document_id int32 185 2.68k | context stringlengths 2.88k 70.8k | question stringlengths 11 194 | is_impossible bool 1
class | id int32 225 5.32k | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,689 | Chikungunya: A Potentially Emerging Epidemic?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860491/
SHA: f7c3160bef4169d29e2a8bdd79dd6e9056d4774c
Authors: Thiboutot, Michelle M.; Kannan, Senthil; Kawalekar, Omkar U.; Shedlock, Devon J.; Khan, Amir S.; Sarangan, Gopalsamy; Srikanth, Padma; Weiner, David B.; Muthumani... | What other group is disproportionately affected? | false | 2,505 | {
"text": [
"children"
],
"answer_start": [
7040
]
} |
1,741 | MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687373/
SHA: f6fcf1a99cbd073c5821d1c4ffa3f2c6daf8ae29
Authors: Mackay, Ian M.; Arden, Katherine E.
Date: 2015-12-22
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5
License: cc-by
Abstract: The first known cases of Middle East ... | What happens to humans infected by MERS-CoV virus? | false | 4,209 | {
"text": [
"the virus can be a more serious and opportunistic pathogen associated with the death of up to 40 % of reported cases."
],
"answer_start": [
5851
]
} |
1,598 | Which Kind of Provider’s Operation Volumes Matters? Associations between CABG Surgical Site Infection Risk and Hospital and Surgeon Operation Volumes among Medical Centers in Taiwan
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459823/
SHA: f3cbc0503581249a834895fc94cd3bae24714a0d
Authors: Yu, Tsung-Hsien; Tung, Yu-... | Why are SSIs important to the overall burden on the healthcare system? | false | 5,248 | {
"text": [
"The total length of stay and expenditure for patients with SSIs after CABG surgery is significantly longer and higher than those without SSIs"
],
"answer_start": [
2903
]
} |
2,504 | Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052386/
SHA: 45a566c71056ba4faab425b4f7e9edee6320e4a4
Authors: Tan, Kai Sen; Lim, Rachel Liyu; Liu, Jing; Ong, Hsiao Hui; ... | what is suggested by the fact that not all viral infections of the airway lead to acute exacerbations? | false | 3,965 | {
"text": [
"a more complex interplay between the virus and upper airway epithelium which synergize with the local airway environment in line with the \"united airway\" hypothesis"
],
"answer_start": [
15945
]
} |
2,592 | A mathematical model for simulating the phase-based transmissibility of a novel coronavirus
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00640-3
SHA: 018269476cd191365d6b8bed046078aea07c8c01
Authors: Yin, Tian-Mu Chen; Jia, Rui; Qiu-Peng, Wang; Ze-Yu, Zhao; Jing-An, Cui; Ling
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00640-3
License... | What was R0 for the high transmissibility in South Korea? | false | 2,774 | {
"text": [
"2.5-7.2"
],
"answer_start": [
15674
]
} |
2,642 | First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the WHO European Region, 24 January to 21 February 2020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068164/
SHA: ce358c18aac69fc83c7b2e9a7dca4a43b0f60e2e
Authors: Spiteri, Gianfranco; Fielding, James; Diercke, Michaela; Campese, Christine; Enouf, Vincent; Gayma... | What is the name of the disease caused buy SARS-COV-2? | false | 3,800 | {
"text": [
"coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID -19)"
],
"answer_start": [
2524
]
} |
1,741 | MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687373/
SHA: f6fcf1a99cbd073c5821d1c4ffa3f2c6daf8ae29
Authors: Mackay, Ian M.; Arden, Katherine E.
Date: 2015-12-22
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5
License: cc-by
Abstract: The first known cases of Middle East ... | What do the recommended samples include? | false | 4,244 | {
"text": [
"are recommended when URT sampling is to be conducted"
],
"answer_start": [
22787
]
} |
2,504 | Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052386/
SHA: 45a566c71056ba4faab425b4f7e9edee6320e4a4
Authors: Tan, Kai Sen; Lim, Rachel Liyu; Liu, Jing; Ong, Hsiao Hui; ... | Which is the primary contact/infection site of most respiratory viruses? | false | 4,000 | {
"text": [
"The upper airway epithelium"
],
"answer_start": [
25490
]
} |
2,669 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What do tristetraprolin and AUF1, do? | false | 4,142 | {
"text": [
"promote degradation of AU-rich element (ARE)-containing mRNA"
],
"answer_start": [
4214
]
} |
2,519 | Detectable 2019-nCoV viral RNA in blood is a strong indicator for the further clinical severity
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7054964/
SHA: 77b0c98d1a2ca46b219ad090074814c387c80d8f
Authors: Chen, Weilie; Lan, Yun; Yuan, Xiaozhen; Deng, Xilong; Li, Yueping; Cai, Xiaoli; Li, Liya; He, Ruiying; Tan, Yizh... | What could be the implication of 2019-nCOV virus in anal swabs? | false | 1,172 | {
"text": [
"digestive tract might be one extrapulmonary site for virus replication"
],
"answer_start": [
10737
]
} |
1,561 | Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalitis Responding to Combined Decompressive Craniectomy, Intravenous Immunoglobulin, and Corticosteroid Therapies: Association with Novel RANBP2 Variant
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5857578/
SHA: ef6638accc1ef599ad1aafd47b3a86f2b904cc76
Authors: Alawadhi, Abdulla; Saint-Martin... | What is the hallmark finding of acute necrotizing encephalopathy? | false | 3,036 | {
"text": [
"multiple, symmetric brain lesions located in the thalami bilaterally, putamina, deep periventricular white matter, cerebellum, and brainstem"
],
"answer_start": [
3762
]
} |
2,669 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What was this system used for the first time for? | false | 4,160 | {
"text": [
"to directly sequence an RNA virus genome (IAV)"
],
"answer_start": [
6678
]
} |
1,623 | Etiology of Influenza-Like Illnesses from Sentinel Network Practitioners in Réunion Island, 2011-2012
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5031398/
SHA: f5ff89ebfdd0375d034c112c6c1c7e163fa69a0c
Authors: Brottet, Elise; Jaffar-Bandjee, Marie-Christine; Li-Pat-Yuen, Ghislaine; Filleul, Laurent
Date: 2016-09-21... | What did the study highlight? | false | 4,112 | {
"text": [
"several co-infections, showing that concomitant the multiple etiology of ILI"
],
"answer_start": [
10537
]
} |
2,459 | No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7054935/
SHA: 5a9154aee79901dd8fecd58b7bcd9b7351102d24
Authors: Liu, Shan-Lu; Saif, Linda J.; Weiss, Susan R.; Su, Lishan
Date: 2020-02-26
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1733440
License: cc-by
... | Why were civets proposed to be an intermediate host of the bat-CoVs, capable of spreading SARS CoV to humans? | false | 3,604 | {
"text": [
"t was proposed that the S gene from bat-derived CoV, unlike that from human patients-or civetsderived viruses, was unable to use human ACE2 as a receptor for entry into human cells"
],
"answer_start": [
3414
]
} |
2,565 | Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 Inhibits Hantaan Virus Infection, and Its Single Nucleotide Polymorphism rs12252 Influences the Severity of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5206578/
SHA: 4328e18bdf9b52875c87f3f5ddb1911636a192d2
Authors: Xu-yang, Zheng; Pei... | What clinical condition is caused by Hantaan virus? | false | 546 | {
"text": [
"hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome"
],
"answer_start": [
605
]
} |
1,686 | Nucleolar Protein Trafficking in Response to HIV-1 Tat: Rewiring the Nucleolus
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499507/
SHA: efa871aeaf22cbd0ce30e8bd1cb3d1afff2a98f9
Authors: Jarboui, Mohamed Ali; Bidoia, Carlo; Woods, Elena; Roe, Barbara; Wynne, Kieran; Elia, Giuliano; Hall, William W.; Gautier, Virgin... | What was studied in this report? | false | 5,137 | {
"text": [
"the quantitative changes in the nucleolar proteome of Jurkat T cells constitutively expressing HIV-1 Tat (86aa) versus their Tat-negative counterpart,"
],
"answer_start": [
7434
]
} |
1,590 | In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Circular Triple Helix Forming Oligonucleotide RNA towards Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Replication
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3950953/
SHA: f5ad2323eb387f6e271e2842bb2cc4a33504fde3
Authors: Choong, Oi Kuan; Mehrbod, Parvaneh; Tejo, Bimo Ario; Omar, Abdul Rahman... | Why is their controversy surrounding the FIPV vaccine? | false | 4,056 | {
"text": [
"the vaccine contains type 2 strain, whereas type 1 viruses are more prevalent in the field"
],
"answer_start": [
3185
]
} |
2,669 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What does Furin encode? | false | 4,153 | {
"text": [
"a conserved proprotein convertase crucial in human health and disease."
],
"answer_start": [
5110
]
} |
1,552 | One step closer to an experimental infection system for Hepatitis B Virus? --- the identification of sodium taurocholate cotransporting peptide as a viral receptor
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3562259/
SHA: f4f36a8e9fee64d59ccf22b724c7dab345102658
Authors: Chen, Pei-Jer; Wu, T-C
Date: 2013-01-11
DOI:... | Is NTCP sufficient to allow HBV infection? | false | 3,001 | {
"text": [
"not sufficient"
],
"answer_start": [
5012
]
} |
1,660 | Hantaviruses in the Americas and Their Role as Emerging Pathogens
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3185593/
SHA: efe13a8d42b60ef9f7387ea539a1b2eeb5f80101
Authors: Hjelle, Brian; Torres-Pérez, Fernando
Date: 2010-11-25
DOI: 10.3390/v2122559
License: cc-by
Abstract: The continued emergence and re-emergenc... | Which are among the conspicuous examples which challenge prevention and control measures of public health systems? | false | 4,454 | {
"text": [
"influenza A, Ebola virus, hepatitis C virus, severe adult respiratory distress (SARS), coronavirus, and human immunodeficiency virus"
],
"answer_start": [
2120
]
} |
1,660 | Hantaviruses in the Americas and Their Role as Emerging Pathogens
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3185593/
SHA: efe13a8d42b60ef9f7387ea539a1b2eeb5f80101
Authors: Hjelle, Brian; Torres-Pérez, Fernando
Date: 2010-11-25
DOI: 10.3390/v2122559
License: cc-by
Abstract: The continued emergence and re-emergenc... | What potential mechanism, could be presumed to underlie the pathogenesis of HCPS? | false | 4,558 | {
"text": [
"Innate immune mechanisms."
],
"answer_start": [
18196
]
} |
1,618 | ‘Tiny Iceland’ preparing for Ebola in a globalized world
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6507955/
SHA: efd94d1135c5ee11c2af624b344881e079a5ce7a
Authors: Gunnlaugsson, Geir; Hauksdóttir, Íris Eva; Bygbjerg, Ib Christian; Pinkowski Tersbøl, Britt
Date: 2019-05-07
DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2019.1597451
License... | Where did the 2014 Ebola epidemic in West Africa spread to? | false | 2,183 | {
"text": [
"neighbouring sub-Saharan countries, North America, and Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
20518
]
} |
2,683 | Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-
pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in 11 European countries
30 March 2020 Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team
Seth Flaxmani Swapnil Mishra*, Axel Gandy*, H JulietteT Unwin, Helen Coupland, Thomas A Mellan, Harrison
Zhu, Tresnia Berah, Jeffrey W Eato... | When did China introduce strict movement restrictions and other measures including case isolation and quarantine? | false | 820 | {
"text": [
"23rd January"
],
"answer_start": [
7377
]
} |
1,698 | Accelerated viral dynamics in bat cell lines, with implications for zoonotic emergence
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7064339/
SHA: f2cc0d63ff2c4aaa127c4caae21d8f3a0067e3d5
Authors: Brook, Cara E; Boots, Mike; Chandran, Kartik; Dobson, Andrew P; Drosten, Christian; Graham, Andrea L; Grenfell, Bryan T; ... | How are bats different? | false | 2,732 | {
"text": [
"Bats, however, have adapted anti-inflammatory traits that protect them from such harm, include the loss of certain genes that normally promote inflammation."
],
"answer_start": [
5448
]
} |
1,698 | Accelerated viral dynamics in bat cell lines, with implications for zoonotic emergence
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7064339/
SHA: f2cc0d63ff2c4aaa127c4caae21d8f3a0067e3d5
Authors: Brook, Cara E; Boots, Mike; Chandran, Kartik; Dobson, Andrew P; Drosten, Christian; Graham, Andrea L; Grenfell, Bryan T; ... | What was demonstrated in deriving the equation for R 0? | false | 2,747 | {
"text": [
"invasion threshold is elevated at high values of constitutive antiviral acquisition,"
],
"answer_start": [
33549
]
} |
1,686 | Nucleolar Protein Trafficking in Response to HIV-1 Tat: Rewiring the Nucleolus
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499507/
SHA: efa871aeaf22cbd0ce30e8bd1cb3d1afff2a98f9
Authors: Jarboui, Mohamed Ali; Bidoia, Carlo; Woods, Elena; Roe, Barbara; Wynne, Kieran; Elia, Giuliano; Hall, William W.; Gautier, Virgin... | What nucleolar antigen is essential of localization of Tat and Rev proteins? | false | 5,135 | {
"text": [
"B23"
],
"answer_start": [
5436
]
} |
2,504 | Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052386/
SHA: 45a566c71056ba4faab425b4f7e9edee6320e4a4
Authors: Tan, Kai Sen; Lim, Rachel Liyu; Liu, Jing; Ong, Hsiao Hui; ... | What is the focus of this review? | false | 3,878 | {
"text": [
"recent findings of viral interaction with the upper airway."
],
"answer_start": [
5683
]
} |
1,606 | Serological Assays Based on Recombinant Viral Proteins for the Diagnosis of Arenavirus Hemorrhagic Fevers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3497043/
SHA: f1d308db379b3c293bcfc8fe251c043fe8842358
Authors: Fukushi, Shuetsu; Tani, Hideki; Yoshikawa, Tomoki; Saijo, Masayuki; Morikawa, Shigeru
Date: 2012-10-12... | What proteins does the Arenavirus produce? | false | 5,275 | {
"text": [
"a glycoprotein, a nucleoprotein (NP), a matrix protein (Z), and a polymerase (L)"
],
"answer_start": [
9418
]
} |
1,660 | Hantaviruses in the Americas and Their Role as Emerging Pathogens
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3185593/
SHA: efe13a8d42b60ef9f7387ea539a1b2eeb5f80101
Authors: Hjelle, Brian; Torres-Pérez, Fernando
Date: 2010-11-25
DOI: 10.3390/v2122559
License: cc-by
Abstract: The continued emergence and re-emergenc... | What is considered to be a requirement for the development of systemic disease symptoms? | false | 4,554 | {
"text": [
"Local elaboration of inflammatory and chemotactic mediators"
],
"answer_start": [
17252
]
} |
2,504 | Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052386/
SHA: 45a566c71056ba4faab425b4f7e9edee6320e4a4
Authors: Tan, Kai Sen; Lim, Rachel Liyu; Liu, Jing; Ong, Hsiao Hui; ... | What happens during the replication process? | false | 3,887 | {
"text": [
"the cells release antiviral factors and cytokines that alter local airway inflammation and airway niche"
],
"answer_start": [
7552
]
} |
1,633 | The vacuolar-type ATPase inhibitor archazolid increases tumor cell adhesion to endothelial cells by accumulating extracellular collagen
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6133348/
SHA: f1b81916fac1ca3d50dde774df2e1bb26bf0fb39
Authors: Luong, Betty; Schwenk, Rebecca; Bräutigam, Jacqueline; Müller, Rolf; Men... | How many complexes are within v-ATPase? | false | 5,303 | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
2364
]
} |
1,601 | Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus: Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3183080/
SHA: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay; Rollot, Olivier; Temmam, Sarah; Salez, Nico... | What was the interpretation for the crossreactive antibodies? | false | 5,260 | {
"text": [
"the remote exposure of these individuals to H1N1 viruses circulating before 1957"
],
"answer_start": [
25486
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} |
2,684 | 1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
its p... | When were the second and the third wave of the 1918-1919 swine flu pandemic? | false | 1,093 | {
"text": [
"A sec-\nond or fall wave spread globally from September to\nNovember 1918 and was highly fatal. In many nations, a\nthird wave occurred in early 1919"
],
"answer_start": [
10064
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} |
2,634 | Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7067204/
SHA: c097a8a9a543d69c34f10e5c3fd78019e560026a
Authors: Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo; Kok, Kin-Hang; Zhu, Zheng; Chu, Hin; To, Kelv... | What novel features does the genome have? | false | 3,695 | {
"text": [
"its orf3b encodes a completely novel short protein. Furthermore, its new orf8 likely encodes a secreted protein with an alpha-helix, following with a beta-sheet(s) containing six strands."
],
"answer_start": [
1314
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} |
2,643 | Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/
SHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975
Authors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.
Date: 2020-03-21
DOI: 10.1186/s12939-020-0... | Who are expected to be particularly susceptible? | false | 1,912 | {
"text": [
"Populations affected by humanitarian crises"
],
"answer_start": [
1209
]
} |
2,519 | Detectable 2019-nCoV viral RNA in blood is a strong indicator for the further clinical severity
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7054964/
SHA: 77b0c98d1a2ca46b219ad090074814c387c80d8f
Authors: Chen, Weilie; Lan, Yun; Yuan, Xiaozhen; Deng, Xilong; Li, Yueping; Cai, Xiaoli; Li, Liya; He, Ruiying; Tan, Yizh... | What could account for the high transmission rate of the 2019-nCOV virus? | false | 1,173 | {
"text": [
"Intensive structural analysis of the S protein of 2019-nCoV with the SARS-Coronavirus suggested that several critical residues in the viral spike protein might confer favourable interaction with human ACE2 [7] . Of note, ACE2 is also abundantly present in humans in the epithelia of the small intestin... |
1,676 | Viruses Causing Gastroenteritis: The Known, The New and Those Beyond
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4776197/
SHA: f7b30ee89775bc82607cc6bc87feb5934b47625f
Authors: Oude Munnink, Bas B.; van der Hoek, Lia
Date: 2016-02-19
DOI: 10.3390/v8020042
License: cc-by
Abstract: The list of recently discovered ga... | If all 3 of Koch's postulates are met, what does this indicate? | false | 911 | {
"text": [
"microbe is the cause of the disease"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
1,545 | Species‐specific clinical characteristics of human coronavirus infection among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5820427/
SHA: edfe02a438fa9b667313da8f03614303fc2a4a14
Authors: Bouvier, Monique; Chen, Wei‐Ju; Arnold, John C.; Fairchok, Mary P.; Danaher, Patrick J.;... | What is the most common species of Human Coronavirus among adults? | false | 1,659 | {
"text": [
"HCoV-OC43"
],
"answer_start": [
3997
]
} |
2,683 | Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-
pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in 11 European countries
30 March 2020 Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team
Seth Flaxmani Swapnil Mishra*, Axel Gandy*, H JulietteT Unwin, Helen Coupland, Thomas A Mellan, Harrison
Zhu, Tresnia Berah, Jeffrey W Eato... | What does a public events ban intervention mean? | false | 1,079 | {
"text": [
"banning all public events of more than 100 participants"
],
"answer_start": [
30438
]
} |
2,653 | Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiple shedding routes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7048229/
SHA: da81f0d3a12ab7faa09148acb6564271474e9e02
Authors: Zhang, Wei; Du, Rong-Hui; Li, Bei; Zheng, Xiao-Shuang; Yang, Xing-Lou; Hu, Ben; Wang, Yan-Yi; Xi... | What other tests should be considered for 2019-nCOV epidemiology? | false | 885 | {
"text": [
"serology should be considered for 2019-nCoV epidemiology."
],
"answer_start": [
10373
]
} |
2,620 | Estimating the Unreported Number of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Cases in China in the First Half of January 2020: A Data-Driven Modelling Analysis of the Early Outbreak
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020388
SHA: bf20dda99538a594eafc258553634fd9195104cb
Authors: Zhao, Shi; Musa, Salihu S.; Lin, Qianying; Ran, Jinjun; ... | What was the result of the Imperial College estimation? | false | 1,892 | {
"text": [
"at there had been 4000 (95%CI: 1000-9700) cases in Wuhan with symptoms onset by 18 January 2020, and the basic reproduction number (R 0 ) was estimated at 2.6 (95"
],
"answer_start": [
2927
]
} |
1,550 | Nearly Complete Genome Sequence of an Echovirus 30 Strain from a Cluster of Aseptic Meningitis Cases in California, September 2017
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6953510/
SHA: f0c4d40e1879dd1a049298f151940ac168b5f5a7
Authors: Pan, Chao-Yang; Huynh, Thalia; Padilla, Tasha; Chen, Alice; Ng, Terry Fei Fan... | What was the read coverage for the E-30 genome in this study? | false | 2,994 | {
"text": [
"260-fold"
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1,580 | Isothermal Amplification Using a Chemical Heating Device for Point-of-Care Detection of HIV-1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3285652/
SHA: ef7110a9022bac2e50c995b0f6b826ff071e48f8
Authors: Curtis, Kelly A.; Rudolph, Donna L.; Nejad, Irene; Singleton, Jered; Beddoe, Andy; Weigl, Bernhard; LaBarre, Paul;... | What percentage of HIV-infected people go undetected in the United States? | false | 4,437 | {
"text": [
"20%"
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} |
1,741 | MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687373/
SHA: f6fcf1a99cbd073c5821d1c4ffa3f2c6daf8ae29
Authors: Mackay, Ian M.; Arden, Katherine E.
Date: 2015-12-22
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5
License: cc-by
Abstract: The first known cases of Middle East ... | What is severe MARS noted for? | false | 4,218 | {
"text": [
"its impact among older men with comorbid diseases including diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis and various lung, renal and cardiac conditions"
],
"answer_start": [
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1,557 | Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890533/
SHA: eef61bdfa49b8652fd660b5b8b7e74cf51922505
Authors: Wei, Xiaolin; Zhang, Xiulei; Yin, Jia; Walley, John; Beanland, Rachel; Zou, Guanyang; Zha... | What was the most striking finding of the study regarding tuberculosis patients? | false | 3,029 | {
"text": [
"a large proportion of TB patients did not present consistent cough"
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"answer_start": [
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1,719 | Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4147686/
SHA: f6d2afb2ec44d8656972ea79f8a833143bbeb42b
Authors: Tripp, Ralph A.; Tompkins, S. Mark
Date: 2014-08-07
DOI: 10.3390/v6083055
License: cc-by
Abstract: Despite the availability of an inactivated vaccine that has been lic... | What is the advantage of vectored vaccines? | false | 1,655 | {
"text": [
"generate antigen for weeks after immunization, in contrast to subunit vaccination. This increased presence and level of vaccine antigen contributes to and helps sustain a durable memory immune response, even augmenting the selection of higher affinity antibody secreting cells"
],
"answer_start": ... |
1,583 | A super-spreading ewe infects hundreds with Q fever at a farmers' market in Germany
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618839/
SHA: ee1b5a9618dcc4080ed100486cedd0969e80fa4d
Authors: Porten, Klaudia; Rissland, Jürgen; Tigges, Almira; Broll, Susanne; Hopp, Wilfried; Lunemann, Mechthild; van Treeck, Ulrich; ... | How many controls were used in the second case study? | false | 5,205 | {
"text": [
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2,526 | Epidemiological research priorities for public health control of the ongoing global novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7029449/
SHA: 90de2d957e1960b948b8c38c9877f9eca983f9eb
Authors: Cowling, Benjamin J; Leung, Gabriel M
Date: 2020-02-13
DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020... | How were the first human infections identified? | false | 2,983 | {
"text": [
"through a surveillance system for pneumonia of unknown aetiology"
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"answer_start": [
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} |
185 | CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020,
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/summary.html
This is a rapidly evolving situation and CDC will provide updated information and guidance as it becomes available.
Updated March 21, 2020
CDC is responding to a pandemic of respiratory disease spreading from person-to-pers... | How is COVID-19 spread? | false | 225 | {
"text": [
"person-to-person"
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"answer_start": [
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2,504 | Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052386/
SHA: 45a566c71056ba4faab425b4f7e9edee6320e4a4
Authors: Tan, Kai Sen; Lim, Rachel Liyu; Liu, Jing; Ong, Hsiao Hui; ... | How effective are microbiome based trial therapies? | false | 3,998 | {
"text": [
"have shown efficacy in the treatments of irritable bowel syndrome by restoring the intestinal microbiome ("
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
1,689 | Chikungunya: A Potentially Emerging Epidemic?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860491/
SHA: f7c3160bef4169d29e2a8bdd79dd6e9056d4774c
Authors: Thiboutot, Michelle M.; Kannan, Senthil; Kawalekar, Omkar U.; Shedlock, Devon J.; Khan, Amir S.; Sarangan, Gopalsamy; Srikanth, Padma; Weiner, David B.; Muthumani... | What is a conclusion of this report? | false | 2,526 | {
"text": [
"DNA vaccines could play a major role in combating CHIKV"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
1,602 | High Burden of Non-Influenza Viruses in Influenza-Like Illness in the Early Weeks of H1N1v Epidemic in France
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3157400/
SHA: f4c1afe385e9e31eb5678e15a3c280ba97326554
Authors: Schnepf, Nathalie; Resche-Rigon, Matthieu; Chaillon, Antoine; Scemla, Anne; Gras, Guillaume; Semou... | What were the aims of this study? | false | 5,262 | {
"text": [
"to investigate the different pathogens involved in ILI and describe the associated symptoms"
],
"answer_start": [
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2,463 | SARS to novel coronavirus – old lessons and new lessons
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7026896/
SHA: 5d254ed178c092d3639ce70ae9653593acc471f9
Authors: McCloskey, Brian; Heymann, David L.
Date: 2020-02-05
DOI: 10.1017/s0950268820000254
License: cc-by
Abstract: The response to the novel coronavirus outb... | In what year did the MERS epidemic occur? | false | 1,209 | {
"text": [
"2012"
],
"answer_start": [
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1,741 | MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687373/
SHA: f6fcf1a99cbd073c5821d1c4ffa3f2c6daf8ae29
Authors: Mackay, Ian M.; Arden, Katherine E.
Date: 2015-12-22
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5
License: cc-by
Abstract: The first known cases of Middle East ... | Who gets more severe disease from MERS? | false | 4,206 | {
"text": [
"among older adults, especially males, with pre-existing diseases."
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
2,684 | 1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
its p... | Which virus samples from the 1918 swine flu pandemic have been identified? | false | 1,105 | {
"text": [
"pandemic Virus samples we have\nyet identified are from second-wave patients"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
1,741 | MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687373/
SHA: f6fcf1a99cbd073c5821d1c4ffa3f2c6daf8ae29
Authors: Mackay, Ian M.; Arden, Katherine E.
Date: 2015-12-22
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5
License: cc-by
Abstract: The first known cases of Middle East ... | How long human urine and stool have been found to contain MERS-CoV RNA? | false | 4,248 | {
"text": [
"12 to 26 days after symptom onset"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
1,564 | A focus reduction neutralization assay for hepatitis C virus neutralizing antibodies
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1852297/
SHA: ee8dca216514deeed4c9415bc2ad8a78dc3d9670
Authors: Fournier, Carole; Duverlie, Gilles; François, Catherine; Schnuriger, Aurelie; Dedeurwaerder, Sarah; Brochot, Etienne; Capro... | What is the long-term risk of chronic hepatitis C infection? | false | 1,627 | {
"text": [
"cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
1,674 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | Why is phage self-adjuvanting? | false | 1,752 | {
"text": [
"Host cell wall-derived LPS enhances the virion's immunogenicity, and its removal by polymyxin B chromatography reduces antibody titers against phage coat proteins (Grabowska et al., 2000) . The phage's singlestranded DNA genome contains CpG motifs and may also have an adjuvant effect."
],
"answer... |
188 | The Battle Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emergency Management
and Infection Control in a Radiology Department
https://www.jacr.org/article/S1546-1440(20)30285-4/pdf
Journal Pre-proof
Zixing Huang, Shuang Zhao, Zhenlin Li, Weixia Chen, Lihong Zhao, Lipeng Deng, Bin
Song
PII: S1546-1440(20)30285-4
DOI: htt... | What's the recommended procedure to disinfect at CT scanner after a COVID-19 exposure? | false | 239 | {
"text": [
"The equipment in the contaminated area are wiped with\n2000mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant. The DR and CT gantry in the contaminated\narea are wiped with 75% ethanol. The equipment in the buffer area is wiped with\n500-1000mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant or alcohol-containing disposable\n... |
1,741 | MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687373/
SHA: f6fcf1a99cbd073c5821d1c4ffa3f2c6daf8ae29
Authors: Mackay, Ian M.; Arden, Katherine E.
Date: 2015-12-22
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5
License: cc-by
Abstract: The first known cases of Middle East ... | What is the incubation period of MERS? | false | 4,210 | {
"text": [
"five to six days, ranging from two to 16 days"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
2,439 | Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7078228/
SHA: 1cf54d1c77b7f0494ab971429d26e0e199952d09
Authors: Liu, Jia; Cao, Ruiyuan; Xu, Mingyue; Wang, Xi; Zhang, Huanyu; Hu, Hengrui; Li, Yufeng; Hu, ... | In vitro comparison of antiviral activity of Chloroquine(CQ) and Hydroxychloroquine(HCQ) against COVID-19? | false | 655 | {
"text": [
"compare the antiviral activity of CQ versus HCQ, the dose-response curves"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
2,643 | Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/
SHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975
Authors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.
Date: 2020-03-21
DOI: 10.1186/s12939-020-0... | What is an example of intractable structural challenge? | false | 1,918 | {
"text": [
"overcrowding limit the implementation of both quarantine of those exposed and isolation of those who are ill."
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
1,674 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What is one reason for the lack of success of immunization phage displayed peptides with native protein? | false | 1,747 | {
"text": [
"it seems that peptide antigens elicit a set of topologically restricted antibodies that are largely unable to recognize discontinuous or complex epitopes on larger biomolecules. While the peptide may mimic the chemistry of a given epitope on a folded protein (allowing it to crossreact with a targeted... |
1,689 | Chikungunya: A Potentially Emerging Epidemic?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860491/
SHA: f7c3160bef4169d29e2a8bdd79dd6e9056d4774c
Authors: Thiboutot, Michelle M.; Kannan, Senthil; Kawalekar, Omkar U.; Shedlock, Devon J.; Khan, Amir S.; Sarangan, Gopalsamy; Srikanth, Padma; Weiner, David B.; Muthumani... | What became the main vector in the Indian Ocean within 1-2 y after CHIKV was introduced? | false | 2,518 | {
"text": [
"Ae. albopictus"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
1,660 | Hantaviruses in the Americas and Their Role as Emerging Pathogens
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3185593/
SHA: efe13a8d42b60ef9f7387ea539a1b2eeb5f80101
Authors: Hjelle, Brian; Torres-Pérez, Fernando
Date: 2010-11-25
DOI: 10.3390/v2122559
License: cc-by
Abstract: The continued emergence and re-emergenc... | What did a review of ancient Chinese writings in 960 AD, reveal? | false | 4,462 | {
"text": [
"descriptions closely resembling hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), the syndrome caused by Old World hantaviruses"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
1,719 | Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4147686/
SHA: f6d2afb2ec44d8656972ea79f8a833143bbeb42b
Authors: Tripp, Ralph A.; Tompkins, S. Mark
Date: 2014-08-07
DOI: 10.3390/v6083055
License: cc-by
Abstract: Despite the availability of an inactivated vaccine that has been lic... | what can evade anti-Ad5 response and also provide effective antigen delivery and immunogenicity? | false | 1,553 | {
"text": [
"Low prevalence serotypes such as adenovirus types 3, 7, 11, and 35"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
630 | Functional Genetic Variants in DC-SIGNR Are Associated with Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752805/
Boily-Larouche, Geneviève; Iscache, Anne-Laure; Zijenah, Lynn S.; Humphrey, Jean H.; Mouland, Andrew J.; Ward, Brian J.; Roger, Michel
2009-10-07
DOI:10.1371/journal.... | What is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children? | false | 262 | {
"text": [
"Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide."
],
"answer_start": [
370
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} |
1,689 | Chikungunya: A Potentially Emerging Epidemic?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860491/
SHA: f7c3160bef4169d29e2a8bdd79dd6e9056d4774c
Authors: Thiboutot, Michelle M.; Kannan, Senthil; Kawalekar, Omkar U.; Shedlock, Devon J.; Khan, Amir S.; Sarangan, Gopalsamy; Srikanth, Padma; Weiner, David B.; Muthumani... | What has been some instances of mother to fetus transmission? | false | 2,522 | {
"text": [
"congenital illness and fetal death"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
1,582 | Exhaled breath condensate sampling is not a new method for detection of respiratory viruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3059288/
SHA: f3b46e7e8f58799207cc44515f859c1daf5e4dfc
Authors: Houspie, Lieselot; De Coster, Sarah; Keyaerts, Els; Narongsack, Phouthalack; De Roy, Rikka; Talboom, Ive; Sisk, Maur... | How is exhaled breath condensate used in viral research? | false | 5,193 | {
"text": [
"the isolation of respiratory viruses"
],
"answer_start": [
548
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} |
1,690 | Viruses and Evolution – Viruses First? A Personal Perspective
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6433886/
SHA: f3b9fc0f8e0a431366196d3e835e1ec368b379d1
Authors: Moelling, Karin; Broecker, Felix
Date: 2019-03-19
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00523
License: cc-by
Abstract: The discovery of exoplanets within putat... | What entities with no genes satisfy the criteria for life? | false | 1,179 | {
"text": [
"ribozymes, catalytic RNAs closely related to viroids"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
1,689 | Chikungunya: A Potentially Emerging Epidemic?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860491/
SHA: f7c3160bef4169d29e2a8bdd79dd6e9056d4774c
Authors: Thiboutot, Michelle M.; Kannan, Senthil; Kawalekar, Omkar U.; Shedlock, Devon J.; Khan, Amir S.; Sarangan, Gopalsamy; Srikanth, Padma; Weiner, David B.; Muthumani... | What does Chikungunya cause? | false | 2,471 | {
"text": [
"fever disease, headache, rash, nausea, vomiting, myalgia, and arthralgia"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
1,688 | Health care workers indicate ill preparedness for Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in Ashanti Region of Ghana
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5461762/
SHA: f8efe7295a7cf875c8a695df3e87a42e651ce60d
Authors: Annan, Augustina Angelina; Yar, Denis Dekugmen; Owusu, Michael; Biney, Eno Akua; Forson, Paa Kobina; O... | How many facilities were monitored in this study? | false | 4,250 | {
"text": [
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"answer_start": [
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} |
1,671 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | What family of virus does MERS reside in? | false | 1,251 | {
"text": [
"coronavirus"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
1,665 | Mucosal Vaccination with Recombinant Lactobacillus casei-Displayed CTA1-Conjugated Consensus Matrix Protein-2 (sM2) Induces Broad Protection against Divergent Influenza Subtypes in BALB/c Mice
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3979752/
SHA: efaa556b484fbcd9cc34832ffac53ef3e834e9c0
Authors: Chowdhury, Moha... | What primer pairs were used for PCR? | false | 5,188 | {
"text": [
"59-GGGGTACCTCATTATTAACA-39, and 59-ACGTCGACT-CATTATTCAAGTTCAATAATG AC-39"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
1,645 | Pre-existing immunity against vaccine vectors – friend or foe?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3542731/
SHA: f5bdf18567bb3760e1ce05008135f0270badbd5c
Authors: Saxena, Manvendra; Van, Thi Thu Hao; Baird, Fiona J.; Coloe, Peter J.; Smooker, Peter M.
Date: 2013-01-27
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.049601-0
License: cc... | How does cell-mediated immunity to viral delivery vector, reduce the immune response to vaccine? | false | 879 | {
"text": [
"this is because viruses will induce neutralizing antibody on the first dose, and in subsequent doses this antibody will limit the number of transduced cells, therefore limiting the responses. This is particularly a problem with a common viral vector such as Ad, where a large proportion of the populat... |
2,440 | Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030674
SHA: 1d7f8850c5244fdc9b387038e7eeae9bcbbde6d2
Authors: Al-Qaness, Mohammed A. A.; Ewees, Ahmed A.; Fan, Hong; Abd El Aziz, Mohamed
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030674
License: cc-by
Abstract: In December 2019,... | How is FPASSA-ANFIS model evaluated? | false | 4,400 | {
"text": [
"using the World Health Organization (WHO) official data of the outbreak of the COVID-19 to forecast the confirmed cases of the upcoming ten days."
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
2,620 | Estimating the Unreported Number of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Cases in China in the First Half of January 2020: A Data-Driven Modelling Analysis of the Early Outbreak
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020388
SHA: bf20dda99538a594eafc258553634fd9195104cb
Authors: Zhao, Shi; Musa, Salihu S.; Lin, Qianying; Ran, Jinjun; ... | What was the cumulative number of reported cases by 1 January 2020? | false | 1,886 | {
"text": [
"sed"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
2,504 | Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052386/
SHA: 45a566c71056ba4faab425b4f7e9edee6320e4a4
Authors: Tan, Kai Sen; Lim, Rachel Liyu; Liu, Jing; Ong, Hsiao Hui; ... | What is the effect cell death and injury to the epithelial barrier due to infection? | false | 3,950 | {
"text": [
"induce the expression of IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP, with heighten expression in an inflamed airway"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
1,660 | Hantaviruses in the Americas and Their Role as Emerging Pathogens
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3185593/
SHA: efe13a8d42b60ef9f7387ea539a1b2eeb5f80101
Authors: Hjelle, Brian; Torres-Pérez, Fernando
Date: 2010-11-25
DOI: 10.3390/v2122559
License: cc-by
Abstract: The continued emergence and re-emergenc... | What are among the factors that may have increased the human caseload of HCPS between 1993 and the present? | false | 4,449 | {
"text": [
"Habitat disturbance and larger-scale ecological disturbances, perhaps including climate change,"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
2,642 | First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the WHO European Region, 24 January to 21 February 2020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068164/
SHA: ce358c18aac69fc83c7b2e9a7dca4a43b0f60e2e
Authors: Spiteri, Gianfranco; Fielding, James; Diercke, Michaela; Campese, Christine; Enouf, Vincent; Gayma... | What happened to three cases who were aged 65 years or over? | false | 3,829 | {
"text": [
"were admitted to intensive care and required respiratory support and one French case died."
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
1,660 | Hantaviruses in the Americas and Their Role as Emerging Pathogens
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3185593/
SHA: efe13a8d42b60ef9f7387ea539a1b2eeb5f80101
Authors: Hjelle, Brian; Torres-Pérez, Fernando
Date: 2010-11-25
DOI: 10.3390/v2122559
License: cc-by
Abstract: The continued emergence and re-emergenc... | Which is an especially attractive candidate as an important in vivo receptor for hantaviruses? | false | 4,544 | {
"text": [
"β3 integrin"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
630 | Functional Genetic Variants in DC-SIGNR Are Associated with Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752805/
Boily-Larouche, Geneviève; Iscache, Anne-Laure; Zijenah, Lynn S.; Humphrey, Jean H.; Mouland, Andrew J.; Ward, Brian J.; Roger, Michel
2009-10-07
DOI:10.1371/journal.... | How many children were infected by HIV-1 in 2008-2009, worldwide? | false | 278 | {
"text": [
"more than 400,000 children were infected worldwide, mostly through MTCT and 90% of them lived in sub-Saharan Africa."
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
2,634 | Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7067204/
SHA: c097a8a9a543d69c34f10e5c3fd78019e560026a
Authors: Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo; Kok, Kin-Hang; Zhu, Zheng; Chu, Hin; To, Kelv... | What do HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 cause? | false | 3,703 | {
"text": [
"self-limiting upper respiratory infections in immunocompetent hosts and occasionally lower respiratory tract infections in immunocompromised hosts and elderly"
],
"answer_start": [
3306
]
} |
2,486 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What is the disadvantage of upper respiratory tract specimens? | false | 3,668 | {
"text": [
"hey have potentially lower viral loads and may have higher risk of false-negatives among the mild MERS and SARS cases [102, 103] , and likely among the 2019-nCoV cases."
],
"answer_start": [
19603
]
} |
1,550 | Nearly Complete Genome Sequence of an Echovirus 30 Strain from a Cluster of Aseptic Meningitis Cases in California, September 2017
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6953510/
SHA: f0c4d40e1879dd1a049298f151940ac168b5f5a7
Authors: Pan, Chao-Yang; Huynh, Thalia; Padilla, Tasha; Chen, Alice; Ng, Terry Fei Fan... | According to the California Code of Regulations, when should a meningitis case be reported? | false | 2,991 | {
"text": [
"within 1 day of identification"
],
"answer_start": [
1266
]
} |
1,566 | Aetiology of Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Hospitalised Children in Cyprus
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4720120/
SHA: efd27ff0ac04dd60838266386aaebb5df80f4fa9
Authors: Richter, Jan; Panayiotou, Christakis; Tryfonos, Christina; Koptides, Dana; Koliou, Maria; Kalogirou, Nikolas; Georgiou, Eleni... | Why do respiratory tract infections pose major public health problems? | false | 1,608 | {
"text": [
"world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages"
],
"answer_start": [
1878
]
} |
1,679 | Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Induces Apoptosis through the Unfolded Protein Response Activation of EGR1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4794670/
SHA: f4aa788ab898b28b00ee103e4d4ab24a2c684caf
Authors: Baer, Alan; Lundberg, Lindsay; Swales, Danielle; Waybright, Nicole; Pinkham, Chelsea; Dinman, Jo... | What can RNA sequencing be used to monitor? | false | 938 | {
"text": [
"changes in gene expression"
],
"answer_start": [
9025
]
} |
2,683 | Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-
pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in 11 European countries
30 March 2020 Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team
Seth Flaxmani Swapnil Mishra*, Axel Gandy*, H JulietteT Unwin, Helen Coupland, Thomas A Mellan, Harrison
Zhu, Tresnia Berah, Jeffrey W Eato... | What is the key aim of non-pharmaceutical interventions? | false | 814 | {
"text": [
"reduce the effective reproduction number"
],
"answer_start": [
6703
]
} |
1,689 | Chikungunya: A Potentially Emerging Epidemic?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860491/
SHA: f7c3160bef4169d29e2a8bdd79dd6e9056d4774c
Authors: Thiboutot, Michelle M.; Kannan, Senthil; Kawalekar, Omkar U.; Shedlock, Devon J.; Khan, Amir S.; Sarangan, Gopalsamy; Srikanth, Padma; Weiner, David B.; Muthumani... | What are consequences of infection? | false | 2,498 | {
"text": [
"Ninety-five percent of infected adults are symptomatic after infection, and of these, most become disabled for weeks to months as a result of decreased dexterity, loss of mobility, and delayed reaction."
],
"answer_start": [
6066
]
} |
2,554 | The Extent of Transmission of Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China, 2020
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020330
SHA: 919c524f19f79213e6f81aa38502c70287d273dc
Authors: Nishiura, Hiroshi; Jung, Sung-mok; Linton, Natalie M.; Kinoshita, Ryo; Yang, Yichi; Hayashi, Katsuma; Kobayashi, Tetsuro; Yuan, Baoyin; Akhmetzhanov, Andrei ... | When was the a cluster of pneumonia cases were first reported ? | false | 1,235 | {
"text": [
"31 December 2019,"
],
"answer_start": [
1124
]
} |
2,592 | A mathematical model for simulating the phase-based transmissibility of a novel coronavirus
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00640-3
SHA: 018269476cd191365d6b8bed046078aea07c8c01
Authors: Yin, Tian-Mu Chen; Jia, Rui; Qiu-Peng, Wang; Ze-Yu, Zhao; Jing-An, Cui; Ling
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00640-3
License... | What was the assumption of transmissibility of asymptomatic infection? | false | 2,768 | {
"text": [
"0.5 times that of symptomatic infection (κ = 0.5), which was the similar value as influenza"
],
"answer_start": [
10958
]
} |
2,642 | First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the WHO European Region, 24 January to 21 February 2020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068164/
SHA: ce358c18aac69fc83c7b2e9a7dca4a43b0f60e2e
Authors: Spiteri, Gianfranco; Fielding, James; Diercke, Michaela; Campese, Christine; Enouf, Vincent; Gayma... | What does the study include? | false | 3,802 | {
"text": [
"a comparison between cases detected among travellers from China and cases whose infection was acquired due to subsequent local transmission."
],
"answer_start": [
2925
]
} |
1,741 | MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687373/
SHA: f6fcf1a99cbd073c5821d1c4ffa3f2c6daf8ae29
Authors: Mackay, Ian M.; Arden, Katherine E.
Date: 2015-12-22
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5
License: cc-by
Abstract: The first known cases of Middle East ... | What has epidemiology and research identified the MERS-CoV's cell receptor is? | false | 4,202 | {
"text": [
"as exopeptidase dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4; also called CD26)"
],
"answer_start": [
4901
]
} |
1,556 | The impact of rapid molecular diagnostic testing for respiratory viruses on outcomes for emergency department patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6617970/
SHA: eea9d5e3d2244b3ecfb5e909515e00a4a3cabaa7
Authors: Wabe, Nasir; Li, Ling; Lindeman, Robert; Yimsung, Ruth; Dahm, Maria R; Clezy, Kate; McLen... | What types of acute respiratory infections can be screened and diagnosed with multiplex PCR? | false | 327 | {
"text": [
"influenza and parainfluenza viruses, RSV, adenovirus, rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus, enterovirus, bocavirus and coronavirus"
],
"answer_start": [
2525
]
} |
1,623 | Etiology of Influenza-Like Illnesses from Sentinel Network Practitioners in Réunion Island, 2011-2012
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5031398/
SHA: f5ff89ebfdd0375d034c112c6c1c7e163fa69a0c
Authors: Brottet, Elise; Jaffar-Bandjee, Marie-Christine; Li-Pat-Yuen, Ghislaine; Filleul, Laurent
Date: 2016-09-21... | What do 40-50% of the samples test positive for? | false | 4,097 | {
"text": [
"for influenza A virus, A(H1N1)pdm09 or B virus"
],
"answer_start": [
3512
]
} |
1,568 | Etiology of respiratory tract infections in the community and clinic in Ilorin, Nigeria
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5719735/
SHA: f2e835d2cde5f42054dbd0c20d4060721135c518
Authors: Kolawole, Olatunji; Oguntoye, Michael; Dam, Tina; Chunara, Rumi
Date: 2017-12-07
DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-3063-1
License:... | What are some risk factors for countries to experience a high prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infections? | false | 1,601 | {
"text": [
"age, sex, overcrowding, nutritional status, socio-economic status, and where study of ARIs is currently limited"
],
"answer_start": [
3037
]
} |
2,643 | Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/
SHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975
Authors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.
Date: 2020-03-21
DOI: 10.1186/s12939-020-0... | What are humanitarian WASH standards based on? | false | 1,928 | {
"text": [
"evidence pertaining to the prevention of illnesses transmitted by the faecal-oral route, with the focus on hand hygiene proximate to latrines"
],
"answer_start": [
4497
]
} |
2,440 | Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030674
SHA: 1d7f8850c5244fdc9b387038e7eeae9bcbbde6d2
Authors: Al-Qaness, Mohammed A. A.; Ewees, Ahmed A.; Fan, Hong; Abd El Aziz, Mohamed
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030674
License: cc-by
Abstract: In December 2019,... | What did the comparison of the FPASSA-ANFIS model with several existing models, show? | false | 4,401 | {
"text": [
"it showed better performance in terms of Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Root Mean Squared Relative Error (RMSRE), Root Mean Squared Relative Error (RMSRE), coefficient of determination ( R 2 ), and computing time."
],
"answer_start": [
1459
]
} |
776 | It is Unlikely That Influenza Viruses Will Cause a Pandemic Again Like What Happened in 1918 and 1919
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019839/
Song, Liting
2014-05-07
DOI:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00039
License:cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular topics to medical p... | What helpful drugs are available now to control the disease or to provide palliative care for influenza patients? | false | 295 | {
"text": [
"Today, although we still do not have very effective, powerful, and practical anti-influenza drugs available, we at least have some improved, useful, and helpful anti-viral drugs like zanamivir, and effective, convenient anti-cold medicines like Tylenol or Advil."
],
"answer_start": [
3526
]... |
1,689 | Chikungunya: A Potentially Emerging Epidemic?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860491/
SHA: f7c3160bef4169d29e2a8bdd79dd6e9056d4774c
Authors: Thiboutot, Michelle M.; Kannan, Senthil; Kawalekar, Omkar U.; Shedlock, Devon J.; Khan, Amir S.; Sarangan, Gopalsamy; Srikanth, Padma; Weiner, David B.; Muthumani... | What does this review detail? | false | 2,486 | {
"text": [
"the epidemiology and global expansion of CHIKV"
],
"answer_start": [
2992
]
} |
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