now Antioch University New England). The Futures Whee... |
Futures wheel : To start a futures wheel the central term describing the change to evaluate is positioned in the center of the page (or drawing area). Then, events or consequences following directly from that development are positioned around it. Next, the (indirect) consequences of the direct consequences are position... |
Futures wheel : The futures wheel is usually used to organize thoughts about a future development or trend. With it, possible impacts can be collected and put down in a structured way. The use of interconnecting lines makes it possible to visualize interrelationships of the causes and resulting changes. Thus, futures w... |
Futures wheel : Glenn, Jerome C. Futurizing Teaching vs Futures Course, Social Science Record, Syracuse University, Volume IX, No. 3 Spring 1972. Snyder, David Pearce. Monograph: The Futures Wheel: A Strategic Thinking Exercise, The Snyder Family Enterprise, Bethesda, Maryland 1993. Glenn, Jerome C. Futures Wheel, Futu... |
Futures wheel : Learning, Teaching, and Assessment Guide Glossary at Tasmania's Department of Education's homepage. Downloadable template of a Futures wheel at the Australian Global Education website. Futures Wheel, Futures Research Methodology Version 3.0, The Millennium Project, Washington, DC 2009 [1] Archived 2015-... |
Fuzzy cognitive map : A fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) is a cognitive map within which the relations between the elements (e.g. concepts, events, project resources) of a "mental landscape" can be used to compute the "strength of impact" of these elements. Fuzzy cognitive maps were introduced by Bart Kosko. Robert Axelrod in... |
Fuzzy cognitive map : Fuzzy cognitive maps are signed fuzzy directed graphs. Spreadsheets or tables are used to map FCMs into matrices for further computation. FCM is a technique used for causal knowledge acquisition and representation, it supports causal knowledge reasoning process and belong to the neuro-fuzzy system... |
Fuzzy cognitive map : Causal diagram Causal loop diagram System dynamics Cognitive map == References == |
General Architecture for Text Engineering : General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE) is a Java suite of natural language processing (NLP) tools for man tasks, including information extraction in many languages. It is now used worldwide by a wide community of scientists, companies, teachers and students. It was ... |
General Architecture for Text Engineering : GATE includes an information extraction system called ANNIE (A Nearly-New Information Extraction System) which is a set of modules comprising a tokenizer, a gazetteer, a sentence splitter, a part of speech tagger, a named entities transducer and a coreference tagger. ANNIE ca... |
General Architecture for Text Engineering : The screenshot shows the document viewer used to display a document and its annotations. In pink are <a> hyperlink annotations from an HTML file. The right list is the annotation sets list, and the bottom table is the annotation list. In the center is the annotation editor wi... |
General Architecture for Text Engineering : GATE generates vast quantities of information including; natural language text, semantic annotations, and ontological information. Sometimes the data itself is the end product of an application but often the information would be more useful if it could be efficiently searched... |
General Architecture for Text Engineering : Unstructured Information Management Architecture (UIMA) OpenNLP Pheme, a major EU project managed by the GATE group on early detection of false information in social media |
Geopolitical ontology : The FAO geopolitical ontology is an ontology developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to describe, manage and exchange data related to geopolitical entities such as countries, territories, regions and other similar areas. |
Geopolitical ontology : An ontology is a kind of dictionary that describes information in a certain domain using concepts and relationships. It is often implemented using OWL (Web Ontology Language), an XML-based standard language that can be interpreted by computers. A Concept is defined as abstract knowledge. For exa... |
Geopolitical ontology : The geopolitical ontology provides names in seven languages (Arabic, Chinese, French, English, Spanish, Russian and Italian) and identifiers in various international coding systems (ISO2, ISO3, AGROVOC, FAOSTAT, FAOTERM, GAUL, UN, UNDP and DBPediaID codes) for territories and groups. Moreover, t... |
Geopolitical ontology : The geopolitical ontology contains : Area types: Territories: self-governing, non-self-governing, disputed, other. Groups: organizations, geographic, economic and special groups. Names (official, short and names for lists) in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Spanish, Russian and Italian. Intern... |
Geopolitical ontology : The FAO geopolitical ontology is implemented in OWL. It consists of classes, properties, individuals and restrictions. Table 1 shows all classes, gives a brief description and lists some individuals that belong to each class. Note that the current version of the geopolitical ontology does not pr... |
Geopolitical ontology : The FAO Geopolitical ontology is embracing the W3C Linked Open Data (LOD) initiative and released its RDF version of the geopolitical ontology in March 2011. The term 'Linked Open Data' refers to a set of best practices for publishing and connecting structured data on the Web. The key technologi... |
Geopolitical ontology : Every resource in the OWL format of the FAO Geopolitical Ontology has a unique URI. Dereferenciation was implemented to allow for three different URIs to be assigned to each resource as follows: URI identifying the non-information resource Information resource with an RDF/XML representation Info... |
Geopolitical ontology : The URIs of the geopolitical ontology need to be permanent, consequently all transient information, such as year, version, or format was avoided in the definition of the URIs. The new URIs can be accessed For example, for the resource “Italy” the URIs are the following: http://www.fao.org/countr... |
Geopolitical ontology : When a non-information resource is looked up without any specific representation format, then the server needs to redirect the request to information resource with an HTML representation. For example, to retrieve the resource “Italy”, which is a non-information resource, the server redirects to ... |
Geopolitical ontology : The total number of triple statements in FAO Geopolitical Ontology is 22,495. At least 50 links to a dataset already in the current LOD Cloud: FAO Geopolitical Ontology has 195 links to DBpedia, which is already part of the LOD Cloud. |
Geopolitical ontology : FAO Geopolitical Ontology provides the entire dataset as a RDF dump. The RDF version of the FAO Geopolitical Ontology has been already registered in CKAN and it was requested to add it into the LOD Cloud. |
Geopolitical ontology : The FAO Country Profiles is an information retrieval tool which groups the FAO's vast archive of information on its global activities in agriculture and rural development in one single area and catalogues it exclusively by country. The FAO Country Profiles system provides access to country-based... |
Geopolitical ontology : Agricultural Information Management Standards AGROVOC Country code FAO Country Profiles Global Administrative Unit Layers (GAUL) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) |
Geopolitical ontology : "FAO's Geopolitical Ontology and Services (Slides about FAO's geopolitical ontology)". Archived from the original on 2011-01-24. "FAO Country Profiles". FAO. Retrieved 2024-03-02. "FAO Terminology] (FAOTERM)". "FAOSTAT". "UN Statistics Division - M49 codes". "ISO - Maintenance Agency for ISO 316... |
GermaNet : GermaNet is a semantic network for the German language. It relates nouns, verbs, and adjectives semantically by grouping lexical units that express the same concept into synsets and by defining semantic relations between these synsets. GermaNet is free for academic use, after signing a license. GermaNet shar... |
GermaNet : There are software libraries and APIs available for Java, Python, JavaScript, and Perl. These programs are distributed under free-software licenses and provide easy access to all information in various versions of GermaNet. GermaNet Rover is an on-line application that can be used to search for synsets in Ge... |
GermaNet : GermaNet 15.0 (released May 2020) can be distributed under one of the following types of license agreements: Academic Research License Agreement: for the purpose of research at academic institutions. There is no license fee for academic use. Licenses are not given to individual students, and those seeking a ... |
GermaNet : Open-de-WordNet is a freely available alternative to GermaNet which is compatible with WordNet. |
GermaNet : GermaNet has been used for a variety of applications, including: semantic analysis shallow recognition of implicit document structure compound analysis analyzing sectional preferences word sense disambiguation |
GermaNet : Hyponym Is-a Machine-readable dictionary Ontology (information science) Semantic network Semantic Web Synonym Ring Taxonomy UBY-LMF Word sense disambiguation |
GermaNet : Official website GermaNet Rover online browser |
GNOWSYS : GNOWSYS (Gnowledge Networking and Organizing system) is a specification for a generic distributed network based memory/knowledge management. It is developed as an application for developing and maintaining semantic web content. It is written in Python. It is implemented as a Django app. The GNOWSYS project wa... |
GNOWSYS : The application can be used for web-based knowledge representation and content management projects, for developing structured knowledge bases, as a collaborative authoring tool, suitable for making electronic glossaries, dictionaries and encyclopedias, for managing large web sites or links, developing an onli... |
GNOWSYS : The kernel is designed to provide support to persistently store highly granular nodes of knowledge representation like terms, predicates and very complex propositional systems like arguments, rules, axiomatic systems, loosely held paragraphs, and more complex structured and consistent compositions. All the co... |
GNOWSYS : Welcome to Gnowledge! GNOWSYS is part of the GNU project. |
Group concept mapping : Group concept mapping is a structured methodology for organizing the ideas of a group on any topic of interest and representing those ideas visually in a series of interrelated maps. It is a type of integrative mixed method, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches to data collection an... |
Group concept mapping : Group concept mapping integrates qualitative group processes with multivariate analysis to help a group organize and visually represent its ideas on any topic of interest through a series of related maps. It combines the ideas of diverse participants to show what the group thinks and values in r... |
Group concept mapping : Group concept mapping involves a structured multi-step process, including brainstorming, sorting and rating, multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis, and the generation and interpretation of multiple maps. The first step requires participants to brainstorm a large set of statements relevan... |
Group concept mapping : Group concept mapping was developed as a methodology in the late 1980s by William M.K. Trochim at Cornell University. Trochim is considered to be a leading evaluation expert, and he has taught evaluation and research methods at Cornell since 1980. Originally called "concept mapping", the methodo... |
Group concept mapping : Group concept mapping can be used with any group for any topic of interest. It is often used by government agencies, academic institutions, national associations, not-for-profit and community-based organizations, and private businesses to help turn the ideas of the group into measurable actions.... |
Group concept mapping : More generally, concept mapping is any process used for visually representing relationships between ideas in pictures or diagrams. A concept map is typically a diagram of multiple ideas, often represented as boxes or circles, linked in a graph (network) structure through arrows and words where e... |
Group concept mapping : Card sorting Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software Idea networking – a very similar method of cluster analysis Knowledge representation and reasoning List of concept- and mind-mapping software Problem structuring methods Q methodology |
Group concept mapping : Concept mapping research guide |
Guideline execution engine : A guideline execution engine is a computer program which can interpret a clinical guideline represented in a computerized format and perform actions towards the user of an electronic medical record. A guideline execution engine needs to communicate with a host clinical information system. V... |
Guideline execution engine : The following modules are generally needed for any engine: interface to clinical information system new guidelines loading module guideline interpreter module clinical events parser alert/recommendations dispatch |
Guideline execution engine : The Guideline Interchange Format (GLIF) is a computer representation format for clinical guidelines. Represented guidelines can be executed using a guideline execution engine. The format has several versions as it has been improved. In 2003 GLIF3 was introduced. |
Guideline execution engine : Some commercial electronic health record systems use a workflow engine to execute clinical guidelines. RetroGuide and HealthFlow are examples of such an approach. |
Guideline execution engine : Arden syntax Medical algorithm |
Guideline execution engine : Wang D, Peleg M, Tu SW, et al. (October 2004). "Design and implementation of the GLIF3 guideline execution engine". J Biomed Inform. 37 (5): 305–18. doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2004.06.002. PMID 15488745. Ram P, Berg D, Tu S, et al. (2004). "Executing clinical practice guidelines using the SAGE execu... |
Hallin's spheres : Hallin's spheres is a theory of news reporting and its rhetorical framing posited by journalism historian Daniel C. Hallin in his 1986 book The Uncensored War to explain the news coverage of the Vietnam War. Hallin divides the world of political discourse into three concentric spheres: consensus, leg... |
Hallin's spheres : Craig Watkins (2001, pp. 92–4) makes use of the Hallin's spheres in a paper examining ABC, CBS, and NBC television network television news coverage of the Million Man March, a demonstration that took place in Washington, D.C. on October 16, 1995. Watkins analyzes the dominant framing practices—proble... |
Hallin's spheres : Rosen, Jay. "Audience Atomization Overcome: Why the Internet Weakens the Authority of the Press," PressThink.org (January 12, 2009). Smith, Christopher. The Sphere of Deviance WNYmedia Network, 2009. "Does NPR have a Liberal Bias?", On the Media (New York Public Radio) (September 14, 2012). Retrieved... |
Hashtag : A hashtag is a metadata tag operator that is prefaced by the hash symbol, #. On social media, hashtags are used on microblogging and photo-sharing services–especially Twitter and Tumblr–as a form of user-generated tagging that enables cross-referencing of content by topic or theme. For example, a search withi... |
Hashtag : The number sign or hash symbol, #, has long been used in information technology to highlight specific pieces of text. In 1970, the number sign was used to denote immediate address mode in the assembly language of the PDP-11 when placed next to a symbol or a number, and around 1973, '#' was introduced in the C... |
Hashtag : A hashtag must begin with a hash (#) character followed by other characters, and is terminated by a space or the end of the line. Some platforms may require the # to be preceded with a space. Most or all platforms that support hashtags permit the inclusion of letters (without diacritics), numerals, and unders... |
Hashtag : Hashtags are particularly useful in unmoderated forums that lack a formal ontological organization. Hashtags help users find content similar interest. Hashtags are neither registered nor controlled by any one user or group of users. They do not contain any set definitions, meaning that a single hashtag can be... |
Hashtag : During the April 2011 Canadian party leader debate, Jack Layton, then-leader of the New Democratic Party, referred to Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper's crime policies as "a [sic] hashtag fail" (presumably #fail). In 2010 Kanye West used the term "hashtag rap" to describe a style of rapping that, ac... |
Hashtag : Linguists argue that hashtagging is a morphological process and that hashtags function as words. The popularity of a hashtag is influenced less by its conciseness and clarity, and more by the presence of preexisting popular hashtags with similar syntactic formats. This suggests that, similar to word formation... |
Hashtag : URI fragment Tagging Mentioning a user's profile by using @ tagging in blogging. Webring, an early-web decentralized mechanism to link websites with a common theme Folksonomy Social bookmarking Models of collaborative tagging Web 2.0 |
Hashtag : Wikipedia internal hashtag search engine – for hashtags used in edit summaries Veszelszki, Ágnes 2016: #time, #truth, #tradition. An Image-text Relationship on Instagram: photo and hashtag. In: Benedek, András; Veszelszki, Ágnes (eds.): In the Beginning was the Image: The Omnipresence of Pictures: Time, Truth... |
HiLog : HiLog is a programming logic with higher-order syntax, which allows arbitrary terms to appear in predicate and function positions. However, the model theory of HiLog is first-order. Although syntactically HiLog strictly extends first order logic, HiLog can be embedded into this logic. HiLog was first described ... |
HiLog : In all the examples below, capitalized symbols denote variables and the comma denotes logical conjunction, as in most logic programming languages. The first and the second examples show that variables can appear in predicate positions. Predicates can even be complex terms, such as closure(P) or maplist(F) below... |
HiLog : Ross, Kenneth A. (January 1994). "On negation in HiLog". Journal of Logic Programming. 18 (1): 27–53. doi:10.1016/0743-1066(94)90040-X. Bruijn, Jos; Heymans, Stijn (January 2008). "On the relationship between description logic-based and F-logic-based ontologies". Fundamenta Informaticae. 82 (3): 213–236. |
Historical Thesaurus of English : The Historical Thesaurus of English (HTE) is the largest thesaurus in the world. It is called a historical thesaurus as it arranges the whole vocabulary of English, from the earliest written records in Old English to the present, according to the first documented occurrence of a word i... |
Historical Thesaurus of English : The Historical Thesaurus of English (HTE) is a complete database of all the words in the Oxford English Dictionary and other dictionaries (including Old English), arranged by semantic field and date. In this way, the HTE arranges the whole vocabulary of English, from the earliest writt... |
Historical Thesaurus of English : On 22 October 2009, after 44 years of work, version 1.0 of the HTE was published by Oxford University Press in a two-volume slipcased set as the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary (HTOED). The two hardcover volumes together total nearly 4,500 pages. |
Historical Thesaurus of English : "Search". The Historical Thesaurus of English. University of Glasgow. |
Imageability : Imageability is a measure of how easily a physical object, word or environment will evoke a clear mental image in the mind of any person observing it. It is used in architecture and city planning, in psycholinguistics, and in automated computer vision research. In automated image recognition, training mo... |
Imageability : Kevin A. Lynch first introduced the term, "imageability" in his 1960 book, The Image of the City. In the book, Lynch argues cities contain a key set of physical elements that people use to understand the environment, orient themselves inside of it, and assign it meaning. Lynch argues the five key element... |
Imageability : Automated image recognition was developed by using machine learning to find patterns in large, annotated datasets of photographs, like ImageNet. Images in ImageNet are labelled using concepts in WordNet. Concepts that are easily expressed verbally, like "early", are seen as less "imageable" than nouns re... |
Imageability : Wayfinding Mental mapping Environmental psychology Speech perception Experimental psychology |
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