document_id int32 185 2.68k | context stringlengths 2.88k 70.8k | question stringlengths 11 194 | is_impossible bool 1
class | id int32 225 5.32k | answers dict |
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1,674 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What do biodistribution studies of the phage after intravenous injection show? | false | 1,754 | {
"text": [
"it is cleared from the blood within hours through the reticuloendothelial system (Molenaar et al., 2002) , particularly of the liver and spleen, where it is retained for days (Zou et al., 2004) , potentially activating marginal-zone B-cell responses."
],
"answer_start": [
25552
]
} |
2,486 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What superiority did the treatment with integrative chinese and western medicine treatment have compared with using control treatment alone? | false | 3,665 | {
"text": [
"in the respect of improving clinical symptoms, elevating quality of life, promoting immune function recovery, promoting absorption of pulmonary inflammation, reducing the dosage of cortisteroid and shortening the therapeutic course"
],
"answer_start": [
18611
]
} |
1,623 | Etiology of Influenza-Like Illnesses from Sentinel Network Practitioners in Réunion Island, 2011-2012
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5031398/
SHA: f5ff89ebfdd0375d034c112c6c1c7e163fa69a0c
Authors: Brottet, Elise; Jaffar-Bandjee, Marie-Christine; Li-Pat-Yuen, Ghislaine; Filleul, Laurent
Date: 2016-09-21... | What is this network composed of? | false | 4,095 | {
"text": [
"58 general practitioners (GPs) spread over the island and represented around 7% of all Réunion Island GPs."
],
"answer_start": [
3240
]
} |
1,645 | Pre-existing immunity against vaccine vectors – friend or foe?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3542731/
SHA: f5bdf18567bb3760e1ce05008135f0270badbd5c
Authors: Saxena, Manvendra; Van, Thi Thu Hao; Baird, Fiona J.; Coloe, Peter J.; Smooker, Peter M.
Date: 2013-01-27
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.049601-0
License: cc... | Why are some poxvirus ideally suited as vaccine delivery vectors? | false | 833 | {
"text": [
"They are ideal candidate vectors due to their large DNA-packing capacity and their thermal and genetic stability"
],
"answer_start": [
6864
]
} |
1,741 | MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687373/
SHA: f6fcf1a99cbd073c5821d1c4ffa3f2c6daf8ae29
Authors: Mackay, Ian M.; Arden, Katherine E.
Date: 2015-12-22
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5
License: cc-by
Abstract: The first known cases of Middle East ... | What is the sensitivity with which immunochromatographic tool could detect recombinant MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein? | false | 4,232 | {
"text": [
"94 %"
],
"answer_start": [
13726
]
} |
2,486 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What clade does it belong to? | false | 3,623 | {
"text": [
"forms a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus of the Orthocoronavirinae subfamily"
],
"answer_start": [
3177
]
} |
2,683 | Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-
pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in 11 European countries
30 March 2020 Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team
Seth Flaxmani Swapnil Mishra*, Axel Gandy*, H JulietteT Unwin, Helen Coupland, Thomas A Mellan, Harrison
Zhu, Tresnia Berah, Jeffrey W Eato... | What is the estimated averaged initial reproduction number [95% credible interval] for Western Europe as of 28th March? | false | 859 | {
"text": [
"3.87 [3.01-4.66]"
],
"answer_start": [
13500
]
} |
1,719 | Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4147686/
SHA: f6d2afb2ec44d8656972ea79f8a833143bbeb42b
Authors: Tripp, Ralph A.; Tompkins, S. Mark
Date: 2014-08-07
DOI: 10.3390/v6083055
License: cc-by
Abstract: Despite the availability of an inactivated vaccine that has been lic... | How can sustained immunity be generated? | false | 1,654 | {
"text": [
"induce immunity at sites of inductive immunity to natural infection, in this case the respiratory tract"
],
"answer_start": [
42835
]
} |
650 | Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3776769/
Tsukamoto, Takashi; Li, Xianglan; Morita, Hiromi; Minowa, Takashi; Aizawa, Tomoyasu; Hanagata, Nobutaka; Demura, Makoto
2013-09-18
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0075831
License:cc-by... | What inhibits S-palmitoylation? | false | 570 | {
"text": [
"2-bromopalmitic acid (2BP)"
],
"answer_start": [
1509
]
} |
2,683 | Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-
pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in 11 European countries
30 March 2020 Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team
Seth Flaxmani Swapnil Mishra*, Axel Gandy*, H JulietteT Unwin, Helen Coupland, Thomas A Mellan, Harrison
Zhu, Tresnia Berah, Jeffrey W Eato... | What is Germany's estimated mean percentage [95% credible interval] of total population infected as of 28th March? | false | 851 | {
"text": [
"0.72% [0.28%-1.8%]"
],
"answer_start": [
13189
]
} |
1,608 | Multivalent HA DNA Vaccination Protects against Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza Infection in Chickens and Mice
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2657001/
SHA: ef872b80cf38917f64c42bfa52a57beb4399897a
Authors: Rao, Srinivas; Kong, Wing-Pui; Wei, Chih-Jen; Yang, Zhi-Yong; Nason, Martha; Styles, Darre... | What is the conclusion of this study? | false | 5,286 | {
"text": [
"it is possible to develop a multivalent DNA vaccine for poultry that can protect against multiple HPAI H5N1 strains and that could keep pace with the continued evolution of avian influenza viruses"
],
"answer_start": [
6165
]
} |
2,674 | A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version)
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-0233-6
SHA: fd28e6d03eef27b0454f13ca539dc1498242a4c2
Authors: Jin, Ying-Hui; Cai, Lin; Cheng, Zhen-Shun; Cheng, Hong; Deng, Tong; Fan, Yi-Pin; Fang, ... | Where was COVID19 first discovered? | false | 4,221 | {
"text": [
"Wuhan, Hubei Province, China"
],
"answer_start": [
2778
]
} |
2,463 | SARS to novel coronavirus – old lessons and new lessons
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7026896/
SHA: 5d254ed178c092d3639ce70ae9653593acc471f9
Authors: McCloskey, Brian; Heymann, David L.
Date: 2020-02-05
DOI: 10.1017/s0950268820000254
License: cc-by
Abstract: The response to the novel coronavirus outb... | How long did it take China to build the temporary hospital in Wuhan for COVID-19 patients? | false | 1,207 | {
"text": [
"10 days"
],
"answer_start": [
1773
]
} |
2,620 | Estimating the Unreported Number of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Cases in China in the First Half of January 2020: A Data-Driven Modelling Analysis of the Early Outbreak
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020388
SHA: bf20dda99538a594eafc258553634fd9195104cb
Authors: Zhao, Shi; Musa, Salihu S.; Lin, Qianying; Ran, Jinjun; ... | What is the estimated value of R0? | false | 1,880 | {
"text": [
"019-nCoV at 2.56 (95% CI"
],
"answer_start": [
1779
]
} |
2,486 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What other betacoronaviruses are zoonotic in origin? | false | 3,624 | {
"text": [
"The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)"
],
"answer_start": [
3267
]
} |
2,653 | Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiple shedding routes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7048229/
SHA: da81f0d3a12ab7faa09148acb6564271474e9e02
Authors: Zhang, Wei; Du, Rong-Hui; Li, Bei; Zheng, Xiao-Shuang; Yang, Xing-Lou; Hu, Ben; Wang, Yan-Yi; Xi... | What tests should be done before a 2019-nCOV infected patient is discharged? | false | 886 | {
"text": [
"we cannot discharge a patient purely based on oral swabs negative, who may still shed the virus by oral-fecal route. Above all, we strongly suggest using viral IgM and IgG serological test to confirm an infection, considering the unreliable results from oral swabs detection"
],
"answer_start": [
... |
1,719 | Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4147686/
SHA: f6d2afb2ec44d8656972ea79f8a833143bbeb42b
Authors: Tripp, Ralph A.; Tompkins, S. Mark
Date: 2014-08-07
DOI: 10.3390/v6083055
License: cc-by
Abstract: Despite the availability of an inactivated vaccine that has been lic... | What is a gold standard for correlation with immunity to influenza? | false | 1,473 | {
"text": [
"strain-specific HI titer"
],
"answer_start": [
3549
]
} |
1,629 | The Intranasal Application of Zanamivir and Carrageenan Is Synergistically Active against Influenza A Virus in the Murine Model
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459876/
SHA: f0b1fa4036434b57c8307d43c39a4193f7e8053a
Authors: Morokutti-Kurz, Martina; König-Schuster, Marielle; Koller, Christiane; Graf, Chr... | Do carageenan and Zanamivir delivered intranasally have a benefit when taken for influenza subtype H7N7 infection? | false | 2,165 | {
"text": [
"the combination of two effective, established mono-therapies resulted in a significantly enhanced survival in lethally H7N7 infected mice"
],
"answer_start": [
21494
]
} |
1,665 | Mucosal Vaccination with Recombinant Lactobacillus casei-Displayed CTA1-Conjugated Consensus Matrix Protein-2 (sM2) Induces Broad Protection against Divergent Influenza Subtypes in BALB/c Mice
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3979752/
SHA: efaa556b484fbcd9cc34832ffac53ef3e834e9c0
Authors: Chowdhury, Moha... | Why is matrix protein 2 (M2) an attractive target for a universal influenza vaccine? | false | 5,185 | {
"text": [
"highly conserved among influenza A virus strains"
],
"answer_start": [
2838
]
} |
2,643 | Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/
SHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975
Authors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.
Date: 2020-03-21
DOI: 10.1186/s12939-020-0... | What is the foremost authority on minimum standards for humanitarian assistance? | false | 1,926 | {
"text": [
"The Sphere Handbook, a collection of rights-based guidelines for humanitarian response"
],
"answer_start": [
4150
]
} |
2,432 | Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7090843/
SHA: 0a08fddd9dcee1b1254a05b49113521bbc423ccd
Authors: Lai, Jianbo; Ma, Simeng; Wang, Ying; Cai, Zhongxiang; Hu, Jianbo; Wei, Ning; Wu, Jiang; Du, Hui; Ch... | What proportion reported distress? | false | 3,462 | {
"text": [
"[71.5%"
],
"answer_start": [
2132
]
} |
1,719 | Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4147686/
SHA: f6d2afb2ec44d8656972ea79f8a833143bbeb42b
Authors: Tripp, Ralph A.; Tompkins, S. Mark
Date: 2014-08-07
DOI: 10.3390/v6083055
License: cc-by
Abstract: Despite the availability of an inactivated vaccine that has been lic... | What is the advantage of the VEE replicon system? | false | 1,571 | {
"text": [
"VEE replicon systems can induce robust mucosal immune responses through intranasal or subcutaneous immunization [72] [73] [74] , and subcutaneous immunization with virus-like replicon particles (VRP) expressing HA-induced antigen-specific systemic IgG and fecal IgA antibodies"
],
"answer_start": ... |
1,623 | Etiology of Influenza-Like Illnesses from Sentinel Network Practitioners in Réunion Island, 2011-2012
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5031398/
SHA: f5ff89ebfdd0375d034c112c6c1c7e163fa69a0c
Authors: Brottet, Elise; Jaffar-Bandjee, Marie-Christine; Li-Pat-Yuen, Ghislaine; Filleul, Laurent
Date: 2016-09-21... | What is the clinical and biological influenza surveillance has been based on? | false | 4,094 | {
"text": [
"a sentinel practitioner's network"
],
"answer_start": [
3162
]
} |
1,571 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | How much is the reduction in the childhood pneumonia deaths? | false | 512 | {
"text": [
"Pneumonia deaths decreased from 1.8 million in 2000 to 900,000 in 2013"
],
"answer_start": [
2772
]
} |
1,741 | MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687373/
SHA: f6fcf1a99cbd073c5821d1c4ffa3f2c6daf8ae29
Authors: Mackay, Ian M.; Arden, Katherine E.
Date: 2015-12-22
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5
License: cc-by
Abstract: The first known cases of Middle East ... | What indicates the likely presence of infectious virus? | false | 4,231 | {
"text": [
"Detection of viral proteins rather than viral RNA"
],
"answer_start": [
13491
]
} |
188 | The Battle Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emergency Management
and Infection Control in a Radiology Department
https://www.jacr.org/article/S1546-1440(20)30285-4/pdf
Journal Pre-proof
Zixing Huang, Shuang Zhao, Zhenlin Li, Weixia Chen, Lihong Zhao, Lipeng Deng, Bin
Song
PII: S1546-1440(20)30285-4
DOI: htt... | What does the buffer area include? | false | 2,452 | {
"text": [
"access areas for medical personnel and a dressing area for technologists."
],
"answer_start": [
11528
]
} |
2,592 | A mathematical model for simulating the phase-based transmissibility of a novel coronavirus
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00640-3
SHA: 018269476cd191365d6b8bed046078aea07c8c01
Authors: Yin, Tian-Mu Chen; Jia, Rui; Qiu-Peng, Wang; Ze-Yu, Zhao; Jing-An, Cui; Ling
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00640-3
License... | What is the model simplified to? | false | 2,755 | {
"text": [
"Reservoir-People (RP) transmission network model"
],
"answer_start": [
1216
]
} |
2,592 | A mathematical model for simulating the phase-based transmissibility of a novel coronavirus
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00640-3
SHA: 018269476cd191365d6b8bed046078aea07c8c01
Authors: Yin, Tian-Mu Chen; Jia, Rui; Qiu-Peng, Wang; Ze-Yu, Zhao; Jing-An, Cui; Ling
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00640-3
License... | What is the conclusion of this study? | false | 2,757 | {
"text": [
"Our model showed that the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 was higher than the Middle East respiratory syndrome in the Middle East countries, similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome, but lower than MERS in the Republic of Korea."
],
"answer_start": [
1716
]
} |
2,437 | Screening of FDA-Approved Drugs for Inhibitors of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5640845/
SHA: 1bd2f6497996fc0fccd8dffd7f84846d3d36f964
Authors: Wang, Shaobo; Liu, Yang; Guo, Jiao; Wang, Peilin; Zhang, Leike; Xiao, Gengfu; Wang, Wei
Date: 2017-10-13
DOI: 10.1128/jv... | How is Japanese encephalitis transmitted? | false | 1,220 | {
"text": [
"arthropod"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
1,621 | Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3566411/
SHA: ee48061797d29eeef5a9e606841bf8ab04b1d75b
Authors: Beier, Kevin T.; Saunders, Arpiar B.; Oldenburg, Ian A.; Sabatini, Bernardo L.; C... | What determines the whether the spread of Vesicular stomatitis virus is monosynaptic or polysynaptic? | false | 1,937 | {
"text": [
"method of delivery of the G gene"
],
"answer_start": [
3603
]
} |
2,642 | First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the WHO European Region, 24 January to 21 February 2020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068164/
SHA: ce358c18aac69fc83c7b2e9a7dca4a43b0f60e2e
Authors: Spiteri, Gianfranco; Fielding, James; Diercke, Michaela; Campese, Christine; Enouf, Vincent; Gayma... | What were the surveillance objectives? | false | 3,805 | {
"text": [
"to: describe the key epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 cases detected in Europe; inform country preparedness; and improve further case detection and management."
],
"answer_start": [
3594
]
} |
1,585 | Immunomodulatory Activity and Protective Effects of Polysaccharide from Eupatorium adenophorum Leaf Extract on Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Infection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789439/
SHA: efba2008a6ccf1ad2614aebd79a6a741ea6538b9
Authors: Jin, Yi; Zhang, Yuewei; Wan, Chunyan; Wang, Hongjun; H... | How do the polysaccharides in plants effect the immune response? | false | 5,223 | {
"text": [
"enhance the secretion of cytokines and chemokines, such as TNF-, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12"
],
"answer_start": [
14834
]
} |
188 | The Battle Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emergency Management
and Infection Control in a Radiology Department
https://www.jacr.org/article/S1546-1440(20)30285-4/pdf
Journal Pre-proof
Zixing Huang, Shuang Zhao, Zhenlin Li, Weixia Chen, Lihong Zhao, Lipeng Deng, Bin
Song
PII: S1546-1440(20)30285-4
DOI: htt... | What did the EMICT responsibilities include? | false | 2,448 | {
"text": [
"(1) coordination between the\nhospital’s management and planning of infection control and radiology departments; (2)\ncollection of the most up-to-date protection-related information to educate and train staff in the\ndepartment; (3) reallocation of staff according to the actual situation; (4) establ... |
2,504 | Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052386/
SHA: 45a566c71056ba4faab425b4f7e9edee6320e4a4
Authors: Tan, Kai Sen; Lim, Rachel Liyu; Liu, Jing; Ong, Hsiao Hui; ... | What is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases? | false | 3,854 | {
"text": [
"Respiratory virus infection"
],
"answer_start": [
491
]
} |
1,585 | Immunomodulatory Activity and Protective Effects of Polysaccharide from Eupatorium adenophorum Leaf Extract on Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Infection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789439/
SHA: efba2008a6ccf1ad2614aebd79a6a741ea6538b9
Authors: Jin, Yi; Zhang, Yuewei; Wan, Chunyan; Wang, Hongjun; H... | What is the result of the current study? | false | 5,222 | {
"text": [
"the anti-H5N1 effects of EAP offer an alternative strategy for developing antiinfluenza agents"
],
"answer_start": [
4621
]
} |
1,623 | Etiology of Influenza-Like Illnesses from Sentinel Network Practitioners in Réunion Island, 2011-2012
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5031398/
SHA: f5ff89ebfdd0375d034c112c6c1c7e163fa69a0c
Authors: Brottet, Elise; Jaffar-Bandjee, Marie-Christine; Li-Pat-Yuen, Ghislaine; Filleul, Laurent
Date: 2016-09-21... | How many swabs were randomly selected and analyzed? | false | 4,034 | {
"text": [
"250"
],
"answer_start": [
751
]
} |
1,660 | Hantaviruses in the Americas and Their Role as Emerging Pathogens
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3185593/
SHA: efe13a8d42b60ef9f7387ea539a1b2eeb5f80101
Authors: Hjelle, Brian; Torres-Pérez, Fernando
Date: 2010-11-25
DOI: 10.3390/v2122559
License: cc-by
Abstract: The continued emergence and re-emergenc... | As an RNA-binding protein that engages the hairpin termini of the genomic segments, what does the N-protein of hantavirus do? | false | 4,496 | {
"text": [
"it limits the access of the RNA to host nucleases"
],
"answer_start": [
10422
]
} |
2,642 | First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the WHO European Region, 24 January to 21 February 2020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068164/
SHA: ce358c18aac69fc83c7b2e9a7dca4a43b0f60e2e
Authors: Spiteri, Gianfranco; Fielding, James; Diercke, Michaela; Campese, Christine; Enouf, Vincent; Gayma... | How will this approach used? | false | 3,845 | {
"text": [
"will be used globally to help identify evidence of widespread community transmission and, should the virus spread and containment no longer be deemed feasible, to monitor intensity of disease transmission, trends and its geographical spread."
],
"answer_start": [
14462
]
} |
1,719 | Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4147686/
SHA: f6d2afb2ec44d8656972ea79f8a833143bbeb42b
Authors: Tripp, Ralph A.; Tompkins, S. Mark
Date: 2014-08-07
DOI: 10.3390/v6083055
License: cc-by
Abstract: Despite the availability of an inactivated vaccine that has been lic... | What alternatives to Ad5 vector have been explored? | false | 1,550 | {
"text": [
"adenovirus serotypes have been explored as vectors, particularly non-human and uncommon human serotypes"
],
"answer_start": [
12568
]
} |
2,504 | Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052386/
SHA: 45a566c71056ba4faab425b4f7e9edee6320e4a4
Authors: Tan, Kai Sen; Lim, Rachel Liyu; Liu, Jing; Ong, Hsiao Hui; ... | Which viruses may not cause prolonged inflammation due to strong induction of antiviral clearance? | false | 3,981 | {
"text": [
"viruses that induce strong type 1 inflammation and cell death such as IFV (Yan et al., 2016; Guibas et al., 2018) and certain CoV (including the recently emerged COVID-19 virus)"
],
"answer_start": [
19859
]
} |
1,628 | Evidence for the Convergence Model: The Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) in Viet Nam
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4580613/
SHA: ee5b43d20a640664510cb7a540caaae4a8e19933
Authors: Saksena, Sumeet; Fox, Jefferson; Epprecht, Michael; Tran, Chinh C.; Nong, Duong H.; Spencer, James H.;... | What is the relationship between land use and emergence of HPAI H5N1? | false | 592 | {
"text": [
"high land-use diversity landscapes, a variable not previously considered in spatial studies of HPAI H5N1, are at significantly greater risk for HPAI H5N1 outbreaks"
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1,689 | Chikungunya: A Potentially Emerging Epidemic?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860491/
SHA: f7c3160bef4169d29e2a8bdd79dd6e9056d4774c
Authors: Thiboutot, Michelle M.; Kannan, Senthil; Kawalekar, Omkar U.; Shedlock, Devon J.; Khan, Amir S.; Sarangan, Gopalsamy; Srikanth, Padma; Weiner, David B.; Muthumani... | How many genotypes of CHIKV have been isilated? | false | 2,488 | {
"text": [
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2,432 | Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7090843/
SHA: 0a08fddd9dcee1b1254a05b49113521bbc423ccd
Authors: Lai, Jianbo; Ma, Simeng; Wang, Ying; Cai, Zhongxiang; Hu, Jianbo; Wei, Ning; Wu, Jiang; Du, Hui; Ch... | What proportion of healthcare workers reported symptoms of insomnia? | false | 3,461 | {
"text": [
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1,576 | Characterization of a New Member of Alphacoronavirus with Unique Genomic Features in Rhinolophus Bats
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6521148/
SHA: ee14de143337eec0e9708f8139bfac2b7b8fdd27
Authors: Wang, Ning; Luo, Chuming; Liu, Haizhou; Yang, Xinglou; Hu, Ben; Zhang, Wei; Li, Bei; Zhu, Yan; Zhu, Guangj... | How many types of coronaviruses are known to cause human disease? | false | 3,679 | {
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1,741 | MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687373/
SHA: f6fcf1a99cbd073c5821d1c4ffa3f2c6daf8ae29
Authors: Mackay, Ian M.; Arden, Katherine E.
Date: 2015-12-22
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5
License: cc-by
Abstract: The first known cases of Middle East ... | Where did the first known cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) occur? | false | 4,174 | {
"text": [
"in Jordan"
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422
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1,719 | Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4147686/
SHA: f6d2afb2ec44d8656972ea79f8a833143bbeb42b
Authors: Tripp, Ralph A.; Tompkins, S. Mark
Date: 2014-08-07
DOI: 10.3390/v6083055
License: cc-by
Abstract: Despite the availability of an inactivated vaccine that has been lic... | How do the alphavirus vectors work? | false | 1,566 | {
"text": [
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1,595 | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Viroporin 3a Activates the NLRP3 Inflammasome
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6361828/
SHA: f02d0c1e8b0109648e578662dc250abe349a033c
Authors: Chen, I-Yin; Moriyama, Miyu; Chang, Ming-Fu; Ichinohe, Takeshi
Date: 2019-01-29
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00050
Licens... | Is the SARS coronavirus single-stranded or double-stranded? | false | 287 | {
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1,623 | Etiology of Influenza-Like Illnesses from Sentinel Network Practitioners in Réunion Island, 2011-2012
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5031398/
SHA: f5ff89ebfdd0375d034c112c6c1c7e163fa69a0c
Authors: Brottet, Elise; Jaffar-Bandjee, Marie-Christine; Li-Pat-Yuen, Ghislaine; Filleul, Laurent
Date: 2016-09-21... | What percentage of these infections are identified? | false | 4,087 | {
"text": [
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2,504 | Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052386/
SHA: 45a566c71056ba4faab425b4f7e9edee6320e4a4
Authors: Tan, Kai Sen; Lim, Rachel Liyu; Liu, Jing; Ong, Hsiao Hui; ... | Why is this approach significant? | false | 3,894 | {
"text": [
"due to the current scarcity of antiviral drugs for the management of viral-induced exacerbations."
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2,643 | Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/
SHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975
Authors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.
Date: 2020-03-21
DOI: 10.1186/s12939-020-0... | Why populations may be particularly susceptible? | false | 1,913 | {
"text": [
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2,643 | Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/
SHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975
Authors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.
Date: 2020-03-21
DOI: 10.1186/s12939-020-0... | What is the deterrent effect of gender based violence around latrines? | false | 1,930 | {
"text": [
"for accessing latrine-adjacent handwashing stations, particularly for hand hygiene to prevent respiratory pathogen transmission."
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2,504 | Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052386/
SHA: 45a566c71056ba4faab425b4f7e9edee6320e4a4
Authors: Tan, Kai Sen; Lim, Rachel Liyu; Liu, Jing; Ong, Hsiao Hui; ... | What did the advent of PCR technology lead to? | false | 3,881 | {
"text": [
"viruses were recovered during acute exacerbations events and reports implicating their role emerged in the late 1980s"
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1,713 | Ebola Virus Maintenance: If Not (Only) Bats, What Else?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213544/
SHA: f16da7cf7a952fb981dfc0d77280aac9c3ab933a
Authors: Caron, Alexandre; Bourgarel, Mathieu; Cappelle, Julien; Liégeois, Florian; De Nys, Hélène M.; Roger, François
Date: 2018-10-09
DOI: 10.3390/v10100549
Li... | What do arrows indicate in Figure 1? | false | 5,319 | {
"text": [
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1,593 | Can’t RIDD off viruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4061530/
SHA: ef58c6e2790539f30df14acc260ae2af4b5f3d1f
Authors: Bhattacharyya, Sankar
Date: 2014-06-18
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00292
License: cc-by
Abstract: The mammalian genome has evolved to encode a battery of mechanisms, to mitigate a progress... | What is reported in this publication? | false | 2,468 | {
"text": [
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1,559 | COVID-19 and smoking: A systematic review of the evidence
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7083240/
SHA: f4bde74efeb547d3d6d3f935482a80c9d456198f
Authors: Vardavas, Constantine I.; Nikitara, Katerina
Date: 2020-03-20
DOI: 10.18332/tid/119324
License: cc-by
Abstract: COVID-19 is a coronavirus outbreak th... | Are smokers more likely to contract influenza? | false | 267 | {
"text": [
"Previous studies have shown that smokers are twice more likely than non-smokers to contract influenza and have more severe symptoms, while smokers were also noted to have higher mortality in the previous MERS-CoV outbreak"
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1,560 | Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/
SHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be
Authors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A.
Date: 201... | Is hepcidin toxic? | false | 2,135 | {
"text": [
"potentially toxic"
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} |
1,741 | MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687373/
SHA: f6fcf1a99cbd073c5821d1c4ffa3f2c6daf8ae29
Authors: Mackay, Ian M.; Arden, Katherine E.
Date: 2015-12-22
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5
License: cc-by
Abstract: The first known cases of Middle East ... | How has most of the analysis of MERS-CoV genetics been performed? | false | 4,370 | {
"text": [
"using high throughput or \"deep\" sequencing methods for complete genome deduction"
],
"answer_start": [
51231
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} |
1,585 | Immunomodulatory Activity and Protective Effects of Polysaccharide from Eupatorium adenophorum Leaf Extract on Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Infection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789439/
SHA: efba2008a6ccf1ad2614aebd79a6a741ea6538b9
Authors: Jin, Yi; Zhang, Yuewei; Wan, Chunyan; Wang, Hongjun; H... | In this study, how did treatment of EAP after infection affect survival? | false | 5,225 | {
"text": [
"did not provide a survival advantage"
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650 | Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3776769/
Tsukamoto, Takashi; Li, Xianglan; Morita, Hiromi; Minowa, Takashi; Aizawa, Tomoyasu; Hanagata, Nobutaka; Demura, Makoto
2013-09-18
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0075831
License:cc-by... | What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM 1, IFITM 2, and IFITM 3? | false | 577 | {
"text": [
"~ 85% similarity"
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} |
185 | CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020,
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/summary.html
This is a rapidly evolving situation and CDC will provide updated information and guidance as it becomes available.
Updated March 21, 2020
CDC is responding to a pandemic of respiratory disease spreading from person-to-pers... | When did the White House launch the "15 Days to Slow the Spread" program? | false | 227 | {
"text": [
"March 16"
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1,604 | Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4243941/
SHA: f5b706d0529bfcf7e2d1dfc037df5b6f95fc5ec0
Authors: Sun, Bing; He, Hangyong; Wang, Zheng; Qu, Jiuxin; Li, Xuya... | What is the mean time from onset of symptoms to dyspnea in human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? | false | 3,245 | {
"text": [
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1,629 | The Intranasal Application of Zanamivir and Carrageenan Is Synergistically Active against Influenza A Virus in the Murine Model
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459876/
SHA: f0b1fa4036434b57c8307d43c39a4193f7e8053a
Authors: Morokutti-Kurz, Martina; König-Schuster, Marielle; Koller, Christiane; Graf, Chr... | What is the anti-viral mechanism of action for carrageenan? | false | 2,155 | {
"text": [
"The antiviral mechanism of carrageenan is based on the interference with viral attachment; as a consequence, viral entry is inhibited"
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"answer_start": [
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1,596 | Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3096629/
SHA: f3b7f4469ac01f1ce916d24172570c43c537627e
Authors: Michaelis, Martin; Geiler, Janina; Naczk, Patrizia; Sithi... | What is the effect of oseltamivir and zanamivir? | false | 5,236 | {
"text": [
"neuraminidase inhibitors"
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2,684 | 1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
its p... | Why is the Spanish Influenza virus the Mother of the modern influenza viruses? | false | 1,063 | {
"text": [
"The latter are composed of key\ngenes from the 1918 Virus, updated by subsequently-incor—\nporated avian influenza genes that code for novel surface\n\n \n\n*Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rockville, Maryland, USA;\nand TNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA\n\nproteins, making ... |
1,623 | Etiology of Influenza-Like Illnesses from Sentinel Network Practitioners in Réunion Island, 2011-2012
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5031398/
SHA: f5ff89ebfdd0375d034c112c6c1c7e163fa69a0c
Authors: Brottet, Elise; Jaffar-Bandjee, Marie-Christine; Li-Pat-Yuen, Ghislaine; Filleul, Laurent
Date: 2016-09-21... | On which system the reverse transcription and preamplification steps were performed? | false | 4,105 | {
"text": [
"on the epgradient Mastercycler 1 (Eppendorf) and the hybridization, ligation and detection steps on the LightCycler 1 480 system (Roche Applied Science)."
],
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1,560 | Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/
SHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be
Authors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A.
Date: 201... | What is hepcidin? | false | 2,130 | {
"text": [
"low molecular weight, antimicrobial peptide hormone"
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"answer_start": [
2302
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} |
1,661 | Neutralization Interfering Antibodies: A “Novel” Example of Humoral Immune Dysfunction Facilitating Viral Escape?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499828/
SHA: f4f75af02b7226c5b2363de1a75821a4b9b20412
Authors: Nicasio, Mancini; Sautto, Giuseppe; Clementi, Nicola; Diotti, Roberta A.; Criscuolo, Elena; Ca... | How large is the HCV genome? | false | 5,165 | {
"text": [
"3,000 aminoacids"
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"answer_start": [
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} |
2,592 | A mathematical model for simulating the phase-based transmissibility of a novel coronavirus
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00640-3
SHA: 018269476cd191365d6b8bed046078aea07c8c01
Authors: Yin, Tian-Mu Chen; Jia, Rui; Qiu-Peng, Wang; Ze-Yu, Zhao; Jing-An, Cui; Ling
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00640-3
License... | What was the focus of the study? | false | 2,758 | {
"text": [
"Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market (reservoir) to people,"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
1,719 | Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4147686/
SHA: f6d2afb2ec44d8656972ea79f8a833143bbeb42b
Authors: Tripp, Ralph A.; Tompkins, S. Mark
Date: 2014-08-07
DOI: 10.3390/v6083055
License: cc-by
Abstract: Despite the availability of an inactivated vaccine that has been lic... | What is the advantage of AAV vector? | false | 1,562 | {
"text": [
"While there is limited preexisting immunity, availability of non-human strains as vaccine candidates eliminates these concerns."
],
"answer_start": [
14500
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1,674 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What does the display mode determine? | false | 1,741 | {
"text": [
"the maximum tolerated size of the fused polypeptide, its copy number on the phage, and potentially, the structure of the displayed polypeptide."
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"answer_start": [
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1,740 | The human viral challenge model: accelerating the evaluation of respiratory antivirals, vaccines and novel diagnostics
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6013893/
SHA: f13c88733ea45be9e923a282dfd42f8c277c187c
Authors: Lambkin-Williams, Rob; Noulin, Nicolas; Mann, Alex; Catchpole, Andrew; Gilbert, Anthony S... | What is the mechanism of action for rupintrivir? | false | 314 | {
"text": [
"prevents cleavage of viral proteins required for replication"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
1,623 | Etiology of Influenza-Like Illnesses from Sentinel Network Practitioners in Réunion Island, 2011-2012
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5031398/
SHA: f5ff89ebfdd0375d034c112c6c1c7e163fa69a0c
Authors: Brottet, Elise; Jaffar-Bandjee, Marie-Christine; Li-Pat-Yuen, Ghislaine; Filleul, Laurent
Date: 2016-09-21... | What viruses were identified only in winter? | false | 4,109 | {
"text": [
"Parainfluenza 1,2 and 4 viruses"
],
"answer_start": [
8769
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} |
188 | The Battle Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emergency Management
and Infection Control in a Radiology Department
https://www.jacr.org/article/S1546-1440(20)30285-4/pdf
Journal Pre-proof
Zixing Huang, Shuang Zhao, Zhenlin Li, Weixia Chen, Lihong Zhao, Lipeng Deng, Bin
Song
PII: S1546-1440(20)30285-4
DOI: htt... | What were the number of cases in mainland china as of March 11th? | false | 2,463 | {
"text": [
"80,793"
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"answer_start": [
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} |
1,671 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | Can biomarkers be used to predict outcomes in acute respiratory distress (ARDS) patients? | false | 1,283 | {
"text": [
"Clinical studies have started to correlate specific biomarkers with disease outcomes in ARDS patients"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
1,585 | Immunomodulatory Activity and Protective Effects of Polysaccharide from Eupatorium adenophorum Leaf Extract on Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Infection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789439/
SHA: efba2008a6ccf1ad2614aebd79a6a741ea6538b9
Authors: Jin, Yi; Zhang, Yuewei; Wan, Chunyan; Wang, Hongjun; H... | What are the symptoms of H5N1 infection in humans? | false | 5,218 | {
"text": [
"fever, encephalitis, pneumonia, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
2,642 | First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the WHO European Region, 24 January to 21 February 2020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068164/
SHA: ce358c18aac69fc83c7b2e9a7dca4a43b0f60e2e
Authors: Spiteri, Gianfranco; Fielding, James; Diercke, Michaela; Campese, Christine; Enouf, Vincent; Gayma... | Why was this? | false | 3,816 | {
"text": [
"This was mostly a result of delays in identifying the index cases of the two clusters in France and Germany. In the German cluster, for example, the first three cases detected locally were hospitalised in a mean of 5.7 days, whereas the following six took only a mean of 2 days to be hospitalised."
... |
2,634 | Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7067204/
SHA: c097a8a9a543d69c34f10e5c3fd78019e560026a
Authors: Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo; Kok, Kin-Hang; Zhu, Zheng; Chu, Hin; To, Kelv... | What would be the benefit of the identity of the S2 unit? | false | 3,719 | {
"text": [
"the broad spectrum antiviral peptides against S2 would be an important preventive and treatment modality for testing in animal models before clinical trials"
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"answer_start": [
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} |
1,741 | MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687373/
SHA: f6fcf1a99cbd073c5821d1c4ffa3f2c6daf8ae29
Authors: Mackay, Ian M.; Arden, Katherine E.
Date: 2015-12-22
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5
License: cc-by
Abstract: The first known cases of Middle East ... | What have become a key diagnostic and taxonomic target for CoV species identification? | false | 4,229 | {
"text": [
"The first open reading frames"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
1,656 | Improved Pharmacological and Structural Properties of HIV Fusion Inhibitor AP3 over Enfuvirtide: Highlighting Advantages of Artificial Peptide Strategy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4541410/
SHA: f2fcc16391f946c99717b63ec9a24e5384aac381
Authors: Zhu, Xiaojie; Zhu, Yun; Ye, Sheng; Wang, Qian; Xu, Wei; ... | What is labeled in red? | false | 2,251 | {
"text": [
"residues corresponding to the NHR pocket region"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
2,504 | Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052386/
SHA: 45a566c71056ba4faab425b4f7e9edee6320e4a4
Authors: Tan, Kai Sen; Lim, Rachel Liyu; Liu, Jing; Ong, Hsiao Hui; ... | What are viral infections are usually accompanied with? | false | 4,002 | {
"text": [
"oxidative stress which will further increase the local inflammation in the airway."
],
"answer_start": [
26111
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} |
1,671 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | What role does initial viral titer play in the prognosis of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV? | false | 1,270 | {
"text": [
"In patients with high initial viral titers there is a poor prognosis"
],
"answer_start": [
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} |
2,634 | Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7067204/
SHA: c097a8a9a543d69c34f10e5c3fd78019e560026a
Authors: Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo; Kok, Kin-Hang; Zhu, Zheng; Chu, Hin; To, Kelv... | What is analyzed in this study? | false | 3,706 | {
"text": [
"a 2019-nCoV complete genome from a patient in this familial cluster and compared it with the genomes of related βCoVs to provide insights into the potential source and control strategies."
],
"answer_start": [
4817
]
} |
2,504 | Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052386/
SHA: 45a566c71056ba4faab425b4f7e9edee6320e4a4
Authors: Tan, Kai Sen; Lim, Rachel Liyu; Liu, Jing; Ong, Hsiao Hui; ... | Before linking respiratory viruses, what was linked to acute exacerbations? | false | 3,880 | {
"text": [
"Despite being a major cause of exacerbation, reports linking respiratory viruses to acute exacerbations only start to emerge in the late 1950s (Pattemore et al., 1992) ; with bacterial infections previously considered as the likely culprit for acute exacerbation"
],
"answer_start": [
6000
]... |
1,691 | RNA sequencing-based analysis of the spleen transcriptome following infectious bronchitis virus infection of chickens selected for different mannose-binding lectin serum concentrations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4729133/
SHA: f5f1cd43740b5b6eca8b3cf2714fc0854a746519
Authors: Hamzić, Edin; Kjærup, R... | What causes avian infectious bronchitis? | false | 5,160 | {
"text": [
"infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)"
],
"answer_start": [
710
]
} |
1,588 | Prediction of lncRNA-protein interactions using HeteSim scores based on heterogeneous networks
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5473862/
SHA: f4f9ea9e0aeb74d3601ee316b84292638c59cc53
Authors: Xiao, Yun; Zhang, Jingpu; Deng, Lei
Date: 2017-06-16
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03986-1
License: cc-by
Abstract: Ma... | How is the HeteSim measured used? | false | 3,688 | {
"text": [
"calculate the relatedness of objects with the same or different types"
],
"answer_start": [
16718
]
} |
2,504 | Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052386/
SHA: 45a566c71056ba4faab425b4f7e9edee6320e4a4
Authors: Tan, Kai Sen; Lim, Rachel Liyu; Liu, Jing; Ong, Hsiao Hui; ... | What are also associated with viral infections and pneumonia development, which may worsen inflammation in the lower airway? | false | 3,990 | {
"text": [
"the expression of vasodilating factors and fluid homeostatic factors such as angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) and bactericidal/permeabilityincreasing fold-containing family member A1 (BPIFA1)"
],
"answer_start": [
22630
]
} |
1,589 | Controlled efficacy trial confirming toltrazuril resistance in a field isolate of ovine Eimeria spp.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6034276/
SHA: ef000d8cdab3895e2321286f16cce2b8aea458d1
Authors: Odden, Ane; Enemark, Heidi L.; Ruiz, Antonio; Robertson, Lucy J.; Ersdal, Cecilie; Nes, Silje K.; Tømmerber... | What is toltrazuril used to treat? | false | 595 | {
"text": [
"anticoccidial"
],
"answer_start": [
3094
]
} |
2,669 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What is the flip side ? | false | 4,139 | {
"text": [
"this same process also causes immunopathology when prolonged or deregulated."
],
"answer_start": [
3822
]
} |
1,665 | Mucosal Vaccination with Recombinant Lactobacillus casei-Displayed CTA1-Conjugated Consensus Matrix Protein-2 (sM2) Induces Broad Protection against Divergent Influenza Subtypes in BALB/c Mice
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3979752/
SHA: efaa556b484fbcd9cc34832ffac53ef3e834e9c0
Authors: Chowdhury, Moha... | Name some adjuvants that have been used with an influenza vaccine. | false | 5,190 | {
"text": [
"liposomes, nanoparticles, and immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs)"
],
"answer_start": [
37056
]
} |
650 | Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3776769/
Tsukamoto, Takashi; Li, Xianglan; Morita, Hiromi; Minowa, Takashi; Aizawa, Tomoyasu; Hanagata, Nobutaka; Demura, Makoto
2013-09-18
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0075831
License:cc-by... | What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM5 and the other IFITM proteins? | false | 576 | {
"text": [
"~ 65% similarity"
],
"answer_start": [
6693
]
} |
1,569 | Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667631/
SHA: ee632fa425607e8ff91fc3730bc0782d43ce9c0c
Authors: Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Taylor, Justin J.
Date: 2019-07-24
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694
License: cc-by
Abstract: Antibodies against foreign antigens a... | What role B-cell play in malaria infection and prevention? | false | 494 | {
"text": [
"Rare memory B cells producing antibodies specific for the EBV fusion machinery have been isolated; these can neutralize both B cell and epithelial cell infection (20). A new paradigm in malaria vaccine development is also emerging with the discovery of IgM+ and IgD+ memory B cells targeting the Meroz... |
1,546 | First Complete Genome Sequence of a French Bovine coronavirus Strain
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5477389/
SHA: eef0ecf5b8e7b179dadaef967e65f2ab68f021e1
Authors: Kin, Nathalie; Guerard, Pauline; Diancourt, Laure; Caro, Valérie; Vabret, Astrid; Ar Gouilh, Meriadeg
Date: 2017-05-25
DOI: 10.1128/genomea... | Is the orf1ab gene at the 3' or 5' end of the bovine coronavirus genome? | false | 921 | {
"text": [
"5= side"
],
"answer_start": [
2067
]
} |
187 | Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus
Lessons From Previous Epidemics
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761285
February 11, 2020
David L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2
Author Affiliations Article Information
JAMA. 2020;323(12):1129-1130. doi:10.1001/jama.2020... | What is a clinical attack rate? | false | 253 | {
"text": [
"the proportion of individuals who become ill with or die from a disease in a population initially uninfected"
],
"answer_start": [
5816
]
} |
1,645 | Pre-existing immunity against vaccine vectors – friend or foe?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3542731/
SHA: f5bdf18567bb3760e1ce05008135f0270badbd5c
Authors: Saxena, Manvendra; Van, Thi Thu Hao; Baird, Fiona J.; Coloe, Peter J.; Smooker, Peter M.
Date: 2013-01-27
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.049601-0
License: cc... | What is the advantage of adenovirus as vaccine delivery vector? | false | 836 | {
"text": [
"adenovirus (Ad) vector is another of the most widely evaluated vectors to date to express heterologous antigens, due to ease of production, safety profile, genetic stability, the ease of DNA genome manipulation, and the ability to stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses and induce both T ... |
1,597 | Efficient generation of recombinant RNA viruses using targeted recombination-mediated mutagenesis of bacterial artificial chromosomes containing full-length cDNA
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3840674/
SHA: ef38ed2f4cc96e16ce011623cc5d15d2d8ca58c3
Authors: Rasmussen, Thomas Bruun; Risager, Peter Christ... | What are the 4 structural proteins of the pestivirus polyprotein? | false | 5,245 | {
"text": [
"nucleocapsid protein C, envelope glycoproteins E rns , E1 and E2"
],
"answer_start": [
3278
]
} |
1,569 | Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667631/
SHA: ee632fa425607e8ff91fc3730bc0782d43ce9c0c
Authors: Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Taylor, Justin J.
Date: 2019-07-24
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694
License: cc-by
Abstract: Antibodies against foreign antigens a... | What motivates the study of the rare B-cells that produce Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies (bnAb)? | false | 485 | {
"text": [
"discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) that protect against infection across diverse viral isolates has intensified efforts to understand the developmental pathway of the rare B cells that produce these antibodies"
],
"answer_start": [
3589
]
} |
1,553 | Development of an ELISA-array for simultaneous detection of five encephalitis viruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3305475/
SHA: ef2b8f83d5a3ab8ae35e4b51fea6d3ed9eb49122
Authors: Kang, Xiaoping; Li, Yuchang; Fan, Li; Lin, Fang; Wei, Jingjing; Zhu, Xiaolei; Hu, Yi; Li, Jing; Chang, Guohui; Zhu, Qingyu... | What was the spotting concentration range for the capture antibodies? | false | 3,010 | {
"text": [
"from 0.2 to 0.0125 mg/ml"
],
"answer_start": [
9091
]
} |
1,574 | Population-Based Pertussis Incidence and Risk Factors in Infants Less Than 6 Months in Nepal
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5907881/
SHA: ef821e34873d4752ecae41cd9dfc08a5e6db45e2
Authors: Hughes, Michelle M; Englund, Janet A; Kuypers, Jane; Tielsch, James M; Khatry, Subarna K; Shrestha, Laxman; LeClerq... | Where is the highest rate of childhood pertussis globally? | false | 2,168 | {
"text": [
"Southeast Asia"
],
"answer_start": [
3290
]
} |
2,504 | Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052386/
SHA: 45a566c71056ba4faab425b4f7e9edee6320e4a4
Authors: Tan, Kai Sen; Lim, Rachel Liyu; Liu, Jing; Ong, Hsiao Hui; ... | What should be further focus of research? | false | 3,980 | {
"text": [
"The concomitant development of steroid resistance together with recurring or prolong viral infection"
],
"answer_start": [
19542
]
} |
1,568 | Etiology of respiratory tract infections in the community and clinic in Ilorin, Nigeria
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5719735/
SHA: f2e835d2cde5f42054dbd0c20d4060721135c518
Authors: Kolawole, Olatunji; Oguntoye, Michael; Dam, Tina; Chunara, Rumi
Date: 2017-12-07
DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-3063-1
License:... | How bad is the burden of disease in developing countries? | false | 1,599 | {
"text": [
"2-5 times higher than in developed countries"
],
"answer_start": [
2063
]
} |
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