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The 2012 Bangladesh Premier League, also known as Destiny-boishakhi BPL 2012 (for sponsorship reasons), was the first season of the Bangladesh Premier League (BPL) established by the Bangladesh Cricket Board (BCB). The competition featured six franchises and used a tournament format with a double round robin group stage followed by two semi-finals and a final. The season began on 9 February with the final played on 29 February. The competition was won by Dhaka Gladiators.
Matches were held in Dhaka and Chittagong. The six franchises represented Dhaka, Barisal, Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi and Sylhet divisions. The franchise auction was held on 10 January and the player auction took place on 18 and 19 January.
Opening ceremony
The President of Bangladesh Zillur Rahman launched the tournament during an opening ceremony held at the Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium in Dhaka on 9 February 2012. The ceremony featured dancers, actors and singers and ended with fireworks and a laser lighting display.
Venues
A total of 33 matches, including the semi-finals and final, were held at two venues in Chittagong and Dhaka. The Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium in Chittagong hosted eight matches, with the majority of matches, including all playoff matches and the final, being held at the Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium in Dhaka.
Sponsors
Bangladeshi group Destiny and the Boishakhi TV channel were the title sponsors the tournament, paying Tk. 7.50 crore. Other sponsors included the Bangladesh Tourism Board, United Airways and Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd. Channel 9 was the main broadcaster for the tournament. The management partner was Game On, an Indian sports company, which organised the logistics of the tournament.
Controversies
Match fixing
BPL 2012 had its first brush with controversy even before the tournament started. Mashrafe Mortaza, one of Bangladesh's leading fast bowlers and captain of the Dhaka Gladiators, reported a potential spot-fixing approach by a fellow cricketer and that BPL matches could be hit by fixing to the team management. As of developments so far, the franchise had informed the BPL of the approach, according to Gladiators media manager Minhaz Uddin Khan. Furthermore, an ICC ACSU officer was already in Dhaka to conduct the situation.
Overdue payments
The league was supposed to pay players in installments during the tournament, with 25% of their wages due before the start of the tournament, 50% during the tournament and the remainder at the end. A series of financial irregularities meant that many overseas players had only received the first 25% well after the tournament ended. Most eventually received their payments, although players from Pakistan were still awaiting theirs in April 2012.
Semi final confusion
The first semi-final of the BPL will have the team that finished first in the league playing the team that finished fourth. Duronto Rajshahi finished first, with 14 points, but until 2.00 am on the morning of the semi-final, it wasn't clear who finished fourth. Initially, it was announced that Barisal Burners were through to the semis, after their victory against Chittagong Kings, on the basis of net run-rate. At that point, the other two spots were going to be contested between Chittagong, Khulna Royal Bengals and Dhaka Gladiators. The next day, after Dhaka lost narrowly to Rajshahi and Khulna beat Sylhet Royals, Khulna went to second place with 12 points, leaving Dhaka, Barisal and Chittagong tied on 10 points at the end of the league phase. In the head-to-head results between the teams level on 10 points, Dhaka had beaten Barisal twice and Chittagong once and had a superior net-run rate and qualified for the semi-finals in third place. That now left Chittagong and Barisal in contention for the fourth spot. It was initially announced that Chittagong were in the semi-finals, presumably on the basis of a better head-to-head record in the three-way tie on 10 points, which included Dhaka. At 2.45 am of the game, however, the BPL issued a release which said that Barisal was the fourth semi-finalist, presumably because their head-to-head record with Chittagong. The decision was taken according to the rules and regulations of BPL which was announced before the tournament launch. According to the rules and regulations, if more than two teams tie at same points during group stage, the first preference is the number of wins of the teams during group stage. Dhaka, Chittagong and Barishal had 5 wins each. The second preference was the net run-rate of the teams and according to that Dhaka was placed third, Barishal was placed fourth and Chittagong were eliminated by being placed fifth.
Player auction
Players were assigned to franchises at a player auction, held in Dhaka on 19 January 2012. Each franchise was allowed to sign 18 players, including up to eight non-Bangladeshi players. A maximum of five overseas players could have been played in each matches.
Format
Each franchise played ten matches in the group stage of the competition, playing twice against every other team. The top four teams qualified for the semi-final stage.The tournament rules stated that if a match ended with the scores tied that a super over would be used to decide the match. If more than one team ended the group stage of the competition on the same number of points the regulations said that the teams would be ranked using the criteria:
Higher number of wins
If still equal, net run rate
If still equal, lower bowling strike rate
Group stage
During the group stage of the tournament Duronto Rajshahi won seven of their ten matches and finished top of the league table with Khulna Royal Bengals, who won six matches, finishing second. Three teams, Barisal Burners, Chittagong Kings and Dhaka Gladiators, all finished with five wins and ten points. The tournament regulations stated that if teams finished level on points and had each won the same number of matches, that net run rate would be used to decide the rankings for teams. After some confusion, Dhaka Gladiators were placed third in the group stage followed by Barisal Burners, with Chittagoing Kings eliminated from the competition.
Note: The top four teams advance to the semi-finals.
Group stage fixtures
Knockout stage
The organisers of the tournament caused some controversy after the broadcasters awarded the final semifinal spot on air to the Barisal Burners based on their superior net run rate over the Chittagong Kings, both of which were tied on the same number of points with only one of the two to progress to the next round. The following day (27 February 2011) officials from the Bangladesh Premier League confirmed that Chittagong Kings would progress to the next round, in place of the Burners, due to a better head-to-head record. Later that day the officials retracted their initial decision and replaced the Kings with the Burners as the 4th placed team based on their superior net run rate.
Semi-finals
Final
See also
2012 Bangladesh Premier League squads
References
External links
Bangladesh Premier League Website
BPLT20 2012 Fixtures
Bangladesh Premier League CricInfo minisite | sport | {
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The 2012 Bangladesh Premier League, also known as Destiny-boishakhi BPL 2012 (for sponsorship reasons), was the first season of the Bangladesh Premier League (BPL) established by the Bangladesh Cricket Board (BCB). The competition featured six franchises and used a tournament format with a double round robin group stage followed by two semi-finals and a final. The season began on 9 February with the final played on 29 February. The competition was won by Dhaka Gladiators.
Matches were held in Dhaka and Chittagong. The six franchises represented Dhaka, Barisal, Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi and Sylhet divisions. The franchise auction was held on 10 January and the player auction took place on 18 and 19 January.
Opening ceremony
The President of Bangladesh Zillur Rahman launched the tournament during an opening ceremony held at the Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium in Dhaka on 9 February 2012. The ceremony featured dancers, actors and singers and ended with fireworks and a laser lighting display.
Venues
A total of 33 matches, including the semi-finals and final, were held at two venues in Chittagong and Dhaka. The Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium in Chittagong hosted eight matches, with the majority of matches, including all playoff matches and the final, being held at the Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium in Dhaka.
Sponsors
Bangladeshi group Destiny and the Boishakhi TV channel were the title sponsors the tournament, paying Tk. 7.50 crore. Other sponsors included the Bangladesh Tourism Board, United Airways and Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd. Channel 9 was the main broadcaster for the tournament. The management partner was Game On, an Indian sports company, which organised the logistics of the tournament.
Controversies
Match fixing
BPL 2012 had its first brush with controversy even before the tournament started. Mashrafe Mortaza, one of Bangladesh's leading fast bowlers and captain of the Dhaka Gladiators, reported a potential spot-fixing approach by a fellow cricketer and that BPL matches could be hit by fixing to the team management. As of developments so far, the franchise had informed the BPL of the approach, according to Gladiators media manager Minhaz Uddin Khan. Furthermore, an ICC ACSU officer was already in Dhaka to conduct the situation.
Overdue payments
The league was supposed to pay players in installments during the tournament, with 25% of their wages due before the start of the tournament, 50% during the tournament and the remainder at the end. A series of financial irregularities meant that many overseas players had only received the first 25% well after the tournament ended. Most eventually received their payments, although players from Pakistan were still awaiting theirs in April 2012.
Semi final confusion
The first semi-final of the BPL will have the team that finished first in the league playing the team that finished fourth. Duronto Rajshahi finished first, with 14 points, but until 2.00 am on the morning of the semi-final, it wasn't clear who finished fourth. Initially, it was announced that Barisal Burners were through to the semis, after their victory against Chittagong Kings, on the basis of net run-rate. At that point, the other two spots were going to be contested between Chittagong, Khulna Royal Bengals and Dhaka Gladiators. The next day, after Dhaka lost narrowly to Rajshahi and Khulna beat Sylhet Royals, Khulna went to second place with 12 points, leaving Dhaka, Barisal and Chittagong tied on 10 points at the end of the league phase. In the head-to-head results between the teams level on 10 points, Dhaka had beaten Barisal twice and Chittagong once and had a superior net-run rate and qualified for the semi-finals in third place. That now left Chittagong and Barisal in contention for the fourth spot. It was initially announced that Chittagong were in the semi-finals, presumably on the basis of a better head-to-head record in the three-way tie on 10 points, which included Dhaka. At 2.45 am of the game, however, the BPL issued a release which said that Barisal was the fourth semi-finalist, presumably because their head-to-head record with Chittagong. The decision was taken according to the rules and regulations of BPL which was announced before the tournament launch. According to the rules and regulations, if more than two teams tie at same points during group stage, the first preference is the number of wins of the teams during group stage. Dhaka, Chittagong and Barishal had 5 wins each. The second preference was the net run-rate of the teams and according to that Dhaka was placed third, Barishal was placed fourth and Chittagong were eliminated by being placed fifth.
Player auction
Players were assigned to franchises at a player auction, held in Dhaka on 19 January 2012. Each franchise was allowed to sign 18 players, including up to eight non-Bangladeshi players. A maximum of five overseas players could have been played in each matches.
Format
Each franchise played ten matches in the group stage of the competition, playing twice against every other team. The top four teams qualified for the semi-final stage.The tournament rules stated that if a match ended with the scores tied that a super over would be used to decide the match. If more than one team ended the group stage of the competition on the same number of points the regulations said that the teams would be ranked using the criteria:
Higher number of wins
If still equal, net run rate
If still equal, lower bowling strike rate
Group stage
During the group stage of the tournament Duronto Rajshahi won seven of their ten matches and finished top of the league table with Khulna Royal Bengals, who won six matches, finishing second. Three teams, Barisal Burners, Chittagong Kings and Dhaka Gladiators, all finished with five wins and ten points. The tournament regulations stated that if teams finished level on points and had each won the same number of matches, that net run rate would be used to decide the rankings for teams. After some confusion, Dhaka Gladiators were placed third in the group stage followed by Barisal Burners, with Chittagoing Kings eliminated from the competition.
Note: The top four teams advance to the semi-finals.
Group stage fixtures
Knockout stage
The organisers of the tournament caused some controversy after the broadcasters awarded the final semifinal spot on air to the Barisal Burners based on their superior net run rate over the Chittagong Kings, both of which were tied on the same number of points with only one of the two to progress to the next round. The following day (27 February 2011) officials from the Bangladesh Premier League confirmed that Chittagong Kings would progress to the next round, in place of the Burners, due to a better head-to-head record. Later that day the officials retracted their initial decision and replaced the Kings with the Burners as the 4th placed team based on their superior net run rate.
Semi-finals
Final
See also
2012 Bangladesh Premier League squads
References
External links
Bangladesh Premier League Website
BPLT20 2012 Fixtures
Bangladesh Premier League CricInfo minisite | number of matches played/races/starts | {
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The House at 919 2nd in Las Vegas, New Mexico was built around 1885. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.It is a wood-frame house with stucco over original clapboard or other exterior surfaces. It has a hipped roof and small enclosed eaves with some modillion brackets, though some eave brackets have been removed. It has "lumberyard classic columns" and a "folk porch railing".It is the northernmost of three historic houses (along with House at 913 2nd and House at 915 2nd) facing a triangular park which were together nominated for National Register listing, and its significance is that same as for the nearly identical house next door (Building #294).
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The House at 919 2nd in Las Vegas, New Mexico was built around 1885. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.It is a wood-frame house with stucco over original clapboard or other exterior surfaces. It has a hipped roof and small enclosed eaves with some modillion brackets, though some eave brackets have been removed. It has "lumberyard classic columns" and a "folk porch railing".It is the northernmost of three historic houses (along with House at 913 2nd and House at 915 2nd) facing a triangular park which were together nominated for National Register listing, and its significance is that same as for the nearly identical house next door (Building #294).
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Anatomical pathology (Commonwealth) or Anatomic pathology (U.S.) is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the macroscopic, microscopic, biochemical, immunologic and molecular examination of organs and tissues. Over the last century, surgical pathology has evolved tremendously: from historical examination of whole bodies (autopsy) to a more modernized practice, centered on the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer to guide treatment decision-making in oncology. Its modern founder was the Italian scientist Giovan Battista Morgagni from Forlì.Anatomical pathology is one of two branches of pathology, the other being clinical pathology, the diagnosis of disease through the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids or tissues. Often, pathologists practice both anatomical and clinical pathology, a combination known as general pathology. Similar specialties exist in veterinary pathology.
Differences with clinical pathology
Anatomic pathology relates to the processing, examination, and diagnosis of surgical specimens by a physician trained in pathological diagnosis. Clinical pathology is the division that processes the test requests more familiar to the general public; such as blood cell counts, coagulation studies, urinalysis, blood glucose level determinations and throat cultures. Its subsections include chemistry, hematology, microbiology, immunology, urinalysis and blood bank.Anatomical pathology is itself divided in subspecialties, the main ones being surgical pathology (breast, gynecological, endocrine, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, soft tissue, head and neck, dermatopathology), neuropathology, hematopathology cytopathology, and forensic pathology. To be licensed to practice pathology, one has to complete medical school and secure a license to practice medicine. An approved residency program and certification (in the U.S., the American Board of Pathology or the American Osteopathic Board of Pathology) is usually required to obtain employment or hospital privileges.
Skills and procedures
The procedures used in anatomic pathology include:
Gross examination – the examination of diseased tissues with the naked eye. This is important especially for large tissue fragments, because the disease can often be visually identified. It is also at this step that the pathologist selects areas that will be processed for histopathology. The eye can sometimes be aided with a magnifying glass or a stereo microscope, especially when examining parasitic organisms.
Histopathology – the microscopic examination of stained tissue sections using histological techniques. The standard stains are haematoxylin and eosin, but many others exist. The use of haematoxylin and eosin-stained slides to provide specific diagnoses based on morphology is considered to be the core skill of anatomic pathology. The science of staining tissues sections is called histochemistry.
Immunohistochemistry – the use of antibodies to detect the presence, abundance, and localization of specific proteins. This technique is critical to distinguishing between disorders with similar morphology, as well as characterizing the molecular properties of certain cancers.
In situ hybridization – Specific DNA and RNA molecules can be identified on sections using this technique. When the probe is labeled with fluorescent dye, the technique is called FISH.
Cytopathology – the examination of loose cells spread and stained on glass slides using cytology techniques
Electron microscopy – the examination of tissue with an electron microscope, which allows much greater magnification, enabling the visualization of organelles within the cells. Its use has been largely supplanted by immunohistochemistry, but it is still in common use for certain tasks, including the diagnosis of kidney disease and the identification of immotile cilia syndrome.
Tissue cytogenetics – the visualization of chromosomes to identify genetic defects such as chromosomal translocation
Flow immunophenotyping – the determination of the immunophenotype of cells using flow cytometry techniques. It is very useful to diagnose the different types of leukemia and lymphoma.
Subspecialties
Surgical pathology
Surgical pathology is the most significant and time-consuming area of practice for most anatomical pathologists. Surgical pathology involves the gross and microscopic examination of surgical specimens, as well as biopsies submitted by non-surgeons such as general internists, medical subspecialists, dermatologists, and interventional radiologists. Surgical pathology increasingly requires technologies and skills traditionally associated with clinical pathology such as molecular diagnostics.
Oral and maxillofacial pathology
In the United States, subspecialty-trained doctors of dentistry, rather than medical doctors, can be certified by a professional board to practice Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology.
Cytopathology
Cytopathology is a sub-discipline of anatomical pathology concerned with the microscopic examination of whole, individual cells obtained from exfoliation or fine-needle aspirates. Cytopathologists are trained to perform fine-needle aspirates of superficially located organs, masses, or cysts and are often able to render an immediate diagnosis in the presence of the patient and consulting physician. In the case of screening tests such as the Papanicolaou smear, non-physician cytotechnologists are often employed to perform initial reviews, with only positive or uncertain cases examined by the pathologist. Cytopathology is a board-certifiable subspecialty in the U.S.
Molecular pathology
Molecular pathology is an emerging discipline within anatomical and clinical pathology that is focused on the use of nucleic acid-based techniques such as in-situ hybridization, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and nucleic acid microarrays for specialized studies of disease in tissues and cells. Molecular pathology shares some aspects of practice with both anatomic and clinical pathology, and is sometimes considered a "crossover" discipline.
Forensic pathology
Forensic pathologists receive specialized training in determining the cause of death and other legally relevant information from the bodies of persons who died suddenly with no known medical condition, those who die from non-natural causes, as well as those dying as a result of homicide, or other criminally suspicious deaths. A majority of the forensic pathologists cases are due to natural causes. Often, additional tests such as toxicology, histology, and genetic testing will be used to help the pathologist determine the cause of death. Forensic pathologists will often testify in courts regarding their findings in cases of homicide and suspicious death. They also play a large role in public health, such as investigating deaths in the workplace, deaths in custody, as well as sudden and unexpected deaths in children.
Forensic pathologists often have special areas of interest within their practice, such as sudden death due to cardiac pathology, deaths due to drugs, or Sudden Infant Death (SIDS), and various others.
Training and certification
Australia
(Also New Zealand, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, and Saudi Arabia)Anatomical Pathology is one of the specialty training programs offered by the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (RCPA). The RCPA. To qualify as a Fellow of the RCPA in Anatomical Pathology, the candidate must complete a recognised undergraduate or postgraduate medical qualification and then complete a minimum of 2 years of clinical medical experience as a prerequisite to selection as a training registrar. The training program is a minimum of 5 years, served in at least two laboratories, and candidates must pass a Basic Pathological Sciences examination (usually in first year), the Part 1 examinations (not before 3rd year) and the Part 2 examinations (not before 5th year). Fellows may then continue into subspecialty training.
Canada
Anatomical Pathology (AP) is one of the specialist certificates granted by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Other certificates related to pathology include general pathology (GP), hematopathology, and neuropathology. Candidates for any of these must have completed four years of medical school and five years of residency training.
United States
Anatomic Pathology (AP) is one of the two primary certifications offered by the American Board of Pathology (the other is Clinical Pathology (CP)) and one of three primary certifications offered by the American Osteopathic Board of Pathology. To be certified in anatomic pathology, the trainee must complete four years of medical school followed by three years of residency training. Many U.S. pathologists are certified in both AP and CP, which requires a total of four years of residency. After completing residency, many pathologists enroll in further years of fellowship training to gain expertise in a subspecialty of AP or CP. Pathologists' Assistants are highly trained medical professionals with specialized training in Anatomic and Forensic pathology. To become a Pathologists' Assistant one must enter and successfully complete a NAACLS accredited program and pass the ASCP Board of Certification Exam.
Practice settings
Academic anatomical pathology is practiced at university medical centers by pathologists who are also university faculty. As such, they often have diverse responsibilities that may include training pathology residents, teaching medical students, conducting basic, clinical, or translational research, or performing administrative duties, all in addition to the practice of diagnostic anatomical pathology. Pathologists in academic settings often sub-specialize in a particular area of anatomic pathology and may serve as consultants to other pathologists regarding cases in their specific area of expertise.
Group practice is the most traditional private practice model. In this arrangement, a group of senior pathologists will control a partnership that employs junior pathologists and contracts independently with hospitals to provide diagnostic services, as well as attracting referral business from local clinicians who practice in the outpatient setting. The group often owns a laboratory for histology and ancillary testing of tissue, and may hold contracts to run hospital-owned labs. Many pathologists who practice in this setting are trained and certified in both anatomical pathology and clinical pathology, which allows them to supervise blood banks, clinical chemistry laboratories, and medical microbiology laboratories as well.
Large corporate providers of anatomical pathology services, such as AmeriPath in the United States. In this model, pathologists are employees, rather than independent partners. This model has been criticized for reducing physician independence, but defenders claim that the larger size of these practices allows for economies of scale and greater specialization, as well a sufficient volume to support more specialized testing methods.
Multispecialty groups, composed of physicians from clinical specialties as well as radiology and pathology, are another practice model. In some case, these may be large groups controlled by an HMO or other large health care organization. In others, they are in essence clinician group practices that employ pathologists to provide diagnostic services for the group. These groups may own their own laboratories, or, in some cases may make controversial arrangements with "pod labs" that allow clinician groups to lease space, with the clinician groups receiving direct insurance payments for pathology services. Proposed changes to Medicare regulations may essentially eliminate these arrangements in the United States.
See also
Notes and references
External links
"Conversations with Pathologists", a website based on a book project by Sue Armstrong, sponsored by Genentech and The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland
PathReports.in: Make Anatomical pathology reporting paperless and save trees.
PathMax, a collection of online Pathology resources
MyBiopsy.org, information on more than 25 of the most common cancers and cancer-related conditions
The Doctor's doctor, a very useful web site for patients and pathologists
Pathologie Online, online Pathology resources (in German)
Pathology Outlines, an online textbook of anatomic pathology
College of American Pathologists
American Board of Pathology
CYTOPATHNET Online Resource Center for Cytopathology
Histology Group of Victoria Incorporated
Flickr group: Pathology and Lab Medicine: numerous photos illustrating the work of pathologists.
Pathtalk.org: A multiple-author weblog by and for anatomic pathologists, with illustrative cases and specialty-related discussions.
PathologyPics.com: An interactive histology database for the Practicing Anatomic Pathologist as well as Pathology Trainees. | issue | {
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Anatomical pathology (Commonwealth) or Anatomic pathology (U.S.) is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the macroscopic, microscopic, biochemical, immunologic and molecular examination of organs and tissues. Over the last century, surgical pathology has evolved tremendously: from historical examination of whole bodies (autopsy) to a more modernized practice, centered on the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer to guide treatment decision-making in oncology. Its modern founder was the Italian scientist Giovan Battista Morgagni from Forlì.Anatomical pathology is one of two branches of pathology, the other being clinical pathology, the diagnosis of disease through the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids or tissues. Often, pathologists practice both anatomical and clinical pathology, a combination known as general pathology. Similar specialties exist in veterinary pathology.
Differences with clinical pathology
Anatomic pathology relates to the processing, examination, and diagnosis of surgical specimens by a physician trained in pathological diagnosis. Clinical pathology is the division that processes the test requests more familiar to the general public; such as blood cell counts, coagulation studies, urinalysis, blood glucose level determinations and throat cultures. Its subsections include chemistry, hematology, microbiology, immunology, urinalysis and blood bank.Anatomical pathology is itself divided in subspecialties, the main ones being surgical pathology (breast, gynecological, endocrine, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, soft tissue, head and neck, dermatopathology), neuropathology, hematopathology cytopathology, and forensic pathology. To be licensed to practice pathology, one has to complete medical school and secure a license to practice medicine. An approved residency program and certification (in the U.S., the American Board of Pathology or the American Osteopathic Board of Pathology) is usually required to obtain employment or hospital privileges.
Skills and procedures
The procedures used in anatomic pathology include:
Gross examination – the examination of diseased tissues with the naked eye. This is important especially for large tissue fragments, because the disease can often be visually identified. It is also at this step that the pathologist selects areas that will be processed for histopathology. The eye can sometimes be aided with a magnifying glass or a stereo microscope, especially when examining parasitic organisms.
Histopathology – the microscopic examination of stained tissue sections using histological techniques. The standard stains are haematoxylin and eosin, but many others exist. The use of haematoxylin and eosin-stained slides to provide specific diagnoses based on morphology is considered to be the core skill of anatomic pathology. The science of staining tissues sections is called histochemistry.
Immunohistochemistry – the use of antibodies to detect the presence, abundance, and localization of specific proteins. This technique is critical to distinguishing between disorders with similar morphology, as well as characterizing the molecular properties of certain cancers.
In situ hybridization – Specific DNA and RNA molecules can be identified on sections using this technique. When the probe is labeled with fluorescent dye, the technique is called FISH.
Cytopathology – the examination of loose cells spread and stained on glass slides using cytology techniques
Electron microscopy – the examination of tissue with an electron microscope, which allows much greater magnification, enabling the visualization of organelles within the cells. Its use has been largely supplanted by immunohistochemistry, but it is still in common use for certain tasks, including the diagnosis of kidney disease and the identification of immotile cilia syndrome.
Tissue cytogenetics – the visualization of chromosomes to identify genetic defects such as chromosomal translocation
Flow immunophenotyping – the determination of the immunophenotype of cells using flow cytometry techniques. It is very useful to diagnose the different types of leukemia and lymphoma.
Subspecialties
Surgical pathology
Surgical pathology is the most significant and time-consuming area of practice for most anatomical pathologists. Surgical pathology involves the gross and microscopic examination of surgical specimens, as well as biopsies submitted by non-surgeons such as general internists, medical subspecialists, dermatologists, and interventional radiologists. Surgical pathology increasingly requires technologies and skills traditionally associated with clinical pathology such as molecular diagnostics.
Oral and maxillofacial pathology
In the United States, subspecialty-trained doctors of dentistry, rather than medical doctors, can be certified by a professional board to practice Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology.
Cytopathology
Cytopathology is a sub-discipline of anatomical pathology concerned with the microscopic examination of whole, individual cells obtained from exfoliation or fine-needle aspirates. Cytopathologists are trained to perform fine-needle aspirates of superficially located organs, masses, or cysts and are often able to render an immediate diagnosis in the presence of the patient and consulting physician. In the case of screening tests such as the Papanicolaou smear, non-physician cytotechnologists are often employed to perform initial reviews, with only positive or uncertain cases examined by the pathologist. Cytopathology is a board-certifiable subspecialty in the U.S.
Molecular pathology
Molecular pathology is an emerging discipline within anatomical and clinical pathology that is focused on the use of nucleic acid-based techniques such as in-situ hybridization, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and nucleic acid microarrays for specialized studies of disease in tissues and cells. Molecular pathology shares some aspects of practice with both anatomic and clinical pathology, and is sometimes considered a "crossover" discipline.
Forensic pathology
Forensic pathologists receive specialized training in determining the cause of death and other legally relevant information from the bodies of persons who died suddenly with no known medical condition, those who die from non-natural causes, as well as those dying as a result of homicide, or other criminally suspicious deaths. A majority of the forensic pathologists cases are due to natural causes. Often, additional tests such as toxicology, histology, and genetic testing will be used to help the pathologist determine the cause of death. Forensic pathologists will often testify in courts regarding their findings in cases of homicide and suspicious death. They also play a large role in public health, such as investigating deaths in the workplace, deaths in custody, as well as sudden and unexpected deaths in children.
Forensic pathologists often have special areas of interest within their practice, such as sudden death due to cardiac pathology, deaths due to drugs, or Sudden Infant Death (SIDS), and various others.
Training and certification
Australia
(Also New Zealand, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, and Saudi Arabia)Anatomical Pathology is one of the specialty training programs offered by the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (RCPA). The RCPA. To qualify as a Fellow of the RCPA in Anatomical Pathology, the candidate must complete a recognised undergraduate or postgraduate medical qualification and then complete a minimum of 2 years of clinical medical experience as a prerequisite to selection as a training registrar. The training program is a minimum of 5 years, served in at least two laboratories, and candidates must pass a Basic Pathological Sciences examination (usually in first year), the Part 1 examinations (not before 3rd year) and the Part 2 examinations (not before 5th year). Fellows may then continue into subspecialty training.
Canada
Anatomical Pathology (AP) is one of the specialist certificates granted by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Other certificates related to pathology include general pathology (GP), hematopathology, and neuropathology. Candidates for any of these must have completed four years of medical school and five years of residency training.
United States
Anatomic Pathology (AP) is one of the two primary certifications offered by the American Board of Pathology (the other is Clinical Pathology (CP)) and one of three primary certifications offered by the American Osteopathic Board of Pathology. To be certified in anatomic pathology, the trainee must complete four years of medical school followed by three years of residency training. Many U.S. pathologists are certified in both AP and CP, which requires a total of four years of residency. After completing residency, many pathologists enroll in further years of fellowship training to gain expertise in a subspecialty of AP or CP. Pathologists' Assistants are highly trained medical professionals with specialized training in Anatomic and Forensic pathology. To become a Pathologists' Assistant one must enter and successfully complete a NAACLS accredited program and pass the ASCP Board of Certification Exam.
Practice settings
Academic anatomical pathology is practiced at university medical centers by pathologists who are also university faculty. As such, they often have diverse responsibilities that may include training pathology residents, teaching medical students, conducting basic, clinical, or translational research, or performing administrative duties, all in addition to the practice of diagnostic anatomical pathology. Pathologists in academic settings often sub-specialize in a particular area of anatomic pathology and may serve as consultants to other pathologists regarding cases in their specific area of expertise.
Group practice is the most traditional private practice model. In this arrangement, a group of senior pathologists will control a partnership that employs junior pathologists and contracts independently with hospitals to provide diagnostic services, as well as attracting referral business from local clinicians who practice in the outpatient setting. The group often owns a laboratory for histology and ancillary testing of tissue, and may hold contracts to run hospital-owned labs. Many pathologists who practice in this setting are trained and certified in both anatomical pathology and clinical pathology, which allows them to supervise blood banks, clinical chemistry laboratories, and medical microbiology laboratories as well.
Large corporate providers of anatomical pathology services, such as AmeriPath in the United States. In this model, pathologists are employees, rather than independent partners. This model has been criticized for reducing physician independence, but defenders claim that the larger size of these practices allows for economies of scale and greater specialization, as well a sufficient volume to support more specialized testing methods.
Multispecialty groups, composed of physicians from clinical specialties as well as radiology and pathology, are another practice model. In some case, these may be large groups controlled by an HMO or other large health care organization. In others, they are in essence clinician group practices that employ pathologists to provide diagnostic services for the group. These groups may own their own laboratories, or, in some cases may make controversial arrangements with "pod labs" that allow clinician groups to lease space, with the clinician groups receiving direct insurance payments for pathology services. Proposed changes to Medicare regulations may essentially eliminate these arrangements in the United States.
See also
Notes and references
External links
"Conversations with Pathologists", a website based on a book project by Sue Armstrong, sponsored by Genentech and The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland
PathReports.in: Make Anatomical pathology reporting paperless and save trees.
PathMax, a collection of online Pathology resources
MyBiopsy.org, information on more than 25 of the most common cancers and cancer-related conditions
The Doctor's doctor, a very useful web site for patients and pathologists
Pathologie Online, online Pathology resources (in German)
Pathology Outlines, an online textbook of anatomic pathology
College of American Pathologists
American Board of Pathology
CYTOPATHNET Online Resource Center for Cytopathology
Histology Group of Victoria Incorporated
Flickr group: Pathology and Lab Medicine: numerous photos illustrating the work of pathologists.
Pathtalk.org: A multiple-author weblog by and for anatomic pathologists, with illustrative cases and specialty-related discussions.
PathologyPics.com: An interactive histology database for the Practicing Anatomic Pathologist as well as Pathology Trainees. | title | {
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Three ships of the United States Navy have borne the name USS Scourge:
USS Scourge (1804), was a former French privateer which the British Royal Navy captured and took into service as HMS Transfer, and in 1802 sold to the consul of Ottoman Tripolitania. The U.S. Navy captured her in 1804 and renamed her Scourge; she was declared unfit for service in 1812 and sold.
USS Scourge (1812), was the Canadian schooner Lord Nelson, seized for the US Navy on Lake Ontario in 1812, and that sank in 1813
USS Scourge (1846), was a steamer, purchased in 1846 for service in the Mexican–American War and sold in 1848. | instance of | {
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Three ships of the United States Navy have borne the name USS Scourge:
USS Scourge (1804), was a former French privateer which the British Royal Navy captured and took into service as HMS Transfer, and in 1802 sold to the consul of Ottoman Tripolitania. The U.S. Navy captured her in 1804 and renamed her Scourge; she was declared unfit for service in 1812 and sold.
USS Scourge (1812), was the Canadian schooner Lord Nelson, seized for the US Navy on Lake Ontario in 1812, and that sank in 1813
USS Scourge (1846), was a steamer, purchased in 1846 for service in the Mexican–American War and sold in 1848. | operator | {
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The 1932 All-Pro Team consisted of American football players chosen by various selectors for the All-Pro team of the National Football League (NFL) for the 1932 NFL season. Teams were selected by, among others, seven of the eight NFL coaches for the United Press, Collyer's Eye (CE), and the Green Bay Press-Gazette. Five players were selected for the first team by all three selectors: Portsmouth Spartans quarterback Dutch Clark; Chicago Bears fullback Bronko Nagurski; New York Giants end Ray Flaherty; Green Bay Packers tackle Cal Hubbard; and Chicago Bears guard Zuck Carlson.
Team
== References == | sport | {
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Anthony Onomoaso Ikazoboh (died 27 July 1999) was a Nigerian Air Commodore, and former Chairman of the Nigerian Football Association, and Minister of Youths and Sports, Minister of Sports and also Minister of Transport.
He was born in Kano, but hailed from Agenebode in Edo state.
== References == | country of citizenship | {
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Anthony Onomoaso Ikazoboh (died 27 July 1999) was a Nigerian Air Commodore, and former Chairman of the Nigerian Football Association, and Minister of Youths and Sports, Minister of Sports and also Minister of Transport.
He was born in Kano, but hailed from Agenebode in Edo state.
== References == | given name | {
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Anthony Onomoaso Ikazoboh (died 27 July 1999) was a Nigerian Air Commodore, and former Chairman of the Nigerian Football Association, and Minister of Youths and Sports, Minister of Sports and also Minister of Transport.
He was born in Kano, but hailed from Agenebode in Edo state.
== References == | country for sport | {
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52
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Bársonyos is a village in Komárom-Esztergom county, Hungary.
External links
Street map (Hungarian) | country | {
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Bársonyos is a village in Komárom-Esztergom county, Hungary.
External links
Street map (Hungarian) | Commons category | {
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This is the list of South Korean girl group (G)I-dle videography. It includes music videos, lyric videos, dance practice videos, music clips and commercial films since its debut in 2018.
Music videos
Korean
Japanese
Lyric videos
Music clips
Live clips
Other videos
Dance practice videos
Commercial films
Others
Photo albums
Calendars
References
External links
(G)I-DLE (Official YouTube Channel) on YouTube | instance of | {
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53
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"videography"
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This is the list of South Korean girl group (G)I-dle videography. It includes music videos, lyric videos, dance practice videos, music clips and commercial films since its debut in 2018.
Music videos
Korean
Japanese
Lyric videos
Music clips
Live clips
Other videos
Dance practice videos
Commercial films
Others
Photo albums
Calendars
References
External links
(G)I-DLE (Official YouTube Channel) on YouTube | is a list of | {
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78
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This is the list of South Korean girl group (G)I-dle videography. It includes music videos, lyric videos, dance practice videos, music clips and commercial films since its debut in 2018.
Music videos
Korean
Japanese
Lyric videos
Music clips
Live clips
Other videos
Dance practice videos
Commercial films
Others
Photo albums
Calendars
References
External links
(G)I-DLE (Official YouTube Channel) on YouTube | main subject | {
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44
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"(G)I-dle"
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Edward Kramer Emerson (March 11, 1892 – January 27, 1970) was a star football player in the Canadian Football League for twenty-two seasons for the Ottawa Rough Riders. Fondly known as the "Iron Man" of football, Emerson led his team to two Grey Cup wins, in 1925 and 1926. After retiring from the field, Emerson stayed with the Rough Riders as president of the football club from 1947–1951.
He was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1963 and into the Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 1975.
External Reference
Canada's Sports Hall of Fame profile
Eddie Emerson at Find a Grave | place of death | {
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149
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"Ottawa"
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Edward Kramer Emerson (March 11, 1892 – January 27, 1970) was a star football player in the Canadian Football League for twenty-two seasons for the Ottawa Rough Riders. Fondly known as the "Iron Man" of football, Emerson led his team to two Grey Cup wins, in 1925 and 1926. After retiring from the field, Emerson stayed with the Rough Riders as president of the football club from 1947–1951.
He was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1963 and into the Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 1975.
External Reference
Canada's Sports Hall of Fame profile
Eddie Emerson at Find a Grave | member of sports team | {
"answer_start": [
149
],
"text": [
"Ottawa Rough Riders"
]
} |
Edward Kramer Emerson (March 11, 1892 – January 27, 1970) was a star football player in the Canadian Football League for twenty-two seasons for the Ottawa Rough Riders. Fondly known as the "Iron Man" of football, Emerson led his team to two Grey Cup wins, in 1925 and 1926. After retiring from the field, Emerson stayed with the Rough Riders as president of the football club from 1947–1951.
He was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1963 and into the Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 1975.
External Reference
Canada's Sports Hall of Fame profile
Eddie Emerson at Find a Grave | award received | {
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470
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} |
Edward Kramer Emerson (March 11, 1892 – January 27, 1970) was a star football player in the Canadian Football League for twenty-two seasons for the Ottawa Rough Riders. Fondly known as the "Iron Man" of football, Emerson led his team to two Grey Cup wins, in 1925 and 1926. After retiring from the field, Emerson stayed with the Rough Riders as president of the football club from 1947–1951.
He was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1963 and into the Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 1975.
External Reference
Canada's Sports Hall of Fame profile
Eddie Emerson at Find a Grave | family name | {
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"Emerson"
]
} |
Edward Kramer Emerson (March 11, 1892 – January 27, 1970) was a star football player in the Canadian Football League for twenty-two seasons for the Ottawa Rough Riders. Fondly known as the "Iron Man" of football, Emerson led his team to two Grey Cup wins, in 1925 and 1926. After retiring from the field, Emerson stayed with the Rough Riders as president of the football club from 1947–1951.
He was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1963 and into the Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 1975.
External Reference
Canada's Sports Hall of Fame profile
Eddie Emerson at Find a Grave | given name | {
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Oyin may refer to:
People
Oyin Adejobi (1926–2000), Nigerian chief, actor, and dramatist
Oyin Oladejo (born c.1985), Nigerian-born Canadian actress
Places
Oyin-Akoko, a settlement in Nigeria | native label | {
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Pál Závada (born 14 December 1954 in Tótkomlós, Hungary) is a Hungarian writer.
He is a member of the Slovak minority in Hungary, but he writes in Hungarian.His elder son, Péter Závada, is a poet and rapper of the underground hip-hop duo, Akkezdet Phiai.
Books
Kulákprés. Család- és falutörténeti szociográfia. Tótkomlós, 1945–1956 (1991)
Mielőtt elsötétül (1996)
Jadviga párnája (1997)
Milota (2002)
A fényképész utókora (2004)
Idegen testünk (2008)
Harminchárom szlovák népmese (2010)
Egy sor cigány. Huszonnégy mai magyar (2011)
Janka estéi (2012)
Természetes fény (2014)
Hajó a ködben (2019)
== References == | place of birth | {
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"Tótkomlós"
]
} |
Pál Závada (born 14 December 1954 in Tótkomlós, Hungary) is a Hungarian writer.
He is a member of the Slovak minority in Hungary, but he writes in Hungarian.His elder son, Péter Závada, is a poet and rapper of the underground hip-hop duo, Akkezdet Phiai.
Books
Kulákprés. Család- és falutörténeti szociográfia. Tótkomlós, 1945–1956 (1991)
Mielőtt elsötétül (1996)
Jadviga párnája (1997)
Milota (2002)
A fényképész utókora (2004)
Idegen testünk (2008)
Harminchárom szlovák népmese (2010)
Egy sor cigány. Huszonnégy mai magyar (2011)
Janka estéi (2012)
Természetes fény (2014)
Hajó a ködben (2019)
== References == | country of citizenship | {
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48
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"Hungary"
]
} |
Pál Závada (born 14 December 1954 in Tótkomlós, Hungary) is a Hungarian writer.
He is a member of the Slovak minority in Hungary, but he writes in Hungarian.His elder son, Péter Závada, is a poet and rapper of the underground hip-hop duo, Akkezdet Phiai.
Books
Kulákprés. Család- és falutörténeti szociográfia. Tótkomlós, 1945–1956 (1991)
Mielőtt elsötétül (1996)
Jadviga párnája (1997)
Milota (2002)
A fényképész utókora (2004)
Idegen testünk (2008)
Harminchárom szlovák népmese (2010)
Egy sor cigány. Huszonnégy mai magyar (2011)
Janka estéi (2012)
Természetes fény (2014)
Hajó a ködben (2019)
== References == | child | {
"answer_start": [
173
],
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"Péter Závada"
]
} |
Pál Závada (born 14 December 1954 in Tótkomlós, Hungary) is a Hungarian writer.
He is a member of the Slovak minority in Hungary, but he writes in Hungarian.His elder son, Péter Závada, is a poet and rapper of the underground hip-hop duo, Akkezdet Phiai.
Books
Kulákprés. Család- és falutörténeti szociográfia. Tótkomlós, 1945–1956 (1991)
Mielőtt elsötétül (1996)
Jadviga párnája (1997)
Milota (2002)
A fényképész utókora (2004)
Idegen testünk (2008)
Harminchárom szlovák népmese (2010)
Egy sor cigány. Huszonnégy mai magyar (2011)
Janka estéi (2012)
Természetes fény (2014)
Hajó a ködben (2019)
== References == | occupation | {
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72
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"writer"
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Pál Závada (born 14 December 1954 in Tótkomlós, Hungary) is a Hungarian writer.
He is a member of the Slovak minority in Hungary, but he writes in Hungarian.His elder son, Péter Závada, is a poet and rapper of the underground hip-hop duo, Akkezdet Phiai.
Books
Kulákprés. Család- és falutörténeti szociográfia. Tótkomlós, 1945–1956 (1991)
Mielőtt elsötétül (1996)
Jadviga párnája (1997)
Milota (2002)
A fényképész utókora (2004)
Idegen testünk (2008)
Harminchárom szlovák népmese (2010)
Egy sor cigány. Huszonnégy mai magyar (2011)
Janka estéi (2012)
Természetes fény (2014)
Hajó a ködben (2019)
== References == | Commons category | {
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Pál Závada (born 14 December 1954 in Tótkomlós, Hungary) is a Hungarian writer.
He is a member of the Slovak minority in Hungary, but he writes in Hungarian.His elder son, Péter Závada, is a poet and rapper of the underground hip-hop duo, Akkezdet Phiai.
Books
Kulákprés. Család- és falutörténeti szociográfia. Tótkomlós, 1945–1956 (1991)
Mielőtt elsötétül (1996)
Jadviga párnája (1997)
Milota (2002)
A fényképész utókora (2004)
Idegen testünk (2008)
Harminchárom szlovák népmese (2010)
Egy sor cigány. Huszonnégy mai magyar (2011)
Janka estéi (2012)
Természetes fény (2014)
Hajó a ködben (2019)
== References == | given name | {
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0
],
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"Pál"
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Pál Závada (born 14 December 1954 in Tótkomlós, Hungary) is a Hungarian writer.
He is a member of the Slovak minority in Hungary, but he writes in Hungarian.His elder son, Péter Závada, is a poet and rapper of the underground hip-hop duo, Akkezdet Phiai.
Books
Kulákprés. Család- és falutörténeti szociográfia. Tótkomlós, 1945–1956 (1991)
Mielőtt elsötétül (1996)
Jadviga párnája (1997)
Milota (2002)
A fényképész utókora (2004)
Idegen testünk (2008)
Harminchárom szlovák népmese (2010)
Egy sor cigány. Huszonnégy mai magyar (2011)
Janka estéi (2012)
Természetes fény (2014)
Hajó a ködben (2019)
== References == | languages spoken, written or signed | {
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Cellana nigrolineata is a species of sea snails or limpets, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Nacellidae, one of the families of true limpets.This species of limpet lives on rocky shore in the intertidal zone. It occurs mainly along the northwestern coasts of the Pacific Ocean.
Shell description
The typical size varies from 3 to 7 cm. The conical shells are almost flat and almost circular. The shell often has almost regular shell patterning of dark lines, similar in appearance to the mesh of the Polar coordinate system.
References
Powell A.W.B. (1973). The patellid limpets of the world (Patellidae). Indo-Pacific Mollusca, 3(15):75-206 | taxon rank | {
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Cellana nigrolineata is a species of sea snails or limpets, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Nacellidae, one of the families of true limpets.This species of limpet lives on rocky shore in the intertidal zone. It occurs mainly along the northwestern coasts of the Pacific Ocean.
Shell description
The typical size varies from 3 to 7 cm. The conical shells are almost flat and almost circular. The shell often has almost regular shell patterning of dark lines, similar in appearance to the mesh of the Polar coordinate system.
References
Powell A.W.B. (1973). The patellid limpets of the world (Patellidae). Indo-Pacific Mollusca, 3(15):75-206 | parent taxon | {
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0
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Cellana nigrolineata is a species of sea snails or limpets, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Nacellidae, one of the families of true limpets.This species of limpet lives on rocky shore in the intertidal zone. It occurs mainly along the northwestern coasts of the Pacific Ocean.
Shell description
The typical size varies from 3 to 7 cm. The conical shells are almost flat and almost circular. The shell often has almost regular shell patterning of dark lines, similar in appearance to the mesh of the Polar coordinate system.
References
Powell A.W.B. (1973). The patellid limpets of the world (Patellidae). Indo-Pacific Mollusca, 3(15):75-206 | taxon name | {
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0
],
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} |
Cellana nigrolineata is a species of sea snails or limpets, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Nacellidae, one of the families of true limpets.This species of limpet lives on rocky shore in the intertidal zone. It occurs mainly along the northwestern coasts of the Pacific Ocean.
Shell description
The typical size varies from 3 to 7 cm. The conical shells are almost flat and almost circular. The shell often has almost regular shell patterning of dark lines, similar in appearance to the mesh of the Polar coordinate system.
References
Powell A.W.B. (1973). The patellid limpets of the world (Patellidae). Indo-Pacific Mollusca, 3(15):75-206 | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
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"Cellana nigrolineata"
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Cellana nigrolineata is a species of sea snails or limpets, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Nacellidae, one of the families of true limpets.This species of limpet lives on rocky shore in the intertidal zone. It occurs mainly along the northwestern coasts of the Pacific Ocean.
Shell description
The typical size varies from 3 to 7 cm. The conical shells are almost flat and almost circular. The shell often has almost regular shell patterning of dark lines, similar in appearance to the mesh of the Polar coordinate system.
References
Powell A.W.B. (1973). The patellid limpets of the world (Patellidae). Indo-Pacific Mollusca, 3(15):75-206 | Commons gallery | {
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0
],
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Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko (Russian: Бори́с Миха́йлович Лавре́нко; 6 May 1920 – 7 June 2001) was a Russian Soviet realist painter, People's Artist of the Russian Federation, professor of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, who lived and worked in Saint Petersburg (former Leningrad), regarded as one of the major representatives of the Leningrad school of painting.
Biography
Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko was born on 6 May 1920 in the city of Rostov on Don, Soviet Russia.
In 1936–1940 years Boris Lavrenko studied at the Rostov on Don Art School. In Autumn of 1940, he was drafted into the Red Army. Boris Lavrenko was a veteran of World War II. As an artilleryman, he went all the way from Moscow to Berlin. His front-line drawings, sketches, portraits are interesting as a documentary and truth.
After demobilization in 1946, Boris Lavrenko entered at the first course of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Ilya Repin. There he studied under Mikhail Avilov, Ivan Stepashkin, Genrikh Pavlovsky, Joseph Serebriany.
In 1952, Boris Lavrenko graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture as artist of painting in Rudolf Frentz workshop, together with Sergei Babkov, Leonid Baykov, Irina Baldina, Dmitry Beliaev, Abram Grushko, Marina Kozlovskaya, Boris Korneev, Elena Kostenko, Oleg Lomakin, Piotr Fomin, Vladimir Chekalov, and other young artists. His graduated work was genre painting named "At the collective farm Stadium".Since 1936, Boris Lavrenko has participated in Art Exhibitions. He painted portraits, genre and historical paintings, landscapes, still lifes, sketches from the life. It became the leading genre portrait of a contemporary. Boris Lavrenko’s works were exhibited in 1972 in Moscow, Leningrad, and Rostov on Don, to great acclaim. Later his art were exhibited in Leningrad in 1986 and in 1996.
His style distinguish a broad painting, energetic brushstroke, artistic transfer of tonal relations and states of lighting and air, palpable materiality of volumes and forms. In the works of 1970–80 years we see growing decorative qualities of painting and generalized drawing.
Since 1953, Boris Lavrenko was a member of the Leningrad Union of Artists (since 1992, named as Saint Petersburg Union of Artists).
Over the 40 years, Boris Lavrenko combined her creative activities with pedagogical work. Since 1954 he taught in the Repin Institute of Arts. He was Doctor of art-criticism (1983), professor of painting, a head of personal workshop and graphical department of the Repin Institute of Arts.
In 1976 Boris Lavrenko was awarded the honorary title of Honored Artist of the RSFSR. In 1994 he was awarded the honorary title of People's Artist of the Russian Federation.
Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko died on 7 June 2001 in Saint Petersburg at the eighty-first year of life. His paintings reside in State Russian Museum, State Tretyakov Gallery, in art museums and private collections in Russia, England, Germany, France, Italy, the U.S., and others.
See also
Leningrad School of Painting
List of Russian artists
List of 20th-century Russian painters
List of painters of Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
References
Bibliography
The Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1954. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Izogiz Edition, 1954. - p. 12.
1917 - 1957. Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1957. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1958. - p. 20.
All-Union Art Exhibition of 1957 dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of October Revolution. Catalogue. - Moscow: Soviet artist, 1957. - p. 42.
Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1958. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1959. - p. 16.
All-Union Art Exhibition dedicated to 40th Anniversary of Komsomol. Catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of Culture of USSR, 1958.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1960. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1961. - p. 24.
Soviet Russia republic exhibition of 1960. Exhibition catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of culture of Russian Federation, 1960. - p. 47.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1961. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1964. - p. 24.
Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1962. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: : Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1962. - p. 16.
The Leningrad Fine Arts Exhibition. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1965. - p. 29.
Soviet Russia the Third Republic Exhibition of 1967. Catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of culture of Russian Federation, 1967. - p. 34.
The Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1969. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1970. - p. 12.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 25th Anniversary of the Victory in Great Patriotic war. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1972. - p. 7.
Our Contemporary Exhibition catalogue of works by Leningrad artists of 1971. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1972. - p. 14.
Our Contemporary The Second Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1972. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1973. - p. 8.
Art works by Russian Federation Artists grants to Museums and Culture Institutions (1963–1971). Official Catalogue. - Moscow: Russian Federation Union of Artists, 1972. - p. 57.
Our Contemporary The Third Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1973. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1974. - p. 9.
The Still-Life Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1973. - p. 9.
Exhibitions of Soviet art. Directory. Volume 3. 1941 - 1947. - Moscow: Soviet Artist, 1973. - pp. 291, 366.
Our Contemporary regional exhibition of Leningrad artists of 1975. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1980. - p. 18.
The Portrait of Contemporary the Fifth Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1976. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1983. - p. 13.
The Fine Arts of Leningrad. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1976. - p. 21.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 60th Anniversary of October Revolution. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1982. - p. 16.
Directory of members of the Union of Artists of USSR. Volume 1. - Moscow: Soviet artist, 1979. - p. 605.
Regional Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1980. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1983. - p. 16.
Exhibitions of Soviet art. Directory. Volume 5. 1954 - 1958. - Moscow: Soviet Artist, 1981. - pp. 25, 27, 120, 162, 230, 271, 375, 386, 490, 533, 548, 638.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of the complete liberation of Leningrad from the enemy blockade. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1989. - p. 11.
Lavrenko Boris. Exhibition of works of Art. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1986.
Directory of members of the Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of Russian Federation. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1987. - p. 71.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists-veterans of Great Patriotic war. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1990. - p. 11.
L' École de Leningrad. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 12 Mars 1990. - pp. 14–15.
L' École de Leningrad. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 12 Novembre 1991. - pp. 14–15.
Charmes Russes. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 15 Mai 1991. - pp. 46–47.
Charmes Russes. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 9 Decembre 1991. - pp. 14–15.
Swanson, Vern G. Hidden Treasures: Russian and Soviet Impressionism 1930-1970s. Scotsdale: Fleischer Museum, 1994.
Painting from the life, by Leningrad artists. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum, 1994. - p. 4.
Saint-Pétersbourg - Pont-Audemer. Dessins, Gravures, Sculptures et Tableaux du XX siècle du fonds de L' Union des Artistes de Saint-Pétersbourg. - Pont-Audemer: 1994. - pp. 90, 108.
The Lyrics in the works of artists of the war generation. Painting, drawings. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum, 1995. - p. 4.
Matthew C. Bown. Dictionary of 20th Century Russian and Soviet Painters 1900-1980s. - London: Izomar, 1998. ISBN 0-9532061-0-6, ISBN 978-0-9532061-0-0.
Link of Times: 1932 - 1997. Artists - Members of Saint - Petersburg Union of Artists of Russia. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Manezh Central Exhibition Hall, 1997. - p. 291.
Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School. - Saint Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. – pp. 9, 18, 20, 27, 29, 126, 193, 339, 363, 370, 389, 390, 392-402, 404-407, 414-424, 445. ISBN 5-901724-21-6, ISBN 978-5-901724-21-7.
Anniversary Directory graduates of Saint Petersburg State Academic Institute of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, Russian Academy of Arts. 1915 - 2005. - Saint Petersburg: Pervotsvet Publishing House, 2007. p. 70. ISBN 978-5-903677-01-6. | place of death | {
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Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko (Russian: Бори́с Миха́йлович Лавре́нко; 6 May 1920 – 7 June 2001) was a Russian Soviet realist painter, People's Artist of the Russian Federation, professor of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, who lived and worked in Saint Petersburg (former Leningrad), regarded as one of the major representatives of the Leningrad school of painting.
Biography
Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko was born on 6 May 1920 in the city of Rostov on Don, Soviet Russia.
In 1936–1940 years Boris Lavrenko studied at the Rostov on Don Art School. In Autumn of 1940, he was drafted into the Red Army. Boris Lavrenko was a veteran of World War II. As an artilleryman, he went all the way from Moscow to Berlin. His front-line drawings, sketches, portraits are interesting as a documentary and truth.
After demobilization in 1946, Boris Lavrenko entered at the first course of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Ilya Repin. There he studied under Mikhail Avilov, Ivan Stepashkin, Genrikh Pavlovsky, Joseph Serebriany.
In 1952, Boris Lavrenko graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture as artist of painting in Rudolf Frentz workshop, together with Sergei Babkov, Leonid Baykov, Irina Baldina, Dmitry Beliaev, Abram Grushko, Marina Kozlovskaya, Boris Korneev, Elena Kostenko, Oleg Lomakin, Piotr Fomin, Vladimir Chekalov, and other young artists. His graduated work was genre painting named "At the collective farm Stadium".Since 1936, Boris Lavrenko has participated in Art Exhibitions. He painted portraits, genre and historical paintings, landscapes, still lifes, sketches from the life. It became the leading genre portrait of a contemporary. Boris Lavrenko’s works were exhibited in 1972 in Moscow, Leningrad, and Rostov on Don, to great acclaim. Later his art were exhibited in Leningrad in 1986 and in 1996.
His style distinguish a broad painting, energetic brushstroke, artistic transfer of tonal relations and states of lighting and air, palpable materiality of volumes and forms. In the works of 1970–80 years we see growing decorative qualities of painting and generalized drawing.
Since 1953, Boris Lavrenko was a member of the Leningrad Union of Artists (since 1992, named as Saint Petersburg Union of Artists).
Over the 40 years, Boris Lavrenko combined her creative activities with pedagogical work. Since 1954 he taught in the Repin Institute of Arts. He was Doctor of art-criticism (1983), professor of painting, a head of personal workshop and graphical department of the Repin Institute of Arts.
In 1976 Boris Lavrenko was awarded the honorary title of Honored Artist of the RSFSR. In 1994 he was awarded the honorary title of People's Artist of the Russian Federation.
Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko died on 7 June 2001 in Saint Petersburg at the eighty-first year of life. His paintings reside in State Russian Museum, State Tretyakov Gallery, in art museums and private collections in Russia, England, Germany, France, Italy, the U.S., and others.
See also
Leningrad School of Painting
List of Russian artists
List of 20th-century Russian painters
List of painters of Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
References
Bibliography
The Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1954. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Izogiz Edition, 1954. - p. 12.
1917 - 1957. Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1957. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1958. - p. 20.
All-Union Art Exhibition of 1957 dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of October Revolution. Catalogue. - Moscow: Soviet artist, 1957. - p. 42.
Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1958. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1959. - p. 16.
All-Union Art Exhibition dedicated to 40th Anniversary of Komsomol. Catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of Culture of USSR, 1958.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1960. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1961. - p. 24.
Soviet Russia republic exhibition of 1960. Exhibition catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of culture of Russian Federation, 1960. - p. 47.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1961. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1964. - p. 24.
Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1962. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: : Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1962. - p. 16.
The Leningrad Fine Arts Exhibition. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1965. - p. 29.
Soviet Russia the Third Republic Exhibition of 1967. Catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of culture of Russian Federation, 1967. - p. 34.
The Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1969. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1970. - p. 12.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 25th Anniversary of the Victory in Great Patriotic war. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1972. - p. 7.
Our Contemporary Exhibition catalogue of works by Leningrad artists of 1971. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1972. - p. 14.
Our Contemporary The Second Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1972. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1973. - p. 8.
Art works by Russian Federation Artists grants to Museums and Culture Institutions (1963–1971). Official Catalogue. - Moscow: Russian Federation Union of Artists, 1972. - p. 57.
Our Contemporary The Third Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1973. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1974. - p. 9.
The Still-Life Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1973. - p. 9.
Exhibitions of Soviet art. Directory. Volume 3. 1941 - 1947. - Moscow: Soviet Artist, 1973. - pp. 291, 366.
Our Contemporary regional exhibition of Leningrad artists of 1975. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1980. - p. 18.
The Portrait of Contemporary the Fifth Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1976. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1983. - p. 13.
The Fine Arts of Leningrad. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1976. - p. 21.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 60th Anniversary of October Revolution. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1982. - p. 16.
Directory of members of the Union of Artists of USSR. Volume 1. - Moscow: Soviet artist, 1979. - p. 605.
Regional Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1980. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1983. - p. 16.
Exhibitions of Soviet art. Directory. Volume 5. 1954 - 1958. - Moscow: Soviet Artist, 1981. - pp. 25, 27, 120, 162, 230, 271, 375, 386, 490, 533, 548, 638.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of the complete liberation of Leningrad from the enemy blockade. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1989. - p. 11.
Lavrenko Boris. Exhibition of works of Art. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1986.
Directory of members of the Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of Russian Federation. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1987. - p. 71.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists-veterans of Great Patriotic war. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1990. - p. 11.
L' École de Leningrad. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 12 Mars 1990. - pp. 14–15.
L' École de Leningrad. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 12 Novembre 1991. - pp. 14–15.
Charmes Russes. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 15 Mai 1991. - pp. 46–47.
Charmes Russes. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 9 Decembre 1991. - pp. 14–15.
Swanson, Vern G. Hidden Treasures: Russian and Soviet Impressionism 1930-1970s. Scotsdale: Fleischer Museum, 1994.
Painting from the life, by Leningrad artists. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum, 1994. - p. 4.
Saint-Pétersbourg - Pont-Audemer. Dessins, Gravures, Sculptures et Tableaux du XX siècle du fonds de L' Union des Artistes de Saint-Pétersbourg. - Pont-Audemer: 1994. - pp. 90, 108.
The Lyrics in the works of artists of the war generation. Painting, drawings. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum, 1995. - p. 4.
Matthew C. Bown. Dictionary of 20th Century Russian and Soviet Painters 1900-1980s. - London: Izomar, 1998. ISBN 0-9532061-0-6, ISBN 978-0-9532061-0-0.
Link of Times: 1932 - 1997. Artists - Members of Saint - Petersburg Union of Artists of Russia. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Manezh Central Exhibition Hall, 1997. - p. 291.
Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School. - Saint Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. – pp. 9, 18, 20, 27, 29, 126, 193, 339, 363, 370, 389, 390, 392-402, 404-407, 414-424, 445. ISBN 5-901724-21-6, ISBN 978-5-901724-21-7.
Anniversary Directory graduates of Saint Petersburg State Academic Institute of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, Russian Academy of Arts. 1915 - 2005. - Saint Petersburg: Pervotsvet Publishing House, 2007. p. 70. ISBN 978-5-903677-01-6. | country of citizenship | {
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"text": [
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Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko (Russian: Бори́с Миха́йлович Лавре́нко; 6 May 1920 – 7 June 2001) was a Russian Soviet realist painter, People's Artist of the Russian Federation, professor of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, who lived and worked in Saint Petersburg (former Leningrad), regarded as one of the major representatives of the Leningrad school of painting.
Biography
Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko was born on 6 May 1920 in the city of Rostov on Don, Soviet Russia.
In 1936–1940 years Boris Lavrenko studied at the Rostov on Don Art School. In Autumn of 1940, he was drafted into the Red Army. Boris Lavrenko was a veteran of World War II. As an artilleryman, he went all the way from Moscow to Berlin. His front-line drawings, sketches, portraits are interesting as a documentary and truth.
After demobilization in 1946, Boris Lavrenko entered at the first course of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Ilya Repin. There he studied under Mikhail Avilov, Ivan Stepashkin, Genrikh Pavlovsky, Joseph Serebriany.
In 1952, Boris Lavrenko graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture as artist of painting in Rudolf Frentz workshop, together with Sergei Babkov, Leonid Baykov, Irina Baldina, Dmitry Beliaev, Abram Grushko, Marina Kozlovskaya, Boris Korneev, Elena Kostenko, Oleg Lomakin, Piotr Fomin, Vladimir Chekalov, and other young artists. His graduated work was genre painting named "At the collective farm Stadium".Since 1936, Boris Lavrenko has participated in Art Exhibitions. He painted portraits, genre and historical paintings, landscapes, still lifes, sketches from the life. It became the leading genre portrait of a contemporary. Boris Lavrenko’s works were exhibited in 1972 in Moscow, Leningrad, and Rostov on Don, to great acclaim. Later his art were exhibited in Leningrad in 1986 and in 1996.
His style distinguish a broad painting, energetic brushstroke, artistic transfer of tonal relations and states of lighting and air, palpable materiality of volumes and forms. In the works of 1970–80 years we see growing decorative qualities of painting and generalized drawing.
Since 1953, Boris Lavrenko was a member of the Leningrad Union of Artists (since 1992, named as Saint Petersburg Union of Artists).
Over the 40 years, Boris Lavrenko combined her creative activities with pedagogical work. Since 1954 he taught in the Repin Institute of Arts. He was Doctor of art-criticism (1983), professor of painting, a head of personal workshop and graphical department of the Repin Institute of Arts.
In 1976 Boris Lavrenko was awarded the honorary title of Honored Artist of the RSFSR. In 1994 he was awarded the honorary title of People's Artist of the Russian Federation.
Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko died on 7 June 2001 in Saint Petersburg at the eighty-first year of life. His paintings reside in State Russian Museum, State Tretyakov Gallery, in art museums and private collections in Russia, England, Germany, France, Italy, the U.S., and others.
See also
Leningrad School of Painting
List of Russian artists
List of 20th-century Russian painters
List of painters of Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
References
Bibliography
The Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1954. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Izogiz Edition, 1954. - p. 12.
1917 - 1957. Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1957. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1958. - p. 20.
All-Union Art Exhibition of 1957 dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of October Revolution. Catalogue. - Moscow: Soviet artist, 1957. - p. 42.
Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1958. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1959. - p. 16.
All-Union Art Exhibition dedicated to 40th Anniversary of Komsomol. Catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of Culture of USSR, 1958.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1960. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1961. - p. 24.
Soviet Russia republic exhibition of 1960. Exhibition catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of culture of Russian Federation, 1960. - p. 47.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1961. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1964. - p. 24.
Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1962. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: : Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1962. - p. 16.
The Leningrad Fine Arts Exhibition. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1965. - p. 29.
Soviet Russia the Third Republic Exhibition of 1967. Catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of culture of Russian Federation, 1967. - p. 34.
The Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1969. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1970. - p. 12.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 25th Anniversary of the Victory in Great Patriotic war. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1972. - p. 7.
Our Contemporary Exhibition catalogue of works by Leningrad artists of 1971. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1972. - p. 14.
Our Contemporary The Second Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1972. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1973. - p. 8.
Art works by Russian Federation Artists grants to Museums and Culture Institutions (1963–1971). Official Catalogue. - Moscow: Russian Federation Union of Artists, 1972. - p. 57.
Our Contemporary The Third Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1973. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1974. - p. 9.
The Still-Life Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1973. - p. 9.
Exhibitions of Soviet art. Directory. Volume 3. 1941 - 1947. - Moscow: Soviet Artist, 1973. - pp. 291, 366.
Our Contemporary regional exhibition of Leningrad artists of 1975. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1980. - p. 18.
The Portrait of Contemporary the Fifth Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1976. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1983. - p. 13.
The Fine Arts of Leningrad. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1976. - p. 21.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 60th Anniversary of October Revolution. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1982. - p. 16.
Directory of members of the Union of Artists of USSR. Volume 1. - Moscow: Soviet artist, 1979. - p. 605.
Regional Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1980. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1983. - p. 16.
Exhibitions of Soviet art. Directory. Volume 5. 1954 - 1958. - Moscow: Soviet Artist, 1981. - pp. 25, 27, 120, 162, 230, 271, 375, 386, 490, 533, 548, 638.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of the complete liberation of Leningrad from the enemy blockade. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1989. - p. 11.
Lavrenko Boris. Exhibition of works of Art. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1986.
Directory of members of the Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of Russian Federation. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1987. - p. 71.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists-veterans of Great Patriotic war. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1990. - p. 11.
L' École de Leningrad. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 12 Mars 1990. - pp. 14–15.
L' École de Leningrad. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 12 Novembre 1991. - pp. 14–15.
Charmes Russes. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 15 Mai 1991. - pp. 46–47.
Charmes Russes. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 9 Decembre 1991. - pp. 14–15.
Swanson, Vern G. Hidden Treasures: Russian and Soviet Impressionism 1930-1970s. Scotsdale: Fleischer Museum, 1994.
Painting from the life, by Leningrad artists. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum, 1994. - p. 4.
Saint-Pétersbourg - Pont-Audemer. Dessins, Gravures, Sculptures et Tableaux du XX siècle du fonds de L' Union des Artistes de Saint-Pétersbourg. - Pont-Audemer: 1994. - pp. 90, 108.
The Lyrics in the works of artists of the war generation. Painting, drawings. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum, 1995. - p. 4.
Matthew C. Bown. Dictionary of 20th Century Russian and Soviet Painters 1900-1980s. - London: Izomar, 1998. ISBN 0-9532061-0-6, ISBN 978-0-9532061-0-0.
Link of Times: 1932 - 1997. Artists - Members of Saint - Petersburg Union of Artists of Russia. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Manezh Central Exhibition Hall, 1997. - p. 291.
Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School. - Saint Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. – pp. 9, 18, 20, 27, 29, 126, 193, 339, 363, 370, 389, 390, 392-402, 404-407, 414-424, 445. ISBN 5-901724-21-6, ISBN 978-5-901724-21-7.
Anniversary Directory graduates of Saint Petersburg State Academic Institute of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, Russian Academy of Arts. 1915 - 2005. - Saint Petersburg: Pervotsvet Publishing House, 2007. p. 70. ISBN 978-5-903677-01-6. | educated at | {
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Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko (Russian: Бори́с Миха́йлович Лавре́нко; 6 May 1920 – 7 June 2001) was a Russian Soviet realist painter, People's Artist of the Russian Federation, professor of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, who lived and worked in Saint Petersburg (former Leningrad), regarded as one of the major representatives of the Leningrad school of painting.
Biography
Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko was born on 6 May 1920 in the city of Rostov on Don, Soviet Russia.
In 1936–1940 years Boris Lavrenko studied at the Rostov on Don Art School. In Autumn of 1940, he was drafted into the Red Army. Boris Lavrenko was a veteran of World War II. As an artilleryman, he went all the way from Moscow to Berlin. His front-line drawings, sketches, portraits are interesting as a documentary and truth.
After demobilization in 1946, Boris Lavrenko entered at the first course of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Ilya Repin. There he studied under Mikhail Avilov, Ivan Stepashkin, Genrikh Pavlovsky, Joseph Serebriany.
In 1952, Boris Lavrenko graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture as artist of painting in Rudolf Frentz workshop, together with Sergei Babkov, Leonid Baykov, Irina Baldina, Dmitry Beliaev, Abram Grushko, Marina Kozlovskaya, Boris Korneev, Elena Kostenko, Oleg Lomakin, Piotr Fomin, Vladimir Chekalov, and other young artists. His graduated work was genre painting named "At the collective farm Stadium".Since 1936, Boris Lavrenko has participated in Art Exhibitions. He painted portraits, genre and historical paintings, landscapes, still lifes, sketches from the life. It became the leading genre portrait of a contemporary. Boris Lavrenko’s works were exhibited in 1972 in Moscow, Leningrad, and Rostov on Don, to great acclaim. Later his art were exhibited in Leningrad in 1986 and in 1996.
His style distinguish a broad painting, energetic brushstroke, artistic transfer of tonal relations and states of lighting and air, palpable materiality of volumes and forms. In the works of 1970–80 years we see growing decorative qualities of painting and generalized drawing.
Since 1953, Boris Lavrenko was a member of the Leningrad Union of Artists (since 1992, named as Saint Petersburg Union of Artists).
Over the 40 years, Boris Lavrenko combined her creative activities with pedagogical work. Since 1954 he taught in the Repin Institute of Arts. He was Doctor of art-criticism (1983), professor of painting, a head of personal workshop and graphical department of the Repin Institute of Arts.
In 1976 Boris Lavrenko was awarded the honorary title of Honored Artist of the RSFSR. In 1994 he was awarded the honorary title of People's Artist of the Russian Federation.
Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko died on 7 June 2001 in Saint Petersburg at the eighty-first year of life. His paintings reside in State Russian Museum, State Tretyakov Gallery, in art museums and private collections in Russia, England, Germany, France, Italy, the U.S., and others.
See also
Leningrad School of Painting
List of Russian artists
List of 20th-century Russian painters
List of painters of Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
References
Bibliography
The Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1954. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Izogiz Edition, 1954. - p. 12.
1917 - 1957. Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1957. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1958. - p. 20.
All-Union Art Exhibition of 1957 dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of October Revolution. Catalogue. - Moscow: Soviet artist, 1957. - p. 42.
Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1958. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1959. - p. 16.
All-Union Art Exhibition dedicated to 40th Anniversary of Komsomol. Catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of Culture of USSR, 1958.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1960. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1961. - p. 24.
Soviet Russia republic exhibition of 1960. Exhibition catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of culture of Russian Federation, 1960. - p. 47.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1961. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1964. - p. 24.
Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1962. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: : Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1962. - p. 16.
The Leningrad Fine Arts Exhibition. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1965. - p. 29.
Soviet Russia the Third Republic Exhibition of 1967. Catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of culture of Russian Federation, 1967. - p. 34.
The Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1969. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1970. - p. 12.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 25th Anniversary of the Victory in Great Patriotic war. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1972. - p. 7.
Our Contemporary Exhibition catalogue of works by Leningrad artists of 1971. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1972. - p. 14.
Our Contemporary The Second Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1972. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1973. - p. 8.
Art works by Russian Federation Artists grants to Museums and Culture Institutions (1963–1971). Official Catalogue. - Moscow: Russian Federation Union of Artists, 1972. - p. 57.
Our Contemporary The Third Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1973. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1974. - p. 9.
The Still-Life Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1973. - p. 9.
Exhibitions of Soviet art. Directory. Volume 3. 1941 - 1947. - Moscow: Soviet Artist, 1973. - pp. 291, 366.
Our Contemporary regional exhibition of Leningrad artists of 1975. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1980. - p. 18.
The Portrait of Contemporary the Fifth Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1976. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1983. - p. 13.
The Fine Arts of Leningrad. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1976. - p. 21.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 60th Anniversary of October Revolution. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1982. - p. 16.
Directory of members of the Union of Artists of USSR. Volume 1. - Moscow: Soviet artist, 1979. - p. 605.
Regional Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1980. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1983. - p. 16.
Exhibitions of Soviet art. Directory. Volume 5. 1954 - 1958. - Moscow: Soviet Artist, 1981. - pp. 25, 27, 120, 162, 230, 271, 375, 386, 490, 533, 548, 638.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of the complete liberation of Leningrad from the enemy blockade. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1989. - p. 11.
Lavrenko Boris. Exhibition of works of Art. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1986.
Directory of members of the Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of Russian Federation. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1987. - p. 71.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists-veterans of Great Patriotic war. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1990. - p. 11.
L' École de Leningrad. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 12 Mars 1990. - pp. 14–15.
L' École de Leningrad. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 12 Novembre 1991. - pp. 14–15.
Charmes Russes. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 15 Mai 1991. - pp. 46–47.
Charmes Russes. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 9 Decembre 1991. - pp. 14–15.
Swanson, Vern G. Hidden Treasures: Russian and Soviet Impressionism 1930-1970s. Scotsdale: Fleischer Museum, 1994.
Painting from the life, by Leningrad artists. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum, 1994. - p. 4.
Saint-Pétersbourg - Pont-Audemer. Dessins, Gravures, Sculptures et Tableaux du XX siècle du fonds de L' Union des Artistes de Saint-Pétersbourg. - Pont-Audemer: 1994. - pp. 90, 108.
The Lyrics in the works of artists of the war generation. Painting, drawings. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum, 1995. - p. 4.
Matthew C. Bown. Dictionary of 20th Century Russian and Soviet Painters 1900-1980s. - London: Izomar, 1998. ISBN 0-9532061-0-6, ISBN 978-0-9532061-0-0.
Link of Times: 1932 - 1997. Artists - Members of Saint - Petersburg Union of Artists of Russia. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Manezh Central Exhibition Hall, 1997. - p. 291.
Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School. - Saint Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. – pp. 9, 18, 20, 27, 29, 126, 193, 339, 363, 370, 389, 390, 392-402, 404-407, 414-424, 445. ISBN 5-901724-21-6, ISBN 978-5-901724-21-7.
Anniversary Directory graduates of Saint Petersburg State Academic Institute of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, Russian Academy of Arts. 1915 - 2005. - Saint Petersburg: Pervotsvet Publishing House, 2007. p. 70. ISBN 978-5-903677-01-6. | occupation | {
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Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko (Russian: Бори́с Миха́йлович Лавре́нко; 6 May 1920 – 7 June 2001) was a Russian Soviet realist painter, People's Artist of the Russian Federation, professor of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, who lived and worked in Saint Petersburg (former Leningrad), regarded as one of the major representatives of the Leningrad school of painting.
Biography
Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko was born on 6 May 1920 in the city of Rostov on Don, Soviet Russia.
In 1936–1940 years Boris Lavrenko studied at the Rostov on Don Art School. In Autumn of 1940, he was drafted into the Red Army. Boris Lavrenko was a veteran of World War II. As an artilleryman, he went all the way from Moscow to Berlin. His front-line drawings, sketches, portraits are interesting as a documentary and truth.
After demobilization in 1946, Boris Lavrenko entered at the first course of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Ilya Repin. There he studied under Mikhail Avilov, Ivan Stepashkin, Genrikh Pavlovsky, Joseph Serebriany.
In 1952, Boris Lavrenko graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture as artist of painting in Rudolf Frentz workshop, together with Sergei Babkov, Leonid Baykov, Irina Baldina, Dmitry Beliaev, Abram Grushko, Marina Kozlovskaya, Boris Korneev, Elena Kostenko, Oleg Lomakin, Piotr Fomin, Vladimir Chekalov, and other young artists. His graduated work was genre painting named "At the collective farm Stadium".Since 1936, Boris Lavrenko has participated in Art Exhibitions. He painted portraits, genre and historical paintings, landscapes, still lifes, sketches from the life. It became the leading genre portrait of a contemporary. Boris Lavrenko’s works were exhibited in 1972 in Moscow, Leningrad, and Rostov on Don, to great acclaim. Later his art were exhibited in Leningrad in 1986 and in 1996.
His style distinguish a broad painting, energetic brushstroke, artistic transfer of tonal relations and states of lighting and air, palpable materiality of volumes and forms. In the works of 1970–80 years we see growing decorative qualities of painting and generalized drawing.
Since 1953, Boris Lavrenko was a member of the Leningrad Union of Artists (since 1992, named as Saint Petersburg Union of Artists).
Over the 40 years, Boris Lavrenko combined her creative activities with pedagogical work. Since 1954 he taught in the Repin Institute of Arts. He was Doctor of art-criticism (1983), professor of painting, a head of personal workshop and graphical department of the Repin Institute of Arts.
In 1976 Boris Lavrenko was awarded the honorary title of Honored Artist of the RSFSR. In 1994 he was awarded the honorary title of People's Artist of the Russian Federation.
Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko died on 7 June 2001 in Saint Petersburg at the eighty-first year of life. His paintings reside in State Russian Museum, State Tretyakov Gallery, in art museums and private collections in Russia, England, Germany, France, Italy, the U.S., and others.
See also
Leningrad School of Painting
List of Russian artists
List of 20th-century Russian painters
List of painters of Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
References
Bibliography
The Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1954. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Izogiz Edition, 1954. - p. 12.
1917 - 1957. Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1957. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1958. - p. 20.
All-Union Art Exhibition of 1957 dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of October Revolution. Catalogue. - Moscow: Soviet artist, 1957. - p. 42.
Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1958. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1959. - p. 16.
All-Union Art Exhibition dedicated to 40th Anniversary of Komsomol. Catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of Culture of USSR, 1958.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1960. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1961. - p. 24.
Soviet Russia republic exhibition of 1960. Exhibition catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of culture of Russian Federation, 1960. - p. 47.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1961. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1964. - p. 24.
Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1962. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: : Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1962. - p. 16.
The Leningrad Fine Arts Exhibition. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1965. - p. 29.
Soviet Russia the Third Republic Exhibition of 1967. Catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of culture of Russian Federation, 1967. - p. 34.
The Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1969. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1970. - p. 12.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 25th Anniversary of the Victory in Great Patriotic war. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1972. - p. 7.
Our Contemporary Exhibition catalogue of works by Leningrad artists of 1971. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1972. - p. 14.
Our Contemporary The Second Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1972. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1973. - p. 8.
Art works by Russian Federation Artists grants to Museums and Culture Institutions (1963–1971). Official Catalogue. - Moscow: Russian Federation Union of Artists, 1972. - p. 57.
Our Contemporary The Third Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1973. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1974. - p. 9.
The Still-Life Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1973. - p. 9.
Exhibitions of Soviet art. Directory. Volume 3. 1941 - 1947. - Moscow: Soviet Artist, 1973. - pp. 291, 366.
Our Contemporary regional exhibition of Leningrad artists of 1975. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1980. - p. 18.
The Portrait of Contemporary the Fifth Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1976. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1983. - p. 13.
The Fine Arts of Leningrad. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1976. - p. 21.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 60th Anniversary of October Revolution. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1982. - p. 16.
Directory of members of the Union of Artists of USSR. Volume 1. - Moscow: Soviet artist, 1979. - p. 605.
Regional Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1980. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1983. - p. 16.
Exhibitions of Soviet art. Directory. Volume 5. 1954 - 1958. - Moscow: Soviet Artist, 1981. - pp. 25, 27, 120, 162, 230, 271, 375, 386, 490, 533, 548, 638.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of the complete liberation of Leningrad from the enemy blockade. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1989. - p. 11.
Lavrenko Boris. Exhibition of works of Art. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1986.
Directory of members of the Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of Russian Federation. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1987. - p. 71.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists-veterans of Great Patriotic war. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1990. - p. 11.
L' École de Leningrad. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 12 Mars 1990. - pp. 14–15.
L' École de Leningrad. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 12 Novembre 1991. - pp. 14–15.
Charmes Russes. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 15 Mai 1991. - pp. 46–47.
Charmes Russes. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 9 Decembre 1991. - pp. 14–15.
Swanson, Vern G. Hidden Treasures: Russian and Soviet Impressionism 1930-1970s. Scotsdale: Fleischer Museum, 1994.
Painting from the life, by Leningrad artists. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum, 1994. - p. 4.
Saint-Pétersbourg - Pont-Audemer. Dessins, Gravures, Sculptures et Tableaux du XX siècle du fonds de L' Union des Artistes de Saint-Pétersbourg. - Pont-Audemer: 1994. - pp. 90, 108.
The Lyrics in the works of artists of the war generation. Painting, drawings. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum, 1995. - p. 4.
Matthew C. Bown. Dictionary of 20th Century Russian and Soviet Painters 1900-1980s. - London: Izomar, 1998. ISBN 0-9532061-0-6, ISBN 978-0-9532061-0-0.
Link of Times: 1932 - 1997. Artists - Members of Saint - Petersburg Union of Artists of Russia. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Manezh Central Exhibition Hall, 1997. - p. 291.
Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School. - Saint Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. – pp. 9, 18, 20, 27, 29, 126, 193, 339, 363, 370, 389, 390, 392-402, 404-407, 414-424, 445. ISBN 5-901724-21-6, ISBN 978-5-901724-21-7.
Anniversary Directory graduates of Saint Petersburg State Academic Institute of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, Russian Academy of Arts. 1915 - 2005. - Saint Petersburg: Pervotsvet Publishing House, 2007. p. 70. ISBN 978-5-903677-01-6. | genre | {
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Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko (Russian: Бори́с Миха́йлович Лавре́нко; 6 May 1920 – 7 June 2001) was a Russian Soviet realist painter, People's Artist of the Russian Federation, professor of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, who lived and worked in Saint Petersburg (former Leningrad), regarded as one of the major representatives of the Leningrad school of painting.
Biography
Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko was born on 6 May 1920 in the city of Rostov on Don, Soviet Russia.
In 1936–1940 years Boris Lavrenko studied at the Rostov on Don Art School. In Autumn of 1940, he was drafted into the Red Army. Boris Lavrenko was a veteran of World War II. As an artilleryman, he went all the way from Moscow to Berlin. His front-line drawings, sketches, portraits are interesting as a documentary and truth.
After demobilization in 1946, Boris Lavrenko entered at the first course of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Ilya Repin. There he studied under Mikhail Avilov, Ivan Stepashkin, Genrikh Pavlovsky, Joseph Serebriany.
In 1952, Boris Lavrenko graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture as artist of painting in Rudolf Frentz workshop, together with Sergei Babkov, Leonid Baykov, Irina Baldina, Dmitry Beliaev, Abram Grushko, Marina Kozlovskaya, Boris Korneev, Elena Kostenko, Oleg Lomakin, Piotr Fomin, Vladimir Chekalov, and other young artists. His graduated work was genre painting named "At the collective farm Stadium".Since 1936, Boris Lavrenko has participated in Art Exhibitions. He painted portraits, genre and historical paintings, landscapes, still lifes, sketches from the life. It became the leading genre portrait of a contemporary. Boris Lavrenko’s works were exhibited in 1972 in Moscow, Leningrad, and Rostov on Don, to great acclaim. Later his art were exhibited in Leningrad in 1986 and in 1996.
His style distinguish a broad painting, energetic brushstroke, artistic transfer of tonal relations and states of lighting and air, palpable materiality of volumes and forms. In the works of 1970–80 years we see growing decorative qualities of painting and generalized drawing.
Since 1953, Boris Lavrenko was a member of the Leningrad Union of Artists (since 1992, named as Saint Petersburg Union of Artists).
Over the 40 years, Boris Lavrenko combined her creative activities with pedagogical work. Since 1954 he taught in the Repin Institute of Arts. He was Doctor of art-criticism (1983), professor of painting, a head of personal workshop and graphical department of the Repin Institute of Arts.
In 1976 Boris Lavrenko was awarded the honorary title of Honored Artist of the RSFSR. In 1994 he was awarded the honorary title of People's Artist of the Russian Federation.
Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko died on 7 June 2001 in Saint Petersburg at the eighty-first year of life. His paintings reside in State Russian Museum, State Tretyakov Gallery, in art museums and private collections in Russia, England, Germany, France, Italy, the U.S., and others.
See also
Leningrad School of Painting
List of Russian artists
List of 20th-century Russian painters
List of painters of Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
References
Bibliography
The Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1954. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Izogiz Edition, 1954. - p. 12.
1917 - 1957. Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1957. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1958. - p. 20.
All-Union Art Exhibition of 1957 dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of October Revolution. Catalogue. - Moscow: Soviet artist, 1957. - p. 42.
Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1958. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1959. - p. 16.
All-Union Art Exhibition dedicated to 40th Anniversary of Komsomol. Catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of Culture of USSR, 1958.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1960. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1961. - p. 24.
Soviet Russia republic exhibition of 1960. Exhibition catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of culture of Russian Federation, 1960. - p. 47.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1961. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1964. - p. 24.
Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1962. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: : Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1962. - p. 16.
The Leningrad Fine Arts Exhibition. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1965. - p. 29.
Soviet Russia the Third Republic Exhibition of 1967. Catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of culture of Russian Federation, 1967. - p. 34.
The Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1969. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1970. - p. 12.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 25th Anniversary of the Victory in Great Patriotic war. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1972. - p. 7.
Our Contemporary Exhibition catalogue of works by Leningrad artists of 1971. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1972. - p. 14.
Our Contemporary The Second Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1972. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1973. - p. 8.
Art works by Russian Federation Artists grants to Museums and Culture Institutions (1963–1971). Official Catalogue. - Moscow: Russian Federation Union of Artists, 1972. - p. 57.
Our Contemporary The Third Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1973. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1974. - p. 9.
The Still-Life Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1973. - p. 9.
Exhibitions of Soviet art. Directory. Volume 3. 1941 - 1947. - Moscow: Soviet Artist, 1973. - pp. 291, 366.
Our Contemporary regional exhibition of Leningrad artists of 1975. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1980. - p. 18.
The Portrait of Contemporary the Fifth Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1976. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1983. - p. 13.
The Fine Arts of Leningrad. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1976. - p. 21.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 60th Anniversary of October Revolution. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1982. - p. 16.
Directory of members of the Union of Artists of USSR. Volume 1. - Moscow: Soviet artist, 1979. - p. 605.
Regional Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1980. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1983. - p. 16.
Exhibitions of Soviet art. Directory. Volume 5. 1954 - 1958. - Moscow: Soviet Artist, 1981. - pp. 25, 27, 120, 162, 230, 271, 375, 386, 490, 533, 548, 638.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of the complete liberation of Leningrad from the enemy blockade. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1989. - p. 11.
Lavrenko Boris. Exhibition of works of Art. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1986.
Directory of members of the Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of Russian Federation. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1987. - p. 71.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists-veterans of Great Patriotic war. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1990. - p. 11.
L' École de Leningrad. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 12 Mars 1990. - pp. 14–15.
L' École de Leningrad. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 12 Novembre 1991. - pp. 14–15.
Charmes Russes. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 15 Mai 1991. - pp. 46–47.
Charmes Russes. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 9 Decembre 1991. - pp. 14–15.
Swanson, Vern G. Hidden Treasures: Russian and Soviet Impressionism 1930-1970s. Scotsdale: Fleischer Museum, 1994.
Painting from the life, by Leningrad artists. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum, 1994. - p. 4.
Saint-Pétersbourg - Pont-Audemer. Dessins, Gravures, Sculptures et Tableaux du XX siècle du fonds de L' Union des Artistes de Saint-Pétersbourg. - Pont-Audemer: 1994. - pp. 90, 108.
The Lyrics in the works of artists of the war generation. Painting, drawings. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum, 1995. - p. 4.
Matthew C. Bown. Dictionary of 20th Century Russian and Soviet Painters 1900-1980s. - London: Izomar, 1998. ISBN 0-9532061-0-6, ISBN 978-0-9532061-0-0.
Link of Times: 1932 - 1997. Artists - Members of Saint - Petersburg Union of Artists of Russia. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Manezh Central Exhibition Hall, 1997. - p. 291.
Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School. - Saint Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. – pp. 9, 18, 20, 27, 29, 126, 193, 339, 363, 370, 389, 390, 392-402, 404-407, 414-424, 445. ISBN 5-901724-21-6, ISBN 978-5-901724-21-7.
Anniversary Directory graduates of Saint Petersburg State Academic Institute of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, Russian Academy of Arts. 1915 - 2005. - Saint Petersburg: Pervotsvet Publishing House, 2007. p. 70. ISBN 978-5-903677-01-6. | award received | {
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Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko (Russian: Бори́с Миха́йлович Лавре́нко; 6 May 1920 – 7 June 2001) was a Russian Soviet realist painter, People's Artist of the Russian Federation, professor of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, who lived and worked in Saint Petersburg (former Leningrad), regarded as one of the major representatives of the Leningrad school of painting.
Biography
Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko was born on 6 May 1920 in the city of Rostov on Don, Soviet Russia.
In 1936–1940 years Boris Lavrenko studied at the Rostov on Don Art School. In Autumn of 1940, he was drafted into the Red Army. Boris Lavrenko was a veteran of World War II. As an artilleryman, he went all the way from Moscow to Berlin. His front-line drawings, sketches, portraits are interesting as a documentary and truth.
After demobilization in 1946, Boris Lavrenko entered at the first course of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Ilya Repin. There he studied under Mikhail Avilov, Ivan Stepashkin, Genrikh Pavlovsky, Joseph Serebriany.
In 1952, Boris Lavrenko graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture as artist of painting in Rudolf Frentz workshop, together with Sergei Babkov, Leonid Baykov, Irina Baldina, Dmitry Beliaev, Abram Grushko, Marina Kozlovskaya, Boris Korneev, Elena Kostenko, Oleg Lomakin, Piotr Fomin, Vladimir Chekalov, and other young artists. His graduated work was genre painting named "At the collective farm Stadium".Since 1936, Boris Lavrenko has participated in Art Exhibitions. He painted portraits, genre and historical paintings, landscapes, still lifes, sketches from the life. It became the leading genre portrait of a contemporary. Boris Lavrenko’s works were exhibited in 1972 in Moscow, Leningrad, and Rostov on Don, to great acclaim. Later his art were exhibited in Leningrad in 1986 and in 1996.
His style distinguish a broad painting, energetic brushstroke, artistic transfer of tonal relations and states of lighting and air, palpable materiality of volumes and forms. In the works of 1970–80 years we see growing decorative qualities of painting and generalized drawing.
Since 1953, Boris Lavrenko was a member of the Leningrad Union of Artists (since 1992, named as Saint Petersburg Union of Artists).
Over the 40 years, Boris Lavrenko combined her creative activities with pedagogical work. Since 1954 he taught in the Repin Institute of Arts. He was Doctor of art-criticism (1983), professor of painting, a head of personal workshop and graphical department of the Repin Institute of Arts.
In 1976 Boris Lavrenko was awarded the honorary title of Honored Artist of the RSFSR. In 1994 he was awarded the honorary title of People's Artist of the Russian Federation.
Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko died on 7 June 2001 in Saint Petersburg at the eighty-first year of life. His paintings reside in State Russian Museum, State Tretyakov Gallery, in art museums and private collections in Russia, England, Germany, France, Italy, the U.S., and others.
See also
Leningrad School of Painting
List of Russian artists
List of 20th-century Russian painters
List of painters of Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
References
Bibliography
The Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1954. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Izogiz Edition, 1954. - p. 12.
1917 - 1957. Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1957. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1958. - p. 20.
All-Union Art Exhibition of 1957 dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of October Revolution. Catalogue. - Moscow: Soviet artist, 1957. - p. 42.
Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1958. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1959. - p. 16.
All-Union Art Exhibition dedicated to 40th Anniversary of Komsomol. Catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of Culture of USSR, 1958.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1960. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1961. - p. 24.
Soviet Russia republic exhibition of 1960. Exhibition catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of culture of Russian Federation, 1960. - p. 47.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1961. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1964. - p. 24.
Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1962. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: : Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1962. - p. 16.
The Leningrad Fine Arts Exhibition. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1965. - p. 29.
Soviet Russia the Third Republic Exhibition of 1967. Catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of culture of Russian Federation, 1967. - p. 34.
The Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1969. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1970. - p. 12.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 25th Anniversary of the Victory in Great Patriotic war. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1972. - p. 7.
Our Contemporary Exhibition catalogue of works by Leningrad artists of 1971. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1972. - p. 14.
Our Contemporary The Second Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1972. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1973. - p. 8.
Art works by Russian Federation Artists grants to Museums and Culture Institutions (1963–1971). Official Catalogue. - Moscow: Russian Federation Union of Artists, 1972. - p. 57.
Our Contemporary The Third Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1973. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1974. - p. 9.
The Still-Life Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1973. - p. 9.
Exhibitions of Soviet art. Directory. Volume 3. 1941 - 1947. - Moscow: Soviet Artist, 1973. - pp. 291, 366.
Our Contemporary regional exhibition of Leningrad artists of 1975. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1980. - p. 18.
The Portrait of Contemporary the Fifth Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1976. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1983. - p. 13.
The Fine Arts of Leningrad. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1976. - p. 21.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 60th Anniversary of October Revolution. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1982. - p. 16.
Directory of members of the Union of Artists of USSR. Volume 1. - Moscow: Soviet artist, 1979. - p. 605.
Regional Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1980. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1983. - p. 16.
Exhibitions of Soviet art. Directory. Volume 5. 1954 - 1958. - Moscow: Soviet Artist, 1981. - pp. 25, 27, 120, 162, 230, 271, 375, 386, 490, 533, 548, 638.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of the complete liberation of Leningrad from the enemy blockade. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1989. - p. 11.
Lavrenko Boris. Exhibition of works of Art. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1986.
Directory of members of the Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of Russian Federation. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1987. - p. 71.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists-veterans of Great Patriotic war. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1990. - p. 11.
L' École de Leningrad. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 12 Mars 1990. - pp. 14–15.
L' École de Leningrad. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 12 Novembre 1991. - pp. 14–15.
Charmes Russes. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 15 Mai 1991. - pp. 46–47.
Charmes Russes. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 9 Decembre 1991. - pp. 14–15.
Swanson, Vern G. Hidden Treasures: Russian and Soviet Impressionism 1930-1970s. Scotsdale: Fleischer Museum, 1994.
Painting from the life, by Leningrad artists. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum, 1994. - p. 4.
Saint-Pétersbourg - Pont-Audemer. Dessins, Gravures, Sculptures et Tableaux du XX siècle du fonds de L' Union des Artistes de Saint-Pétersbourg. - Pont-Audemer: 1994. - pp. 90, 108.
The Lyrics in the works of artists of the war generation. Painting, drawings. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum, 1995. - p. 4.
Matthew C. Bown. Dictionary of 20th Century Russian and Soviet Painters 1900-1980s. - London: Izomar, 1998. ISBN 0-9532061-0-6, ISBN 978-0-9532061-0-0.
Link of Times: 1932 - 1997. Artists - Members of Saint - Petersburg Union of Artists of Russia. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Manezh Central Exhibition Hall, 1997. - p. 291.
Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School. - Saint Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. – pp. 9, 18, 20, 27, 29, 126, 193, 339, 363, 370, 389, 390, 392-402, 404-407, 414-424, 445. ISBN 5-901724-21-6, ISBN 978-5-901724-21-7.
Anniversary Directory graduates of Saint Petersburg State Academic Institute of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, Russian Academy of Arts. 1915 - 2005. - Saint Petersburg: Pervotsvet Publishing House, 2007. p. 70. ISBN 978-5-903677-01-6. | Commons category | {
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Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko (Russian: Бори́с Миха́йлович Лавре́нко; 6 May 1920 – 7 June 2001) was a Russian Soviet realist painter, People's Artist of the Russian Federation, professor of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, who lived and worked in Saint Petersburg (former Leningrad), regarded as one of the major representatives of the Leningrad school of painting.
Biography
Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko was born on 6 May 1920 in the city of Rostov on Don, Soviet Russia.
In 1936–1940 years Boris Lavrenko studied at the Rostov on Don Art School. In Autumn of 1940, he was drafted into the Red Army. Boris Lavrenko was a veteran of World War II. As an artilleryman, he went all the way from Moscow to Berlin. His front-line drawings, sketches, portraits are interesting as a documentary and truth.
After demobilization in 1946, Boris Lavrenko entered at the first course of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Ilya Repin. There he studied under Mikhail Avilov, Ivan Stepashkin, Genrikh Pavlovsky, Joseph Serebriany.
In 1952, Boris Lavrenko graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture as artist of painting in Rudolf Frentz workshop, together with Sergei Babkov, Leonid Baykov, Irina Baldina, Dmitry Beliaev, Abram Grushko, Marina Kozlovskaya, Boris Korneev, Elena Kostenko, Oleg Lomakin, Piotr Fomin, Vladimir Chekalov, and other young artists. His graduated work was genre painting named "At the collective farm Stadium".Since 1936, Boris Lavrenko has participated in Art Exhibitions. He painted portraits, genre and historical paintings, landscapes, still lifes, sketches from the life. It became the leading genre portrait of a contemporary. Boris Lavrenko’s works were exhibited in 1972 in Moscow, Leningrad, and Rostov on Don, to great acclaim. Later his art were exhibited in Leningrad in 1986 and in 1996.
His style distinguish a broad painting, energetic brushstroke, artistic transfer of tonal relations and states of lighting and air, palpable materiality of volumes and forms. In the works of 1970–80 years we see growing decorative qualities of painting and generalized drawing.
Since 1953, Boris Lavrenko was a member of the Leningrad Union of Artists (since 1992, named as Saint Petersburg Union of Artists).
Over the 40 years, Boris Lavrenko combined her creative activities with pedagogical work. Since 1954 he taught in the Repin Institute of Arts. He was Doctor of art-criticism (1983), professor of painting, a head of personal workshop and graphical department of the Repin Institute of Arts.
In 1976 Boris Lavrenko was awarded the honorary title of Honored Artist of the RSFSR. In 1994 he was awarded the honorary title of People's Artist of the Russian Federation.
Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko died on 7 June 2001 in Saint Petersburg at the eighty-first year of life. His paintings reside in State Russian Museum, State Tretyakov Gallery, in art museums and private collections in Russia, England, Germany, France, Italy, the U.S., and others.
See also
Leningrad School of Painting
List of Russian artists
List of 20th-century Russian painters
List of painters of Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
References
Bibliography
The Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1954. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Izogiz Edition, 1954. - p. 12.
1917 - 1957. Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1957. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1958. - p. 20.
All-Union Art Exhibition of 1957 dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of October Revolution. Catalogue. - Moscow: Soviet artist, 1957. - p. 42.
Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1958. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1959. - p. 16.
All-Union Art Exhibition dedicated to 40th Anniversary of Komsomol. Catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of Culture of USSR, 1958.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1960. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1961. - p. 24.
Soviet Russia republic exhibition of 1960. Exhibition catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of culture of Russian Federation, 1960. - p. 47.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1961. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1964. - p. 24.
Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1962. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: : Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1962. - p. 16.
The Leningrad Fine Arts Exhibition. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1965. - p. 29.
Soviet Russia the Third Republic Exhibition of 1967. Catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of culture of Russian Federation, 1967. - p. 34.
The Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1969. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1970. - p. 12.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 25th Anniversary of the Victory in Great Patriotic war. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1972. - p. 7.
Our Contemporary Exhibition catalogue of works by Leningrad artists of 1971. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1972. - p. 14.
Our Contemporary The Second Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1972. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1973. - p. 8.
Art works by Russian Federation Artists grants to Museums and Culture Institutions (1963–1971). Official Catalogue. - Moscow: Russian Federation Union of Artists, 1972. - p. 57.
Our Contemporary The Third Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1973. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1974. - p. 9.
The Still-Life Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1973. - p. 9.
Exhibitions of Soviet art. Directory. Volume 3. 1941 - 1947. - Moscow: Soviet Artist, 1973. - pp. 291, 366.
Our Contemporary regional exhibition of Leningrad artists of 1975. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1980. - p. 18.
The Portrait of Contemporary the Fifth Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1976. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1983. - p. 13.
The Fine Arts of Leningrad. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1976. - p. 21.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 60th Anniversary of October Revolution. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1982. - p. 16.
Directory of members of the Union of Artists of USSR. Volume 1. - Moscow: Soviet artist, 1979. - p. 605.
Regional Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1980. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1983. - p. 16.
Exhibitions of Soviet art. Directory. Volume 5. 1954 - 1958. - Moscow: Soviet Artist, 1981. - pp. 25, 27, 120, 162, 230, 271, 375, 386, 490, 533, 548, 638.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of the complete liberation of Leningrad from the enemy blockade. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1989. - p. 11.
Lavrenko Boris. Exhibition of works of Art. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1986.
Directory of members of the Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of Russian Federation. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1987. - p. 71.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists-veterans of Great Patriotic war. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1990. - p. 11.
L' École de Leningrad. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 12 Mars 1990. - pp. 14–15.
L' École de Leningrad. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 12 Novembre 1991. - pp. 14–15.
Charmes Russes. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 15 Mai 1991. - pp. 46–47.
Charmes Russes. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 9 Decembre 1991. - pp. 14–15.
Swanson, Vern G. Hidden Treasures: Russian and Soviet Impressionism 1930-1970s. Scotsdale: Fleischer Museum, 1994.
Painting from the life, by Leningrad artists. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum, 1994. - p. 4.
Saint-Pétersbourg - Pont-Audemer. Dessins, Gravures, Sculptures et Tableaux du XX siècle du fonds de L' Union des Artistes de Saint-Pétersbourg. - Pont-Audemer: 1994. - pp. 90, 108.
The Lyrics in the works of artists of the war generation. Painting, drawings. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum, 1995. - p. 4.
Matthew C. Bown. Dictionary of 20th Century Russian and Soviet Painters 1900-1980s. - London: Izomar, 1998. ISBN 0-9532061-0-6, ISBN 978-0-9532061-0-0.
Link of Times: 1932 - 1997. Artists - Members of Saint - Petersburg Union of Artists of Russia. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Manezh Central Exhibition Hall, 1997. - p. 291.
Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School. - Saint Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. – pp. 9, 18, 20, 27, 29, 126, 193, 339, 363, 370, 389, 390, 392-402, 404-407, 414-424, 445. ISBN 5-901724-21-6, ISBN 978-5-901724-21-7.
Anniversary Directory graduates of Saint Petersburg State Academic Institute of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, Russian Academy of Arts. 1915 - 2005. - Saint Petersburg: Pervotsvet Publishing House, 2007. p. 70. ISBN 978-5-903677-01-6. | given name | {
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Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko (Russian: Бори́с Миха́йлович Лавре́нко; 6 May 1920 – 7 June 2001) was a Russian Soviet realist painter, People's Artist of the Russian Federation, professor of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, who lived and worked in Saint Petersburg (former Leningrad), regarded as one of the major representatives of the Leningrad school of painting.
Biography
Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko was born on 6 May 1920 in the city of Rostov on Don, Soviet Russia.
In 1936–1940 years Boris Lavrenko studied at the Rostov on Don Art School. In Autumn of 1940, he was drafted into the Red Army. Boris Lavrenko was a veteran of World War II. As an artilleryman, he went all the way from Moscow to Berlin. His front-line drawings, sketches, portraits are interesting as a documentary and truth.
After demobilization in 1946, Boris Lavrenko entered at the first course of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Ilya Repin. There he studied under Mikhail Avilov, Ivan Stepashkin, Genrikh Pavlovsky, Joseph Serebriany.
In 1952, Boris Lavrenko graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture as artist of painting in Rudolf Frentz workshop, together with Sergei Babkov, Leonid Baykov, Irina Baldina, Dmitry Beliaev, Abram Grushko, Marina Kozlovskaya, Boris Korneev, Elena Kostenko, Oleg Lomakin, Piotr Fomin, Vladimir Chekalov, and other young artists. His graduated work was genre painting named "At the collective farm Stadium".Since 1936, Boris Lavrenko has participated in Art Exhibitions. He painted portraits, genre and historical paintings, landscapes, still lifes, sketches from the life. It became the leading genre portrait of a contemporary. Boris Lavrenko’s works were exhibited in 1972 in Moscow, Leningrad, and Rostov on Don, to great acclaim. Later his art were exhibited in Leningrad in 1986 and in 1996.
His style distinguish a broad painting, energetic brushstroke, artistic transfer of tonal relations and states of lighting and air, palpable materiality of volumes and forms. In the works of 1970–80 years we see growing decorative qualities of painting and generalized drawing.
Since 1953, Boris Lavrenko was a member of the Leningrad Union of Artists (since 1992, named as Saint Petersburg Union of Artists).
Over the 40 years, Boris Lavrenko combined her creative activities with pedagogical work. Since 1954 he taught in the Repin Institute of Arts. He was Doctor of art-criticism (1983), professor of painting, a head of personal workshop and graphical department of the Repin Institute of Arts.
In 1976 Boris Lavrenko was awarded the honorary title of Honored Artist of the RSFSR. In 1994 he was awarded the honorary title of People's Artist of the Russian Federation.
Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko died on 7 June 2001 in Saint Petersburg at the eighty-first year of life. His paintings reside in State Russian Museum, State Tretyakov Gallery, in art museums and private collections in Russia, England, Germany, France, Italy, the U.S., and others.
See also
Leningrad School of Painting
List of Russian artists
List of 20th-century Russian painters
List of painters of Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
References
Bibliography
The Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1954. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Izogiz Edition, 1954. - p. 12.
1917 - 1957. Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1957. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1958. - p. 20.
All-Union Art Exhibition of 1957 dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of October Revolution. Catalogue. - Moscow: Soviet artist, 1957. - p. 42.
Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1958. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1959. - p. 16.
All-Union Art Exhibition dedicated to 40th Anniversary of Komsomol. Catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of Culture of USSR, 1958.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1960. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1961. - p. 24.
Soviet Russia republic exhibition of 1960. Exhibition catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of culture of Russian Federation, 1960. - p. 47.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1961. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1964. - p. 24.
Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1962. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: : Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1962. - p. 16.
The Leningrad Fine Arts Exhibition. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1965. - p. 29.
Soviet Russia the Third Republic Exhibition of 1967. Catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of culture of Russian Federation, 1967. - p. 34.
The Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1969. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1970. - p. 12.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 25th Anniversary of the Victory in Great Patriotic war. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1972. - p. 7.
Our Contemporary Exhibition catalogue of works by Leningrad artists of 1971. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1972. - p. 14.
Our Contemporary The Second Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1972. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1973. - p. 8.
Art works by Russian Federation Artists grants to Museums and Culture Institutions (1963–1971). Official Catalogue. - Moscow: Russian Federation Union of Artists, 1972. - p. 57.
Our Contemporary The Third Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1973. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1974. - p. 9.
The Still-Life Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1973. - p. 9.
Exhibitions of Soviet art. Directory. Volume 3. 1941 - 1947. - Moscow: Soviet Artist, 1973. - pp. 291, 366.
Our Contemporary regional exhibition of Leningrad artists of 1975. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1980. - p. 18.
The Portrait of Contemporary the Fifth Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1976. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1983. - p. 13.
The Fine Arts of Leningrad. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1976. - p. 21.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 60th Anniversary of October Revolution. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1982. - p. 16.
Directory of members of the Union of Artists of USSR. Volume 1. - Moscow: Soviet artist, 1979. - p. 605.
Regional Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1980. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1983. - p. 16.
Exhibitions of Soviet art. Directory. Volume 5. 1954 - 1958. - Moscow: Soviet Artist, 1981. - pp. 25, 27, 120, 162, 230, 271, 375, 386, 490, 533, 548, 638.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of the complete liberation of Leningrad from the enemy blockade. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1989. - p. 11.
Lavrenko Boris. Exhibition of works of Art. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1986.
Directory of members of the Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of Russian Federation. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1987. - p. 71.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists-veterans of Great Patriotic war. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1990. - p. 11.
L' École de Leningrad. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 12 Mars 1990. - pp. 14–15.
L' École de Leningrad. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 12 Novembre 1991. - pp. 14–15.
Charmes Russes. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 15 Mai 1991. - pp. 46–47.
Charmes Russes. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 9 Decembre 1991. - pp. 14–15.
Swanson, Vern G. Hidden Treasures: Russian and Soviet Impressionism 1930-1970s. Scotsdale: Fleischer Museum, 1994.
Painting from the life, by Leningrad artists. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum, 1994. - p. 4.
Saint-Pétersbourg - Pont-Audemer. Dessins, Gravures, Sculptures et Tableaux du XX siècle du fonds de L' Union des Artistes de Saint-Pétersbourg. - Pont-Audemer: 1994. - pp. 90, 108.
The Lyrics in the works of artists of the war generation. Painting, drawings. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum, 1995. - p. 4.
Matthew C. Bown. Dictionary of 20th Century Russian and Soviet Painters 1900-1980s. - London: Izomar, 1998. ISBN 0-9532061-0-6, ISBN 978-0-9532061-0-0.
Link of Times: 1932 - 1997. Artists - Members of Saint - Petersburg Union of Artists of Russia. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Manezh Central Exhibition Hall, 1997. - p. 291.
Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School. - Saint Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. – pp. 9, 18, 20, 27, 29, 126, 193, 339, 363, 370, 389, 390, 392-402, 404-407, 414-424, 445. ISBN 5-901724-21-6, ISBN 978-5-901724-21-7.
Anniversary Directory graduates of Saint Petersburg State Academic Institute of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, Russian Academy of Arts. 1915 - 2005. - Saint Petersburg: Pervotsvet Publishing House, 2007. p. 70. ISBN 978-5-903677-01-6. | work location | {
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Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko (Russian: Бори́с Миха́йлович Лавре́нко; 6 May 1920 – 7 June 2001) was a Russian Soviet realist painter, People's Artist of the Russian Federation, professor of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, who lived and worked in Saint Petersburg (former Leningrad), regarded as one of the major representatives of the Leningrad school of painting.
Biography
Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko was born on 6 May 1920 in the city of Rostov on Don, Soviet Russia.
In 1936–1940 years Boris Lavrenko studied at the Rostov on Don Art School. In Autumn of 1940, he was drafted into the Red Army. Boris Lavrenko was a veteran of World War II. As an artilleryman, he went all the way from Moscow to Berlin. His front-line drawings, sketches, portraits are interesting as a documentary and truth.
After demobilization in 1946, Boris Lavrenko entered at the first course of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Ilya Repin. There he studied under Mikhail Avilov, Ivan Stepashkin, Genrikh Pavlovsky, Joseph Serebriany.
In 1952, Boris Lavrenko graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture as artist of painting in Rudolf Frentz workshop, together with Sergei Babkov, Leonid Baykov, Irina Baldina, Dmitry Beliaev, Abram Grushko, Marina Kozlovskaya, Boris Korneev, Elena Kostenko, Oleg Lomakin, Piotr Fomin, Vladimir Chekalov, and other young artists. His graduated work was genre painting named "At the collective farm Stadium".Since 1936, Boris Lavrenko has participated in Art Exhibitions. He painted portraits, genre and historical paintings, landscapes, still lifes, sketches from the life. It became the leading genre portrait of a contemporary. Boris Lavrenko’s works were exhibited in 1972 in Moscow, Leningrad, and Rostov on Don, to great acclaim. Later his art were exhibited in Leningrad in 1986 and in 1996.
His style distinguish a broad painting, energetic brushstroke, artistic transfer of tonal relations and states of lighting and air, palpable materiality of volumes and forms. In the works of 1970–80 years we see growing decorative qualities of painting and generalized drawing.
Since 1953, Boris Lavrenko was a member of the Leningrad Union of Artists (since 1992, named as Saint Petersburg Union of Artists).
Over the 40 years, Boris Lavrenko combined her creative activities with pedagogical work. Since 1954 he taught in the Repin Institute of Arts. He was Doctor of art-criticism (1983), professor of painting, a head of personal workshop and graphical department of the Repin Institute of Arts.
In 1976 Boris Lavrenko was awarded the honorary title of Honored Artist of the RSFSR. In 1994 he was awarded the honorary title of People's Artist of the Russian Federation.
Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko died on 7 June 2001 in Saint Petersburg at the eighty-first year of life. His paintings reside in State Russian Museum, State Tretyakov Gallery, in art museums and private collections in Russia, England, Germany, France, Italy, the U.S., and others.
See also
Leningrad School of Painting
List of Russian artists
List of 20th-century Russian painters
List of painters of Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
References
Bibliography
The Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1954. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Izogiz Edition, 1954. - p. 12.
1917 - 1957. Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1957. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1958. - p. 20.
All-Union Art Exhibition of 1957 dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of October Revolution. Catalogue. - Moscow: Soviet artist, 1957. - p. 42.
Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1958. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1959. - p. 16.
All-Union Art Exhibition dedicated to 40th Anniversary of Komsomol. Catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of Culture of USSR, 1958.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1960. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1961. - p. 24.
Soviet Russia republic exhibition of 1960. Exhibition catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of culture of Russian Federation, 1960. - p. 47.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1961. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1964. - p. 24.
Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1962. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: : Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1962. - p. 16.
The Leningrad Fine Arts Exhibition. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1965. - p. 29.
Soviet Russia the Third Republic Exhibition of 1967. Catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of culture of Russian Federation, 1967. - p. 34.
The Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1969. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1970. - p. 12.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 25th Anniversary of the Victory in Great Patriotic war. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1972. - p. 7.
Our Contemporary Exhibition catalogue of works by Leningrad artists of 1971. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1972. - p. 14.
Our Contemporary The Second Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1972. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1973. - p. 8.
Art works by Russian Federation Artists grants to Museums and Culture Institutions (1963–1971). Official Catalogue. - Moscow: Russian Federation Union of Artists, 1972. - p. 57.
Our Contemporary The Third Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1973. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1974. - p. 9.
The Still-Life Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1973. - p. 9.
Exhibitions of Soviet art. Directory. Volume 3. 1941 - 1947. - Moscow: Soviet Artist, 1973. - pp. 291, 366.
Our Contemporary regional exhibition of Leningrad artists of 1975. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1980. - p. 18.
The Portrait of Contemporary the Fifth Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1976. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1983. - p. 13.
The Fine Arts of Leningrad. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1976. - p. 21.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 60th Anniversary of October Revolution. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1982. - p. 16.
Directory of members of the Union of Artists of USSR. Volume 1. - Moscow: Soviet artist, 1979. - p. 605.
Regional Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1980. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1983. - p. 16.
Exhibitions of Soviet art. Directory. Volume 5. 1954 - 1958. - Moscow: Soviet Artist, 1981. - pp. 25, 27, 120, 162, 230, 271, 375, 386, 490, 533, 548, 638.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of the complete liberation of Leningrad from the enemy blockade. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1989. - p. 11.
Lavrenko Boris. Exhibition of works of Art. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1986.
Directory of members of the Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of Russian Federation. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1987. - p. 71.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists-veterans of Great Patriotic war. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1990. - p. 11.
L' École de Leningrad. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 12 Mars 1990. - pp. 14–15.
L' École de Leningrad. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 12 Novembre 1991. - pp. 14–15.
Charmes Russes. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 15 Mai 1991. - pp. 46–47.
Charmes Russes. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 9 Decembre 1991. - pp. 14–15.
Swanson, Vern G. Hidden Treasures: Russian and Soviet Impressionism 1930-1970s. Scotsdale: Fleischer Museum, 1994.
Painting from the life, by Leningrad artists. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum, 1994. - p. 4.
Saint-Pétersbourg - Pont-Audemer. Dessins, Gravures, Sculptures et Tableaux du XX siècle du fonds de L' Union des Artistes de Saint-Pétersbourg. - Pont-Audemer: 1994. - pp. 90, 108.
The Lyrics in the works of artists of the war generation. Painting, drawings. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum, 1995. - p. 4.
Matthew C. Bown. Dictionary of 20th Century Russian and Soviet Painters 1900-1980s. - London: Izomar, 1998. ISBN 0-9532061-0-6, ISBN 978-0-9532061-0-0.
Link of Times: 1932 - 1997. Artists - Members of Saint - Petersburg Union of Artists of Russia. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Manezh Central Exhibition Hall, 1997. - p. 291.
Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School. - Saint Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. – pp. 9, 18, 20, 27, 29, 126, 193, 339, 363, 370, 389, 390, 392-402, 404-407, 414-424, 445. ISBN 5-901724-21-6, ISBN 978-5-901724-21-7.
Anniversary Directory graduates of Saint Petersburg State Academic Institute of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, Russian Academy of Arts. 1915 - 2005. - Saint Petersburg: Pervotsvet Publishing House, 2007. p. 70. ISBN 978-5-903677-01-6. | languages spoken, written or signed | {
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Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko (Russian: Бори́с Миха́йлович Лавре́нко; 6 May 1920 – 7 June 2001) was a Russian Soviet realist painter, People's Artist of the Russian Federation, professor of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, who lived and worked in Saint Petersburg (former Leningrad), regarded as one of the major representatives of the Leningrad school of painting.
Biography
Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko was born on 6 May 1920 in the city of Rostov on Don, Soviet Russia.
In 1936–1940 years Boris Lavrenko studied at the Rostov on Don Art School. In Autumn of 1940, he was drafted into the Red Army. Boris Lavrenko was a veteran of World War II. As an artilleryman, he went all the way from Moscow to Berlin. His front-line drawings, sketches, portraits are interesting as a documentary and truth.
After demobilization in 1946, Boris Lavrenko entered at the first course of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Ilya Repin. There he studied under Mikhail Avilov, Ivan Stepashkin, Genrikh Pavlovsky, Joseph Serebriany.
In 1952, Boris Lavrenko graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture as artist of painting in Rudolf Frentz workshop, together with Sergei Babkov, Leonid Baykov, Irina Baldina, Dmitry Beliaev, Abram Grushko, Marina Kozlovskaya, Boris Korneev, Elena Kostenko, Oleg Lomakin, Piotr Fomin, Vladimir Chekalov, and other young artists. His graduated work was genre painting named "At the collective farm Stadium".Since 1936, Boris Lavrenko has participated in Art Exhibitions. He painted portraits, genre and historical paintings, landscapes, still lifes, sketches from the life. It became the leading genre portrait of a contemporary. Boris Lavrenko’s works were exhibited in 1972 in Moscow, Leningrad, and Rostov on Don, to great acclaim. Later his art were exhibited in Leningrad in 1986 and in 1996.
His style distinguish a broad painting, energetic brushstroke, artistic transfer of tonal relations and states of lighting and air, palpable materiality of volumes and forms. In the works of 1970–80 years we see growing decorative qualities of painting and generalized drawing.
Since 1953, Boris Lavrenko was a member of the Leningrad Union of Artists (since 1992, named as Saint Petersburg Union of Artists).
Over the 40 years, Boris Lavrenko combined her creative activities with pedagogical work. Since 1954 he taught in the Repin Institute of Arts. He was Doctor of art-criticism (1983), professor of painting, a head of personal workshop and graphical department of the Repin Institute of Arts.
In 1976 Boris Lavrenko was awarded the honorary title of Honored Artist of the RSFSR. In 1994 he was awarded the honorary title of People's Artist of the Russian Federation.
Boris Mikhailovich Lavrenko died on 7 June 2001 in Saint Petersburg at the eighty-first year of life. His paintings reside in State Russian Museum, State Tretyakov Gallery, in art museums and private collections in Russia, England, Germany, France, Italy, the U.S., and others.
See also
Leningrad School of Painting
List of Russian artists
List of 20th-century Russian painters
List of painters of Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
References
Bibliography
The Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1954. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Izogiz Edition, 1954. - p. 12.
1917 - 1957. Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1957. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1958. - p. 20.
All-Union Art Exhibition of 1957 dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of October Revolution. Catalogue. - Moscow: Soviet artist, 1957. - p. 42.
Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1958. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1959. - p. 16.
All-Union Art Exhibition dedicated to 40th Anniversary of Komsomol. Catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of Culture of USSR, 1958.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1960. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1961. - p. 24.
Soviet Russia republic exhibition of 1960. Exhibition catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of culture of Russian Federation, 1960. - p. 47.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1961. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1964. - p. 24.
Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1962. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: : Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1962. - p. 16.
The Leningrad Fine Arts Exhibition. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1965. - p. 29.
Soviet Russia the Third Republic Exhibition of 1967. Catalogue. - Moscow: Ministry of culture of Russian Federation, 1967. - p. 34.
The Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1969. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1970. - p. 12.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 25th Anniversary of the Victory in Great Patriotic war. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1972. - p. 7.
Our Contemporary Exhibition catalogue of works by Leningrad artists of 1971. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1972. - p. 14.
Our Contemporary The Second Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1972. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1973. - p. 8.
Art works by Russian Federation Artists grants to Museums and Culture Institutions (1963–1971). Official Catalogue. - Moscow: Russian Federation Union of Artists, 1972. - p. 57.
Our Contemporary The Third Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1973. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1974. - p. 9.
The Still-Life Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1973. - p. 9.
Exhibitions of Soviet art. Directory. Volume 3. 1941 - 1947. - Moscow: Soviet Artist, 1973. - pp. 291, 366.
Our Contemporary regional exhibition of Leningrad artists of 1975. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1980. - p. 18.
The Portrait of Contemporary the Fifth Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1976. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1983. - p. 13.
The Fine Arts of Leningrad. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1976. - p. 21.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 60th Anniversary of October Revolution. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1982. - p. 16.
Directory of members of the Union of Artists of USSR. Volume 1. - Moscow: Soviet artist, 1979. - p. 605.
Regional Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1980. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1983. - p. 16.
Exhibitions of Soviet art. Directory. Volume 5. 1954 - 1958. - Moscow: Soviet Artist, 1981. - pp. 25, 27, 120, 162, 230, 271, 375, 386, 490, 533, 548, 638.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of the complete liberation of Leningrad from the enemy blockade. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1989. - p. 11.
Lavrenko Boris. Exhibition of works of Art. Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1986.
Directory of members of the Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of Russian Federation. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1987. - p. 71.
Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists-veterans of Great Patriotic war. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1990. - p. 11.
L' École de Leningrad. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 12 Mars 1990. - pp. 14–15.
L' École de Leningrad. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 12 Novembre 1991. - pp. 14–15.
Charmes Russes. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 15 Mai 1991. - pp. 46–47.
Charmes Russes. Auction Catalogue. - Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 9 Decembre 1991. - pp. 14–15.
Swanson, Vern G. Hidden Treasures: Russian and Soviet Impressionism 1930-1970s. Scotsdale: Fleischer Museum, 1994.
Painting from the life, by Leningrad artists. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum, 1994. - p. 4.
Saint-Pétersbourg - Pont-Audemer. Dessins, Gravures, Sculptures et Tableaux du XX siècle du fonds de L' Union des Artistes de Saint-Pétersbourg. - Pont-Audemer: 1994. - pp. 90, 108.
The Lyrics in the works of artists of the war generation. Painting, drawings. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum, 1995. - p. 4.
Matthew C. Bown. Dictionary of 20th Century Russian and Soviet Painters 1900-1980s. - London: Izomar, 1998. ISBN 0-9532061-0-6, ISBN 978-0-9532061-0-0.
Link of Times: 1932 - 1997. Artists - Members of Saint - Petersburg Union of Artists of Russia. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Manezh Central Exhibition Hall, 1997. - p. 291.
Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School. - Saint Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. – pp. 9, 18, 20, 27, 29, 126, 193, 339, 363, 370, 389, 390, 392-402, 404-407, 414-424, 445. ISBN 5-901724-21-6, ISBN 978-5-901724-21-7.
Anniversary Directory graduates of Saint Petersburg State Academic Institute of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, Russian Academy of Arts. 1915 - 2005. - Saint Petersburg: Pervotsvet Publishing House, 2007. p. 70. ISBN 978-5-903677-01-6. | Commons Creator page | {
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Darreh Chineh (Persian: دره چينه, also Romanized as Darreh Chīneh; also known as Darreh Chīneh-ye Pā’īn) is a village in Susan-e Sharqi Rural District, Susan District, Izeh County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 84, in 17 families.
== References == | country | {
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Darreh Chineh (Persian: دره چينه, also Romanized as Darreh Chīneh; also known as Darreh Chīneh-ye Pā’īn) is a village in Susan-e Sharqi Rural District, Susan District, Izeh County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 84, in 17 families.
== References == | instance of | {
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Darreh Chineh (Persian: دره چينه, also Romanized as Darreh Chīneh; also known as Darreh Chīneh-ye Pā’īn) is a village in Susan-e Sharqi Rural District, Susan District, Izeh County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 84, in 17 families.
== References == | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
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Notsensibles are a punk rock band from Burnley, England, who had their greatest success with their second single, the tongue-in-cheek "I'm in Love with Margaret Thatcher".
History
The band was formed in 1978 by Michael "Haggis" Hargreaves (vocals), Steven "Sage" Hartley (guitar), Roger "Rog Sensible" Rawlinson (keyboards), Gary Brown (bass), and Kevin "Ploppy" Hemingway (drums). The band explained their approach: "all we want to do is make silly records and play silly gigs".After releasing the "Death to Disco" single in April 1979, they "celebrated" the election of Margaret Thatcher as Prime Minister later that year with the single "I'm in Love with Margaret Thatcher". Initially self-released in a pressing of 1,000, but reissued on the Snotty Snail label due to continuing demand, the release gave them a No. 8 UK Indie Chart hit at the start of 1980, and the band also recorded a session for John Peel's BBC Radio 1 show. According to one review, the song was: "Meant as neither a pro- nor anti-Thatcher song. It revolved around the idea that no-one was too sacred to get the piss taken out of." Writer Simon Reynolds stated that it "...taps into the side of punk all about not taking anything seriously..." At one performance in 2012 Hargreaves claimed that he had "great reverence for Thatcher" The single's B-side included "Gary Bushell's Band of the Week", which poked fun at the journalist.In March 1980, the band's only studio album, Instant Classic, was released, reaching No. 16 on the UK Indie Chart, and two singles followed, both indie hits, but not selling as well as their earlier single, before the band split up in March 1982. Cherry Red subsidiary Anagram Records issued a compilation of the band's output, Instant Punk Classics, in 1994.The band reformed for a performance at the first Wasted/Holidays in the Sun festival in 1996, and reformed more permanently in 2005 with the original line-up. The song "I'm In Love with Margaret Thatcher" was featured in the 2011 film The Iron Lady starring Meryl Streep. The single was re-released on vinyl and download to celebrate its appearance in the film.
In 2013, after Margaret Thatcher's death, "I'm in Love with Margaret Thatcher" received additional publicity when there was an online campaign to boost the record's re-entry into the charts as a download, to counter the promotion of the song "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" by anti-Thatcher activists. The campaign was initiated by Notsensibles' singer Mike Hargreaves and promoter Suzie Delooze by way of a Facebook page, and was endorsed by Thatcher supporters. Although the Notsensibles' song was reportedly considered "more favourable to Baroness Thatcher", band member Steven Hartley commented that it had been written as a satirical swipe at her. Hargreaves said: "I find it hilarious that Tories have adopted it. The song is a sort-of tribute and sort-of not." The song charted at number 35 on the UK Singles Chart on 12 April 2013.At the time of the renewed success of the single in 2013, it was reported that Hartley had trained as a doctor and now worked in accident and emergency; Rawlinson was a tree surgeon working for the local council; Hargreaves worked as a nurse; Brown worked in IT; and Hemingway was a businessman.Hargreaves was the Green Party candidate in Burnley at the 2015 general election.The band will be performed at the 2016 & 2017 Rebellion Festival in Blackpool.
Discography
Chart placings shown are from the UK Indie Chart unless otherwise stated.
Singles
"Death to Disco" (1979) Bent
"I'm in Love with Margaret Thatcher" (1979) Redball (reissued (1980) Snotty Snail) (#8); re-promoted 2013 (#35, UK Singles Chart)
"I Thought You Were Dead" (1980) Snotty Snail (#29)
"I am the Bishop" (1981) Snotty Snail (#45) (as The Sensibles)
(I've Just Had Enough) Brother EP (2005) Snotty Snail
Albums
Instant Classic (1980) Bent/Snotty Snail (#16)
Instant Punk Classics (1994) Anagram
References
External links
Notsensibles Official Website 2014 | genre | {
"answer_start": [
19
],
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"punk rock"
]
} |
Notsensibles are a punk rock band from Burnley, England, who had their greatest success with their second single, the tongue-in-cheek "I'm in Love with Margaret Thatcher".
History
The band was formed in 1978 by Michael "Haggis" Hargreaves (vocals), Steven "Sage" Hartley (guitar), Roger "Rog Sensible" Rawlinson (keyboards), Gary Brown (bass), and Kevin "Ploppy" Hemingway (drums). The band explained their approach: "all we want to do is make silly records and play silly gigs".After releasing the "Death to Disco" single in April 1979, they "celebrated" the election of Margaret Thatcher as Prime Minister later that year with the single "I'm in Love with Margaret Thatcher". Initially self-released in a pressing of 1,000, but reissued on the Snotty Snail label due to continuing demand, the release gave them a No. 8 UK Indie Chart hit at the start of 1980, and the band also recorded a session for John Peel's BBC Radio 1 show. According to one review, the song was: "Meant as neither a pro- nor anti-Thatcher song. It revolved around the idea that no-one was too sacred to get the piss taken out of." Writer Simon Reynolds stated that it "...taps into the side of punk all about not taking anything seriously..." At one performance in 2012 Hargreaves claimed that he had "great reverence for Thatcher" The single's B-side included "Gary Bushell's Band of the Week", which poked fun at the journalist.In March 1980, the band's only studio album, Instant Classic, was released, reaching No. 16 on the UK Indie Chart, and two singles followed, both indie hits, but not selling as well as their earlier single, before the band split up in March 1982. Cherry Red subsidiary Anagram Records issued a compilation of the band's output, Instant Punk Classics, in 1994.The band reformed for a performance at the first Wasted/Holidays in the Sun festival in 1996, and reformed more permanently in 2005 with the original line-up. The song "I'm In Love with Margaret Thatcher" was featured in the 2011 film The Iron Lady starring Meryl Streep. The single was re-released on vinyl and download to celebrate its appearance in the film.
In 2013, after Margaret Thatcher's death, "I'm in Love with Margaret Thatcher" received additional publicity when there was an online campaign to boost the record's re-entry into the charts as a download, to counter the promotion of the song "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" by anti-Thatcher activists. The campaign was initiated by Notsensibles' singer Mike Hargreaves and promoter Suzie Delooze by way of a Facebook page, and was endorsed by Thatcher supporters. Although the Notsensibles' song was reportedly considered "more favourable to Baroness Thatcher", band member Steven Hartley commented that it had been written as a satirical swipe at her. Hargreaves said: "I find it hilarious that Tories have adopted it. The song is a sort-of tribute and sort-of not." The song charted at number 35 on the UK Singles Chart on 12 April 2013.At the time of the renewed success of the single in 2013, it was reported that Hartley had trained as a doctor and now worked in accident and emergency; Rawlinson was a tree surgeon working for the local council; Hargreaves worked as a nurse; Brown worked in IT; and Hemingway was a businessman.Hargreaves was the Green Party candidate in Burnley at the 2015 general election.The band will be performed at the 2016 & 2017 Rebellion Festival in Blackpool.
Discography
Chart placings shown are from the UK Indie Chart unless otherwise stated.
Singles
"Death to Disco" (1979) Bent
"I'm in Love with Margaret Thatcher" (1979) Redball (reissued (1980) Snotty Snail) (#8); re-promoted 2013 (#35, UK Singles Chart)
"I Thought You Were Dead" (1980) Snotty Snail (#29)
"I am the Bishop" (1981) Snotty Snail (#45) (as The Sensibles)
(I've Just Had Enough) Brother EP (2005) Snotty Snail
Albums
Instant Classic (1980) Bent/Snotty Snail (#16)
Instant Punk Classics (1994) Anagram
References
External links
Notsensibles Official Website 2014 | location of formation | {
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39
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"Burnley"
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Mont Risoux (or Grand Risoux) is a large wooded crest of the Jura Mountains, located between France and Switzerland. The culminating point (1,419 m), lying on the border between the department of Doubs and the canton of Vaud, is named Gros Crêt.
References
External links
Mont Risoux on Hikr | country | {
"answer_start": [
104
],
"text": [
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Mont Risoux (or Grand Risoux) is a large wooded crest of the Jura Mountains, located between France and Switzerland. The culminating point (1,419 m), lying on the border between the department of Doubs and the canton of Vaud, is named Gros Crêt.
References
External links
Mont Risoux on Hikr | Commons category | {
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0
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Mont Risoux (or Grand Risoux) is a large wooded crest of the Jura Mountains, located between France and Switzerland. The culminating point (1,419 m), lying on the border between the department of Doubs and the canton of Vaud, is named Gros Crêt.
References
External links
Mont Risoux on Hikr | mountain range | {
"answer_start": [
61
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Mathilde Grooss Viddal (born 6 May 1969) is a Norwegian musician (saxophone and clarinet) and composer, known as the leader of Friensemblet and as member of bands like Lucky Loop and Eick/Viddal Duo.
Career
Viddal was born in Oslo. She released albums Undergroove (2012) with her band Friensemblet, including live takes at Victoria, the Norwegian Nasjonal Jazzscene in Oslo, where she presents her more or less uklassifiserbare compositions, representing free spirited contemporary music full of improvisation and freewheeling elements. The collaboration was formed in 2004 by the name Chateau Neuf Friensemble, with a history from the 1960s University Big Band and the musical environment surrounding the Department of Musicology at University of Oslo. She also runs her own record label Giraffa Records. With Trude Eick she cooperates in the Eick/Viddal Duo and released the album November Log (2008).
Discography
Friensemblet/Chateau Neuf Fri Ensemble
2006: Holding Balance (Giraffa Records)
2009: ComeCloser (Giraffa Records)
2012: Undergroove (Giraffa Records)Eick/Viddal Duo
2008: November Log (Giraffa Records)
References
External links
Official website
Friensemblet on MySpace
Lucky Loop official website | place of birth | {
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Mathilde Grooss Viddal (born 6 May 1969) is a Norwegian musician (saxophone and clarinet) and composer, known as the leader of Friensemblet and as member of bands like Lucky Loop and Eick/Viddal Duo.
Career
Viddal was born in Oslo. She released albums Undergroove (2012) with her band Friensemblet, including live takes at Victoria, the Norwegian Nasjonal Jazzscene in Oslo, where she presents her more or less uklassifiserbare compositions, representing free spirited contemporary music full of improvisation and freewheeling elements. The collaboration was formed in 2004 by the name Chateau Neuf Friensemble, with a history from the 1960s University Big Band and the musical environment surrounding the Department of Musicology at University of Oslo. She also runs her own record label Giraffa Records. With Trude Eick she cooperates in the Eick/Viddal Duo and released the album November Log (2008).
Discography
Friensemblet/Chateau Neuf Fri Ensemble
2006: Holding Balance (Giraffa Records)
2009: ComeCloser (Giraffa Records)
2012: Undergroove (Giraffa Records)Eick/Viddal Duo
2008: November Log (Giraffa Records)
References
External links
Official website
Friensemblet on MySpace
Lucky Loop official website | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
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],
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"composer"
]
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Mathilde Grooss Viddal (born 6 May 1969) is a Norwegian musician (saxophone and clarinet) and composer, known as the leader of Friensemblet and as member of bands like Lucky Loop and Eick/Viddal Duo.
Career
Viddal was born in Oslo. She released albums Undergroove (2012) with her band Friensemblet, including live takes at Victoria, the Norwegian Nasjonal Jazzscene in Oslo, where she presents her more or less uklassifiserbare compositions, representing free spirited contemporary music full of improvisation and freewheeling elements. The collaboration was formed in 2004 by the name Chateau Neuf Friensemble, with a history from the 1960s University Big Band and the musical environment surrounding the Department of Musicology at University of Oslo. She also runs her own record label Giraffa Records. With Trude Eick she cooperates in the Eick/Viddal Duo and released the album November Log (2008).
Discography
Friensemblet/Chateau Neuf Fri Ensemble
2006: Holding Balance (Giraffa Records)
2009: ComeCloser (Giraffa Records)
2012: Undergroove (Giraffa Records)Eick/Viddal Duo
2008: November Log (Giraffa Records)
References
External links
Official website
Friensemblet on MySpace
Lucky Loop official website | family name | {
"answer_start": [
16
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"text": [
"Viddal"
]
} |
Mathilde Grooss Viddal (born 6 May 1969) is a Norwegian musician (saxophone and clarinet) and composer, known as the leader of Friensemblet and as member of bands like Lucky Loop and Eick/Viddal Duo.
Career
Viddal was born in Oslo. She released albums Undergroove (2012) with her band Friensemblet, including live takes at Victoria, the Norwegian Nasjonal Jazzscene in Oslo, where she presents her more or less uklassifiserbare compositions, representing free spirited contemporary music full of improvisation and freewheeling elements. The collaboration was formed in 2004 by the name Chateau Neuf Friensemble, with a history from the 1960s University Big Band and the musical environment surrounding the Department of Musicology at University of Oslo. She also runs her own record label Giraffa Records. With Trude Eick she cooperates in the Eick/Viddal Duo and released the album November Log (2008).
Discography
Friensemblet/Chateau Neuf Fri Ensemble
2006: Holding Balance (Giraffa Records)
2009: ComeCloser (Giraffa Records)
2012: Undergroove (Giraffa Records)Eick/Viddal Duo
2008: November Log (Giraffa Records)
References
External links
Official website
Friensemblet on MySpace
Lucky Loop official website | given name | {
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0
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Mathilde Grooss Viddal (born 6 May 1969) is a Norwegian musician (saxophone and clarinet) and composer, known as the leader of Friensemblet and as member of bands like Lucky Loop and Eick/Viddal Duo.
Career
Viddal was born in Oslo. She released albums Undergroove (2012) with her band Friensemblet, including live takes at Victoria, the Norwegian Nasjonal Jazzscene in Oslo, where she presents her more or less uklassifiserbare compositions, representing free spirited contemporary music full of improvisation and freewheeling elements. The collaboration was formed in 2004 by the name Chateau Neuf Friensemble, with a history from the 1960s University Big Band and the musical environment surrounding the Department of Musicology at University of Oslo. She also runs her own record label Giraffa Records. With Trude Eick she cooperates in the Eick/Viddal Duo and released the album November Log (2008).
Discography
Friensemblet/Chateau Neuf Fri Ensemble
2006: Holding Balance (Giraffa Records)
2009: ComeCloser (Giraffa Records)
2012: Undergroove (Giraffa Records)Eick/Viddal Duo
2008: November Log (Giraffa Records)
References
External links
Official website
Friensemblet on MySpace
Lucky Loop official website | instrument | {
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80
],
"text": [
"clarinet"
]
} |
Metasia aphrarcha is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1887. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Western Australia.
The wingspan is 16–19 mm. The forewings are light fuscous, becoming darker towards the basal two-thirds of the costa. The lines are irregular, cloudy and blackish. The first runs from one-fourth of the costa to one-third of the inner margin, the second from three-fourths of the costa to beneath the discal spot and then bent to the inner margin at three-fifths, preceded and followed by a white irroration (sprinkles), especially towards the costa. There is an indistinct dark fuscous dot beneath the costa before the middle and a small subquadrate discal spot obscurely outlined with cloudy blackish beyond the middle. There is also a hind marginal row of cloudy blackish dots. The hindwings are pale greyish ochreous, irregularly irrorated with fuscous. There is an obscure fuscous discal dot.
== References == | parent taxon | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Metasia"
]
} |
Metasia aphrarcha is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1887. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Western Australia.
The wingspan is 16–19 mm. The forewings are light fuscous, becoming darker towards the basal two-thirds of the costa. The lines are irregular, cloudy and blackish. The first runs from one-fourth of the costa to one-third of the inner margin, the second from three-fourths of the costa to beneath the discal spot and then bent to the inner margin at three-fifths, preceded and followed by a white irroration (sprinkles), especially towards the costa. There is an indistinct dark fuscous dot beneath the costa before the middle and a small subquadrate discal spot obscurely outlined with cloudy blackish beyond the middle. There is also a hind marginal row of cloudy blackish dots. The hindwings are pale greyish ochreous, irregularly irrorated with fuscous. There is an obscure fuscous discal dot.
== References == | taxon name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Metasia aphrarcha"
]
} |
The Handasyde H.2 was a six seat airliner built in the UK in the early 1920s. Only one was completed.
Design and development
The Handasyde Aircraft Company was formed in 1921 by George Handasyde in collaboration with the ex-Martinsyde manager Hamilton Fulton. Their first product was the Handasyde glider which took part in the 1922 Itford competition. Soon after, they began the design and construction of a six passenger airliner, the Handasyde H.2.This was a monoplane with its two-part, cantilever wing mounted on top of the fuselage. The largely wooden wing was irregularly trapezoidal in plan, thick in the centre and thinning, with a change in profile to flat-bottomed, outwards. Its four spar construction was unusual and it was spruce skinned, also unusual at the time. Ailerons extended to the wing tips, increasing in chord as they did.The H.2 was designed to be powered by a 360 hp (270 kW), water-cooled V-12 Rolls-Royce Eagle IX engine mounted in the nose, though the only completed prototype had a 350 hp (260 kW) Eagle VII because of Handasyde's limited finances. Its honeycomb radiator was mounted underneath the cowling between the forward undercarriage struts. Behind the engine the fuselage was flat-sided and deep, with the pilot in an open cockpit recessed into the wing leading edge. The passenger cabin was behind the pilot and under the wing, entered by forward doors on each side. There were three seats on each side, each with a window; the cabin had a forward space for luggage and a toilet at the rear. In an emergency passengers could escape through a roof trapdoor at the wing trailing edge.The completed H.2 had an almost straight-edged, broad-chord fin with a polygonal, slightly pointed, balanced rudder which reached down to the keel. Its tailplane, which could be trimmed in flight, was mounted on top of the fuselage and carried separate elevators; in plan the horizontal tail was trapezoidal.It had an unusual four wheel undercarriage, with two mainwheels under the wings and another, smaller diameter pair under the nose. There was also a tailskid for braking on landing though, at least when it was unloaded, it rested on four wheels on the ground. The mainwheels were on cranked axles from the lower fuselage longerons, which also mounted the forward drag struts. There were vertical shock-absorber legs to the wings. The forward wheels were on a rigid axle mounted at each end on V-struts from the same longerons.Three H.2s were ordered by the Larkin Aircraft Supply Company (LASCo) of Australia to serve routes from Adelaide to Sydney and to Brisbane. They were to be built at the old Blériot works at Addlestone by The Air Navigation and Engineering Company (ANEC). The Blériot & Spad company had changed its name in January 1918 to The Navigation Company and then to ANEC in August 1919. The first of the three H.2s flew for the first time from Brooklands on 9 December 1922, piloted by Frank Courtney. He reported that its controls were light and its handling generally good. Tests there continued into the spring of 1923, when it became apparent that the H.2 had problems which would block its Certificate of Airworthiness (CofA). Development stopped with only the prototype completed and the Handasyde concern went into liquidation early in 1924.The H.2 cabin structure, landing gear and Eagle VIII engine mountings were incorporated into the 1926 ANEC III. This was a biplane and was about 30% longer though still a six-seater; three were used in Australia by LASCo.
Specifications
Data from Les Ailes, June 1923General characteristics
Crew: One
Capacity: six passengers
Length: 34 ft 11 in (10.64 m)
Wingspan: 51 ft 10 in (15.8 m)
Wing area: 450 sq ft (42 m2)
Gross weight: 5,000 lb (2,268 kg) designed
useful load: 1,200–1,500 lb (540–680 kg)
Powerplant: 1 × Rolls-Royce Eagle IX water-cooled V-12 at 1,080 rpm, 360 hp (270 kW)
Propellers: 2-bladedPerformance
Maximum speed: 115 mph (185 km/h, 100 kn) lowest estimate
== References == | manufacturer | {
"answer_start": [
225
],
"text": [
"Martinsyde"
]
} |
Tinsukia railway division is one of the five railway divisions under Northeast Frontier Railway zone of Indian Railways. This railway division was formed on 15 January 1958 and its headquarter is located at Tinsukia in the state of Assam of India.
Katihar railway division, Lumding railway division, Alipurduar railway division and Rangiya railway division are the other four railway divisions under NFR Zone headquartered at Maligaon, Guwahati.
List of railway stations and towns
The list includes the stations under the Tinsukia railway division and their station category.
Stations closed for Passengers -
== References == | country | {
"answer_start": [
104
],
"text": [
"India"
]
} |
Tinsukia railway division is one of the five railway divisions under Northeast Frontier Railway zone of Indian Railways. This railway division was formed on 15 January 1958 and its headquarter is located at Tinsukia in the state of Assam of India.
Katihar railway division, Lumding railway division, Alipurduar railway division and Rangiya railway division are the other four railway divisions under NFR Zone headquartered at Maligaon, Guwahati.
List of railway stations and towns
The list includes the stations under the Tinsukia railway division and their station category.
Stations closed for Passengers -
== References == | parent organization | {
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"Northeast Frontier Railway zone"
]
} |
Turbinellinae are a subfamily of large deepwater sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinellidae.This subfamily is in the family Turbinellidae within the clade Neogastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
This is a small subfamily with only three genera and some 10 extant species described.
Distribution
Species of this subfamily can be found in the Indian Ocean and in the Caribbean. The species Syrinx aruanus (Linnaeus, 1758), the largest living gastropod, is distributed along the coasts of Western and Northern Australia to Papua New Guinea.
Description
Species in this family have thick-shelled, fusiform shells with conical-shaped whorls. The large body whorl ends in a long siphonal canal. The columella contains three to four plaits.
Genera and species
Genera in the subfamily Turbinellinae include :
Cryptofusus Beu, 2011
Syrinx Röding, 1798
Turbinella Lamarck, 1799Genus brought into synonymy
Buccinella Perry, 1811 : synonym of Turbinella Lamarck, 1799
References
Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp. | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
210
],
"text": [
"taxon"
]
} |
Turbinellinae are a subfamily of large deepwater sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinellidae.This subfamily is in the family Turbinellidae within the clade Neogastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
This is a small subfamily with only three genera and some 10 extant species described.
Distribution
Species of this subfamily can be found in the Indian Ocean and in the Caribbean. The species Syrinx aruanus (Linnaeus, 1758), the largest living gastropod, is distributed along the coasts of Western and Northern Australia to Papua New Guinea.
Description
Species in this family have thick-shelled, fusiform shells with conical-shaped whorls. The large body whorl ends in a long siphonal canal. The columella contains three to four plaits.
Genera and species
Genera in the subfamily Turbinellinae include :
Cryptofusus Beu, 2011
Syrinx Röding, 1798
Turbinella Lamarck, 1799Genus brought into synonymy
Buccinella Perry, 1811 : synonym of Turbinella Lamarck, 1799
References
Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp. | taxon rank | {
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"subfamily"
]
} |
Turbinellinae are a subfamily of large deepwater sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinellidae.This subfamily is in the family Turbinellidae within the clade Neogastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
This is a small subfamily with only three genera and some 10 extant species described.
Distribution
Species of this subfamily can be found in the Indian Ocean and in the Caribbean. The species Syrinx aruanus (Linnaeus, 1758), the largest living gastropod, is distributed along the coasts of Western and Northern Australia to Papua New Guinea.
Description
Species in this family have thick-shelled, fusiform shells with conical-shaped whorls. The large body whorl ends in a long siphonal canal. The columella contains three to four plaits.
Genera and species
Genera in the subfamily Turbinellinae include :
Cryptofusus Beu, 2011
Syrinx Röding, 1798
Turbinella Lamarck, 1799Genus brought into synonymy
Buccinella Perry, 1811 : synonym of Turbinella Lamarck, 1799
References
Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp. | parent taxon | {
"answer_start": [
101
],
"text": [
"Turbinellidae"
]
} |
Turbinellinae are a subfamily of large deepwater sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinellidae.This subfamily is in the family Turbinellidae within the clade Neogastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
This is a small subfamily with only three genera and some 10 extant species described.
Distribution
Species of this subfamily can be found in the Indian Ocean and in the Caribbean. The species Syrinx aruanus (Linnaeus, 1758), the largest living gastropod, is distributed along the coasts of Western and Northern Australia to Papua New Guinea.
Description
Species in this family have thick-shelled, fusiform shells with conical-shaped whorls. The large body whorl ends in a long siphonal canal. The columella contains three to four plaits.
Genera and species
Genera in the subfamily Turbinellinae include :
Cryptofusus Beu, 2011
Syrinx Röding, 1798
Turbinella Lamarck, 1799Genus brought into synonymy
Buccinella Perry, 1811 : synonym of Turbinella Lamarck, 1799
References
Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp. | taxon name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Turbinellinae"
]
} |
Turbinellinae are a subfamily of large deepwater sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinellidae.This subfamily is in the family Turbinellidae within the clade Neogastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
This is a small subfamily with only three genera and some 10 extant species described.
Distribution
Species of this subfamily can be found in the Indian Ocean and in the Caribbean. The species Syrinx aruanus (Linnaeus, 1758), the largest living gastropod, is distributed along the coasts of Western and Northern Australia to Papua New Guinea.
Description
Species in this family have thick-shelled, fusiform shells with conical-shaped whorls. The large body whorl ends in a long siphonal canal. The columella contains three to four plaits.
Genera and species
Genera in the subfamily Turbinellinae include :
Cryptofusus Beu, 2011
Syrinx Röding, 1798
Turbinella Lamarck, 1799Genus brought into synonymy
Buccinella Perry, 1811 : synonym of Turbinella Lamarck, 1799
References
Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp. | Australian Faunal Directory ID | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Turbinellinae"
]
} |
S. Pedda Yerikal Reddy (4 June 1950 – 30 April 2019) was a three-time Lok Sabha MP and Industrialist who headed the Nandi Group of Industries. He was born on 4 June 1950 in the Ankalammagudur village from Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from NIT Warangal and joined the Mumbai-based Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India's premium nuclear facility. He quit the position of a Scientific Officer in 1977 and set up a plastic containers manufacturing plant in 1979. Thereafter, he diversified his company's operations into PVC pipes manufacturing in 1984 under the name of Nandi Pipes.
Biography
SPY Reddy began his political career with BJP and unsuccessfully contested from Nandyal Loksabha constituency in 1991 elections. In 1999 Assembly elections he contested from both Nandyal and Giddalur assembly constituencies as an independent candidate and lost both seats. In 2000, he procured the ticket for municipal chairman candidacy for congress and won with record majority. In 2004 he contested as an MP candidate from Nandyal and won with 1 lakh majority. In 2009, he once again won from the same constituency. In 2014, he won for the third time as MP from Nandyal.He won the 2014 elections on a YSRCP ticket and later defected to TDP. In 2019, he left TDP as it denied a ticket to him and joined Janasena party and fought the election on its ticket. He died on 30 April 2019 aged 69 due to multi-organ failure.
== References == | country of citizenship | {
"answer_start": [
381
],
"text": [
"India"
]
} |
S. Pedda Yerikal Reddy (4 June 1950 – 30 April 2019) was a three-time Lok Sabha MP and Industrialist who headed the Nandi Group of Industries. He was born on 4 June 1950 in the Ankalammagudur village from Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from NIT Warangal and joined the Mumbai-based Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India's premium nuclear facility. He quit the position of a Scientific Officer in 1977 and set up a plastic containers manufacturing plant in 1979. Thereafter, he diversified his company's operations into PVC pipes manufacturing in 1984 under the name of Nandi Pipes.
Biography
SPY Reddy began his political career with BJP and unsuccessfully contested from Nandyal Loksabha constituency in 1991 elections. In 1999 Assembly elections he contested from both Nandyal and Giddalur assembly constituencies as an independent candidate and lost both seats. In 2000, he procured the ticket for municipal chairman candidacy for congress and won with record majority. In 2004 he contested as an MP candidate from Nandyal and won with 1 lakh majority. In 2009, he once again won from the same constituency. In 2014, he won for the third time as MP from Nandyal.He won the 2014 elections on a YSRCP ticket and later defected to TDP. In 2019, he left TDP as it denied a ticket to him and joined Janasena party and fought the election on its ticket. He died on 30 April 2019 aged 69 due to multi-organ failure.
== References == | place of birth | {
"answer_start": [
224
],
"text": [
"Andhra Pradesh"
]
} |
S. Pedda Yerikal Reddy (4 June 1950 – 30 April 2019) was a three-time Lok Sabha MP and Industrialist who headed the Nandi Group of Industries. He was born on 4 June 1950 in the Ankalammagudur village from Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from NIT Warangal and joined the Mumbai-based Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India's premium nuclear facility. He quit the position of a Scientific Officer in 1977 and set up a plastic containers manufacturing plant in 1979. Thereafter, he diversified his company's operations into PVC pipes manufacturing in 1984 under the name of Nandi Pipes.
Biography
SPY Reddy began his political career with BJP and unsuccessfully contested from Nandyal Loksabha constituency in 1991 elections. In 1999 Assembly elections he contested from both Nandyal and Giddalur assembly constituencies as an independent candidate and lost both seats. In 2000, he procured the ticket for municipal chairman candidacy for congress and won with record majority. In 2004 he contested as an MP candidate from Nandyal and won with 1 lakh majority. In 2009, he once again won from the same constituency. In 2014, he won for the third time as MP from Nandyal.He won the 2014 elections on a YSRCP ticket and later defected to TDP. In 2019, he left TDP as it denied a ticket to him and joined Janasena party and fought the election on its ticket. He died on 30 April 2019 aged 69 due to multi-organ failure.
== References == | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"S."
]
} |
In vector calculus, a Beltrami vector field, named after Eugenio Beltrami, is a vector field in three dimensions that is parallel to its own curl. That is, F is a Beltrami vector field provided that
Thus
F
{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }
and
∇
×
F
{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {F} }
are parallel vectors in other words,
∇
×
F
=
λ
F
{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {F} =\lambda \mathbf {F} }
.
If
F
{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }
is solenoidal - that is, if
∇
⋅
F
=
0
{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {F} =0}
such as for an incompressible fluid or a magnetic field, the identity
∇
×
(
∇
×
F
)
≡
−
∇
2
F
+
∇
(
∇
⋅
F
)
{\displaystyle \nabla \times (\nabla \times \mathbf {F} )\equiv -\nabla ^{2}\mathbf {F} +\nabla (\nabla \cdot \mathbf {F} )}
becomes
∇
×
(
∇
×
F
)
≡
−
∇
2
F
{\displaystyle \nabla \times (\nabla \times \mathbf {F} )\equiv -\nabla ^{2}\mathbf {F} }
and this leads to
and if we further assume that
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
is a constant, we arrive at the simple form
Beltrami vector fields with nonzero curl correspond to Euclidean contact forms in three dimensions.
The vector field
is a multiple of the standard contact structure −z i + j, and furnishes an example of a Beltrami vector field.
Beltrami fields and fluid mechanics
Beltrami fields with a constant proportionality factor are a distinct category of vector fields that act as eigenfunctions of the curl operator. In essence, they are functions that map points in a three-dimensional space, either in
R
3
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}}
(Euclidean space) or on a flat torus
T
3
{\displaystyle \mathbb {T} ^{3}}
, to other points in the same space. Mathematically, this can be represented as:
u
:
R
3
→
R
3
{\displaystyle u:\mathbb {R} ^{3}\to \mathbb {R} ^{3}}
(for Euclidean space) or
u
:
T
3
→
T
3
{\displaystyle u:\mathbb {T} ^{3}\to \mathbb {T} ^{3}}
(for the flat torus).
These vector fields are unique due to the special relationship between the curl of the vector field
u
{\displaystyle u}
and the field itself. This relationship can be expressed using the following equation:
∇
×
u
=
λ
u
{\displaystyle \nabla \times u=\lambda u}
In this equation,
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
is a non-zero constant, which indicates that the curl of the vector field
u
{\displaystyle u}
is proportional to the field itself.
Beltrami fields are relevant in fluid dynamics, as they offer a classical family of stationary solutions to the Euler equation in three dimensions. The Euler equations describe the motion of an ideal, incompressible fluid and can be written as a system of two equations:
{
∂
u
∂
t
+
(
u
⋅
∇
)
u
=
−
∇
p
,
∇
⋅
u
=
0.
{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}{\dfrac {\partial u}{\partial t}}+(u\cdot \nabla )u=-\nabla p,\\\nabla \cdot u=0.\end{cases}}}
For stationary flows, where the velocity field
u
{\displaystyle u}
does not change with time, i.e.
∂
u
∂
t
=
0
{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}}=0}
, we can introduce the Bernoulli function,
B
:=
p
+
1
2
‖
u
‖
2
{\displaystyle B:=p+{\frac {1}{2}}\lVert u\rVert ^{2}}
, and the vorticity,
ω
:=
∇
×
u
{\displaystyle \omega :=\nabla \times u}
. These new variables simplify the Euler equations into the following system:
{
u
×
ω
=
∇
B
,
∇
⋅
u
=
0.
{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}u\times \omega =\nabla B,\\\nabla \cdot u=0.\end{cases}}}
The simplification is possible due to a vector identity, which relates the convective term
(
u
⋅
∇
)
u
{\displaystyle (u\cdot \nabla )u}
to the gradient of the kinetic energy and the cross product of the velocity field and its curl:
(
u
⋅
∇
)
u
=
1
2
∇
‖
u
‖
2
−
u
×
(
∇
×
u
)
{\displaystyle (u\cdot \nabla )u={\frac {1}{2}}\nabla \lVert u\rVert ^{2}-u\times (\nabla \times u)}
When the Bernoulli function
B
{\displaystyle B}
is constant, Beltrami fields become valid solutions to the simplified Euler equations. Note that we do not need the proporcionality factor to be constant for the proof to work.
Beltrami fields and complexity in fluid mechanics
Beltrami fields have a close connection to Lagrangian turbulence, as shown by V.I. Arnold's work on stationary Euler flows.
Arnold's "conjecture"
Arnold's quote from his aforementioned work highlights the probable complicated topology of the streamlines in Beltrami fields, drawing parallels with celestial mechanics:
Il est probable que les écoulements tels que rot
ν
=
λ
ν
{\displaystyle \nu =\lambda \nu }
,
λ
=
C
t
e
{\displaystyle \lambda =Cte}
, ont des lignes de courant à la topologie compliquée. De telles complications interviennent en mécanique céleste. La topologie des lignes de courant des écoulements stationnaires des fluides visqueux peut être semblable à celle de mécanique céleste.
See also
Beltrami flow
Complex lamellar vector field
Conservative vector field
Bibliography
Aris, Rutherford (1989), Vectors, tensors, and the basic equations of fluid mechanics, Dover, ISBN 0-486-66110-5
Lakhtakia, Akhlesh (1994), Beltrami fields in chiral media, World Scientific, ISBN 981-02-1403-0
Etnyre, J.; Ghrist, R. (2000), "Contact topology and hydrodynamics. I. Beltrami fields and the Seifert conjecture", Nonlinearity, 13 (2): 441–448, Bibcode:2000Nonli..13..441E, doi:10.1088/0951-7715/13/2/306.
== References == | named after | {
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"Eugenio Beltrami"
]
} |
In vector calculus, a Beltrami vector field, named after Eugenio Beltrami, is a vector field in three dimensions that is parallel to its own curl. That is, F is a Beltrami vector field provided that
Thus
F
{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }
and
∇
×
F
{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {F} }
are parallel vectors in other words,
∇
×
F
=
λ
F
{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {F} =\lambda \mathbf {F} }
.
If
F
{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }
is solenoidal - that is, if
∇
⋅
F
=
0
{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {F} =0}
such as for an incompressible fluid or a magnetic field, the identity
∇
×
(
∇
×
F
)
≡
−
∇
2
F
+
∇
(
∇
⋅
F
)
{\displaystyle \nabla \times (\nabla \times \mathbf {F} )\equiv -\nabla ^{2}\mathbf {F} +\nabla (\nabla \cdot \mathbf {F} )}
becomes
∇
×
(
∇
×
F
)
≡
−
∇
2
F
{\displaystyle \nabla \times (\nabla \times \mathbf {F} )\equiv -\nabla ^{2}\mathbf {F} }
and this leads to
and if we further assume that
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
is a constant, we arrive at the simple form
Beltrami vector fields with nonzero curl correspond to Euclidean contact forms in three dimensions.
The vector field
is a multiple of the standard contact structure −z i + j, and furnishes an example of a Beltrami vector field.
Beltrami fields and fluid mechanics
Beltrami fields with a constant proportionality factor are a distinct category of vector fields that act as eigenfunctions of the curl operator. In essence, they are functions that map points in a three-dimensional space, either in
R
3
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}}
(Euclidean space) or on a flat torus
T
3
{\displaystyle \mathbb {T} ^{3}}
, to other points in the same space. Mathematically, this can be represented as:
u
:
R
3
→
R
3
{\displaystyle u:\mathbb {R} ^{3}\to \mathbb {R} ^{3}}
(for Euclidean space) or
u
:
T
3
→
T
3
{\displaystyle u:\mathbb {T} ^{3}\to \mathbb {T} ^{3}}
(for the flat torus).
These vector fields are unique due to the special relationship between the curl of the vector field
u
{\displaystyle u}
and the field itself. This relationship can be expressed using the following equation:
∇
×
u
=
λ
u
{\displaystyle \nabla \times u=\lambda u}
In this equation,
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
is a non-zero constant, which indicates that the curl of the vector field
u
{\displaystyle u}
is proportional to the field itself.
Beltrami fields are relevant in fluid dynamics, as they offer a classical family of stationary solutions to the Euler equation in three dimensions. The Euler equations describe the motion of an ideal, incompressible fluid and can be written as a system of two equations:
{
∂
u
∂
t
+
(
u
⋅
∇
)
u
=
−
∇
p
,
∇
⋅
u
=
0.
{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}{\dfrac {\partial u}{\partial t}}+(u\cdot \nabla )u=-\nabla p,\\\nabla \cdot u=0.\end{cases}}}
For stationary flows, where the velocity field
u
{\displaystyle u}
does not change with time, i.e.
∂
u
∂
t
=
0
{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}}=0}
, we can introduce the Bernoulli function,
B
:=
p
+
1
2
‖
u
‖
2
{\displaystyle B:=p+{\frac {1}{2}}\lVert u\rVert ^{2}}
, and the vorticity,
ω
:=
∇
×
u
{\displaystyle \omega :=\nabla \times u}
. These new variables simplify the Euler equations into the following system:
{
u
×
ω
=
∇
B
,
∇
⋅
u
=
0.
{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}u\times \omega =\nabla B,\\\nabla \cdot u=0.\end{cases}}}
The simplification is possible due to a vector identity, which relates the convective term
(
u
⋅
∇
)
u
{\displaystyle (u\cdot \nabla )u}
to the gradient of the kinetic energy and the cross product of the velocity field and its curl:
(
u
⋅
∇
)
u
=
1
2
∇
‖
u
‖
2
−
u
×
(
∇
×
u
)
{\displaystyle (u\cdot \nabla )u={\frac {1}{2}}\nabla \lVert u\rVert ^{2}-u\times (\nabla \times u)}
When the Bernoulli function
B
{\displaystyle B}
is constant, Beltrami fields become valid solutions to the simplified Euler equations. Note that we do not need the proporcionality factor to be constant for the proof to work.
Beltrami fields and complexity in fluid mechanics
Beltrami fields have a close connection to Lagrangian turbulence, as shown by V.I. Arnold's work on stationary Euler flows.
Arnold's "conjecture"
Arnold's quote from his aforementioned work highlights the probable complicated topology of the streamlines in Beltrami fields, drawing parallels with celestial mechanics:
Il est probable que les écoulements tels que rot
ν
=
λ
ν
{\displaystyle \nu =\lambda \nu }
,
λ
=
C
t
e
{\displaystyle \lambda =Cte}
, ont des lignes de courant à la topologie compliquée. De telles complications interviennent en mécanique céleste. La topologie des lignes de courant des écoulements stationnaires des fluides visqueux peut être semblable à celle de mécanique céleste.
See also
Beltrami flow
Complex lamellar vector field
Conservative vector field
Bibliography
Aris, Rutherford (1989), Vectors, tensors, and the basic equations of fluid mechanics, Dover, ISBN 0-486-66110-5
Lakhtakia, Akhlesh (1994), Beltrami fields in chiral media, World Scientific, ISBN 981-02-1403-0
Etnyre, J.; Ghrist, R. (2000), "Contact topology and hydrodynamics. I. Beltrami fields and the Seifert conjecture", Nonlinearity, 13 (2): 441–448, Bibcode:2000Nonli..13..441E, doi:10.1088/0951-7715/13/2/306.
== References == | subclass of | {
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Stephen R. "Steve" Margolis (born September 8, 1963 in New York City) is an American trainer of thoroughbred racehorses.
Biography
Steve Margolis graduated from high school and would begin working as a groom in the sport of thoroughbred horse racing at Belmont Park in Elmont, Long Island, New York for Hall of Fame trainer John Veitch. In the 1990s Margolis worked for trainers Pat Byrne and Howard Tesher and later on for Stanley Hough. In 1997 he went to Kentucky with Stanley Hough as an assistant and in 2000 became a horse trainer himself. On September 15, 2000, Margolis won his first race as a trainer at Turfway Park with a horse named Her Great Affair. In 2002, he received another horse named Request for Parole with whom he won the WEBN and John Battaglia Memorial Stakes at Turfway Park. Request For Parole also finished fifth in the 2002 Kentucky Derby. In 2003, Margolis trained Baileys Edge to a win in the Mr. Prospector Handicap at Gulfstream Park. The same year, Cajun Beat brought Margolis victory in the Kentucky Cup Sprint at Turfway Park and then the most important win of his career in the Breeders' Cup Sprint. The same horse finished fourth in the Dubai Golden Shaheen at Nad Al Sheba Racecourse in Dubai.
== References == | place of birth | {
"answer_start": [
55
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"text": [
"New York City"
]
} |
Stephen R. "Steve" Margolis (born September 8, 1963 in New York City) is an American trainer of thoroughbred racehorses.
Biography
Steve Margolis graduated from high school and would begin working as a groom in the sport of thoroughbred horse racing at Belmont Park in Elmont, Long Island, New York for Hall of Fame trainer John Veitch. In the 1990s Margolis worked for trainers Pat Byrne and Howard Tesher and later on for Stanley Hough. In 1997 he went to Kentucky with Stanley Hough as an assistant and in 2000 became a horse trainer himself. On September 15, 2000, Margolis won his first race as a trainer at Turfway Park with a horse named Her Great Affair. In 2002, he received another horse named Request for Parole with whom he won the WEBN and John Battaglia Memorial Stakes at Turfway Park. Request For Parole also finished fifth in the 2002 Kentucky Derby. In 2003, Margolis trained Baileys Edge to a win in the Mr. Prospector Handicap at Gulfstream Park. The same year, Cajun Beat brought Margolis victory in the Kentucky Cup Sprint at Turfway Park and then the most important win of his career in the Breeders' Cup Sprint. The same horse finished fourth in the Dubai Golden Shaheen at Nad Al Sheba Racecourse in Dubai.
== References == | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
524
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"horse trainer"
]
} |
Stephen R. "Steve" Margolis (born September 8, 1963 in New York City) is an American trainer of thoroughbred racehorses.
Biography
Steve Margolis graduated from high school and would begin working as a groom in the sport of thoroughbred horse racing at Belmont Park in Elmont, Long Island, New York for Hall of Fame trainer John Veitch. In the 1990s Margolis worked for trainers Pat Byrne and Howard Tesher and later on for Stanley Hough. In 1997 he went to Kentucky with Stanley Hough as an assistant and in 2000 became a horse trainer himself. On September 15, 2000, Margolis won his first race as a trainer at Turfway Park with a horse named Her Great Affair. In 2002, he received another horse named Request for Parole with whom he won the WEBN and John Battaglia Memorial Stakes at Turfway Park. Request For Parole also finished fifth in the 2002 Kentucky Derby. In 2003, Margolis trained Baileys Edge to a win in the Mr. Prospector Handicap at Gulfstream Park. The same year, Cajun Beat brought Margolis victory in the Kentucky Cup Sprint at Turfway Park and then the most important win of his career in the Breeders' Cup Sprint. The same horse finished fourth in the Dubai Golden Shaheen at Nad Al Sheba Racecourse in Dubai.
== References == | family name | {
"answer_start": [
19
],
"text": [
"Margolis"
]
} |
Stephen R. "Steve" Margolis (born September 8, 1963 in New York City) is an American trainer of thoroughbred racehorses.
Biography
Steve Margolis graduated from high school and would begin working as a groom in the sport of thoroughbred horse racing at Belmont Park in Elmont, Long Island, New York for Hall of Fame trainer John Veitch. In the 1990s Margolis worked for trainers Pat Byrne and Howard Tesher and later on for Stanley Hough. In 1997 he went to Kentucky with Stanley Hough as an assistant and in 2000 became a horse trainer himself. On September 15, 2000, Margolis won his first race as a trainer at Turfway Park with a horse named Her Great Affair. In 2002, he received another horse named Request for Parole with whom he won the WEBN and John Battaglia Memorial Stakes at Turfway Park. Request For Parole also finished fifth in the 2002 Kentucky Derby. In 2003, Margolis trained Baileys Edge to a win in the Mr. Prospector Handicap at Gulfstream Park. The same year, Cajun Beat brought Margolis victory in the Kentucky Cup Sprint at Turfway Park and then the most important win of his career in the Breeders' Cup Sprint. The same horse finished fourth in the Dubai Golden Shaheen at Nad Al Sheba Racecourse in Dubai.
== References == | given name | {
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"text": [
"Steve"
]
} |
The 2023 GMR Grand Prix was the fifth round of the 2023 IndyCar season. The race was held on May 13, 2023, in Speedway, Indiana, at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Grand Prix Road Course. The race consisted of 85 laps and was won by Álex Palou.
Entry list
Practice
Practice 1
Practice 2
Qualifying
Qualifying classification
NotesBold text indicates fastest time set in session.
Warmup
Race
The race started at 3:45 PM ET on May 13, 2023.
Race classification
Championship standings after the race
Note: Only the top five positions are included.
== References == | location | {
"answer_start": [
136
],
"text": [
"Indianapolis Motor Speedway"
]
} |
Reginald Owen Morris (3 March 1886 – 15 December 1948), known professionally and by his friends by his initials, as R.O. Morris, was a British composer and teacher.
Teacher and author
Morris was born in York, son of Army officer Reginald Frank Morris and Georgiana Susan (née Sherard). He was educated at Harrow School, New College, Oxford and the Royal College of Music (RCM) in London. On the outbreak of World War I he enlisted in the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, along with his friends George Butterworth and Geoffrey Toye. After a time writing for The Nation as music critic he re-joined the RCM as a professor of counterpoint and composition in 1920. From 1926 for two years he taught at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia before returning to the RCM.Morris became famous as an exceptional teacher of counterpoint, and wrote several texts including Contrapuntal Technique in the Sixteenth Century (Oxford, 1922), Foundations of Practical Harmony and Counterpoint (London, 1925), Figured Harmony at the Keyboard (London, 1931), The Structure of Music (London, 1935) and Introduction to Counterpoint (London, 1944). His students included the composers Gerald Finzi, Sir Michael Tippett, Constant Lambert, Robin Milford, Anthony Milner, Edmund Rubbra, Bernard Stevens and Jean Coulthard.
Composer
His compositions have been overshadowed by his formidable reputation as a teacher. However, Morris enjoyed a ten year period of creativity as a composer roughly between 1922 and 1932, writing symphonic and chamber music, songs and choral works. One of the first, the Fantasy String Quartet in A, won a Carnegie Trust Award and was published as part of the Carnegie Collection of British Music.Gerald Finzi thought highly of his music, and in an obituary piece (quoted in Diana McVeagh’s biography of Finzi) he chose four pieces representing Morris at his most approachable –Corrina’s Maying for chorus and orchestra, the Concerto Piccolo, the Suite for Chamber Orchestra and the six Canzoni Ricercati for string orchestra or string quartet – with the Toccata and Fugue for Orchestra at the other extreme and the Symphony in D (first performed on 1 January 1934 at the Queen’s Hall) somewhere in the middle. According to Stephen Banfield, Finzi regarded the last of the Canzoni Ricercati as Morris's "one genuine masterpiece” and described it as a "grave and lovely" work.Much of his most powerful music is contrapuntally-led, as in the final Chaconne of the Sinfonia in C, the intense fugal and canonic writing of the Canzoni Ricercati No 6 (using themes that maintain the flavor of mournful folk melodies), or the first movement of the Symphony in D, where the coda develops into a masterly canon. But in the early 1930s Morris stopped composing and would never talk about his own compositions from that point onwards. Today he is generally known for just one work, the hymn tune Hermitage, used as the melody for the carol Love Came Down at Christmas.The Sinfonia in C was revived at the English Music Festival in Dorchester Abbey on 27 May, 2022, with the BBC Concert Orchestra conducted by Martin Yates.
Personal life
Beyond music, Morris set crosswords for The Times and edited the 1914 Oxford University Press edition of R D Blackmore's novel Lorna Doone.In February 1915 Morris married Emmie Fisher, thus becoming brother-in-law to Vaughan Williams, who had married her sister Adeline. For many years in the 1920s and 1930s Morris lived at 30, Glebe Place, very close to Vaughan Williams and Adeline. He later moved to 2, Addison Gardens in Kensington, where he died very suddenly in December 1948, having been examining at the Royal College of Music the day before with no sign of anything wrong.
Works
Orchestral and chamber
1922 Fantasy for string quartet
1925 Motet for string quartet (fp 7 June 1925)
1928-9 Sinfonia in C Major
1930 Concerto piccolo for two violins and string orchestra
1930 Concerto in G minor for Violin and Orchestra
1931 Canzoni Ricercati for string quartet or string orchestra
1932 Partita Lidica (Suite for Violoncello and Orchestra in F major)
1934 Symphony in D
Toccata and Fugue for OrchestraChoral
1925 Love came down at Christmas (tune Hermitage)
1928 See amid the winter's snow (tune Winter's Snow)
1929 'Six English Folk-Songs (Seventeen come Sunday, Brisk young sailor (two versions) The lawyer, Tarry trousers, The cuckoo)
1930 There is a Garden
1931 Five English Folk-Songs (Blow away the Morning Dew, Cold Blows the Wind, High Germany, The Turtle-Dove, The Mare and the Foal)
1932 Since thou, O fondest and truest
1932 Hunting Song
1933 Corinna's Maying. (also version with orchestral accompaniment)
References
External links
War Composers: The Music of World War 1 - R O Morris
Free scores at IMSLP | family name | {
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"Morris"
]
} |
Reginald Owen Morris (3 March 1886 – 15 December 1948), known professionally and by his friends by his initials, as R.O. Morris, was a British composer and teacher.
Teacher and author
Morris was born in York, son of Army officer Reginald Frank Morris and Georgiana Susan (née Sherard). He was educated at Harrow School, New College, Oxford and the Royal College of Music (RCM) in London. On the outbreak of World War I he enlisted in the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, along with his friends George Butterworth and Geoffrey Toye. After a time writing for The Nation as music critic he re-joined the RCM as a professor of counterpoint and composition in 1920. From 1926 for two years he taught at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia before returning to the RCM.Morris became famous as an exceptional teacher of counterpoint, and wrote several texts including Contrapuntal Technique in the Sixteenth Century (Oxford, 1922), Foundations of Practical Harmony and Counterpoint (London, 1925), Figured Harmony at the Keyboard (London, 1931), The Structure of Music (London, 1935) and Introduction to Counterpoint (London, 1944). His students included the composers Gerald Finzi, Sir Michael Tippett, Constant Lambert, Robin Milford, Anthony Milner, Edmund Rubbra, Bernard Stevens and Jean Coulthard.
Composer
His compositions have been overshadowed by his formidable reputation as a teacher. However, Morris enjoyed a ten year period of creativity as a composer roughly between 1922 and 1932, writing symphonic and chamber music, songs and choral works. One of the first, the Fantasy String Quartet in A, won a Carnegie Trust Award and was published as part of the Carnegie Collection of British Music.Gerald Finzi thought highly of his music, and in an obituary piece (quoted in Diana McVeagh’s biography of Finzi) he chose four pieces representing Morris at his most approachable –Corrina’s Maying for chorus and orchestra, the Concerto Piccolo, the Suite for Chamber Orchestra and the six Canzoni Ricercati for string orchestra or string quartet – with the Toccata and Fugue for Orchestra at the other extreme and the Symphony in D (first performed on 1 January 1934 at the Queen’s Hall) somewhere in the middle. According to Stephen Banfield, Finzi regarded the last of the Canzoni Ricercati as Morris's "one genuine masterpiece” and described it as a "grave and lovely" work.Much of his most powerful music is contrapuntally-led, as in the final Chaconne of the Sinfonia in C, the intense fugal and canonic writing of the Canzoni Ricercati No 6 (using themes that maintain the flavor of mournful folk melodies), or the first movement of the Symphony in D, where the coda develops into a masterly canon. But in the early 1930s Morris stopped composing and would never talk about his own compositions from that point onwards. Today he is generally known for just one work, the hymn tune Hermitage, used as the melody for the carol Love Came Down at Christmas.The Sinfonia in C was revived at the English Music Festival in Dorchester Abbey on 27 May, 2022, with the BBC Concert Orchestra conducted by Martin Yates.
Personal life
Beyond music, Morris set crosswords for The Times and edited the 1914 Oxford University Press edition of R D Blackmore's novel Lorna Doone.In February 1915 Morris married Emmie Fisher, thus becoming brother-in-law to Vaughan Williams, who had married her sister Adeline. For many years in the 1920s and 1930s Morris lived at 30, Glebe Place, very close to Vaughan Williams and Adeline. He later moved to 2, Addison Gardens in Kensington, where he died very suddenly in December 1948, having been examining at the Royal College of Music the day before with no sign of anything wrong.
Works
Orchestral and chamber
1922 Fantasy for string quartet
1925 Motet for string quartet (fp 7 June 1925)
1928-9 Sinfonia in C Major
1930 Concerto piccolo for two violins and string orchestra
1930 Concerto in G minor for Violin and Orchestra
1931 Canzoni Ricercati for string quartet or string orchestra
1932 Partita Lidica (Suite for Violoncello and Orchestra in F major)
1934 Symphony in D
Toccata and Fugue for OrchestraChoral
1925 Love came down at Christmas (tune Hermitage)
1928 See amid the winter's snow (tune Winter's Snow)
1929 'Six English Folk-Songs (Seventeen come Sunday, Brisk young sailor (two versions) The lawyer, Tarry trousers, The cuckoo)
1930 There is a Garden
1931 Five English Folk-Songs (Blow away the Morning Dew, Cold Blows the Wind, High Germany, The Turtle-Dove, The Mare and the Foal)
1932 Since thou, O fondest and truest
1932 Hunting Song
1933 Corinna's Maying. (also version with orchestral accompaniment)
References
External links
War Composers: The Music of World War 1 - R O Morris
Free scores at IMSLP | place of birth | {
"answer_start": [
204
],
"text": [
"York"
]
} |
Reginald Owen Morris (3 March 1886 – 15 December 1948), known professionally and by his friends by his initials, as R.O. Morris, was a British composer and teacher.
Teacher and author
Morris was born in York, son of Army officer Reginald Frank Morris and Georgiana Susan (née Sherard). He was educated at Harrow School, New College, Oxford and the Royal College of Music (RCM) in London. On the outbreak of World War I he enlisted in the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, along with his friends George Butterworth and Geoffrey Toye. After a time writing for The Nation as music critic he re-joined the RCM as a professor of counterpoint and composition in 1920. From 1926 for two years he taught at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia before returning to the RCM.Morris became famous as an exceptional teacher of counterpoint, and wrote several texts including Contrapuntal Technique in the Sixteenth Century (Oxford, 1922), Foundations of Practical Harmony and Counterpoint (London, 1925), Figured Harmony at the Keyboard (London, 1931), The Structure of Music (London, 1935) and Introduction to Counterpoint (London, 1944). His students included the composers Gerald Finzi, Sir Michael Tippett, Constant Lambert, Robin Milford, Anthony Milner, Edmund Rubbra, Bernard Stevens and Jean Coulthard.
Composer
His compositions have been overshadowed by his formidable reputation as a teacher. However, Morris enjoyed a ten year period of creativity as a composer roughly between 1922 and 1932, writing symphonic and chamber music, songs and choral works. One of the first, the Fantasy String Quartet in A, won a Carnegie Trust Award and was published as part of the Carnegie Collection of British Music.Gerald Finzi thought highly of his music, and in an obituary piece (quoted in Diana McVeagh’s biography of Finzi) he chose four pieces representing Morris at his most approachable –Corrina’s Maying for chorus and orchestra, the Concerto Piccolo, the Suite for Chamber Orchestra and the six Canzoni Ricercati for string orchestra or string quartet – with the Toccata and Fugue for Orchestra at the other extreme and the Symphony in D (first performed on 1 January 1934 at the Queen’s Hall) somewhere in the middle. According to Stephen Banfield, Finzi regarded the last of the Canzoni Ricercati as Morris's "one genuine masterpiece” and described it as a "grave and lovely" work.Much of his most powerful music is contrapuntally-led, as in the final Chaconne of the Sinfonia in C, the intense fugal and canonic writing of the Canzoni Ricercati No 6 (using themes that maintain the flavor of mournful folk melodies), or the first movement of the Symphony in D, where the coda develops into a masterly canon. But in the early 1930s Morris stopped composing and would never talk about his own compositions from that point onwards. Today he is generally known for just one work, the hymn tune Hermitage, used as the melody for the carol Love Came Down at Christmas.The Sinfonia in C was revived at the English Music Festival in Dorchester Abbey on 27 May, 2022, with the BBC Concert Orchestra conducted by Martin Yates.
Personal life
Beyond music, Morris set crosswords for The Times and edited the 1914 Oxford University Press edition of R D Blackmore's novel Lorna Doone.In February 1915 Morris married Emmie Fisher, thus becoming brother-in-law to Vaughan Williams, who had married her sister Adeline. For many years in the 1920s and 1930s Morris lived at 30, Glebe Place, very close to Vaughan Williams and Adeline. He later moved to 2, Addison Gardens in Kensington, where he died very suddenly in December 1948, having been examining at the Royal College of Music the day before with no sign of anything wrong.
Works
Orchestral and chamber
1922 Fantasy for string quartet
1925 Motet for string quartet (fp 7 June 1925)
1928-9 Sinfonia in C Major
1930 Concerto piccolo for two violins and string orchestra
1930 Concerto in G minor for Violin and Orchestra
1931 Canzoni Ricercati for string quartet or string orchestra
1932 Partita Lidica (Suite for Violoncello and Orchestra in F major)
1934 Symphony in D
Toccata and Fugue for OrchestraChoral
1925 Love came down at Christmas (tune Hermitage)
1928 See amid the winter's snow (tune Winter's Snow)
1929 'Six English Folk-Songs (Seventeen come Sunday, Brisk young sailor (two versions) The lawyer, Tarry trousers, The cuckoo)
1930 There is a Garden
1931 Five English Folk-Songs (Blow away the Morning Dew, Cold Blows the Wind, High Germany, The Turtle-Dove, The Mare and the Foal)
1932 Since thou, O fondest and truest
1932 Hunting Song
1933 Corinna's Maying. (also version with orchestral accompaniment)
References
External links
War Composers: The Music of World War 1 - R O Morris
Free scores at IMSLP | place of death | {
"answer_start": [
381
],
"text": [
"London"
]
} |
Reginald Owen Morris (3 March 1886 – 15 December 1948), known professionally and by his friends by his initials, as R.O. Morris, was a British composer and teacher.
Teacher and author
Morris was born in York, son of Army officer Reginald Frank Morris and Georgiana Susan (née Sherard). He was educated at Harrow School, New College, Oxford and the Royal College of Music (RCM) in London. On the outbreak of World War I he enlisted in the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, along with his friends George Butterworth and Geoffrey Toye. After a time writing for The Nation as music critic he re-joined the RCM as a professor of counterpoint and composition in 1920. From 1926 for two years he taught at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia before returning to the RCM.Morris became famous as an exceptional teacher of counterpoint, and wrote several texts including Contrapuntal Technique in the Sixteenth Century (Oxford, 1922), Foundations of Practical Harmony and Counterpoint (London, 1925), Figured Harmony at the Keyboard (London, 1931), The Structure of Music (London, 1935) and Introduction to Counterpoint (London, 1944). His students included the composers Gerald Finzi, Sir Michael Tippett, Constant Lambert, Robin Milford, Anthony Milner, Edmund Rubbra, Bernard Stevens and Jean Coulthard.
Composer
His compositions have been overshadowed by his formidable reputation as a teacher. However, Morris enjoyed a ten year period of creativity as a composer roughly between 1922 and 1932, writing symphonic and chamber music, songs and choral works. One of the first, the Fantasy String Quartet in A, won a Carnegie Trust Award and was published as part of the Carnegie Collection of British Music.Gerald Finzi thought highly of his music, and in an obituary piece (quoted in Diana McVeagh’s biography of Finzi) he chose four pieces representing Morris at his most approachable –Corrina’s Maying for chorus and orchestra, the Concerto Piccolo, the Suite for Chamber Orchestra and the six Canzoni Ricercati for string orchestra or string quartet – with the Toccata and Fugue for Orchestra at the other extreme and the Symphony in D (first performed on 1 January 1934 at the Queen’s Hall) somewhere in the middle. According to Stephen Banfield, Finzi regarded the last of the Canzoni Ricercati as Morris's "one genuine masterpiece” and described it as a "grave and lovely" work.Much of his most powerful music is contrapuntally-led, as in the final Chaconne of the Sinfonia in C, the intense fugal and canonic writing of the Canzoni Ricercati No 6 (using themes that maintain the flavor of mournful folk melodies), or the first movement of the Symphony in D, where the coda develops into a masterly canon. But in the early 1930s Morris stopped composing and would never talk about his own compositions from that point onwards. Today he is generally known for just one work, the hymn tune Hermitage, used as the melody for the carol Love Came Down at Christmas.The Sinfonia in C was revived at the English Music Festival in Dorchester Abbey on 27 May, 2022, with the BBC Concert Orchestra conducted by Martin Yates.
Personal life
Beyond music, Morris set crosswords for The Times and edited the 1914 Oxford University Press edition of R D Blackmore's novel Lorna Doone.In February 1915 Morris married Emmie Fisher, thus becoming brother-in-law to Vaughan Williams, who had married her sister Adeline. For many years in the 1920s and 1930s Morris lived at 30, Glebe Place, very close to Vaughan Williams and Adeline. He later moved to 2, Addison Gardens in Kensington, where he died very suddenly in December 1948, having been examining at the Royal College of Music the day before with no sign of anything wrong.
Works
Orchestral and chamber
1922 Fantasy for string quartet
1925 Motet for string quartet (fp 7 June 1925)
1928-9 Sinfonia in C Major
1930 Concerto piccolo for two violins and string orchestra
1930 Concerto in G minor for Violin and Orchestra
1931 Canzoni Ricercati for string quartet or string orchestra
1932 Partita Lidica (Suite for Violoncello and Orchestra in F major)
1934 Symphony in D
Toccata and Fugue for OrchestraChoral
1925 Love came down at Christmas (tune Hermitage)
1928 See amid the winter's snow (tune Winter's Snow)
1929 'Six English Folk-Songs (Seventeen come Sunday, Brisk young sailor (two versions) The lawyer, Tarry trousers, The cuckoo)
1930 There is a Garden
1931 Five English Folk-Songs (Blow away the Morning Dew, Cold Blows the Wind, High Germany, The Turtle-Dove, The Mare and the Foal)
1932 Since thou, O fondest and truest
1932 Hunting Song
1933 Corinna's Maying. (also version with orchestral accompaniment)
References
External links
War Composers: The Music of World War 1 - R O Morris
Free scores at IMSLP | educated at | {
"answer_start": [
349
],
"text": [
"Royal College of Music"
]
} |
Reginald Owen Morris (3 March 1886 – 15 December 1948), known professionally and by his friends by his initials, as R.O. Morris, was a British composer and teacher.
Teacher and author
Morris was born in York, son of Army officer Reginald Frank Morris and Georgiana Susan (née Sherard). He was educated at Harrow School, New College, Oxford and the Royal College of Music (RCM) in London. On the outbreak of World War I he enlisted in the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, along with his friends George Butterworth and Geoffrey Toye. After a time writing for The Nation as music critic he re-joined the RCM as a professor of counterpoint and composition in 1920. From 1926 for two years he taught at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia before returning to the RCM.Morris became famous as an exceptional teacher of counterpoint, and wrote several texts including Contrapuntal Technique in the Sixteenth Century (Oxford, 1922), Foundations of Practical Harmony and Counterpoint (London, 1925), Figured Harmony at the Keyboard (London, 1931), The Structure of Music (London, 1935) and Introduction to Counterpoint (London, 1944). His students included the composers Gerald Finzi, Sir Michael Tippett, Constant Lambert, Robin Milford, Anthony Milner, Edmund Rubbra, Bernard Stevens and Jean Coulthard.
Composer
His compositions have been overshadowed by his formidable reputation as a teacher. However, Morris enjoyed a ten year period of creativity as a composer roughly between 1922 and 1932, writing symphonic and chamber music, songs and choral works. One of the first, the Fantasy String Quartet in A, won a Carnegie Trust Award and was published as part of the Carnegie Collection of British Music.Gerald Finzi thought highly of his music, and in an obituary piece (quoted in Diana McVeagh’s biography of Finzi) he chose four pieces representing Morris at his most approachable –Corrina’s Maying for chorus and orchestra, the Concerto Piccolo, the Suite for Chamber Orchestra and the six Canzoni Ricercati for string orchestra or string quartet – with the Toccata and Fugue for Orchestra at the other extreme and the Symphony in D (first performed on 1 January 1934 at the Queen’s Hall) somewhere in the middle. According to Stephen Banfield, Finzi regarded the last of the Canzoni Ricercati as Morris's "one genuine masterpiece” and described it as a "grave and lovely" work.Much of his most powerful music is contrapuntally-led, as in the final Chaconne of the Sinfonia in C, the intense fugal and canonic writing of the Canzoni Ricercati No 6 (using themes that maintain the flavor of mournful folk melodies), or the first movement of the Symphony in D, where the coda develops into a masterly canon. But in the early 1930s Morris stopped composing and would never talk about his own compositions from that point onwards. Today he is generally known for just one work, the hymn tune Hermitage, used as the melody for the carol Love Came Down at Christmas.The Sinfonia in C was revived at the English Music Festival in Dorchester Abbey on 27 May, 2022, with the BBC Concert Orchestra conducted by Martin Yates.
Personal life
Beyond music, Morris set crosswords for The Times and edited the 1914 Oxford University Press edition of R D Blackmore's novel Lorna Doone.In February 1915 Morris married Emmie Fisher, thus becoming brother-in-law to Vaughan Williams, who had married her sister Adeline. For many years in the 1920s and 1930s Morris lived at 30, Glebe Place, very close to Vaughan Williams and Adeline. He later moved to 2, Addison Gardens in Kensington, where he died very suddenly in December 1948, having been examining at the Royal College of Music the day before with no sign of anything wrong.
Works
Orchestral and chamber
1922 Fantasy for string quartet
1925 Motet for string quartet (fp 7 June 1925)
1928-9 Sinfonia in C Major
1930 Concerto piccolo for two violins and string orchestra
1930 Concerto in G minor for Violin and Orchestra
1931 Canzoni Ricercati for string quartet or string orchestra
1932 Partita Lidica (Suite for Violoncello and Orchestra in F major)
1934 Symphony in D
Toccata and Fugue for OrchestraChoral
1925 Love came down at Christmas (tune Hermitage)
1928 See amid the winter's snow (tune Winter's Snow)
1929 'Six English Folk-Songs (Seventeen come Sunday, Brisk young sailor (two versions) The lawyer, Tarry trousers, The cuckoo)
1930 There is a Garden
1931 Five English Folk-Songs (Blow away the Morning Dew, Cold Blows the Wind, High Germany, The Turtle-Dove, The Mare and the Foal)
1932 Since thou, O fondest and truest
1932 Hunting Song
1933 Corinna's Maying. (also version with orchestral accompaniment)
References
External links
War Composers: The Music of World War 1 - R O Morris
Free scores at IMSLP | occupation | {
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Reginald Owen Morris (3 March 1886 – 15 December 1948), known professionally and by his friends by his initials, as R.O. Morris, was a British composer and teacher.
Teacher and author
Morris was born in York, son of Army officer Reginald Frank Morris and Georgiana Susan (née Sherard). He was educated at Harrow School, New College, Oxford and the Royal College of Music (RCM) in London. On the outbreak of World War I he enlisted in the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, along with his friends George Butterworth and Geoffrey Toye. After a time writing for The Nation as music critic he re-joined the RCM as a professor of counterpoint and composition in 1920. From 1926 for two years he taught at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia before returning to the RCM.Morris became famous as an exceptional teacher of counterpoint, and wrote several texts including Contrapuntal Technique in the Sixteenth Century (Oxford, 1922), Foundations of Practical Harmony and Counterpoint (London, 1925), Figured Harmony at the Keyboard (London, 1931), The Structure of Music (London, 1935) and Introduction to Counterpoint (London, 1944). His students included the composers Gerald Finzi, Sir Michael Tippett, Constant Lambert, Robin Milford, Anthony Milner, Edmund Rubbra, Bernard Stevens and Jean Coulthard.
Composer
His compositions have been overshadowed by his formidable reputation as a teacher. However, Morris enjoyed a ten year period of creativity as a composer roughly between 1922 and 1932, writing symphonic and chamber music, songs and choral works. One of the first, the Fantasy String Quartet in A, won a Carnegie Trust Award and was published as part of the Carnegie Collection of British Music.Gerald Finzi thought highly of his music, and in an obituary piece (quoted in Diana McVeagh’s biography of Finzi) he chose four pieces representing Morris at his most approachable –Corrina’s Maying for chorus and orchestra, the Concerto Piccolo, the Suite for Chamber Orchestra and the six Canzoni Ricercati for string orchestra or string quartet – with the Toccata and Fugue for Orchestra at the other extreme and the Symphony in D (first performed on 1 January 1934 at the Queen’s Hall) somewhere in the middle. According to Stephen Banfield, Finzi regarded the last of the Canzoni Ricercati as Morris's "one genuine masterpiece” and described it as a "grave and lovely" work.Much of his most powerful music is contrapuntally-led, as in the final Chaconne of the Sinfonia in C, the intense fugal and canonic writing of the Canzoni Ricercati No 6 (using themes that maintain the flavor of mournful folk melodies), or the first movement of the Symphony in D, where the coda develops into a masterly canon. But in the early 1930s Morris stopped composing and would never talk about his own compositions from that point onwards. Today he is generally known for just one work, the hymn tune Hermitage, used as the melody for the carol Love Came Down at Christmas.The Sinfonia in C was revived at the English Music Festival in Dorchester Abbey on 27 May, 2022, with the BBC Concert Orchestra conducted by Martin Yates.
Personal life
Beyond music, Morris set crosswords for The Times and edited the 1914 Oxford University Press edition of R D Blackmore's novel Lorna Doone.In February 1915 Morris married Emmie Fisher, thus becoming brother-in-law to Vaughan Williams, who had married her sister Adeline. For many years in the 1920s and 1930s Morris lived at 30, Glebe Place, very close to Vaughan Williams and Adeline. He later moved to 2, Addison Gardens in Kensington, where he died very suddenly in December 1948, having been examining at the Royal College of Music the day before with no sign of anything wrong.
Works
Orchestral and chamber
1922 Fantasy for string quartet
1925 Motet for string quartet (fp 7 June 1925)
1928-9 Sinfonia in C Major
1930 Concerto piccolo for two violins and string orchestra
1930 Concerto in G minor for Violin and Orchestra
1931 Canzoni Ricercati for string quartet or string orchestra
1932 Partita Lidica (Suite for Violoncello and Orchestra in F major)
1934 Symphony in D
Toccata and Fugue for OrchestraChoral
1925 Love came down at Christmas (tune Hermitage)
1928 See amid the winter's snow (tune Winter's Snow)
1929 'Six English Folk-Songs (Seventeen come Sunday, Brisk young sailor (two versions) The lawyer, Tarry trousers, The cuckoo)
1930 There is a Garden
1931 Five English Folk-Songs (Blow away the Morning Dew, Cold Blows the Wind, High Germany, The Turtle-Dove, The Mare and the Foal)
1932 Since thou, O fondest and truest
1932 Hunting Song
1933 Corinna's Maying. (also version with orchestral accompaniment)
References
External links
War Composers: The Music of World War 1 - R O Morris
Free scores at IMSLP | given name | {
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Reginald Owen Morris (3 March 1886 – 15 December 1948), known professionally and by his friends by his initials, as R.O. Morris, was a British composer and teacher.
Teacher and author
Morris was born in York, son of Army officer Reginald Frank Morris and Georgiana Susan (née Sherard). He was educated at Harrow School, New College, Oxford and the Royal College of Music (RCM) in London. On the outbreak of World War I he enlisted in the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, along with his friends George Butterworth and Geoffrey Toye. After a time writing for The Nation as music critic he re-joined the RCM as a professor of counterpoint and composition in 1920. From 1926 for two years he taught at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia before returning to the RCM.Morris became famous as an exceptional teacher of counterpoint, and wrote several texts including Contrapuntal Technique in the Sixteenth Century (Oxford, 1922), Foundations of Practical Harmony and Counterpoint (London, 1925), Figured Harmony at the Keyboard (London, 1931), The Structure of Music (London, 1935) and Introduction to Counterpoint (London, 1944). His students included the composers Gerald Finzi, Sir Michael Tippett, Constant Lambert, Robin Milford, Anthony Milner, Edmund Rubbra, Bernard Stevens and Jean Coulthard.
Composer
His compositions have been overshadowed by his formidable reputation as a teacher. However, Morris enjoyed a ten year period of creativity as a composer roughly between 1922 and 1932, writing symphonic and chamber music, songs and choral works. One of the first, the Fantasy String Quartet in A, won a Carnegie Trust Award and was published as part of the Carnegie Collection of British Music.Gerald Finzi thought highly of his music, and in an obituary piece (quoted in Diana McVeagh’s biography of Finzi) he chose four pieces representing Morris at his most approachable –Corrina’s Maying for chorus and orchestra, the Concerto Piccolo, the Suite for Chamber Orchestra and the six Canzoni Ricercati for string orchestra or string quartet – with the Toccata and Fugue for Orchestra at the other extreme and the Symphony in D (first performed on 1 January 1934 at the Queen’s Hall) somewhere in the middle. According to Stephen Banfield, Finzi regarded the last of the Canzoni Ricercati as Morris's "one genuine masterpiece” and described it as a "grave and lovely" work.Much of his most powerful music is contrapuntally-led, as in the final Chaconne of the Sinfonia in C, the intense fugal and canonic writing of the Canzoni Ricercati No 6 (using themes that maintain the flavor of mournful folk melodies), or the first movement of the Symphony in D, where the coda develops into a masterly canon. But in the early 1930s Morris stopped composing and would never talk about his own compositions from that point onwards. Today he is generally known for just one work, the hymn tune Hermitage, used as the melody for the carol Love Came Down at Christmas.The Sinfonia in C was revived at the English Music Festival in Dorchester Abbey on 27 May, 2022, with the BBC Concert Orchestra conducted by Martin Yates.
Personal life
Beyond music, Morris set crosswords for The Times and edited the 1914 Oxford University Press edition of R D Blackmore's novel Lorna Doone.In February 1915 Morris married Emmie Fisher, thus becoming brother-in-law to Vaughan Williams, who had married her sister Adeline. For many years in the 1920s and 1930s Morris lived at 30, Glebe Place, very close to Vaughan Williams and Adeline. He later moved to 2, Addison Gardens in Kensington, where he died very suddenly in December 1948, having been examining at the Royal College of Music the day before with no sign of anything wrong.
Works
Orchestral and chamber
1922 Fantasy for string quartet
1925 Motet for string quartet (fp 7 June 1925)
1928-9 Sinfonia in C Major
1930 Concerto piccolo for two violins and string orchestra
1930 Concerto in G minor for Violin and Orchestra
1931 Canzoni Ricercati for string quartet or string orchestra
1932 Partita Lidica (Suite for Violoncello and Orchestra in F major)
1934 Symphony in D
Toccata and Fugue for OrchestraChoral
1925 Love came down at Christmas (tune Hermitage)
1928 See amid the winter's snow (tune Winter's Snow)
1929 'Six English Folk-Songs (Seventeen come Sunday, Brisk young sailor (two versions) The lawyer, Tarry trousers, The cuckoo)
1930 There is a Garden
1931 Five English Folk-Songs (Blow away the Morning Dew, Cold Blows the Wind, High Germany, The Turtle-Dove, The Mare and the Foal)
1932 Since thou, O fondest and truest
1932 Hunting Song
1933 Corinna's Maying. (also version with orchestral accompaniment)
References
External links
War Composers: The Music of World War 1 - R O Morris
Free scores at IMSLP | languages spoken, written or signed | {
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Jordanoleiopus machadoi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1959.
== References == | taxon rank | {
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Jordanoleiopus machadoi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1959.
== References == | parent taxon | {
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Jordanoleiopus machadoi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1959.
== References == | taxon name | {
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Shannon Rugby Football Club is the most successful club in the All Ireland League, having won the competition nine times. They hail from Limerick near the banks of the Shannon river. Shannon RFC is a member of the Irish Rugby Football Union Munster Branch. The club is one of the top amateur sides in Ireland has seen many of its players progress to professional and international rugby. The 1st XV plays in Division 1A of the All-Ireland League. While the women's side compete in Division 1 of the Munster League. Shannon RFC fields underage teams for boys and girls from u6s - u20s. Shannon RFC made history in 2017 as being the first club in the country to field a girls u20s side.
History
Shannon RFC was founded on 18 February 1884, in the Shamrock Bar on Corbally Road in Limerick. The founding members were Dan Duggan, Richie Gleeson, Pierce Hartney, Joe Hegarty and Paddy Lynch, who was the team's first captain. Stephan Hanrahan was president of the club for the first two years. Shannon remained a junior club for close to 70 years, during which time Shannon supplied numerous players to Garryowen. Shannon won the Munster Junior Cup for the first time in 1914. Their first Transfield cup was won in 1938. The following year, the Munster Junior Cup was won again. One year later (1940), in the process of winning their first Charity Cup, they added both the Munster Junior Cup and Transfield Cup.Shannon attained senior status in the 1953–54 season, becoming Limerick's fifth senior club. In 1960 Shannon won their first Munster Senior Cup, defeating University College Cork, in a replay at Thomond Park, having drawn 8-8 the previous week at Musgrave Park, Cork.Over the years, Shannon have had numerous temporary grounds, including the field at the Island Bank, Gilligan's field, Johnny Cusack's field and Egan's Field in Corbally. The first purchased grounds were 14 acres (57,000 m2) of land at Fir Hill, Gortatogher, (better known as Athlunkard) just two miles (3 km) from Limerick city. Those grounds were later sold to Corbally Utd. soccer club in favour of our current more spacious grounds at Coonagh off the Ennis Road. Today, Shannon's home grounds are Thomond Park.While still a junior club, Shannon became co-tenants with Bohemians RFC at the Munster RFU-owned grounds at famed Thomond Park. In 1967, they completed their own Club Pavilion there. In 1978, the Pavilion was extended to the size it is today.A milestone in the history of the club was the celebration of their centenary in 1984.
Honours
AIB League
1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2008-09: 9
Division 1B 2017–18, 2021–22
All-Ireland Cup
2007-08
Munster Senior Cup
1960, 1977, 1978, 1982, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1996, 1998, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007-08: 19
Munster Junior Cup
1914, 1920, 1924–25, 1939–40, 1954, 1961–62, 1996, 2015: 8
Munster Senior League
1981, 1986, 1989, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2004-05: 7
Notable players
See also Category:Shannon RFC players
Munster
Three Shannon players, Brendan Foley, Colm Tucker and Gerry McLoughlin, played for the Munster side that defeated the touring All Blacks 12–0 on 31 October 1978 at Thomond Park. Mick Galwey captained the Munster side when they finished as runners up in the Heineken Cup finals of 2000 and 2002. In the 2005-06 season seven Shannon players, including the captain, Anthony Foley, helped Munster win the Heineken Cup for the first time.
Ireland 7s
The following Shannon players have played for the Ireland national rugby sevens team:
Greg O’Shea
Ireland
The following Shannon players have represented Ireland at full international level.
British & Irish Lions
The following Shannon players have also represented the British & Irish Lions.
International referee
John Lacey
Joy Neville
Potholes & Penguins Podcast
The origin of the term Pothole originates from the former Australia national rugby union teamplayer, John Langford (rugby union) , during one Shannon Rugby training session, he called one of his teammates a pothole. Source of this information is not verified but it was mentioned on the Penguins & Potholes Podcast (episode 2) hosted by Barry Murphy (rugby union) & Andrew Trimble , that David Quinlan (rugby union, born 26 January 1978) inquired what a pothole was when John Langford had said it. You will have to tune into the podcast to have a listen.
References
External links
Shannon RFC's Official Website
Shannon at Munster Rugby website
Munster Rugby
IRFU | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
3932
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"text": [
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Shannon Rugby Football Club is the most successful club in the All Ireland League, having won the competition nine times. They hail from Limerick near the banks of the Shannon river. Shannon RFC is a member of the Irish Rugby Football Union Munster Branch. The club is one of the top amateur sides in Ireland has seen many of its players progress to professional and international rugby. The 1st XV plays in Division 1A of the All-Ireland League. While the women's side compete in Division 1 of the Munster League. Shannon RFC fields underage teams for boys and girls from u6s - u20s. Shannon RFC made history in 2017 as being the first club in the country to field a girls u20s side.
History
Shannon RFC was founded on 18 February 1884, in the Shamrock Bar on Corbally Road in Limerick. The founding members were Dan Duggan, Richie Gleeson, Pierce Hartney, Joe Hegarty and Paddy Lynch, who was the team's first captain. Stephan Hanrahan was president of the club for the first two years. Shannon remained a junior club for close to 70 years, during which time Shannon supplied numerous players to Garryowen. Shannon won the Munster Junior Cup for the first time in 1914. Their first Transfield cup was won in 1938. The following year, the Munster Junior Cup was won again. One year later (1940), in the process of winning their first Charity Cup, they added both the Munster Junior Cup and Transfield Cup.Shannon attained senior status in the 1953–54 season, becoming Limerick's fifth senior club. In 1960 Shannon won their first Munster Senior Cup, defeating University College Cork, in a replay at Thomond Park, having drawn 8-8 the previous week at Musgrave Park, Cork.Over the years, Shannon have had numerous temporary grounds, including the field at the Island Bank, Gilligan's field, Johnny Cusack's field and Egan's Field in Corbally. The first purchased grounds were 14 acres (57,000 m2) of land at Fir Hill, Gortatogher, (better known as Athlunkard) just two miles (3 km) from Limerick city. Those grounds were later sold to Corbally Utd. soccer club in favour of our current more spacious grounds at Coonagh off the Ennis Road. Today, Shannon's home grounds are Thomond Park.While still a junior club, Shannon became co-tenants with Bohemians RFC at the Munster RFU-owned grounds at famed Thomond Park. In 1967, they completed their own Club Pavilion there. In 1978, the Pavilion was extended to the size it is today.A milestone in the history of the club was the celebration of their centenary in 1984.
Honours
AIB League
1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2008-09: 9
Division 1B 2017–18, 2021–22
All-Ireland Cup
2007-08
Munster Senior Cup
1960, 1977, 1978, 1982, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1996, 1998, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007-08: 19
Munster Junior Cup
1914, 1920, 1924–25, 1939–40, 1954, 1961–62, 1996, 2015: 8
Munster Senior League
1981, 1986, 1989, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2004-05: 7
Notable players
See also Category:Shannon RFC players
Munster
Three Shannon players, Brendan Foley, Colm Tucker and Gerry McLoughlin, played for the Munster side that defeated the touring All Blacks 12–0 on 31 October 1978 at Thomond Park. Mick Galwey captained the Munster side when they finished as runners up in the Heineken Cup finals of 2000 and 2002. In the 2005-06 season seven Shannon players, including the captain, Anthony Foley, helped Munster win the Heineken Cup for the first time.
Ireland 7s
The following Shannon players have played for the Ireland national rugby sevens team:
Greg O’Shea
Ireland
The following Shannon players have represented Ireland at full international level.
British & Irish Lions
The following Shannon players have also represented the British & Irish Lions.
International referee
John Lacey
Joy Neville
Potholes & Penguins Podcast
The origin of the term Pothole originates from the former Australia national rugby union teamplayer, John Langford (rugby union) , during one Shannon Rugby training session, he called one of his teammates a pothole. Source of this information is not verified but it was mentioned on the Penguins & Potholes Podcast (episode 2) hosted by Barry Murphy (rugby union) & Andrew Trimble , that David Quinlan (rugby union, born 26 January 1978) inquired what a pothole was when John Langford had said it. You will have to tune into the podcast to have a listen.
References
External links
Shannon RFC's Official Website
Shannon at Munster Rugby website
Munster Rugby
IRFU | home venue | {
"answer_start": [
1602
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Shannon Rugby Football Club is the most successful club in the All Ireland League, having won the competition nine times. They hail from Limerick near the banks of the Shannon river. Shannon RFC is a member of the Irish Rugby Football Union Munster Branch. The club is one of the top amateur sides in Ireland has seen many of its players progress to professional and international rugby. The 1st XV plays in Division 1A of the All-Ireland League. While the women's side compete in Division 1 of the Munster League. Shannon RFC fields underage teams for boys and girls from u6s - u20s. Shannon RFC made history in 2017 as being the first club in the country to field a girls u20s side.
History
Shannon RFC was founded on 18 February 1884, in the Shamrock Bar on Corbally Road in Limerick. The founding members were Dan Duggan, Richie Gleeson, Pierce Hartney, Joe Hegarty and Paddy Lynch, who was the team's first captain. Stephan Hanrahan was president of the club for the first two years. Shannon remained a junior club for close to 70 years, during which time Shannon supplied numerous players to Garryowen. Shannon won the Munster Junior Cup for the first time in 1914. Their first Transfield cup was won in 1938. The following year, the Munster Junior Cup was won again. One year later (1940), in the process of winning their first Charity Cup, they added both the Munster Junior Cup and Transfield Cup.Shannon attained senior status in the 1953–54 season, becoming Limerick's fifth senior club. In 1960 Shannon won their first Munster Senior Cup, defeating University College Cork, in a replay at Thomond Park, having drawn 8-8 the previous week at Musgrave Park, Cork.Over the years, Shannon have had numerous temporary grounds, including the field at the Island Bank, Gilligan's field, Johnny Cusack's field and Egan's Field in Corbally. The first purchased grounds were 14 acres (57,000 m2) of land at Fir Hill, Gortatogher, (better known as Athlunkard) just two miles (3 km) from Limerick city. Those grounds were later sold to Corbally Utd. soccer club in favour of our current more spacious grounds at Coonagh off the Ennis Road. Today, Shannon's home grounds are Thomond Park.While still a junior club, Shannon became co-tenants with Bohemians RFC at the Munster RFU-owned grounds at famed Thomond Park. In 1967, they completed their own Club Pavilion there. In 1978, the Pavilion was extended to the size it is today.A milestone in the history of the club was the celebration of their centenary in 1984.
Honours
AIB League
1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2008-09: 9
Division 1B 2017–18, 2021–22
All-Ireland Cup
2007-08
Munster Senior Cup
1960, 1977, 1978, 1982, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1996, 1998, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007-08: 19
Munster Junior Cup
1914, 1920, 1924–25, 1939–40, 1954, 1961–62, 1996, 2015: 8
Munster Senior League
1981, 1986, 1989, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2004-05: 7
Notable players
See also Category:Shannon RFC players
Munster
Three Shannon players, Brendan Foley, Colm Tucker and Gerry McLoughlin, played for the Munster side that defeated the touring All Blacks 12–0 on 31 October 1978 at Thomond Park. Mick Galwey captained the Munster side when they finished as runners up in the Heineken Cup finals of 2000 and 2002. In the 2005-06 season seven Shannon players, including the captain, Anthony Foley, helped Munster win the Heineken Cup for the first time.
Ireland 7s
The following Shannon players have played for the Ireland national rugby sevens team:
Greg O’Shea
Ireland
The following Shannon players have represented Ireland at full international level.
British & Irish Lions
The following Shannon players have also represented the British & Irish Lions.
International referee
John Lacey
Joy Neville
Potholes & Penguins Podcast
The origin of the term Pothole originates from the former Australia national rugby union teamplayer, John Langford (rugby union) , during one Shannon Rugby training session, he called one of his teammates a pothole. Source of this information is not verified but it was mentioned on the Penguins & Potholes Podcast (episode 2) hosted by Barry Murphy (rugby union) & Andrew Trimble , that David Quinlan (rugby union, born 26 January 1978) inquired what a pothole was when John Langford had said it. You will have to tune into the podcast to have a listen.
References
External links
Shannon RFC's Official Website
Shannon at Munster Rugby website
Munster Rugby
IRFU | sport | {
"answer_start": [
3932
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"text": [
"rugby union"
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Shannon Rugby Football Club is the most successful club in the All Ireland League, having won the competition nine times. They hail from Limerick near the banks of the Shannon river. Shannon RFC is a member of the Irish Rugby Football Union Munster Branch. The club is one of the top amateur sides in Ireland has seen many of its players progress to professional and international rugby. The 1st XV plays in Division 1A of the All-Ireland League. While the women's side compete in Division 1 of the Munster League. Shannon RFC fields underage teams for boys and girls from u6s - u20s. Shannon RFC made history in 2017 as being the first club in the country to field a girls u20s side.
History
Shannon RFC was founded on 18 February 1884, in the Shamrock Bar on Corbally Road in Limerick. The founding members were Dan Duggan, Richie Gleeson, Pierce Hartney, Joe Hegarty and Paddy Lynch, who was the team's first captain. Stephan Hanrahan was president of the club for the first two years. Shannon remained a junior club for close to 70 years, during which time Shannon supplied numerous players to Garryowen. Shannon won the Munster Junior Cup for the first time in 1914. Their first Transfield cup was won in 1938. The following year, the Munster Junior Cup was won again. One year later (1940), in the process of winning their first Charity Cup, they added both the Munster Junior Cup and Transfield Cup.Shannon attained senior status in the 1953–54 season, becoming Limerick's fifth senior club. In 1960 Shannon won their first Munster Senior Cup, defeating University College Cork, in a replay at Thomond Park, having drawn 8-8 the previous week at Musgrave Park, Cork.Over the years, Shannon have had numerous temporary grounds, including the field at the Island Bank, Gilligan's field, Johnny Cusack's field and Egan's Field in Corbally. The first purchased grounds were 14 acres (57,000 m2) of land at Fir Hill, Gortatogher, (better known as Athlunkard) just two miles (3 km) from Limerick city. Those grounds were later sold to Corbally Utd. soccer club in favour of our current more spacious grounds at Coonagh off the Ennis Road. Today, Shannon's home grounds are Thomond Park.While still a junior club, Shannon became co-tenants with Bohemians RFC at the Munster RFU-owned grounds at famed Thomond Park. In 1967, they completed their own Club Pavilion there. In 1978, the Pavilion was extended to the size it is today.A milestone in the history of the club was the celebration of their centenary in 1984.
Honours
AIB League
1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2008-09: 9
Division 1B 2017–18, 2021–22
All-Ireland Cup
2007-08
Munster Senior Cup
1960, 1977, 1978, 1982, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1996, 1998, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007-08: 19
Munster Junior Cup
1914, 1920, 1924–25, 1939–40, 1954, 1961–62, 1996, 2015: 8
Munster Senior League
1981, 1986, 1989, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2004-05: 7
Notable players
See also Category:Shannon RFC players
Munster
Three Shannon players, Brendan Foley, Colm Tucker and Gerry McLoughlin, played for the Munster side that defeated the touring All Blacks 12–0 on 31 October 1978 at Thomond Park. Mick Galwey captained the Munster side when they finished as runners up in the Heineken Cup finals of 2000 and 2002. In the 2005-06 season seven Shannon players, including the captain, Anthony Foley, helped Munster win the Heineken Cup for the first time.
Ireland 7s
The following Shannon players have played for the Ireland national rugby sevens team:
Greg O’Shea
Ireland
The following Shannon players have represented Ireland at full international level.
British & Irish Lions
The following Shannon players have also represented the British & Irish Lions.
International referee
John Lacey
Joy Neville
Potholes & Penguins Podcast
The origin of the term Pothole originates from the former Australia national rugby union teamplayer, John Langford (rugby union) , during one Shannon Rugby training session, he called one of his teammates a pothole. Source of this information is not verified but it was mentioned on the Penguins & Potholes Podcast (episode 2) hosted by Barry Murphy (rugby union) & Andrew Trimble , that David Quinlan (rugby union, born 26 January 1978) inquired what a pothole was when John Langford had said it. You will have to tune into the podcast to have a listen.
References
External links
Shannon RFC's Official Website
Shannon at Munster Rugby website
Munster Rugby
IRFU | topic's main category | {
"answer_start": [
3000
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"text": [
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Fianna Fáil (, Irish: [ˌfʲiən̪ˠə ˈfˠaːlʲ] (listen); meaning 'Soldiers of Destiny' or 'Warriors of Fál'), officially Fianna Fáil – The Republican Party (Irish: Fianna Fáil – An Páirtí Poblachtánach), is a conservative and Christian-democratic political party registered in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.
The party was founded as a republican party on 16 May 1926 by Éamon de Valera and his supporters after they split from Sinn Féin. De Valera and his followers were determined to take seats in the Oireachtas while Sinn Féin's policy was to refuse to recognise it. Since 1927, Fianna Fáil has been one of Ireland's two major parties, along with Fine Gael since 1933; both are seen as centre-right parties, to the right of the Labour Party and Sinn Féin. The party dominated Irish political life for most of the 20th century, and, since its foundation, either it or Fine Gael has led every government. Between 1932 and 2011, it was the largest party in Dáil Éireann, but latterly with a decline in its vote share; from 1989 onwards, its periods of government were in coalition with parties of either the left or the right.
Fianna Fáil's vote collapsed in the 2011 general election; it emerged in third place, in what was widely seen as a political realignment in the wake of the post-2008 Irish economic downturn. By 2016, it had recovered enough to become the largest opposition party, and it entered a confidence and supply arrangement with a Fine Gael–led minority government. In 2020, after a number of months of political stalemate following the general election, Fianna Fáil agreed with Fine Gael and the Green Party to enter into an unprecedented coalition, with the leaders of Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael rotating between the roles of Taoiseach and Tánaiste.
Fianna Fáil is a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe and of Liberal International. From February 2019 to September 2022, Fianna Fáil was in partnership with the Social Democratic and Labour Party in Northern Ireland.
History
Fianna Fáil was founded by Éamon de Valera, a former leader of Sinn Féin. He and a number of other members split from Sinn Féin when a motion he proposed—which called for elected members to be allowed to take their seats in Dáil Éireann if and when the controversial Oath of Allegiance was removed—failed to pass at the Sinn Féin Ard Fheis in 1926. His new party adopted its name on 2 April of the same year. While it was also opposed to the Treaty settlement, it rejected abstentionism, instead aiming to republicanise the Irish Free State from within. Fianna Fáil's platform of economic autarky had appeal among the farmers, working-class people and the poor, while alienating more affluent classes. It largely pre-empted voters of the aforementioned groups from the Labour Party (with its almost identical economic and social policy) following its entry into the Dáil in 1927. Fianna Fáil would go on to style themselves for several decades as "the real Labour Party."Cumann na nGaedheal sought to exploit the notion that Fianna Fáil was a party in thrall to communists. During the 1932 general election campaign, Cumann na Gaedheal declared in a newspaper advert that "the gunmen and Communists are voting for Fianna Fáil today – vote for the Government party." However, Fianna Fáil won the election. The party first entered government on 9 March 1932. It was in power for 61 of the 79 years between then and the election of 2011. Its longest continuous period in office has been 15 years and 11 months (March 1932 – February 1948). Its longest single period out of office in the 20th century was four years and four months (March 1973 – July 1977). All of the party's leaders have served as Taoiseach.The party's most dominant era was the 41-year period between 1932 and 1973, when party leaders Éamon de Valera, Seán Lemass and Jack Lynch served as Taoiseach in an almost unbroken chain save for six years that John A. Costello of Fine Gael briefly interrupted. De Valera's reign is acknowledged for having successfully guided Ireland through World War II unscathed but is criticised for leaving Ireland in economic and cultural stagnation. His successors such as Lemass however were able to turn around Ireland's economic fortunes as well as primed the country for entry into the European Economic Community, later the European Union.
Fianna Fáil's fortunes began to falter in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1970 the Arms Crisis threatened to split the entire party in two when Fianna Fáil cabinet ministers Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney were dismissed by Jack Lynch after being accused of seeking to provide arms to the newly emergent Provisional Irish Republican Army. Factional infighting over Northern Ireland, economics and the "moral issues" such as the legalization of divorce, abortion, and contraception plagued the party in this era and grew particularly intense when Charles Haughey later became party leader. Under Haughey, Fianna Fáil lost both the 1981 general election and November 1982 general election to Garret FitzGerald's Fine Gael during a particularly chaotic time in Ireland's political and economic history. Numerous failed internal attempts to oust Haughey as leader of the party culminated in the most significant split in the party's history when a large portion of the membership walked out to create the Progressive Democrats in 1985, under the leadership of Haughey archrival Desmond O'Malley. Haughey was forced to resign as Taoiseach and party leader in 1992 following revelations about his role in a phone tapping scandal.Although the two parties had seemed poised to be bitter enemies owing to the personal conflicts between the memberships, from 1989 onwards Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats served repeatedly in coalition governments together, helping to stabilise Fianna Fáil. In 1994 Fianna Fáil came under the new leadership of Haughey protégé Bertie Ahern, who also became Taoiseach in 1997. Under Ahern, Fianna Fáil was able to claim credit for helping to broker the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 which began the peace process in Northern Ireland, as well the economic upswing caused by the Celtic Tiger which saw Ireland's economy boom during the 2000s. However, this momentum came to a sharp and sudden halt following two events. Firstly, Ahern was forced to resign as Taoiseach and left the party in 2008 following revelations made in the Mahon Tribunal that Ahern had accepted money from property developers. Secondly, the party, which was still in government under a new leader and Taoiseach Brian Cowen, was held responsible for the effects of the post-2008 Irish economic downturn. The party's popularity crashed: an opinion poll on 27 February 2009 indicated that only 10% of voters were satisfied with the Government's performance.In the 2011 general election, it suffered the worst defeat of a sitting government in the history of the Irish state. This loss was described as "historic" in its proportions and "unthinkable". The party sank from being the largest in the Dáil to the third-largest, losing 58 of its 78 seats. This broke 79 consecutive years of Fianna Fáil being the largest single party in the Dáil. That election took place with Michael Martin as leader, as Cowen had resigned as party leader in January 2011, although retained his role as Taoiseach until the election. Cowen's premiership was sharply criticised in the media, with The Sunday Times describing Cowen's tenure as Taoiseach as "a dismal failure" and in 2011 the Irish Independent calling Cowen the "worst Taoiseach in the history of the State."
Recent history
Martin continued to lead Fianna Fáil past 2011; In the 2016 general election Martin's Fianna Fáil made a moderate recovery while Fine Gael retained control of the government as a minority government, made possible by a confidence and supply agreement with Fianna Fáíl. In 2018 the party was divided internally over how the party would handle that year's referendum on the Eighth Amendment, the provision in the Irish constitution which forbade abortion, with a significant portion of both the parliamentary party and the ordinary membership in favour of a No vote. Leader Michael Martin signalled his own desire for a Yes vote, but was unable to bring the party under one stance, and ultimately more than half of Fianna Fáil's TDs campaigned for a No vote. On polling day the Yes side won, 66% to 33%.
After the 2020 general election, for the first time in history, Fianna Fáil entered into a coalition government with its traditional rival Fine Gael, as well as the Green Party, with Fianna Fáil leader Micheál Martin serving as Taoiseach. That same year a number of Fianna Fáil members were involved in the "Golfgate" scandal, an event that ultimately led to the resignation of Fianna Fáil deputy leader Dara Calleary. In July 2021 Fianna Fáil suffered what a number of sources suggested might have been the single worst result in its history when the party polled extremely poorly in the 2021 Dublin Bay South by-election. The result prompted Jim O'Callaghan and Cathal Crowe to question whether Martin should lead the party into its next general election. In February 2023, former leader Bertie Ahern rejoined the party, having left in 2012.
Organisation and structure
Fianna Fáil uses a structure called a cumann system. The basic unit was the cumann (branch); these were grouped into comhairlí ceantair (district branches) and a comhairle dáil ceantair (constituency branch) in every constituency. The party claimed that in 2005 they had 50,000 registered names, but only an estimated 10,000–15,000 members were considered active.However, from the early 1990s onward the cumann structure was weakened. Every cumann was entitled to three votes to selection conventions irrespective of its size; hence, a large number of cumainn had become in effect "paper cumainn", the only use of which was to ensure an aspiring or sitting candidate got enough votes. Although this phenomenon was nothing new (the most famous example being Neil Blaney's "Donegal Mafia").Since the 2007 election, the party's structure has significantly weakened. This was in part exacerbated by significant infighting between candidates in the run-up to the 2011 general election. The Irish Times estimated that half of its 3,000 cumainn were effectively moribund. This fraction rose in Dublin with the exception of Dublin West, the former seat of both Brian Lenihan Snr and Brian Lenihan Jnr.
Ideology
In the modern era, Fianna Fáil is seen as a typical catch-all party and has defined itself as such. In the 1980s Brian Lenihan Snr declared "there are no isms or [ide]ologies in my party", while in the early 2000s Fianna Fáil leader Bertie Ahern affirmed the party's catch-all stance by defining Fianna Fáil as a party that "looks out for the small ranking guy, the middle-ranking guy and assists the big guy". This contrasts with the more working-class orientation Fianna Fáil had in the early 20th century; In 1926 Seán Lemass described the party as "a progressive republican party based on the actual conditions of the moment" while upon winning the 1932 Irish general election, newly elected Fianna Fáil TD Seán Moylan proclaimed that Fianna Fáil's win meant a victory of "the owners of the donkey and cart over the pony and trap class". The Fianna Fáil party of the 1930s has been described as an economically social democratic one that sought to create an economically independent state (autarky) via protectionist policies, based on its culturally nationalist thinking.During the leadership of Seán Lemass in the 1960s, Fianna Fáil began to utilise some corporatist policies (embracing the concept of ‘social partnership’), taking some influence from the Roman Catholic Church. It was also during Lemass' time that the party shifted heavily away from autarkic thinking and towards a firm belief in free trade and foreign direct investment in Ireland.In 1967 Jack Lynch described the party as "left of centre" while suggesting it was to the left of Fine Gael and Labour. However, during the 1969 Irish general election the party ran red scare tactics against Labour after it began using the slogan "the seventies will be socialist!". As Fine Gael became more and more socially liberal in the 1970s under Garret FitzGerald, the party reacted by embracing social conservatism and populism. In the same time period, the emergence of the Troubles and the Arms Crisis of 1971 tested the party's nationalism, but despite these events, Fianna Fáil maintained their moderate culturally nationalist stance.In the 1990s, Fianna Fáil was described as a conservative party but also as a nationalist party. It has presented itself as a "broad church" and attracted support from across disparate social classes. Between 1989 and 2011, it led coalition governments with parties of both the left and the right. Fianna Fáil's platform contains a number of enduring commitments: to Irish unity; to the promotion and protection of the Irish language; and to maintaining Ireland's tradition of military neutrality. While the party is distinctly more populist, nationalist, and generally more economically interventionist than Fine Gael, the party shares its rival's support of the European Union. Although part of the liberal ALDE group in the European Parliament, the party has not supported the group's positions on civil liberties and its liberal nature is disputed, though the party did legalize same-sex civil partnerships in 2010.The party's name and logo incorporates the words 'The Republican Party'. According to Fianna Fáil, "Republican here stands both for the unity of the island and a commitment to the historic principles of European republican philosophy, namely liberty, equality and fraternity". The party's main goal at its beginning was to reunite the North and the South.R. Ken Carty wrote of Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael that they were "heterogeneous in their bases of support, relatively undifferentiated in terms of policy or programme, and remarkably stable in their support levels". Evidence from expert surveys, opinion polls and candidate surveys all fail to identify strong distinctions between the two parties.
Leadership and president
The following are the terms of office as party leader and as Taoiseach:
Deputy leader
Seanad leader
Electoral results
Dáil Éireann
European Parliament
Front bench
Ógra Fianna Fáil
Ógra Fianna Fáil serves as the party's official youth wing.
Fianna Fáil and Northern Ireland politics
On 17 September 2007, Fianna Fáil announced that the party would for the first time organise in Northern Ireland. The then Foreign Minister Dermot Ahern was asked to chair a committee on the matter: "In the period ahead Dermot Ahern will lead efforts to develop that strategy for carrying through this policy, examining timescales and structures. We will act gradually and strategically. We are under no illusions. It will not be easy. It will challenge us all. But I am confident we will succeed".The party embarked on its first ever recruitment drive north of the border in September 2007 in northern universities, and established two 'Political Societies', the William Drennan Cumann in Queens University, Belfast, and the Watty Graham Cumann in UU Magee, Derry, which subsequently became official units of Fianna Fáil's youth wing, attaining full membership and voting rights, and attained official voting delegates at the 2012 Ard Fheis. On 23 February 2008, it was announced that a former Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) councillor, Colonel Harvey Bicker, had joined Fianna Fáil.Bertie Ahern announced on 7 December 2007 that Fianna Fáil had been registered in Northern Ireland by the UK Electoral Commission.
The party's Ard Fheis in 2009 unanimously passed a motion to organise in Northern Ireland by establishing forums, rather than cumainn, in each of its six counties. In December 2009, Fianna Fáil secured its first Northern Ireland Assembly MLA when Gerry McHugh, an independent MLA, announced he had joined the party. Mr. McHugh confirmed that although he had joined the party, he would continue to sit as an independent MLA. In June 2010, Fianna Fáil opened its first official office in Northern Ireland, in Crossmaglen, County Armagh. The then Taoiseach Brian Cowen officially opened the office, accompanied by Ministers Éamon Ó Cuív and Dermot Ahern and Deputies Rory O’Hanlon and Margaret Conlon. Discussing the party's slow development towards all-Ireland politics, Mr. Cowen observed: "We have a very open and pragmatic approach. We are a constitutional republican party and we make no secret of the aspirations on which this party was founded. It has always been very clear in our mind what it is we are seeking to achieve, that is to reconcile this country and not being prisoners of our past history. To be part of a generation that will build a new Ireland, an Ireland of which we can all be proud".Fianna Fáil has not contested any elections in Northern Ireland since its registration and recognition there in 2007. At the party's 2014 Ard Fheis, a motion was passed without debate to stand candidates for election north of the border for the first time in 2019.Since 24 January 2019, the party have been in partnership with the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) formerly the main Irish nationalist party in Northern Ireland, but now smaller than Sinn Féin. There had long been speculation about the eventual partnership for several years prior. This was initially met with a negative reaction from Seamus Mallon, former Deputy Leader of the SDLP, who stated he would be opposed to any such merger. Former leader of the SDLP Margaret Ritchie originally stated publicly that she opposed any merger, announcing to the Labour Party Conference that such a merger would not happen on her "watch". On 10 January 2019, Richie stated that she now supported a new partnership with Fianna Fáil.Both Fianna Fáil and the SDLP currently have shared policies on key areas including addressing the current political situation in Northern Ireland, improving public services in both jurisdictions of Ireland, such as healthcare, housing, education, and governmental reform, and bringing about the further unity and cooperation of the people on the island and arrangements for a future poll on Irish reunification.In September 2022, SDLP party leader Colum Eastwood announced the end of its partnership with Fianna Fáil, saying that the SDLP needed to move forward by "standing on its own two feet".
Representation in European institutions
Fianna Fáil joined the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) party on 16 April 2009, and the party's Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) sat in the ALDE Group during the 7th European Parliament term from June 2009 to 1 July 2014. The party is a full member of the Liberal International. Prior to this, the party was part of the Eurosceptic Union for Europe of the Nations parliamentary group between 1999 and 2009.Party headquarters, over the objections of some MEPs, had made several attempts to sever the party's links to the European right, including an aborted 2004 agreement to join the European Liberal Democrat and Reform (ELDR) Party, with whom it already sat in the Council of Europe under the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) banner. On 27 February 2009, Taoiseach Brian Cowen announced that Fianna Fáil proposed to join the ELDR Party and intended to sit with them in the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Group in the European Parliament after the 2009 European elections.In October 2009, it was reported that Fianna Fáil had irritated its new Liberal colleagues by failing to vote for the motion on press freedom in Italy (resulting in its defeat by a majority of one in the Parliament) and by trying to scupper their party colleagues' initiative for gay rights. In January 2010, a report by academic experts writing for the votewatch.eu site found that FF "do not seem to toe the political line" of the ALDE Group "when it comes to budget and civil liberties" issues.In the 2014 European elections, Fianna Fáil received 22.3% of first-preference votes but only returned a single MEP, a reduction in representation of two MEPs from the previous term. This was due to a combination of the party's vote further dropping in Dublin and a two candidate strategy in the Midlands North West constituency, which backfired, resulting in sitting MEP Pat "the Cope" Gallagher losing his seat. On 23 June 2014, returning MEP Brian Crowley announced that he intended to sit with the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) rather than the ALDE group during the upcoming 8th term of the European parliament. The following day on 24 June 2014 Crowley had the Fianna Fáil party whip withdrawn. He has since been re-added to Fianna Fáil's website.In the European Committee of the Regions, Fianna Fáil sits in the Renew Europe CoR group, with two full and two alternate members for the 2020–2025 mandate. Kate Feeney is third vice-president of the Group and Group Coordinator in the SEDEC commission. Gillian Coughlan is Deputy Coordinator in the SEDEC Commission.
See also
Fianna Fáil politicians
List of political parties in Northern Ireland
List of political parties in the Republic of Ireland
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Official website
'Report of the Tribunal of Inquiry into the Beef Processing Industry'
Report of the McCracken Tribunal
Final report of the Mahon Tribunal | country | {
"answer_start": [
281
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"Republic of Ireland"
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Fianna Fáil (, Irish: [ˌfʲiən̪ˠə ˈfˠaːlʲ] (listen); meaning 'Soldiers of Destiny' or 'Warriors of Fál'), officially Fianna Fáil – The Republican Party (Irish: Fianna Fáil – An Páirtí Poblachtánach), is a conservative and Christian-democratic political party registered in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.
The party was founded as a republican party on 16 May 1926 by Éamon de Valera and his supporters after they split from Sinn Féin. De Valera and his followers were determined to take seats in the Oireachtas while Sinn Féin's policy was to refuse to recognise it. Since 1927, Fianna Fáil has been one of Ireland's two major parties, along with Fine Gael since 1933; both are seen as centre-right parties, to the right of the Labour Party and Sinn Féin. The party dominated Irish political life for most of the 20th century, and, since its foundation, either it or Fine Gael has led every government. Between 1932 and 2011, it was the largest party in Dáil Éireann, but latterly with a decline in its vote share; from 1989 onwards, its periods of government were in coalition with parties of either the left or the right.
Fianna Fáil's vote collapsed in the 2011 general election; it emerged in third place, in what was widely seen as a political realignment in the wake of the post-2008 Irish economic downturn. By 2016, it had recovered enough to become the largest opposition party, and it entered a confidence and supply arrangement with a Fine Gael–led minority government. In 2020, after a number of months of political stalemate following the general election, Fianna Fáil agreed with Fine Gael and the Green Party to enter into an unprecedented coalition, with the leaders of Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael rotating between the roles of Taoiseach and Tánaiste.
Fianna Fáil is a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe and of Liberal International. From February 2019 to September 2022, Fianna Fáil was in partnership with the Social Democratic and Labour Party in Northern Ireland.
History
Fianna Fáil was founded by Éamon de Valera, a former leader of Sinn Féin. He and a number of other members split from Sinn Féin when a motion he proposed—which called for elected members to be allowed to take their seats in Dáil Éireann if and when the controversial Oath of Allegiance was removed—failed to pass at the Sinn Féin Ard Fheis in 1926. His new party adopted its name on 2 April of the same year. While it was also opposed to the Treaty settlement, it rejected abstentionism, instead aiming to republicanise the Irish Free State from within. Fianna Fáil's platform of economic autarky had appeal among the farmers, working-class people and the poor, while alienating more affluent classes. It largely pre-empted voters of the aforementioned groups from the Labour Party (with its almost identical economic and social policy) following its entry into the Dáil in 1927. Fianna Fáil would go on to style themselves for several decades as "the real Labour Party."Cumann na nGaedheal sought to exploit the notion that Fianna Fáil was a party in thrall to communists. During the 1932 general election campaign, Cumann na Gaedheal declared in a newspaper advert that "the gunmen and Communists are voting for Fianna Fáil today – vote for the Government party." However, Fianna Fáil won the election. The party first entered government on 9 March 1932. It was in power for 61 of the 79 years between then and the election of 2011. Its longest continuous period in office has been 15 years and 11 months (March 1932 – February 1948). Its longest single period out of office in the 20th century was four years and four months (March 1973 – July 1977). All of the party's leaders have served as Taoiseach.The party's most dominant era was the 41-year period between 1932 and 1973, when party leaders Éamon de Valera, Seán Lemass and Jack Lynch served as Taoiseach in an almost unbroken chain save for six years that John A. Costello of Fine Gael briefly interrupted. De Valera's reign is acknowledged for having successfully guided Ireland through World War II unscathed but is criticised for leaving Ireland in economic and cultural stagnation. His successors such as Lemass however were able to turn around Ireland's economic fortunes as well as primed the country for entry into the European Economic Community, later the European Union.
Fianna Fáil's fortunes began to falter in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1970 the Arms Crisis threatened to split the entire party in two when Fianna Fáil cabinet ministers Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney were dismissed by Jack Lynch after being accused of seeking to provide arms to the newly emergent Provisional Irish Republican Army. Factional infighting over Northern Ireland, economics and the "moral issues" such as the legalization of divorce, abortion, and contraception plagued the party in this era and grew particularly intense when Charles Haughey later became party leader. Under Haughey, Fianna Fáil lost both the 1981 general election and November 1982 general election to Garret FitzGerald's Fine Gael during a particularly chaotic time in Ireland's political and economic history. Numerous failed internal attempts to oust Haughey as leader of the party culminated in the most significant split in the party's history when a large portion of the membership walked out to create the Progressive Democrats in 1985, under the leadership of Haughey archrival Desmond O'Malley. Haughey was forced to resign as Taoiseach and party leader in 1992 following revelations about his role in a phone tapping scandal.Although the two parties had seemed poised to be bitter enemies owing to the personal conflicts between the memberships, from 1989 onwards Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats served repeatedly in coalition governments together, helping to stabilise Fianna Fáil. In 1994 Fianna Fáil came under the new leadership of Haughey protégé Bertie Ahern, who also became Taoiseach in 1997. Under Ahern, Fianna Fáil was able to claim credit for helping to broker the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 which began the peace process in Northern Ireland, as well the economic upswing caused by the Celtic Tiger which saw Ireland's economy boom during the 2000s. However, this momentum came to a sharp and sudden halt following two events. Firstly, Ahern was forced to resign as Taoiseach and left the party in 2008 following revelations made in the Mahon Tribunal that Ahern had accepted money from property developers. Secondly, the party, which was still in government under a new leader and Taoiseach Brian Cowen, was held responsible for the effects of the post-2008 Irish economic downturn. The party's popularity crashed: an opinion poll on 27 February 2009 indicated that only 10% of voters were satisfied with the Government's performance.In the 2011 general election, it suffered the worst defeat of a sitting government in the history of the Irish state. This loss was described as "historic" in its proportions and "unthinkable". The party sank from being the largest in the Dáil to the third-largest, losing 58 of its 78 seats. This broke 79 consecutive years of Fianna Fáil being the largest single party in the Dáil. That election took place with Michael Martin as leader, as Cowen had resigned as party leader in January 2011, although retained his role as Taoiseach until the election. Cowen's premiership was sharply criticised in the media, with The Sunday Times describing Cowen's tenure as Taoiseach as "a dismal failure" and in 2011 the Irish Independent calling Cowen the "worst Taoiseach in the history of the State."
Recent history
Martin continued to lead Fianna Fáil past 2011; In the 2016 general election Martin's Fianna Fáil made a moderate recovery while Fine Gael retained control of the government as a minority government, made possible by a confidence and supply agreement with Fianna Fáíl. In 2018 the party was divided internally over how the party would handle that year's referendum on the Eighth Amendment, the provision in the Irish constitution which forbade abortion, with a significant portion of both the parliamentary party and the ordinary membership in favour of a No vote. Leader Michael Martin signalled his own desire for a Yes vote, but was unable to bring the party under one stance, and ultimately more than half of Fianna Fáil's TDs campaigned for a No vote. On polling day the Yes side won, 66% to 33%.
After the 2020 general election, for the first time in history, Fianna Fáil entered into a coalition government with its traditional rival Fine Gael, as well as the Green Party, with Fianna Fáil leader Micheál Martin serving as Taoiseach. That same year a number of Fianna Fáil members were involved in the "Golfgate" scandal, an event that ultimately led to the resignation of Fianna Fáil deputy leader Dara Calleary. In July 2021 Fianna Fáil suffered what a number of sources suggested might have been the single worst result in its history when the party polled extremely poorly in the 2021 Dublin Bay South by-election. The result prompted Jim O'Callaghan and Cathal Crowe to question whether Martin should lead the party into its next general election. In February 2023, former leader Bertie Ahern rejoined the party, having left in 2012.
Organisation and structure
Fianna Fáil uses a structure called a cumann system. The basic unit was the cumann (branch); these were grouped into comhairlí ceantair (district branches) and a comhairle dáil ceantair (constituency branch) in every constituency. The party claimed that in 2005 they had 50,000 registered names, but only an estimated 10,000–15,000 members were considered active.However, from the early 1990s onward the cumann structure was weakened. Every cumann was entitled to three votes to selection conventions irrespective of its size; hence, a large number of cumainn had become in effect "paper cumainn", the only use of which was to ensure an aspiring or sitting candidate got enough votes. Although this phenomenon was nothing new (the most famous example being Neil Blaney's "Donegal Mafia").Since the 2007 election, the party's structure has significantly weakened. This was in part exacerbated by significant infighting between candidates in the run-up to the 2011 general election. The Irish Times estimated that half of its 3,000 cumainn were effectively moribund. This fraction rose in Dublin with the exception of Dublin West, the former seat of both Brian Lenihan Snr and Brian Lenihan Jnr.
Ideology
In the modern era, Fianna Fáil is seen as a typical catch-all party and has defined itself as such. In the 1980s Brian Lenihan Snr declared "there are no isms or [ide]ologies in my party", while in the early 2000s Fianna Fáil leader Bertie Ahern affirmed the party's catch-all stance by defining Fianna Fáil as a party that "looks out for the small ranking guy, the middle-ranking guy and assists the big guy". This contrasts with the more working-class orientation Fianna Fáil had in the early 20th century; In 1926 Seán Lemass described the party as "a progressive republican party based on the actual conditions of the moment" while upon winning the 1932 Irish general election, newly elected Fianna Fáil TD Seán Moylan proclaimed that Fianna Fáil's win meant a victory of "the owners of the donkey and cart over the pony and trap class". The Fianna Fáil party of the 1930s has been described as an economically social democratic one that sought to create an economically independent state (autarky) via protectionist policies, based on its culturally nationalist thinking.During the leadership of Seán Lemass in the 1960s, Fianna Fáil began to utilise some corporatist policies (embracing the concept of ‘social partnership’), taking some influence from the Roman Catholic Church. It was also during Lemass' time that the party shifted heavily away from autarkic thinking and towards a firm belief in free trade and foreign direct investment in Ireland.In 1967 Jack Lynch described the party as "left of centre" while suggesting it was to the left of Fine Gael and Labour. However, during the 1969 Irish general election the party ran red scare tactics against Labour after it began using the slogan "the seventies will be socialist!". As Fine Gael became more and more socially liberal in the 1970s under Garret FitzGerald, the party reacted by embracing social conservatism and populism. In the same time period, the emergence of the Troubles and the Arms Crisis of 1971 tested the party's nationalism, but despite these events, Fianna Fáil maintained their moderate culturally nationalist stance.In the 1990s, Fianna Fáil was described as a conservative party but also as a nationalist party. It has presented itself as a "broad church" and attracted support from across disparate social classes. Between 1989 and 2011, it led coalition governments with parties of both the left and the right. Fianna Fáil's platform contains a number of enduring commitments: to Irish unity; to the promotion and protection of the Irish language; and to maintaining Ireland's tradition of military neutrality. While the party is distinctly more populist, nationalist, and generally more economically interventionist than Fine Gael, the party shares its rival's support of the European Union. Although part of the liberal ALDE group in the European Parliament, the party has not supported the group's positions on civil liberties and its liberal nature is disputed, though the party did legalize same-sex civil partnerships in 2010.The party's name and logo incorporates the words 'The Republican Party'. According to Fianna Fáil, "Republican here stands both for the unity of the island and a commitment to the historic principles of European republican philosophy, namely liberty, equality and fraternity". The party's main goal at its beginning was to reunite the North and the South.R. Ken Carty wrote of Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael that they were "heterogeneous in their bases of support, relatively undifferentiated in terms of policy or programme, and remarkably stable in their support levels". Evidence from expert surveys, opinion polls and candidate surveys all fail to identify strong distinctions between the two parties.
Leadership and president
The following are the terms of office as party leader and as Taoiseach:
Deputy leader
Seanad leader
Electoral results
Dáil Éireann
European Parliament
Front bench
Ógra Fianna Fáil
Ógra Fianna Fáil serves as the party's official youth wing.
Fianna Fáil and Northern Ireland politics
On 17 September 2007, Fianna Fáil announced that the party would for the first time organise in Northern Ireland. The then Foreign Minister Dermot Ahern was asked to chair a committee on the matter: "In the period ahead Dermot Ahern will lead efforts to develop that strategy for carrying through this policy, examining timescales and structures. We will act gradually and strategically. We are under no illusions. It will not be easy. It will challenge us all. But I am confident we will succeed".The party embarked on its first ever recruitment drive north of the border in September 2007 in northern universities, and established two 'Political Societies', the William Drennan Cumann in Queens University, Belfast, and the Watty Graham Cumann in UU Magee, Derry, which subsequently became official units of Fianna Fáil's youth wing, attaining full membership and voting rights, and attained official voting delegates at the 2012 Ard Fheis. On 23 February 2008, it was announced that a former Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) councillor, Colonel Harvey Bicker, had joined Fianna Fáil.Bertie Ahern announced on 7 December 2007 that Fianna Fáil had been registered in Northern Ireland by the UK Electoral Commission.
The party's Ard Fheis in 2009 unanimously passed a motion to organise in Northern Ireland by establishing forums, rather than cumainn, in each of its six counties. In December 2009, Fianna Fáil secured its first Northern Ireland Assembly MLA when Gerry McHugh, an independent MLA, announced he had joined the party. Mr. McHugh confirmed that although he had joined the party, he would continue to sit as an independent MLA. In June 2010, Fianna Fáil opened its first official office in Northern Ireland, in Crossmaglen, County Armagh. The then Taoiseach Brian Cowen officially opened the office, accompanied by Ministers Éamon Ó Cuív and Dermot Ahern and Deputies Rory O’Hanlon and Margaret Conlon. Discussing the party's slow development towards all-Ireland politics, Mr. Cowen observed: "We have a very open and pragmatic approach. We are a constitutional republican party and we make no secret of the aspirations on which this party was founded. It has always been very clear in our mind what it is we are seeking to achieve, that is to reconcile this country and not being prisoners of our past history. To be part of a generation that will build a new Ireland, an Ireland of which we can all be proud".Fianna Fáil has not contested any elections in Northern Ireland since its registration and recognition there in 2007. At the party's 2014 Ard Fheis, a motion was passed without debate to stand candidates for election north of the border for the first time in 2019.Since 24 January 2019, the party have been in partnership with the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) formerly the main Irish nationalist party in Northern Ireland, but now smaller than Sinn Féin. There had long been speculation about the eventual partnership for several years prior. This was initially met with a negative reaction from Seamus Mallon, former Deputy Leader of the SDLP, who stated he would be opposed to any such merger. Former leader of the SDLP Margaret Ritchie originally stated publicly that she opposed any merger, announcing to the Labour Party Conference that such a merger would not happen on her "watch". On 10 January 2019, Richie stated that she now supported a new partnership with Fianna Fáil.Both Fianna Fáil and the SDLP currently have shared policies on key areas including addressing the current political situation in Northern Ireland, improving public services in both jurisdictions of Ireland, such as healthcare, housing, education, and governmental reform, and bringing about the further unity and cooperation of the people on the island and arrangements for a future poll on Irish reunification.In September 2022, SDLP party leader Colum Eastwood announced the end of its partnership with Fianna Fáil, saying that the SDLP needed to move forward by "standing on its own two feet".
Representation in European institutions
Fianna Fáil joined the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) party on 16 April 2009, and the party's Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) sat in the ALDE Group during the 7th European Parliament term from June 2009 to 1 July 2014. The party is a full member of the Liberal International. Prior to this, the party was part of the Eurosceptic Union for Europe of the Nations parliamentary group between 1999 and 2009.Party headquarters, over the objections of some MEPs, had made several attempts to sever the party's links to the European right, including an aborted 2004 agreement to join the European Liberal Democrat and Reform (ELDR) Party, with whom it already sat in the Council of Europe under the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) banner. On 27 February 2009, Taoiseach Brian Cowen announced that Fianna Fáil proposed to join the ELDR Party and intended to sit with them in the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Group in the European Parliament after the 2009 European elections.In October 2009, it was reported that Fianna Fáil had irritated its new Liberal colleagues by failing to vote for the motion on press freedom in Italy (resulting in its defeat by a majority of one in the Parliament) and by trying to scupper their party colleagues' initiative for gay rights. In January 2010, a report by academic experts writing for the votewatch.eu site found that FF "do not seem to toe the political line" of the ALDE Group "when it comes to budget and civil liberties" issues.In the 2014 European elections, Fianna Fáil received 22.3% of first-preference votes but only returned a single MEP, a reduction in representation of two MEPs from the previous term. This was due to a combination of the party's vote further dropping in Dublin and a two candidate strategy in the Midlands North West constituency, which backfired, resulting in sitting MEP Pat "the Cope" Gallagher losing his seat. On 23 June 2014, returning MEP Brian Crowley announced that he intended to sit with the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) rather than the ALDE group during the upcoming 8th term of the European parliament. The following day on 24 June 2014 Crowley had the Fianna Fáil party whip withdrawn. He has since been re-added to Fianna Fáil's website.In the European Committee of the Regions, Fianna Fáil sits in the Renew Europe CoR group, with two full and two alternate members for the 2020–2025 mandate. Kate Feeney is third vice-president of the Group and Group Coordinator in the SEDEC commission. Gillian Coughlan is Deputy Coordinator in the SEDEC Commission.
See also
Fianna Fáil politicians
List of political parties in Northern Ireland
List of political parties in the Republic of Ireland
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Official website
'Report of the Tribunal of Inquiry into the Beef Processing Industry'
Report of the McCracken Tribunal
Final report of the Mahon Tribunal | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
242
],
"text": [
"political party"
]
} |
Fianna Fáil (, Irish: [ˌfʲiən̪ˠə ˈfˠaːlʲ] (listen); meaning 'Soldiers of Destiny' or 'Warriors of Fál'), officially Fianna Fáil – The Republican Party (Irish: Fianna Fáil – An Páirtí Poblachtánach), is a conservative and Christian-democratic political party registered in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.
The party was founded as a republican party on 16 May 1926 by Éamon de Valera and his supporters after they split from Sinn Féin. De Valera and his followers were determined to take seats in the Oireachtas while Sinn Féin's policy was to refuse to recognise it. Since 1927, Fianna Fáil has been one of Ireland's two major parties, along with Fine Gael since 1933; both are seen as centre-right parties, to the right of the Labour Party and Sinn Féin. The party dominated Irish political life for most of the 20th century, and, since its foundation, either it or Fine Gael has led every government. Between 1932 and 2011, it was the largest party in Dáil Éireann, but latterly with a decline in its vote share; from 1989 onwards, its periods of government were in coalition with parties of either the left or the right.
Fianna Fáil's vote collapsed in the 2011 general election; it emerged in third place, in what was widely seen as a political realignment in the wake of the post-2008 Irish economic downturn. By 2016, it had recovered enough to become the largest opposition party, and it entered a confidence and supply arrangement with a Fine Gael–led minority government. In 2020, after a number of months of political stalemate following the general election, Fianna Fáil agreed with Fine Gael and the Green Party to enter into an unprecedented coalition, with the leaders of Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael rotating between the roles of Taoiseach and Tánaiste.
Fianna Fáil is a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe and of Liberal International. From February 2019 to September 2022, Fianna Fáil was in partnership with the Social Democratic and Labour Party in Northern Ireland.
History
Fianna Fáil was founded by Éamon de Valera, a former leader of Sinn Féin. He and a number of other members split from Sinn Féin when a motion he proposed—which called for elected members to be allowed to take their seats in Dáil Éireann if and when the controversial Oath of Allegiance was removed—failed to pass at the Sinn Féin Ard Fheis in 1926. His new party adopted its name on 2 April of the same year. While it was also opposed to the Treaty settlement, it rejected abstentionism, instead aiming to republicanise the Irish Free State from within. Fianna Fáil's platform of economic autarky had appeal among the farmers, working-class people and the poor, while alienating more affluent classes. It largely pre-empted voters of the aforementioned groups from the Labour Party (with its almost identical economic and social policy) following its entry into the Dáil in 1927. Fianna Fáil would go on to style themselves for several decades as "the real Labour Party."Cumann na nGaedheal sought to exploit the notion that Fianna Fáil was a party in thrall to communists. During the 1932 general election campaign, Cumann na Gaedheal declared in a newspaper advert that "the gunmen and Communists are voting for Fianna Fáil today – vote for the Government party." However, Fianna Fáil won the election. The party first entered government on 9 March 1932. It was in power for 61 of the 79 years between then and the election of 2011. Its longest continuous period in office has been 15 years and 11 months (March 1932 – February 1948). Its longest single period out of office in the 20th century was four years and four months (March 1973 – July 1977). All of the party's leaders have served as Taoiseach.The party's most dominant era was the 41-year period between 1932 and 1973, when party leaders Éamon de Valera, Seán Lemass and Jack Lynch served as Taoiseach in an almost unbroken chain save for six years that John A. Costello of Fine Gael briefly interrupted. De Valera's reign is acknowledged for having successfully guided Ireland through World War II unscathed but is criticised for leaving Ireland in economic and cultural stagnation. His successors such as Lemass however were able to turn around Ireland's economic fortunes as well as primed the country for entry into the European Economic Community, later the European Union.
Fianna Fáil's fortunes began to falter in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1970 the Arms Crisis threatened to split the entire party in two when Fianna Fáil cabinet ministers Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney were dismissed by Jack Lynch after being accused of seeking to provide arms to the newly emergent Provisional Irish Republican Army. Factional infighting over Northern Ireland, economics and the "moral issues" such as the legalization of divorce, abortion, and contraception plagued the party in this era and grew particularly intense when Charles Haughey later became party leader. Under Haughey, Fianna Fáil lost both the 1981 general election and November 1982 general election to Garret FitzGerald's Fine Gael during a particularly chaotic time in Ireland's political and economic history. Numerous failed internal attempts to oust Haughey as leader of the party culminated in the most significant split in the party's history when a large portion of the membership walked out to create the Progressive Democrats in 1985, under the leadership of Haughey archrival Desmond O'Malley. Haughey was forced to resign as Taoiseach and party leader in 1992 following revelations about his role in a phone tapping scandal.Although the two parties had seemed poised to be bitter enemies owing to the personal conflicts between the memberships, from 1989 onwards Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats served repeatedly in coalition governments together, helping to stabilise Fianna Fáil. In 1994 Fianna Fáil came under the new leadership of Haughey protégé Bertie Ahern, who also became Taoiseach in 1997. Under Ahern, Fianna Fáil was able to claim credit for helping to broker the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 which began the peace process in Northern Ireland, as well the economic upswing caused by the Celtic Tiger which saw Ireland's economy boom during the 2000s. However, this momentum came to a sharp and sudden halt following two events. Firstly, Ahern was forced to resign as Taoiseach and left the party in 2008 following revelations made in the Mahon Tribunal that Ahern had accepted money from property developers. Secondly, the party, which was still in government under a new leader and Taoiseach Brian Cowen, was held responsible for the effects of the post-2008 Irish economic downturn. The party's popularity crashed: an opinion poll on 27 February 2009 indicated that only 10% of voters were satisfied with the Government's performance.In the 2011 general election, it suffered the worst defeat of a sitting government in the history of the Irish state. This loss was described as "historic" in its proportions and "unthinkable". The party sank from being the largest in the Dáil to the third-largest, losing 58 of its 78 seats. This broke 79 consecutive years of Fianna Fáil being the largest single party in the Dáil. That election took place with Michael Martin as leader, as Cowen had resigned as party leader in January 2011, although retained his role as Taoiseach until the election. Cowen's premiership was sharply criticised in the media, with The Sunday Times describing Cowen's tenure as Taoiseach as "a dismal failure" and in 2011 the Irish Independent calling Cowen the "worst Taoiseach in the history of the State."
Recent history
Martin continued to lead Fianna Fáil past 2011; In the 2016 general election Martin's Fianna Fáil made a moderate recovery while Fine Gael retained control of the government as a minority government, made possible by a confidence and supply agreement with Fianna Fáíl. In 2018 the party was divided internally over how the party would handle that year's referendum on the Eighth Amendment, the provision in the Irish constitution which forbade abortion, with a significant portion of both the parliamentary party and the ordinary membership in favour of a No vote. Leader Michael Martin signalled his own desire for a Yes vote, but was unable to bring the party under one stance, and ultimately more than half of Fianna Fáil's TDs campaigned for a No vote. On polling day the Yes side won, 66% to 33%.
After the 2020 general election, for the first time in history, Fianna Fáil entered into a coalition government with its traditional rival Fine Gael, as well as the Green Party, with Fianna Fáil leader Micheál Martin serving as Taoiseach. That same year a number of Fianna Fáil members were involved in the "Golfgate" scandal, an event that ultimately led to the resignation of Fianna Fáil deputy leader Dara Calleary. In July 2021 Fianna Fáil suffered what a number of sources suggested might have been the single worst result in its history when the party polled extremely poorly in the 2021 Dublin Bay South by-election. The result prompted Jim O'Callaghan and Cathal Crowe to question whether Martin should lead the party into its next general election. In February 2023, former leader Bertie Ahern rejoined the party, having left in 2012.
Organisation and structure
Fianna Fáil uses a structure called a cumann system. The basic unit was the cumann (branch); these were grouped into comhairlí ceantair (district branches) and a comhairle dáil ceantair (constituency branch) in every constituency. The party claimed that in 2005 they had 50,000 registered names, but only an estimated 10,000–15,000 members were considered active.However, from the early 1990s onward the cumann structure was weakened. Every cumann was entitled to three votes to selection conventions irrespective of its size; hence, a large number of cumainn had become in effect "paper cumainn", the only use of which was to ensure an aspiring or sitting candidate got enough votes. Although this phenomenon was nothing new (the most famous example being Neil Blaney's "Donegal Mafia").Since the 2007 election, the party's structure has significantly weakened. This was in part exacerbated by significant infighting between candidates in the run-up to the 2011 general election. The Irish Times estimated that half of its 3,000 cumainn were effectively moribund. This fraction rose in Dublin with the exception of Dublin West, the former seat of both Brian Lenihan Snr and Brian Lenihan Jnr.
Ideology
In the modern era, Fianna Fáil is seen as a typical catch-all party and has defined itself as such. In the 1980s Brian Lenihan Snr declared "there are no isms or [ide]ologies in my party", while in the early 2000s Fianna Fáil leader Bertie Ahern affirmed the party's catch-all stance by defining Fianna Fáil as a party that "looks out for the small ranking guy, the middle-ranking guy and assists the big guy". This contrasts with the more working-class orientation Fianna Fáil had in the early 20th century; In 1926 Seán Lemass described the party as "a progressive republican party based on the actual conditions of the moment" while upon winning the 1932 Irish general election, newly elected Fianna Fáil TD Seán Moylan proclaimed that Fianna Fáil's win meant a victory of "the owners of the donkey and cart over the pony and trap class". The Fianna Fáil party of the 1930s has been described as an economically social democratic one that sought to create an economically independent state (autarky) via protectionist policies, based on its culturally nationalist thinking.During the leadership of Seán Lemass in the 1960s, Fianna Fáil began to utilise some corporatist policies (embracing the concept of ‘social partnership’), taking some influence from the Roman Catholic Church. It was also during Lemass' time that the party shifted heavily away from autarkic thinking and towards a firm belief in free trade and foreign direct investment in Ireland.In 1967 Jack Lynch described the party as "left of centre" while suggesting it was to the left of Fine Gael and Labour. However, during the 1969 Irish general election the party ran red scare tactics against Labour after it began using the slogan "the seventies will be socialist!". As Fine Gael became more and more socially liberal in the 1970s under Garret FitzGerald, the party reacted by embracing social conservatism and populism. In the same time period, the emergence of the Troubles and the Arms Crisis of 1971 tested the party's nationalism, but despite these events, Fianna Fáil maintained their moderate culturally nationalist stance.In the 1990s, Fianna Fáil was described as a conservative party but also as a nationalist party. It has presented itself as a "broad church" and attracted support from across disparate social classes. Between 1989 and 2011, it led coalition governments with parties of both the left and the right. Fianna Fáil's platform contains a number of enduring commitments: to Irish unity; to the promotion and protection of the Irish language; and to maintaining Ireland's tradition of military neutrality. While the party is distinctly more populist, nationalist, and generally more economically interventionist than Fine Gael, the party shares its rival's support of the European Union. Although part of the liberal ALDE group in the European Parliament, the party has not supported the group's positions on civil liberties and its liberal nature is disputed, though the party did legalize same-sex civil partnerships in 2010.The party's name and logo incorporates the words 'The Republican Party'. According to Fianna Fáil, "Republican here stands both for the unity of the island and a commitment to the historic principles of European republican philosophy, namely liberty, equality and fraternity". The party's main goal at its beginning was to reunite the North and the South.R. Ken Carty wrote of Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael that they were "heterogeneous in their bases of support, relatively undifferentiated in terms of policy or programme, and remarkably stable in their support levels". Evidence from expert surveys, opinion polls and candidate surveys all fail to identify strong distinctions between the two parties.
Leadership and president
The following are the terms of office as party leader and as Taoiseach:
Deputy leader
Seanad leader
Electoral results
Dáil Éireann
European Parliament
Front bench
Ógra Fianna Fáil
Ógra Fianna Fáil serves as the party's official youth wing.
Fianna Fáil and Northern Ireland politics
On 17 September 2007, Fianna Fáil announced that the party would for the first time organise in Northern Ireland. The then Foreign Minister Dermot Ahern was asked to chair a committee on the matter: "In the period ahead Dermot Ahern will lead efforts to develop that strategy for carrying through this policy, examining timescales and structures. We will act gradually and strategically. We are under no illusions. It will not be easy. It will challenge us all. But I am confident we will succeed".The party embarked on its first ever recruitment drive north of the border in September 2007 in northern universities, and established two 'Political Societies', the William Drennan Cumann in Queens University, Belfast, and the Watty Graham Cumann in UU Magee, Derry, which subsequently became official units of Fianna Fáil's youth wing, attaining full membership and voting rights, and attained official voting delegates at the 2012 Ard Fheis. On 23 February 2008, it was announced that a former Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) councillor, Colonel Harvey Bicker, had joined Fianna Fáil.Bertie Ahern announced on 7 December 2007 that Fianna Fáil had been registered in Northern Ireland by the UK Electoral Commission.
The party's Ard Fheis in 2009 unanimously passed a motion to organise in Northern Ireland by establishing forums, rather than cumainn, in each of its six counties. In December 2009, Fianna Fáil secured its first Northern Ireland Assembly MLA when Gerry McHugh, an independent MLA, announced he had joined the party. Mr. McHugh confirmed that although he had joined the party, he would continue to sit as an independent MLA. In June 2010, Fianna Fáil opened its first official office in Northern Ireland, in Crossmaglen, County Armagh. The then Taoiseach Brian Cowen officially opened the office, accompanied by Ministers Éamon Ó Cuív and Dermot Ahern and Deputies Rory O’Hanlon and Margaret Conlon. Discussing the party's slow development towards all-Ireland politics, Mr. Cowen observed: "We have a very open and pragmatic approach. We are a constitutional republican party and we make no secret of the aspirations on which this party was founded. It has always been very clear in our mind what it is we are seeking to achieve, that is to reconcile this country and not being prisoners of our past history. To be part of a generation that will build a new Ireland, an Ireland of which we can all be proud".Fianna Fáil has not contested any elections in Northern Ireland since its registration and recognition there in 2007. At the party's 2014 Ard Fheis, a motion was passed without debate to stand candidates for election north of the border for the first time in 2019.Since 24 January 2019, the party have been in partnership with the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) formerly the main Irish nationalist party in Northern Ireland, but now smaller than Sinn Féin. There had long been speculation about the eventual partnership for several years prior. This was initially met with a negative reaction from Seamus Mallon, former Deputy Leader of the SDLP, who stated he would be opposed to any such merger. Former leader of the SDLP Margaret Ritchie originally stated publicly that she opposed any merger, announcing to the Labour Party Conference that such a merger would not happen on her "watch". On 10 January 2019, Richie stated that she now supported a new partnership with Fianna Fáil.Both Fianna Fáil and the SDLP currently have shared policies on key areas including addressing the current political situation in Northern Ireland, improving public services in both jurisdictions of Ireland, such as healthcare, housing, education, and governmental reform, and bringing about the further unity and cooperation of the people on the island and arrangements for a future poll on Irish reunification.In September 2022, SDLP party leader Colum Eastwood announced the end of its partnership with Fianna Fáil, saying that the SDLP needed to move forward by "standing on its own two feet".
Representation in European institutions
Fianna Fáil joined the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) party on 16 April 2009, and the party's Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) sat in the ALDE Group during the 7th European Parliament term from June 2009 to 1 July 2014. The party is a full member of the Liberal International. Prior to this, the party was part of the Eurosceptic Union for Europe of the Nations parliamentary group between 1999 and 2009.Party headquarters, over the objections of some MEPs, had made several attempts to sever the party's links to the European right, including an aborted 2004 agreement to join the European Liberal Democrat and Reform (ELDR) Party, with whom it already sat in the Council of Europe under the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) banner. On 27 February 2009, Taoiseach Brian Cowen announced that Fianna Fáil proposed to join the ELDR Party and intended to sit with them in the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Group in the European Parliament after the 2009 European elections.In October 2009, it was reported that Fianna Fáil had irritated its new Liberal colleagues by failing to vote for the motion on press freedom in Italy (resulting in its defeat by a majority of one in the Parliament) and by trying to scupper their party colleagues' initiative for gay rights. In January 2010, a report by academic experts writing for the votewatch.eu site found that FF "do not seem to toe the political line" of the ALDE Group "when it comes to budget and civil liberties" issues.In the 2014 European elections, Fianna Fáil received 22.3% of first-preference votes but only returned a single MEP, a reduction in representation of two MEPs from the previous term. This was due to a combination of the party's vote further dropping in Dublin and a two candidate strategy in the Midlands North West constituency, which backfired, resulting in sitting MEP Pat "the Cope" Gallagher losing his seat. On 23 June 2014, returning MEP Brian Crowley announced that he intended to sit with the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) rather than the ALDE group during the upcoming 8th term of the European parliament. The following day on 24 June 2014 Crowley had the Fianna Fáil party whip withdrawn. He has since been re-added to Fianna Fáil's website.In the European Committee of the Regions, Fianna Fáil sits in the Renew Europe CoR group, with two full and two alternate members for the 2020–2025 mandate. Kate Feeney is third vice-president of the Group and Group Coordinator in the SEDEC commission. Gillian Coughlan is Deputy Coordinator in the SEDEC Commission.
See also
Fianna Fáil politicians
List of political parties in Northern Ireland
List of political parties in the Republic of Ireland
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Official website
'Report of the Tribunal of Inquiry into the Beef Processing Industry'
Report of the McCracken Tribunal
Final report of the Mahon Tribunal | founded by | {
"answer_start": [
385
],
"text": [
"Éamon de Valera"
]
} |
Fianna Fáil (, Irish: [ˌfʲiən̪ˠə ˈfˠaːlʲ] (listen); meaning 'Soldiers of Destiny' or 'Warriors of Fál'), officially Fianna Fáil – The Republican Party (Irish: Fianna Fáil – An Páirtí Poblachtánach), is a conservative and Christian-democratic political party registered in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.
The party was founded as a republican party on 16 May 1926 by Éamon de Valera and his supporters after they split from Sinn Féin. De Valera and his followers were determined to take seats in the Oireachtas while Sinn Féin's policy was to refuse to recognise it. Since 1927, Fianna Fáil has been one of Ireland's two major parties, along with Fine Gael since 1933; both are seen as centre-right parties, to the right of the Labour Party and Sinn Féin. The party dominated Irish political life for most of the 20th century, and, since its foundation, either it or Fine Gael has led every government. Between 1932 and 2011, it was the largest party in Dáil Éireann, but latterly with a decline in its vote share; from 1989 onwards, its periods of government were in coalition with parties of either the left or the right.
Fianna Fáil's vote collapsed in the 2011 general election; it emerged in third place, in what was widely seen as a political realignment in the wake of the post-2008 Irish economic downturn. By 2016, it had recovered enough to become the largest opposition party, and it entered a confidence and supply arrangement with a Fine Gael–led minority government. In 2020, after a number of months of political stalemate following the general election, Fianna Fáil agreed with Fine Gael and the Green Party to enter into an unprecedented coalition, with the leaders of Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael rotating between the roles of Taoiseach and Tánaiste.
Fianna Fáil is a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe and of Liberal International. From February 2019 to September 2022, Fianna Fáil was in partnership with the Social Democratic and Labour Party in Northern Ireland.
History
Fianna Fáil was founded by Éamon de Valera, a former leader of Sinn Féin. He and a number of other members split from Sinn Féin when a motion he proposed—which called for elected members to be allowed to take their seats in Dáil Éireann if and when the controversial Oath of Allegiance was removed—failed to pass at the Sinn Féin Ard Fheis in 1926. His new party adopted its name on 2 April of the same year. While it was also opposed to the Treaty settlement, it rejected abstentionism, instead aiming to republicanise the Irish Free State from within. Fianna Fáil's platform of economic autarky had appeal among the farmers, working-class people and the poor, while alienating more affluent classes. It largely pre-empted voters of the aforementioned groups from the Labour Party (with its almost identical economic and social policy) following its entry into the Dáil in 1927. Fianna Fáil would go on to style themselves for several decades as "the real Labour Party."Cumann na nGaedheal sought to exploit the notion that Fianna Fáil was a party in thrall to communists. During the 1932 general election campaign, Cumann na Gaedheal declared in a newspaper advert that "the gunmen and Communists are voting for Fianna Fáil today – vote for the Government party." However, Fianna Fáil won the election. The party first entered government on 9 March 1932. It was in power for 61 of the 79 years between then and the election of 2011. Its longest continuous period in office has been 15 years and 11 months (March 1932 – February 1948). Its longest single period out of office in the 20th century was four years and four months (March 1973 – July 1977). All of the party's leaders have served as Taoiseach.The party's most dominant era was the 41-year period between 1932 and 1973, when party leaders Éamon de Valera, Seán Lemass and Jack Lynch served as Taoiseach in an almost unbroken chain save for six years that John A. Costello of Fine Gael briefly interrupted. De Valera's reign is acknowledged for having successfully guided Ireland through World War II unscathed but is criticised for leaving Ireland in economic and cultural stagnation. His successors such as Lemass however were able to turn around Ireland's economic fortunes as well as primed the country for entry into the European Economic Community, later the European Union.
Fianna Fáil's fortunes began to falter in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1970 the Arms Crisis threatened to split the entire party in two when Fianna Fáil cabinet ministers Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney were dismissed by Jack Lynch after being accused of seeking to provide arms to the newly emergent Provisional Irish Republican Army. Factional infighting over Northern Ireland, economics and the "moral issues" such as the legalization of divorce, abortion, and contraception plagued the party in this era and grew particularly intense when Charles Haughey later became party leader. Under Haughey, Fianna Fáil lost both the 1981 general election and November 1982 general election to Garret FitzGerald's Fine Gael during a particularly chaotic time in Ireland's political and economic history. Numerous failed internal attempts to oust Haughey as leader of the party culminated in the most significant split in the party's history when a large portion of the membership walked out to create the Progressive Democrats in 1985, under the leadership of Haughey archrival Desmond O'Malley. Haughey was forced to resign as Taoiseach and party leader in 1992 following revelations about his role in a phone tapping scandal.Although the two parties had seemed poised to be bitter enemies owing to the personal conflicts between the memberships, from 1989 onwards Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats served repeatedly in coalition governments together, helping to stabilise Fianna Fáil. In 1994 Fianna Fáil came under the new leadership of Haughey protégé Bertie Ahern, who also became Taoiseach in 1997. Under Ahern, Fianna Fáil was able to claim credit for helping to broker the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 which began the peace process in Northern Ireland, as well the economic upswing caused by the Celtic Tiger which saw Ireland's economy boom during the 2000s. However, this momentum came to a sharp and sudden halt following two events. Firstly, Ahern was forced to resign as Taoiseach and left the party in 2008 following revelations made in the Mahon Tribunal that Ahern had accepted money from property developers. Secondly, the party, which was still in government under a new leader and Taoiseach Brian Cowen, was held responsible for the effects of the post-2008 Irish economic downturn. The party's popularity crashed: an opinion poll on 27 February 2009 indicated that only 10% of voters were satisfied with the Government's performance.In the 2011 general election, it suffered the worst defeat of a sitting government in the history of the Irish state. This loss was described as "historic" in its proportions and "unthinkable". The party sank from being the largest in the Dáil to the third-largest, losing 58 of its 78 seats. This broke 79 consecutive years of Fianna Fáil being the largest single party in the Dáil. That election took place with Michael Martin as leader, as Cowen had resigned as party leader in January 2011, although retained his role as Taoiseach until the election. Cowen's premiership was sharply criticised in the media, with The Sunday Times describing Cowen's tenure as Taoiseach as "a dismal failure" and in 2011 the Irish Independent calling Cowen the "worst Taoiseach in the history of the State."
Recent history
Martin continued to lead Fianna Fáil past 2011; In the 2016 general election Martin's Fianna Fáil made a moderate recovery while Fine Gael retained control of the government as a minority government, made possible by a confidence and supply agreement with Fianna Fáíl. In 2018 the party was divided internally over how the party would handle that year's referendum on the Eighth Amendment, the provision in the Irish constitution which forbade abortion, with a significant portion of both the parliamentary party and the ordinary membership in favour of a No vote. Leader Michael Martin signalled his own desire for a Yes vote, but was unable to bring the party under one stance, and ultimately more than half of Fianna Fáil's TDs campaigned for a No vote. On polling day the Yes side won, 66% to 33%.
After the 2020 general election, for the first time in history, Fianna Fáil entered into a coalition government with its traditional rival Fine Gael, as well as the Green Party, with Fianna Fáil leader Micheál Martin serving as Taoiseach. That same year a number of Fianna Fáil members were involved in the "Golfgate" scandal, an event that ultimately led to the resignation of Fianna Fáil deputy leader Dara Calleary. In July 2021 Fianna Fáil suffered what a number of sources suggested might have been the single worst result in its history when the party polled extremely poorly in the 2021 Dublin Bay South by-election. The result prompted Jim O'Callaghan and Cathal Crowe to question whether Martin should lead the party into its next general election. In February 2023, former leader Bertie Ahern rejoined the party, having left in 2012.
Organisation and structure
Fianna Fáil uses a structure called a cumann system. The basic unit was the cumann (branch); these were grouped into comhairlí ceantair (district branches) and a comhairle dáil ceantair (constituency branch) in every constituency. The party claimed that in 2005 they had 50,000 registered names, but only an estimated 10,000–15,000 members were considered active.However, from the early 1990s onward the cumann structure was weakened. Every cumann was entitled to three votes to selection conventions irrespective of its size; hence, a large number of cumainn had become in effect "paper cumainn", the only use of which was to ensure an aspiring or sitting candidate got enough votes. Although this phenomenon was nothing new (the most famous example being Neil Blaney's "Donegal Mafia").Since the 2007 election, the party's structure has significantly weakened. This was in part exacerbated by significant infighting between candidates in the run-up to the 2011 general election. The Irish Times estimated that half of its 3,000 cumainn were effectively moribund. This fraction rose in Dublin with the exception of Dublin West, the former seat of both Brian Lenihan Snr and Brian Lenihan Jnr.
Ideology
In the modern era, Fianna Fáil is seen as a typical catch-all party and has defined itself as such. In the 1980s Brian Lenihan Snr declared "there are no isms or [ide]ologies in my party", while in the early 2000s Fianna Fáil leader Bertie Ahern affirmed the party's catch-all stance by defining Fianna Fáil as a party that "looks out for the small ranking guy, the middle-ranking guy and assists the big guy". This contrasts with the more working-class orientation Fianna Fáil had in the early 20th century; In 1926 Seán Lemass described the party as "a progressive republican party based on the actual conditions of the moment" while upon winning the 1932 Irish general election, newly elected Fianna Fáil TD Seán Moylan proclaimed that Fianna Fáil's win meant a victory of "the owners of the donkey and cart over the pony and trap class". The Fianna Fáil party of the 1930s has been described as an economically social democratic one that sought to create an economically independent state (autarky) via protectionist policies, based on its culturally nationalist thinking.During the leadership of Seán Lemass in the 1960s, Fianna Fáil began to utilise some corporatist policies (embracing the concept of ‘social partnership’), taking some influence from the Roman Catholic Church. It was also during Lemass' time that the party shifted heavily away from autarkic thinking and towards a firm belief in free trade and foreign direct investment in Ireland.In 1967 Jack Lynch described the party as "left of centre" while suggesting it was to the left of Fine Gael and Labour. However, during the 1969 Irish general election the party ran red scare tactics against Labour after it began using the slogan "the seventies will be socialist!". As Fine Gael became more and more socially liberal in the 1970s under Garret FitzGerald, the party reacted by embracing social conservatism and populism. In the same time period, the emergence of the Troubles and the Arms Crisis of 1971 tested the party's nationalism, but despite these events, Fianna Fáil maintained their moderate culturally nationalist stance.In the 1990s, Fianna Fáil was described as a conservative party but also as a nationalist party. It has presented itself as a "broad church" and attracted support from across disparate social classes. Between 1989 and 2011, it led coalition governments with parties of both the left and the right. Fianna Fáil's platform contains a number of enduring commitments: to Irish unity; to the promotion and protection of the Irish language; and to maintaining Ireland's tradition of military neutrality. While the party is distinctly more populist, nationalist, and generally more economically interventionist than Fine Gael, the party shares its rival's support of the European Union. Although part of the liberal ALDE group in the European Parliament, the party has not supported the group's positions on civil liberties and its liberal nature is disputed, though the party did legalize same-sex civil partnerships in 2010.The party's name and logo incorporates the words 'The Republican Party'. According to Fianna Fáil, "Republican here stands both for the unity of the island and a commitment to the historic principles of European republican philosophy, namely liberty, equality and fraternity". The party's main goal at its beginning was to reunite the North and the South.R. Ken Carty wrote of Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael that they were "heterogeneous in their bases of support, relatively undifferentiated in terms of policy or programme, and remarkably stable in their support levels". Evidence from expert surveys, opinion polls and candidate surveys all fail to identify strong distinctions between the two parties.
Leadership and president
The following are the terms of office as party leader and as Taoiseach:
Deputy leader
Seanad leader
Electoral results
Dáil Éireann
European Parliament
Front bench
Ógra Fianna Fáil
Ógra Fianna Fáil serves as the party's official youth wing.
Fianna Fáil and Northern Ireland politics
On 17 September 2007, Fianna Fáil announced that the party would for the first time organise in Northern Ireland. The then Foreign Minister Dermot Ahern was asked to chair a committee on the matter: "In the period ahead Dermot Ahern will lead efforts to develop that strategy for carrying through this policy, examining timescales and structures. We will act gradually and strategically. We are under no illusions. It will not be easy. It will challenge us all. But I am confident we will succeed".The party embarked on its first ever recruitment drive north of the border in September 2007 in northern universities, and established two 'Political Societies', the William Drennan Cumann in Queens University, Belfast, and the Watty Graham Cumann in UU Magee, Derry, which subsequently became official units of Fianna Fáil's youth wing, attaining full membership and voting rights, and attained official voting delegates at the 2012 Ard Fheis. On 23 February 2008, it was announced that a former Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) councillor, Colonel Harvey Bicker, had joined Fianna Fáil.Bertie Ahern announced on 7 December 2007 that Fianna Fáil had been registered in Northern Ireland by the UK Electoral Commission.
The party's Ard Fheis in 2009 unanimously passed a motion to organise in Northern Ireland by establishing forums, rather than cumainn, in each of its six counties. In December 2009, Fianna Fáil secured its first Northern Ireland Assembly MLA when Gerry McHugh, an independent MLA, announced he had joined the party. Mr. McHugh confirmed that although he had joined the party, he would continue to sit as an independent MLA. In June 2010, Fianna Fáil opened its first official office in Northern Ireland, in Crossmaglen, County Armagh. The then Taoiseach Brian Cowen officially opened the office, accompanied by Ministers Éamon Ó Cuív and Dermot Ahern and Deputies Rory O’Hanlon and Margaret Conlon. Discussing the party's slow development towards all-Ireland politics, Mr. Cowen observed: "We have a very open and pragmatic approach. We are a constitutional republican party and we make no secret of the aspirations on which this party was founded. It has always been very clear in our mind what it is we are seeking to achieve, that is to reconcile this country and not being prisoners of our past history. To be part of a generation that will build a new Ireland, an Ireland of which we can all be proud".Fianna Fáil has not contested any elections in Northern Ireland since its registration and recognition there in 2007. At the party's 2014 Ard Fheis, a motion was passed without debate to stand candidates for election north of the border for the first time in 2019.Since 24 January 2019, the party have been in partnership with the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) formerly the main Irish nationalist party in Northern Ireland, but now smaller than Sinn Féin. There had long been speculation about the eventual partnership for several years prior. This was initially met with a negative reaction from Seamus Mallon, former Deputy Leader of the SDLP, who stated he would be opposed to any such merger. Former leader of the SDLP Margaret Ritchie originally stated publicly that she opposed any merger, announcing to the Labour Party Conference that such a merger would not happen on her "watch". On 10 January 2019, Richie stated that she now supported a new partnership with Fianna Fáil.Both Fianna Fáil and the SDLP currently have shared policies on key areas including addressing the current political situation in Northern Ireland, improving public services in both jurisdictions of Ireland, such as healthcare, housing, education, and governmental reform, and bringing about the further unity and cooperation of the people on the island and arrangements for a future poll on Irish reunification.In September 2022, SDLP party leader Colum Eastwood announced the end of its partnership with Fianna Fáil, saying that the SDLP needed to move forward by "standing on its own two feet".
Representation in European institutions
Fianna Fáil joined the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) party on 16 April 2009, and the party's Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) sat in the ALDE Group during the 7th European Parliament term from June 2009 to 1 July 2014. The party is a full member of the Liberal International. Prior to this, the party was part of the Eurosceptic Union for Europe of the Nations parliamentary group between 1999 and 2009.Party headquarters, over the objections of some MEPs, had made several attempts to sever the party's links to the European right, including an aborted 2004 agreement to join the European Liberal Democrat and Reform (ELDR) Party, with whom it already sat in the Council of Europe under the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) banner. On 27 February 2009, Taoiseach Brian Cowen announced that Fianna Fáil proposed to join the ELDR Party and intended to sit with them in the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Group in the European Parliament after the 2009 European elections.In October 2009, it was reported that Fianna Fáil had irritated its new Liberal colleagues by failing to vote for the motion on press freedom in Italy (resulting in its defeat by a majority of one in the Parliament) and by trying to scupper their party colleagues' initiative for gay rights. In January 2010, a report by academic experts writing for the votewatch.eu site found that FF "do not seem to toe the political line" of the ALDE Group "when it comes to budget and civil liberties" issues.In the 2014 European elections, Fianna Fáil received 22.3% of first-preference votes but only returned a single MEP, a reduction in representation of two MEPs from the previous term. This was due to a combination of the party's vote further dropping in Dublin and a two candidate strategy in the Midlands North West constituency, which backfired, resulting in sitting MEP Pat "the Cope" Gallagher losing his seat. On 23 June 2014, returning MEP Brian Crowley announced that he intended to sit with the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) rather than the ALDE group during the upcoming 8th term of the European parliament. The following day on 24 June 2014 Crowley had the Fianna Fáil party whip withdrawn. He has since been re-added to Fianna Fáil's website.In the European Committee of the Regions, Fianna Fáil sits in the Renew Europe CoR group, with two full and two alternate members for the 2020–2025 mandate. Kate Feeney is third vice-president of the Group and Group Coordinator in the SEDEC commission. Gillian Coughlan is Deputy Coordinator in the SEDEC Commission.
See also
Fianna Fáil politicians
List of political parties in Northern Ireland
List of political parties in the Republic of Ireland
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Official website
'Report of the Tribunal of Inquiry into the Beef Processing Industry'
Report of the McCracken Tribunal
Final report of the Mahon Tribunal | headquarters location | {
"answer_start": [
9033
],
"text": [
"Dublin"
]
} |
Fianna Fáil (, Irish: [ˌfʲiən̪ˠə ˈfˠaːlʲ] (listen); meaning 'Soldiers of Destiny' or 'Warriors of Fál'), officially Fianna Fáil – The Republican Party (Irish: Fianna Fáil – An Páirtí Poblachtánach), is a conservative and Christian-democratic political party registered in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.
The party was founded as a republican party on 16 May 1926 by Éamon de Valera and his supporters after they split from Sinn Féin. De Valera and his followers were determined to take seats in the Oireachtas while Sinn Féin's policy was to refuse to recognise it. Since 1927, Fianna Fáil has been one of Ireland's two major parties, along with Fine Gael since 1933; both are seen as centre-right parties, to the right of the Labour Party and Sinn Féin. The party dominated Irish political life for most of the 20th century, and, since its foundation, either it or Fine Gael has led every government. Between 1932 and 2011, it was the largest party in Dáil Éireann, but latterly with a decline in its vote share; from 1989 onwards, its periods of government were in coalition with parties of either the left or the right.
Fianna Fáil's vote collapsed in the 2011 general election; it emerged in third place, in what was widely seen as a political realignment in the wake of the post-2008 Irish economic downturn. By 2016, it had recovered enough to become the largest opposition party, and it entered a confidence and supply arrangement with a Fine Gael–led minority government. In 2020, after a number of months of political stalemate following the general election, Fianna Fáil agreed with Fine Gael and the Green Party to enter into an unprecedented coalition, with the leaders of Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael rotating between the roles of Taoiseach and Tánaiste.
Fianna Fáil is a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe and of Liberal International. From February 2019 to September 2022, Fianna Fáil was in partnership with the Social Democratic and Labour Party in Northern Ireland.
History
Fianna Fáil was founded by Éamon de Valera, a former leader of Sinn Féin. He and a number of other members split from Sinn Féin when a motion he proposed—which called for elected members to be allowed to take their seats in Dáil Éireann if and when the controversial Oath of Allegiance was removed—failed to pass at the Sinn Féin Ard Fheis in 1926. His new party adopted its name on 2 April of the same year. While it was also opposed to the Treaty settlement, it rejected abstentionism, instead aiming to republicanise the Irish Free State from within. Fianna Fáil's platform of economic autarky had appeal among the farmers, working-class people and the poor, while alienating more affluent classes. It largely pre-empted voters of the aforementioned groups from the Labour Party (with its almost identical economic and social policy) following its entry into the Dáil in 1927. Fianna Fáil would go on to style themselves for several decades as "the real Labour Party."Cumann na nGaedheal sought to exploit the notion that Fianna Fáil was a party in thrall to communists. During the 1932 general election campaign, Cumann na Gaedheal declared in a newspaper advert that "the gunmen and Communists are voting for Fianna Fáil today – vote for the Government party." However, Fianna Fáil won the election. The party first entered government on 9 March 1932. It was in power for 61 of the 79 years between then and the election of 2011. Its longest continuous period in office has been 15 years and 11 months (March 1932 – February 1948). Its longest single period out of office in the 20th century was four years and four months (March 1973 – July 1977). All of the party's leaders have served as Taoiseach.The party's most dominant era was the 41-year period between 1932 and 1973, when party leaders Éamon de Valera, Seán Lemass and Jack Lynch served as Taoiseach in an almost unbroken chain save for six years that John A. Costello of Fine Gael briefly interrupted. De Valera's reign is acknowledged for having successfully guided Ireland through World War II unscathed but is criticised for leaving Ireland in economic and cultural stagnation. His successors such as Lemass however were able to turn around Ireland's economic fortunes as well as primed the country for entry into the European Economic Community, later the European Union.
Fianna Fáil's fortunes began to falter in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1970 the Arms Crisis threatened to split the entire party in two when Fianna Fáil cabinet ministers Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney were dismissed by Jack Lynch after being accused of seeking to provide arms to the newly emergent Provisional Irish Republican Army. Factional infighting over Northern Ireland, economics and the "moral issues" such as the legalization of divorce, abortion, and contraception plagued the party in this era and grew particularly intense when Charles Haughey later became party leader. Under Haughey, Fianna Fáil lost both the 1981 general election and November 1982 general election to Garret FitzGerald's Fine Gael during a particularly chaotic time in Ireland's political and economic history. Numerous failed internal attempts to oust Haughey as leader of the party culminated in the most significant split in the party's history when a large portion of the membership walked out to create the Progressive Democrats in 1985, under the leadership of Haughey archrival Desmond O'Malley. Haughey was forced to resign as Taoiseach and party leader in 1992 following revelations about his role in a phone tapping scandal.Although the two parties had seemed poised to be bitter enemies owing to the personal conflicts between the memberships, from 1989 onwards Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats served repeatedly in coalition governments together, helping to stabilise Fianna Fáil. In 1994 Fianna Fáil came under the new leadership of Haughey protégé Bertie Ahern, who also became Taoiseach in 1997. Under Ahern, Fianna Fáil was able to claim credit for helping to broker the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 which began the peace process in Northern Ireland, as well the economic upswing caused by the Celtic Tiger which saw Ireland's economy boom during the 2000s. However, this momentum came to a sharp and sudden halt following two events. Firstly, Ahern was forced to resign as Taoiseach and left the party in 2008 following revelations made in the Mahon Tribunal that Ahern had accepted money from property developers. Secondly, the party, which was still in government under a new leader and Taoiseach Brian Cowen, was held responsible for the effects of the post-2008 Irish economic downturn. The party's popularity crashed: an opinion poll on 27 February 2009 indicated that only 10% of voters were satisfied with the Government's performance.In the 2011 general election, it suffered the worst defeat of a sitting government in the history of the Irish state. This loss was described as "historic" in its proportions and "unthinkable". The party sank from being the largest in the Dáil to the third-largest, losing 58 of its 78 seats. This broke 79 consecutive years of Fianna Fáil being the largest single party in the Dáil. That election took place with Michael Martin as leader, as Cowen had resigned as party leader in January 2011, although retained his role as Taoiseach until the election. Cowen's premiership was sharply criticised in the media, with The Sunday Times describing Cowen's tenure as Taoiseach as "a dismal failure" and in 2011 the Irish Independent calling Cowen the "worst Taoiseach in the history of the State."
Recent history
Martin continued to lead Fianna Fáil past 2011; In the 2016 general election Martin's Fianna Fáil made a moderate recovery while Fine Gael retained control of the government as a minority government, made possible by a confidence and supply agreement with Fianna Fáíl. In 2018 the party was divided internally over how the party would handle that year's referendum on the Eighth Amendment, the provision in the Irish constitution which forbade abortion, with a significant portion of both the parliamentary party and the ordinary membership in favour of a No vote. Leader Michael Martin signalled his own desire for a Yes vote, but was unable to bring the party under one stance, and ultimately more than half of Fianna Fáil's TDs campaigned for a No vote. On polling day the Yes side won, 66% to 33%.
After the 2020 general election, for the first time in history, Fianna Fáil entered into a coalition government with its traditional rival Fine Gael, as well as the Green Party, with Fianna Fáil leader Micheál Martin serving as Taoiseach. That same year a number of Fianna Fáil members were involved in the "Golfgate" scandal, an event that ultimately led to the resignation of Fianna Fáil deputy leader Dara Calleary. In July 2021 Fianna Fáil suffered what a number of sources suggested might have been the single worst result in its history when the party polled extremely poorly in the 2021 Dublin Bay South by-election. The result prompted Jim O'Callaghan and Cathal Crowe to question whether Martin should lead the party into its next general election. In February 2023, former leader Bertie Ahern rejoined the party, having left in 2012.
Organisation and structure
Fianna Fáil uses a structure called a cumann system. The basic unit was the cumann (branch); these were grouped into comhairlí ceantair (district branches) and a comhairle dáil ceantair (constituency branch) in every constituency. The party claimed that in 2005 they had 50,000 registered names, but only an estimated 10,000–15,000 members were considered active.However, from the early 1990s onward the cumann structure was weakened. Every cumann was entitled to three votes to selection conventions irrespective of its size; hence, a large number of cumainn had become in effect "paper cumainn", the only use of which was to ensure an aspiring or sitting candidate got enough votes. Although this phenomenon was nothing new (the most famous example being Neil Blaney's "Donegal Mafia").Since the 2007 election, the party's structure has significantly weakened. This was in part exacerbated by significant infighting between candidates in the run-up to the 2011 general election. The Irish Times estimated that half of its 3,000 cumainn were effectively moribund. This fraction rose in Dublin with the exception of Dublin West, the former seat of both Brian Lenihan Snr and Brian Lenihan Jnr.
Ideology
In the modern era, Fianna Fáil is seen as a typical catch-all party and has defined itself as such. In the 1980s Brian Lenihan Snr declared "there are no isms or [ide]ologies in my party", while in the early 2000s Fianna Fáil leader Bertie Ahern affirmed the party's catch-all stance by defining Fianna Fáil as a party that "looks out for the small ranking guy, the middle-ranking guy and assists the big guy". This contrasts with the more working-class orientation Fianna Fáil had in the early 20th century; In 1926 Seán Lemass described the party as "a progressive republican party based on the actual conditions of the moment" while upon winning the 1932 Irish general election, newly elected Fianna Fáil TD Seán Moylan proclaimed that Fianna Fáil's win meant a victory of "the owners of the donkey and cart over the pony and trap class". The Fianna Fáil party of the 1930s has been described as an economically social democratic one that sought to create an economically independent state (autarky) via protectionist policies, based on its culturally nationalist thinking.During the leadership of Seán Lemass in the 1960s, Fianna Fáil began to utilise some corporatist policies (embracing the concept of ‘social partnership’), taking some influence from the Roman Catholic Church. It was also during Lemass' time that the party shifted heavily away from autarkic thinking and towards a firm belief in free trade and foreign direct investment in Ireland.In 1967 Jack Lynch described the party as "left of centre" while suggesting it was to the left of Fine Gael and Labour. However, during the 1969 Irish general election the party ran red scare tactics against Labour after it began using the slogan "the seventies will be socialist!". As Fine Gael became more and more socially liberal in the 1970s under Garret FitzGerald, the party reacted by embracing social conservatism and populism. In the same time period, the emergence of the Troubles and the Arms Crisis of 1971 tested the party's nationalism, but despite these events, Fianna Fáil maintained their moderate culturally nationalist stance.In the 1990s, Fianna Fáil was described as a conservative party but also as a nationalist party. It has presented itself as a "broad church" and attracted support from across disparate social classes. Between 1989 and 2011, it led coalition governments with parties of both the left and the right. Fianna Fáil's platform contains a number of enduring commitments: to Irish unity; to the promotion and protection of the Irish language; and to maintaining Ireland's tradition of military neutrality. While the party is distinctly more populist, nationalist, and generally more economically interventionist than Fine Gael, the party shares its rival's support of the European Union. Although part of the liberal ALDE group in the European Parliament, the party has not supported the group's positions on civil liberties and its liberal nature is disputed, though the party did legalize same-sex civil partnerships in 2010.The party's name and logo incorporates the words 'The Republican Party'. According to Fianna Fáil, "Republican here stands both for the unity of the island and a commitment to the historic principles of European republican philosophy, namely liberty, equality and fraternity". The party's main goal at its beginning was to reunite the North and the South.R. Ken Carty wrote of Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael that they were "heterogeneous in their bases of support, relatively undifferentiated in terms of policy or programme, and remarkably stable in their support levels". Evidence from expert surveys, opinion polls and candidate surveys all fail to identify strong distinctions between the two parties.
Leadership and president
The following are the terms of office as party leader and as Taoiseach:
Deputy leader
Seanad leader
Electoral results
Dáil Éireann
European Parliament
Front bench
Ógra Fianna Fáil
Ógra Fianna Fáil serves as the party's official youth wing.
Fianna Fáil and Northern Ireland politics
On 17 September 2007, Fianna Fáil announced that the party would for the first time organise in Northern Ireland. The then Foreign Minister Dermot Ahern was asked to chair a committee on the matter: "In the period ahead Dermot Ahern will lead efforts to develop that strategy for carrying through this policy, examining timescales and structures. We will act gradually and strategically. We are under no illusions. It will not be easy. It will challenge us all. But I am confident we will succeed".The party embarked on its first ever recruitment drive north of the border in September 2007 in northern universities, and established two 'Political Societies', the William Drennan Cumann in Queens University, Belfast, and the Watty Graham Cumann in UU Magee, Derry, which subsequently became official units of Fianna Fáil's youth wing, attaining full membership and voting rights, and attained official voting delegates at the 2012 Ard Fheis. On 23 February 2008, it was announced that a former Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) councillor, Colonel Harvey Bicker, had joined Fianna Fáil.Bertie Ahern announced on 7 December 2007 that Fianna Fáil had been registered in Northern Ireland by the UK Electoral Commission.
The party's Ard Fheis in 2009 unanimously passed a motion to organise in Northern Ireland by establishing forums, rather than cumainn, in each of its six counties. In December 2009, Fianna Fáil secured its first Northern Ireland Assembly MLA when Gerry McHugh, an independent MLA, announced he had joined the party. Mr. McHugh confirmed that although he had joined the party, he would continue to sit as an independent MLA. In June 2010, Fianna Fáil opened its first official office in Northern Ireland, in Crossmaglen, County Armagh. The then Taoiseach Brian Cowen officially opened the office, accompanied by Ministers Éamon Ó Cuív and Dermot Ahern and Deputies Rory O’Hanlon and Margaret Conlon. Discussing the party's slow development towards all-Ireland politics, Mr. Cowen observed: "We have a very open and pragmatic approach. We are a constitutional republican party and we make no secret of the aspirations on which this party was founded. It has always been very clear in our mind what it is we are seeking to achieve, that is to reconcile this country and not being prisoners of our past history. To be part of a generation that will build a new Ireland, an Ireland of which we can all be proud".Fianna Fáil has not contested any elections in Northern Ireland since its registration and recognition there in 2007. At the party's 2014 Ard Fheis, a motion was passed without debate to stand candidates for election north of the border for the first time in 2019.Since 24 January 2019, the party have been in partnership with the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) formerly the main Irish nationalist party in Northern Ireland, but now smaller than Sinn Féin. There had long been speculation about the eventual partnership for several years prior. This was initially met with a negative reaction from Seamus Mallon, former Deputy Leader of the SDLP, who stated he would be opposed to any such merger. Former leader of the SDLP Margaret Ritchie originally stated publicly that she opposed any merger, announcing to the Labour Party Conference that such a merger would not happen on her "watch". On 10 January 2019, Richie stated that she now supported a new partnership with Fianna Fáil.Both Fianna Fáil and the SDLP currently have shared policies on key areas including addressing the current political situation in Northern Ireland, improving public services in both jurisdictions of Ireland, such as healthcare, housing, education, and governmental reform, and bringing about the further unity and cooperation of the people on the island and arrangements for a future poll on Irish reunification.In September 2022, SDLP party leader Colum Eastwood announced the end of its partnership with Fianna Fáil, saying that the SDLP needed to move forward by "standing on its own two feet".
Representation in European institutions
Fianna Fáil joined the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) party on 16 April 2009, and the party's Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) sat in the ALDE Group during the 7th European Parliament term from June 2009 to 1 July 2014. The party is a full member of the Liberal International. Prior to this, the party was part of the Eurosceptic Union for Europe of the Nations parliamentary group between 1999 and 2009.Party headquarters, over the objections of some MEPs, had made several attempts to sever the party's links to the European right, including an aborted 2004 agreement to join the European Liberal Democrat and Reform (ELDR) Party, with whom it already sat in the Council of Europe under the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) banner. On 27 February 2009, Taoiseach Brian Cowen announced that Fianna Fáil proposed to join the ELDR Party and intended to sit with them in the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Group in the European Parliament after the 2009 European elections.In October 2009, it was reported that Fianna Fáil had irritated its new Liberal colleagues by failing to vote for the motion on press freedom in Italy (resulting in its defeat by a majority of one in the Parliament) and by trying to scupper their party colleagues' initiative for gay rights. In January 2010, a report by academic experts writing for the votewatch.eu site found that FF "do not seem to toe the political line" of the ALDE Group "when it comes to budget and civil liberties" issues.In the 2014 European elections, Fianna Fáil received 22.3% of first-preference votes but only returned a single MEP, a reduction in representation of two MEPs from the previous term. This was due to a combination of the party's vote further dropping in Dublin and a two candidate strategy in the Midlands North West constituency, which backfired, resulting in sitting MEP Pat "the Cope" Gallagher losing his seat. On 23 June 2014, returning MEP Brian Crowley announced that he intended to sit with the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) rather than the ALDE group during the upcoming 8th term of the European parliament. The following day on 24 June 2014 Crowley had the Fianna Fáil party whip withdrawn. He has since been re-added to Fianna Fáil's website.In the European Committee of the Regions, Fianna Fáil sits in the Renew Europe CoR group, with two full and two alternate members for the 2020–2025 mandate. Kate Feeney is third vice-president of the Group and Group Coordinator in the SEDEC commission. Gillian Coughlan is Deputy Coordinator in the SEDEC Commission.
See also
Fianna Fáil politicians
List of political parties in Northern Ireland
List of political parties in the Republic of Ireland
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Official website
'Report of the Tribunal of Inquiry into the Beef Processing Industry'
Report of the McCracken Tribunal
Final report of the Mahon Tribunal | Commons category | {
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Fianna Fáil (, Irish: [ˌfʲiən̪ˠə ˈfˠaːlʲ] (listen); meaning 'Soldiers of Destiny' or 'Warriors of Fál'), officially Fianna Fáil – The Republican Party (Irish: Fianna Fáil – An Páirtí Poblachtánach), is a conservative and Christian-democratic political party registered in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.
The party was founded as a republican party on 16 May 1926 by Éamon de Valera and his supporters after they split from Sinn Féin. De Valera and his followers were determined to take seats in the Oireachtas while Sinn Féin's policy was to refuse to recognise it. Since 1927, Fianna Fáil has been one of Ireland's two major parties, along with Fine Gael since 1933; both are seen as centre-right parties, to the right of the Labour Party and Sinn Féin. The party dominated Irish political life for most of the 20th century, and, since its foundation, either it or Fine Gael has led every government. Between 1932 and 2011, it was the largest party in Dáil Éireann, but latterly with a decline in its vote share; from 1989 onwards, its periods of government were in coalition with parties of either the left or the right.
Fianna Fáil's vote collapsed in the 2011 general election; it emerged in third place, in what was widely seen as a political realignment in the wake of the post-2008 Irish economic downturn. By 2016, it had recovered enough to become the largest opposition party, and it entered a confidence and supply arrangement with a Fine Gael–led minority government. In 2020, after a number of months of political stalemate following the general election, Fianna Fáil agreed with Fine Gael and the Green Party to enter into an unprecedented coalition, with the leaders of Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael rotating between the roles of Taoiseach and Tánaiste.
Fianna Fáil is a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe and of Liberal International. From February 2019 to September 2022, Fianna Fáil was in partnership with the Social Democratic and Labour Party in Northern Ireland.
History
Fianna Fáil was founded by Éamon de Valera, a former leader of Sinn Féin. He and a number of other members split from Sinn Féin when a motion he proposed—which called for elected members to be allowed to take their seats in Dáil Éireann if and when the controversial Oath of Allegiance was removed—failed to pass at the Sinn Féin Ard Fheis in 1926. His new party adopted its name on 2 April of the same year. While it was also opposed to the Treaty settlement, it rejected abstentionism, instead aiming to republicanise the Irish Free State from within. Fianna Fáil's platform of economic autarky had appeal among the farmers, working-class people and the poor, while alienating more affluent classes. It largely pre-empted voters of the aforementioned groups from the Labour Party (with its almost identical economic and social policy) following its entry into the Dáil in 1927. Fianna Fáil would go on to style themselves for several decades as "the real Labour Party."Cumann na nGaedheal sought to exploit the notion that Fianna Fáil was a party in thrall to communists. During the 1932 general election campaign, Cumann na Gaedheal declared in a newspaper advert that "the gunmen and Communists are voting for Fianna Fáil today – vote for the Government party." However, Fianna Fáil won the election. The party first entered government on 9 March 1932. It was in power for 61 of the 79 years between then and the election of 2011. Its longest continuous period in office has been 15 years and 11 months (March 1932 – February 1948). Its longest single period out of office in the 20th century was four years and four months (March 1973 – July 1977). All of the party's leaders have served as Taoiseach.The party's most dominant era was the 41-year period between 1932 and 1973, when party leaders Éamon de Valera, Seán Lemass and Jack Lynch served as Taoiseach in an almost unbroken chain save for six years that John A. Costello of Fine Gael briefly interrupted. De Valera's reign is acknowledged for having successfully guided Ireland through World War II unscathed but is criticised for leaving Ireland in economic and cultural stagnation. His successors such as Lemass however were able to turn around Ireland's economic fortunes as well as primed the country for entry into the European Economic Community, later the European Union.
Fianna Fáil's fortunes began to falter in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1970 the Arms Crisis threatened to split the entire party in two when Fianna Fáil cabinet ministers Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney were dismissed by Jack Lynch after being accused of seeking to provide arms to the newly emergent Provisional Irish Republican Army. Factional infighting over Northern Ireland, economics and the "moral issues" such as the legalization of divorce, abortion, and contraception plagued the party in this era and grew particularly intense when Charles Haughey later became party leader. Under Haughey, Fianna Fáil lost both the 1981 general election and November 1982 general election to Garret FitzGerald's Fine Gael during a particularly chaotic time in Ireland's political and economic history. Numerous failed internal attempts to oust Haughey as leader of the party culminated in the most significant split in the party's history when a large portion of the membership walked out to create the Progressive Democrats in 1985, under the leadership of Haughey archrival Desmond O'Malley. Haughey was forced to resign as Taoiseach and party leader in 1992 following revelations about his role in a phone tapping scandal.Although the two parties had seemed poised to be bitter enemies owing to the personal conflicts between the memberships, from 1989 onwards Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats served repeatedly in coalition governments together, helping to stabilise Fianna Fáil. In 1994 Fianna Fáil came under the new leadership of Haughey protégé Bertie Ahern, who also became Taoiseach in 1997. Under Ahern, Fianna Fáil was able to claim credit for helping to broker the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 which began the peace process in Northern Ireland, as well the economic upswing caused by the Celtic Tiger which saw Ireland's economy boom during the 2000s. However, this momentum came to a sharp and sudden halt following two events. Firstly, Ahern was forced to resign as Taoiseach and left the party in 2008 following revelations made in the Mahon Tribunal that Ahern had accepted money from property developers. Secondly, the party, which was still in government under a new leader and Taoiseach Brian Cowen, was held responsible for the effects of the post-2008 Irish economic downturn. The party's popularity crashed: an opinion poll on 27 February 2009 indicated that only 10% of voters were satisfied with the Government's performance.In the 2011 general election, it suffered the worst defeat of a sitting government in the history of the Irish state. This loss was described as "historic" in its proportions and "unthinkable". The party sank from being the largest in the Dáil to the third-largest, losing 58 of its 78 seats. This broke 79 consecutive years of Fianna Fáil being the largest single party in the Dáil. That election took place with Michael Martin as leader, as Cowen had resigned as party leader in January 2011, although retained his role as Taoiseach until the election. Cowen's premiership was sharply criticised in the media, with The Sunday Times describing Cowen's tenure as Taoiseach as "a dismal failure" and in 2011 the Irish Independent calling Cowen the "worst Taoiseach in the history of the State."
Recent history
Martin continued to lead Fianna Fáil past 2011; In the 2016 general election Martin's Fianna Fáil made a moderate recovery while Fine Gael retained control of the government as a minority government, made possible by a confidence and supply agreement with Fianna Fáíl. In 2018 the party was divided internally over how the party would handle that year's referendum on the Eighth Amendment, the provision in the Irish constitution which forbade abortion, with a significant portion of both the parliamentary party and the ordinary membership in favour of a No vote. Leader Michael Martin signalled his own desire for a Yes vote, but was unable to bring the party under one stance, and ultimately more than half of Fianna Fáil's TDs campaigned for a No vote. On polling day the Yes side won, 66% to 33%.
After the 2020 general election, for the first time in history, Fianna Fáil entered into a coalition government with its traditional rival Fine Gael, as well as the Green Party, with Fianna Fáil leader Micheál Martin serving as Taoiseach. That same year a number of Fianna Fáil members were involved in the "Golfgate" scandal, an event that ultimately led to the resignation of Fianna Fáil deputy leader Dara Calleary. In July 2021 Fianna Fáil suffered what a number of sources suggested might have been the single worst result in its history when the party polled extremely poorly in the 2021 Dublin Bay South by-election. The result prompted Jim O'Callaghan and Cathal Crowe to question whether Martin should lead the party into its next general election. In February 2023, former leader Bertie Ahern rejoined the party, having left in 2012.
Organisation and structure
Fianna Fáil uses a structure called a cumann system. The basic unit was the cumann (branch); these were grouped into comhairlí ceantair (district branches) and a comhairle dáil ceantair (constituency branch) in every constituency. The party claimed that in 2005 they had 50,000 registered names, but only an estimated 10,000–15,000 members were considered active.However, from the early 1990s onward the cumann structure was weakened. Every cumann was entitled to three votes to selection conventions irrespective of its size; hence, a large number of cumainn had become in effect "paper cumainn", the only use of which was to ensure an aspiring or sitting candidate got enough votes. Although this phenomenon was nothing new (the most famous example being Neil Blaney's "Donegal Mafia").Since the 2007 election, the party's structure has significantly weakened. This was in part exacerbated by significant infighting between candidates in the run-up to the 2011 general election. The Irish Times estimated that half of its 3,000 cumainn were effectively moribund. This fraction rose in Dublin with the exception of Dublin West, the former seat of both Brian Lenihan Snr and Brian Lenihan Jnr.
Ideology
In the modern era, Fianna Fáil is seen as a typical catch-all party and has defined itself as such. In the 1980s Brian Lenihan Snr declared "there are no isms or [ide]ologies in my party", while in the early 2000s Fianna Fáil leader Bertie Ahern affirmed the party's catch-all stance by defining Fianna Fáil as a party that "looks out for the small ranking guy, the middle-ranking guy and assists the big guy". This contrasts with the more working-class orientation Fianna Fáil had in the early 20th century; In 1926 Seán Lemass described the party as "a progressive republican party based on the actual conditions of the moment" while upon winning the 1932 Irish general election, newly elected Fianna Fáil TD Seán Moylan proclaimed that Fianna Fáil's win meant a victory of "the owners of the donkey and cart over the pony and trap class". The Fianna Fáil party of the 1930s has been described as an economically social democratic one that sought to create an economically independent state (autarky) via protectionist policies, based on its culturally nationalist thinking.During the leadership of Seán Lemass in the 1960s, Fianna Fáil began to utilise some corporatist policies (embracing the concept of ‘social partnership’), taking some influence from the Roman Catholic Church. It was also during Lemass' time that the party shifted heavily away from autarkic thinking and towards a firm belief in free trade and foreign direct investment in Ireland.In 1967 Jack Lynch described the party as "left of centre" while suggesting it was to the left of Fine Gael and Labour. However, during the 1969 Irish general election the party ran red scare tactics against Labour after it began using the slogan "the seventies will be socialist!". As Fine Gael became more and more socially liberal in the 1970s under Garret FitzGerald, the party reacted by embracing social conservatism and populism. In the same time period, the emergence of the Troubles and the Arms Crisis of 1971 tested the party's nationalism, but despite these events, Fianna Fáil maintained their moderate culturally nationalist stance.In the 1990s, Fianna Fáil was described as a conservative party but also as a nationalist party. It has presented itself as a "broad church" and attracted support from across disparate social classes. Between 1989 and 2011, it led coalition governments with parties of both the left and the right. Fianna Fáil's platform contains a number of enduring commitments: to Irish unity; to the promotion and protection of the Irish language; and to maintaining Ireland's tradition of military neutrality. While the party is distinctly more populist, nationalist, and generally more economically interventionist than Fine Gael, the party shares its rival's support of the European Union. Although part of the liberal ALDE group in the European Parliament, the party has not supported the group's positions on civil liberties and its liberal nature is disputed, though the party did legalize same-sex civil partnerships in 2010.The party's name and logo incorporates the words 'The Republican Party'. According to Fianna Fáil, "Republican here stands both for the unity of the island and a commitment to the historic principles of European republican philosophy, namely liberty, equality and fraternity". The party's main goal at its beginning was to reunite the North and the South.R. Ken Carty wrote of Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael that they were "heterogeneous in their bases of support, relatively undifferentiated in terms of policy or programme, and remarkably stable in their support levels". Evidence from expert surveys, opinion polls and candidate surveys all fail to identify strong distinctions between the two parties.
Leadership and president
The following are the terms of office as party leader and as Taoiseach:
Deputy leader
Seanad leader
Electoral results
Dáil Éireann
European Parliament
Front bench
Ógra Fianna Fáil
Ógra Fianna Fáil serves as the party's official youth wing.
Fianna Fáil and Northern Ireland politics
On 17 September 2007, Fianna Fáil announced that the party would for the first time organise in Northern Ireland. The then Foreign Minister Dermot Ahern was asked to chair a committee on the matter: "In the period ahead Dermot Ahern will lead efforts to develop that strategy for carrying through this policy, examining timescales and structures. We will act gradually and strategically. We are under no illusions. It will not be easy. It will challenge us all. But I am confident we will succeed".The party embarked on its first ever recruitment drive north of the border in September 2007 in northern universities, and established two 'Political Societies', the William Drennan Cumann in Queens University, Belfast, and the Watty Graham Cumann in UU Magee, Derry, which subsequently became official units of Fianna Fáil's youth wing, attaining full membership and voting rights, and attained official voting delegates at the 2012 Ard Fheis. On 23 February 2008, it was announced that a former Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) councillor, Colonel Harvey Bicker, had joined Fianna Fáil.Bertie Ahern announced on 7 December 2007 that Fianna Fáil had been registered in Northern Ireland by the UK Electoral Commission.
The party's Ard Fheis in 2009 unanimously passed a motion to organise in Northern Ireland by establishing forums, rather than cumainn, in each of its six counties. In December 2009, Fianna Fáil secured its first Northern Ireland Assembly MLA when Gerry McHugh, an independent MLA, announced he had joined the party. Mr. McHugh confirmed that although he had joined the party, he would continue to sit as an independent MLA. In June 2010, Fianna Fáil opened its first official office in Northern Ireland, in Crossmaglen, County Armagh. The then Taoiseach Brian Cowen officially opened the office, accompanied by Ministers Éamon Ó Cuív and Dermot Ahern and Deputies Rory O’Hanlon and Margaret Conlon. Discussing the party's slow development towards all-Ireland politics, Mr. Cowen observed: "We have a very open and pragmatic approach. We are a constitutional republican party and we make no secret of the aspirations on which this party was founded. It has always been very clear in our mind what it is we are seeking to achieve, that is to reconcile this country and not being prisoners of our past history. To be part of a generation that will build a new Ireland, an Ireland of which we can all be proud".Fianna Fáil has not contested any elections in Northern Ireland since its registration and recognition there in 2007. At the party's 2014 Ard Fheis, a motion was passed without debate to stand candidates for election north of the border for the first time in 2019.Since 24 January 2019, the party have been in partnership with the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) formerly the main Irish nationalist party in Northern Ireland, but now smaller than Sinn Féin. There had long been speculation about the eventual partnership for several years prior. This was initially met with a negative reaction from Seamus Mallon, former Deputy Leader of the SDLP, who stated he would be opposed to any such merger. Former leader of the SDLP Margaret Ritchie originally stated publicly that she opposed any merger, announcing to the Labour Party Conference that such a merger would not happen on her "watch". On 10 January 2019, Richie stated that she now supported a new partnership with Fianna Fáil.Both Fianna Fáil and the SDLP currently have shared policies on key areas including addressing the current political situation in Northern Ireland, improving public services in both jurisdictions of Ireland, such as healthcare, housing, education, and governmental reform, and bringing about the further unity and cooperation of the people on the island and arrangements for a future poll on Irish reunification.In September 2022, SDLP party leader Colum Eastwood announced the end of its partnership with Fianna Fáil, saying that the SDLP needed to move forward by "standing on its own two feet".
Representation in European institutions
Fianna Fáil joined the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) party on 16 April 2009, and the party's Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) sat in the ALDE Group during the 7th European Parliament term from June 2009 to 1 July 2014. The party is a full member of the Liberal International. Prior to this, the party was part of the Eurosceptic Union for Europe of the Nations parliamentary group between 1999 and 2009.Party headquarters, over the objections of some MEPs, had made several attempts to sever the party's links to the European right, including an aborted 2004 agreement to join the European Liberal Democrat and Reform (ELDR) Party, with whom it already sat in the Council of Europe under the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) banner. On 27 February 2009, Taoiseach Brian Cowen announced that Fianna Fáil proposed to join the ELDR Party and intended to sit with them in the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Group in the European Parliament after the 2009 European elections.In October 2009, it was reported that Fianna Fáil had irritated its new Liberal colleagues by failing to vote for the motion on press freedom in Italy (resulting in its defeat by a majority of one in the Parliament) and by trying to scupper their party colleagues' initiative for gay rights. In January 2010, a report by academic experts writing for the votewatch.eu site found that FF "do not seem to toe the political line" of the ALDE Group "when it comes to budget and civil liberties" issues.In the 2014 European elections, Fianna Fáil received 22.3% of first-preference votes but only returned a single MEP, a reduction in representation of two MEPs from the previous term. This was due to a combination of the party's vote further dropping in Dublin and a two candidate strategy in the Midlands North West constituency, which backfired, resulting in sitting MEP Pat "the Cope" Gallagher losing his seat. On 23 June 2014, returning MEP Brian Crowley announced that he intended to sit with the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) rather than the ALDE group during the upcoming 8th term of the European parliament. The following day on 24 June 2014 Crowley had the Fianna Fáil party whip withdrawn. He has since been re-added to Fianna Fáil's website.In the European Committee of the Regions, Fianna Fáil sits in the Renew Europe CoR group, with two full and two alternate members for the 2020–2025 mandate. Kate Feeney is third vice-president of the Group and Group Coordinator in the SEDEC commission. Gillian Coughlan is Deputy Coordinator in the SEDEC Commission.
See also
Fianna Fáil politicians
List of political parties in Northern Ireland
List of political parties in the Republic of Ireland
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Official website
'Report of the Tribunal of Inquiry into the Beef Processing Industry'
Report of the McCracken Tribunal
Final report of the Mahon Tribunal | member of | {
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18962
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"text": [
"Union for Europe of the Nations"
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Fianna Fáil (, Irish: [ˌfʲiən̪ˠə ˈfˠaːlʲ] (listen); meaning 'Soldiers of Destiny' or 'Warriors of Fál'), officially Fianna Fáil – The Republican Party (Irish: Fianna Fáil – An Páirtí Poblachtánach), is a conservative and Christian-democratic political party registered in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.
The party was founded as a republican party on 16 May 1926 by Éamon de Valera and his supporters after they split from Sinn Féin. De Valera and his followers were determined to take seats in the Oireachtas while Sinn Féin's policy was to refuse to recognise it. Since 1927, Fianna Fáil has been one of Ireland's two major parties, along with Fine Gael since 1933; both are seen as centre-right parties, to the right of the Labour Party and Sinn Féin. The party dominated Irish political life for most of the 20th century, and, since its foundation, either it or Fine Gael has led every government. Between 1932 and 2011, it was the largest party in Dáil Éireann, but latterly with a decline in its vote share; from 1989 onwards, its periods of government were in coalition with parties of either the left or the right.
Fianna Fáil's vote collapsed in the 2011 general election; it emerged in third place, in what was widely seen as a political realignment in the wake of the post-2008 Irish economic downturn. By 2016, it had recovered enough to become the largest opposition party, and it entered a confidence and supply arrangement with a Fine Gael–led minority government. In 2020, after a number of months of political stalemate following the general election, Fianna Fáil agreed with Fine Gael and the Green Party to enter into an unprecedented coalition, with the leaders of Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael rotating between the roles of Taoiseach and Tánaiste.
Fianna Fáil is a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe and of Liberal International. From February 2019 to September 2022, Fianna Fáil was in partnership with the Social Democratic and Labour Party in Northern Ireland.
History
Fianna Fáil was founded by Éamon de Valera, a former leader of Sinn Féin. He and a number of other members split from Sinn Féin when a motion he proposed—which called for elected members to be allowed to take their seats in Dáil Éireann if and when the controversial Oath of Allegiance was removed—failed to pass at the Sinn Féin Ard Fheis in 1926. His new party adopted its name on 2 April of the same year. While it was also opposed to the Treaty settlement, it rejected abstentionism, instead aiming to republicanise the Irish Free State from within. Fianna Fáil's platform of economic autarky had appeal among the farmers, working-class people and the poor, while alienating more affluent classes. It largely pre-empted voters of the aforementioned groups from the Labour Party (with its almost identical economic and social policy) following its entry into the Dáil in 1927. Fianna Fáil would go on to style themselves for several decades as "the real Labour Party."Cumann na nGaedheal sought to exploit the notion that Fianna Fáil was a party in thrall to communists. During the 1932 general election campaign, Cumann na Gaedheal declared in a newspaper advert that "the gunmen and Communists are voting for Fianna Fáil today – vote for the Government party." However, Fianna Fáil won the election. The party first entered government on 9 March 1932. It was in power for 61 of the 79 years between then and the election of 2011. Its longest continuous period in office has been 15 years and 11 months (March 1932 – February 1948). Its longest single period out of office in the 20th century was four years and four months (March 1973 – July 1977). All of the party's leaders have served as Taoiseach.The party's most dominant era was the 41-year period between 1932 and 1973, when party leaders Éamon de Valera, Seán Lemass and Jack Lynch served as Taoiseach in an almost unbroken chain save for six years that John A. Costello of Fine Gael briefly interrupted. De Valera's reign is acknowledged for having successfully guided Ireland through World War II unscathed but is criticised for leaving Ireland in economic and cultural stagnation. His successors such as Lemass however were able to turn around Ireland's economic fortunes as well as primed the country for entry into the European Economic Community, later the European Union.
Fianna Fáil's fortunes began to falter in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1970 the Arms Crisis threatened to split the entire party in two when Fianna Fáil cabinet ministers Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney were dismissed by Jack Lynch after being accused of seeking to provide arms to the newly emergent Provisional Irish Republican Army. Factional infighting over Northern Ireland, economics and the "moral issues" such as the legalization of divorce, abortion, and contraception plagued the party in this era and grew particularly intense when Charles Haughey later became party leader. Under Haughey, Fianna Fáil lost both the 1981 general election and November 1982 general election to Garret FitzGerald's Fine Gael during a particularly chaotic time in Ireland's political and economic history. Numerous failed internal attempts to oust Haughey as leader of the party culminated in the most significant split in the party's history when a large portion of the membership walked out to create the Progressive Democrats in 1985, under the leadership of Haughey archrival Desmond O'Malley. Haughey was forced to resign as Taoiseach and party leader in 1992 following revelations about his role in a phone tapping scandal.Although the two parties had seemed poised to be bitter enemies owing to the personal conflicts between the memberships, from 1989 onwards Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats served repeatedly in coalition governments together, helping to stabilise Fianna Fáil. In 1994 Fianna Fáil came under the new leadership of Haughey protégé Bertie Ahern, who also became Taoiseach in 1997. Under Ahern, Fianna Fáil was able to claim credit for helping to broker the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 which began the peace process in Northern Ireland, as well the economic upswing caused by the Celtic Tiger which saw Ireland's economy boom during the 2000s. However, this momentum came to a sharp and sudden halt following two events. Firstly, Ahern was forced to resign as Taoiseach and left the party in 2008 following revelations made in the Mahon Tribunal that Ahern had accepted money from property developers. Secondly, the party, which was still in government under a new leader and Taoiseach Brian Cowen, was held responsible for the effects of the post-2008 Irish economic downturn. The party's popularity crashed: an opinion poll on 27 February 2009 indicated that only 10% of voters were satisfied with the Government's performance.In the 2011 general election, it suffered the worst defeat of a sitting government in the history of the Irish state. This loss was described as "historic" in its proportions and "unthinkable". The party sank from being the largest in the Dáil to the third-largest, losing 58 of its 78 seats. This broke 79 consecutive years of Fianna Fáil being the largest single party in the Dáil. That election took place with Michael Martin as leader, as Cowen had resigned as party leader in January 2011, although retained his role as Taoiseach until the election. Cowen's premiership was sharply criticised in the media, with The Sunday Times describing Cowen's tenure as Taoiseach as "a dismal failure" and in 2011 the Irish Independent calling Cowen the "worst Taoiseach in the history of the State."
Recent history
Martin continued to lead Fianna Fáil past 2011; In the 2016 general election Martin's Fianna Fáil made a moderate recovery while Fine Gael retained control of the government as a minority government, made possible by a confidence and supply agreement with Fianna Fáíl. In 2018 the party was divided internally over how the party would handle that year's referendum on the Eighth Amendment, the provision in the Irish constitution which forbade abortion, with a significant portion of both the parliamentary party and the ordinary membership in favour of a No vote. Leader Michael Martin signalled his own desire for a Yes vote, but was unable to bring the party under one stance, and ultimately more than half of Fianna Fáil's TDs campaigned for a No vote. On polling day the Yes side won, 66% to 33%.
After the 2020 general election, for the first time in history, Fianna Fáil entered into a coalition government with its traditional rival Fine Gael, as well as the Green Party, with Fianna Fáil leader Micheál Martin serving as Taoiseach. That same year a number of Fianna Fáil members were involved in the "Golfgate" scandal, an event that ultimately led to the resignation of Fianna Fáil deputy leader Dara Calleary. In July 2021 Fianna Fáil suffered what a number of sources suggested might have been the single worst result in its history when the party polled extremely poorly in the 2021 Dublin Bay South by-election. The result prompted Jim O'Callaghan and Cathal Crowe to question whether Martin should lead the party into its next general election. In February 2023, former leader Bertie Ahern rejoined the party, having left in 2012.
Organisation and structure
Fianna Fáil uses a structure called a cumann system. The basic unit was the cumann (branch); these were grouped into comhairlí ceantair (district branches) and a comhairle dáil ceantair (constituency branch) in every constituency. The party claimed that in 2005 they had 50,000 registered names, but only an estimated 10,000–15,000 members were considered active.However, from the early 1990s onward the cumann structure was weakened. Every cumann was entitled to three votes to selection conventions irrespective of its size; hence, a large number of cumainn had become in effect "paper cumainn", the only use of which was to ensure an aspiring or sitting candidate got enough votes. Although this phenomenon was nothing new (the most famous example being Neil Blaney's "Donegal Mafia").Since the 2007 election, the party's structure has significantly weakened. This was in part exacerbated by significant infighting between candidates in the run-up to the 2011 general election. The Irish Times estimated that half of its 3,000 cumainn were effectively moribund. This fraction rose in Dublin with the exception of Dublin West, the former seat of both Brian Lenihan Snr and Brian Lenihan Jnr.
Ideology
In the modern era, Fianna Fáil is seen as a typical catch-all party and has defined itself as such. In the 1980s Brian Lenihan Snr declared "there are no isms or [ide]ologies in my party", while in the early 2000s Fianna Fáil leader Bertie Ahern affirmed the party's catch-all stance by defining Fianna Fáil as a party that "looks out for the small ranking guy, the middle-ranking guy and assists the big guy". This contrasts with the more working-class orientation Fianna Fáil had in the early 20th century; In 1926 Seán Lemass described the party as "a progressive republican party based on the actual conditions of the moment" while upon winning the 1932 Irish general election, newly elected Fianna Fáil TD Seán Moylan proclaimed that Fianna Fáil's win meant a victory of "the owners of the donkey and cart over the pony and trap class". The Fianna Fáil party of the 1930s has been described as an economically social democratic one that sought to create an economically independent state (autarky) via protectionist policies, based on its culturally nationalist thinking.During the leadership of Seán Lemass in the 1960s, Fianna Fáil began to utilise some corporatist policies (embracing the concept of ‘social partnership’), taking some influence from the Roman Catholic Church. It was also during Lemass' time that the party shifted heavily away from autarkic thinking and towards a firm belief in free trade and foreign direct investment in Ireland.In 1967 Jack Lynch described the party as "left of centre" while suggesting it was to the left of Fine Gael and Labour. However, during the 1969 Irish general election the party ran red scare tactics against Labour after it began using the slogan "the seventies will be socialist!". As Fine Gael became more and more socially liberal in the 1970s under Garret FitzGerald, the party reacted by embracing social conservatism and populism. In the same time period, the emergence of the Troubles and the Arms Crisis of 1971 tested the party's nationalism, but despite these events, Fianna Fáil maintained their moderate culturally nationalist stance.In the 1990s, Fianna Fáil was described as a conservative party but also as a nationalist party. It has presented itself as a "broad church" and attracted support from across disparate social classes. Between 1989 and 2011, it led coalition governments with parties of both the left and the right. Fianna Fáil's platform contains a number of enduring commitments: to Irish unity; to the promotion and protection of the Irish language; and to maintaining Ireland's tradition of military neutrality. While the party is distinctly more populist, nationalist, and generally more economically interventionist than Fine Gael, the party shares its rival's support of the European Union. Although part of the liberal ALDE group in the European Parliament, the party has not supported the group's positions on civil liberties and its liberal nature is disputed, though the party did legalize same-sex civil partnerships in 2010.The party's name and logo incorporates the words 'The Republican Party'. According to Fianna Fáil, "Republican here stands both for the unity of the island and a commitment to the historic principles of European republican philosophy, namely liberty, equality and fraternity". The party's main goal at its beginning was to reunite the North and the South.R. Ken Carty wrote of Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael that they were "heterogeneous in their bases of support, relatively undifferentiated in terms of policy or programme, and remarkably stable in their support levels". Evidence from expert surveys, opinion polls and candidate surveys all fail to identify strong distinctions between the two parties.
Leadership and president
The following are the terms of office as party leader and as Taoiseach:
Deputy leader
Seanad leader
Electoral results
Dáil Éireann
European Parliament
Front bench
Ógra Fianna Fáil
Ógra Fianna Fáil serves as the party's official youth wing.
Fianna Fáil and Northern Ireland politics
On 17 September 2007, Fianna Fáil announced that the party would for the first time organise in Northern Ireland. The then Foreign Minister Dermot Ahern was asked to chair a committee on the matter: "In the period ahead Dermot Ahern will lead efforts to develop that strategy for carrying through this policy, examining timescales and structures. We will act gradually and strategically. We are under no illusions. It will not be easy. It will challenge us all. But I am confident we will succeed".The party embarked on its first ever recruitment drive north of the border in September 2007 in northern universities, and established two 'Political Societies', the William Drennan Cumann in Queens University, Belfast, and the Watty Graham Cumann in UU Magee, Derry, which subsequently became official units of Fianna Fáil's youth wing, attaining full membership and voting rights, and attained official voting delegates at the 2012 Ard Fheis. On 23 February 2008, it was announced that a former Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) councillor, Colonel Harvey Bicker, had joined Fianna Fáil.Bertie Ahern announced on 7 December 2007 that Fianna Fáil had been registered in Northern Ireland by the UK Electoral Commission.
The party's Ard Fheis in 2009 unanimously passed a motion to organise in Northern Ireland by establishing forums, rather than cumainn, in each of its six counties. In December 2009, Fianna Fáil secured its first Northern Ireland Assembly MLA when Gerry McHugh, an independent MLA, announced he had joined the party. Mr. McHugh confirmed that although he had joined the party, he would continue to sit as an independent MLA. In June 2010, Fianna Fáil opened its first official office in Northern Ireland, in Crossmaglen, County Armagh. The then Taoiseach Brian Cowen officially opened the office, accompanied by Ministers Éamon Ó Cuív and Dermot Ahern and Deputies Rory O’Hanlon and Margaret Conlon. Discussing the party's slow development towards all-Ireland politics, Mr. Cowen observed: "We have a very open and pragmatic approach. We are a constitutional republican party and we make no secret of the aspirations on which this party was founded. It has always been very clear in our mind what it is we are seeking to achieve, that is to reconcile this country and not being prisoners of our past history. To be part of a generation that will build a new Ireland, an Ireland of which we can all be proud".Fianna Fáil has not contested any elections in Northern Ireland since its registration and recognition there in 2007. At the party's 2014 Ard Fheis, a motion was passed without debate to stand candidates for election north of the border for the first time in 2019.Since 24 January 2019, the party have been in partnership with the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) formerly the main Irish nationalist party in Northern Ireland, but now smaller than Sinn Féin. There had long been speculation about the eventual partnership for several years prior. This was initially met with a negative reaction from Seamus Mallon, former Deputy Leader of the SDLP, who stated he would be opposed to any such merger. Former leader of the SDLP Margaret Ritchie originally stated publicly that she opposed any merger, announcing to the Labour Party Conference that such a merger would not happen on her "watch". On 10 January 2019, Richie stated that she now supported a new partnership with Fianna Fáil.Both Fianna Fáil and the SDLP currently have shared policies on key areas including addressing the current political situation in Northern Ireland, improving public services in both jurisdictions of Ireland, such as healthcare, housing, education, and governmental reform, and bringing about the further unity and cooperation of the people on the island and arrangements for a future poll on Irish reunification.In September 2022, SDLP party leader Colum Eastwood announced the end of its partnership with Fianna Fáil, saying that the SDLP needed to move forward by "standing on its own two feet".
Representation in European institutions
Fianna Fáil joined the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) party on 16 April 2009, and the party's Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) sat in the ALDE Group during the 7th European Parliament term from June 2009 to 1 July 2014. The party is a full member of the Liberal International. Prior to this, the party was part of the Eurosceptic Union for Europe of the Nations parliamentary group between 1999 and 2009.Party headquarters, over the objections of some MEPs, had made several attempts to sever the party's links to the European right, including an aborted 2004 agreement to join the European Liberal Democrat and Reform (ELDR) Party, with whom it already sat in the Council of Europe under the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) banner. On 27 February 2009, Taoiseach Brian Cowen announced that Fianna Fáil proposed to join the ELDR Party and intended to sit with them in the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Group in the European Parliament after the 2009 European elections.In October 2009, it was reported that Fianna Fáil had irritated its new Liberal colleagues by failing to vote for the motion on press freedom in Italy (resulting in its defeat by a majority of one in the Parliament) and by trying to scupper their party colleagues' initiative for gay rights. In January 2010, a report by academic experts writing for the votewatch.eu site found that FF "do not seem to toe the political line" of the ALDE Group "when it comes to budget and civil liberties" issues.In the 2014 European elections, Fianna Fáil received 22.3% of first-preference votes but only returned a single MEP, a reduction in representation of two MEPs from the previous term. This was due to a combination of the party's vote further dropping in Dublin and a two candidate strategy in the Midlands North West constituency, which backfired, resulting in sitting MEP Pat "the Cope" Gallagher losing his seat. On 23 June 2014, returning MEP Brian Crowley announced that he intended to sit with the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) rather than the ALDE group during the upcoming 8th term of the European parliament. The following day on 24 June 2014 Crowley had the Fianna Fáil party whip withdrawn. He has since been re-added to Fianna Fáil's website.In the European Committee of the Regions, Fianna Fáil sits in the Renew Europe CoR group, with two full and two alternate members for the 2020–2025 mandate. Kate Feeney is third vice-president of the Group and Group Coordinator in the SEDEC commission. Gillian Coughlan is Deputy Coordinator in the SEDEC Commission.
See also
Fianna Fáil politicians
List of political parties in Northern Ireland
List of political parties in the Republic of Ireland
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Official website
'Report of the Tribunal of Inquiry into the Beef Processing Industry'
Report of the McCracken Tribunal
Final report of the Mahon Tribunal | chairperson | {
"answer_start": [
8641
],
"text": [
"Micheál Martin"
]
} |
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