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5cfd4e1a73cab661696912c4c971e7f6 | https://ehistory.osu.edu/books/official-records/027/0888 | War of the Rebellion: Serial 027 Page 0888 OPERATIONS IN N. VA.,W. VA.,MD.,AND PA. Chapter XXXI. | War of the Rebellion: Serial 027 Page 0888 OPERATIONS IN N. VA.,W. VA.,MD.,AND PA. Chapter XXXI.
[Inclosure.]
Return of casualties in Brigadier General D. R. Jones' division, September 14-18, 1862.
Killed. Wounded.
Brigades. Officers. Enlisted Officers. Enlisted
men. men.
Toombs'. 3 13 14 108
Drayton's. 11 71 16 264
Anderson's.
--------
8 7 73
Kemper's. 1 14 18 84
Garnett's. 2 28 14 185
Jenkins'.
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27 28 168
Total. 17 161 97 882
CONTINUATION:
Missing.
Brigades. Officers. Enlisted men. Aggregate.
Toombs'. 1 21 100
Drayton's. 3 176 541
Anderson's. 1 5 94
Kemper's.
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27 144
Garnett's.
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32 261
Jenkins'. 1 11 235
Total. 6 272 1,435
Numbers 234. Report of Brigadier General Robert Toombs, C. S. Army, commanding division (temporary), of the battle of Sharpsburg.
WASHINGTON, GA., October 25, 1862.
GENERAL: The day that the army, commanded by General Lee, left Leesburg and marched toward Maryland, you notified me that I was assigned to the command of a division, composed of my own brigade, General Drayton's, and Colonel G. T. Anderson's. When Major-General Longstreet's command arrived within 4 or 5 miles of Hagerstown, I was ordered to send forward one of my brigades to that point, take possession of Hagerstown, and to hold it until further orders. I asked permission to accompany this brigade, which was granted by Major-General Longstreet. I took with me, for the execution of this order, my own brigade, then under the command of Colonel Benning, of the Seventeenth Georgia Volunteers, leaving Brigadier-General Drayton's and Colonel Anderson's brigades with the main body of the army.
On Saturday night, September 13, while in command at Hagerstown, I received orders to hold my command in readiness to march at daylight the next morning. I received no further orders until about 10 o'clock on Sunday night, September 14. I then received orders to march immediately to Sharpsburg, which I did, and reached there before daylight on Monday morning. On that day I received orders from you to detail two regiments from my own brigade (the only one then with me), and to order them to Williamsport for the protection of the wagon-train, which left me with but two regiments only, and one of those (the Second Georgia) was very small, having less than 120 muskets present for duty. With these two regiments I was ordered by you to occupy the most eligible position I could find on the Antietam River, near the bridge on the road to Harper's Ferry, in order to prevent the enemy from crossing the river. From this position I was ordered to fall back when it should become necessary, by my right flank, and to hold a hill about 400 yards below the bridge and immediately on the river, as long as it might be practicable, and then to fall back and take position on your right in line of battle, with four other brigades of your command, about 600 or 800 yards in rear of the bridge. With these orders I took possession of
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cumstances the regiment maintained its position for two hours, when the enemy had gotten in our rear from the right, and had also passed beyond us on the left, and was pressing with vigor with ten times our number immediately in front of us. Still, death was dealt by the unerring shots of this noble little band. The enemy, with his large force, had come within 80 steps of us, when a hasty retreat down the hill with a circuitous route to the left saved us from the prisoner's cell.
Our loss was comparatively great. The men fought exceedingly well. Among the bravest, I deem it necessary to mention W. T. Rea, a private of Company K; Private E. G. Taylor, Company B, and Ensign L. R. Bowyer.
Loss in this engagement, 8; names * heretofore furnished.
B. BROWN,
Captain, Commanding Regiment.
[Indorsement.]
Brigadier-General GARNETT:
This regiment was acting more directly under your orders than those of its commander, Captain Brown, who was present during the engagement. I did not recognize Adjutant Wood as its commander on that day, he being only third lieutenant.
Respectfully,
JAMES D. McINTIRE.
Numbers 239. Report of Colonel William D. Stuart, Fifty-sixth Virginia Infantry, of the battle of Boonsborough.
HEADQUARTERS PICKETT'S BRIGADE,
October 25, 1862.
SIR: I have the honor to submit to you the following report of the part taken by the Fifty-sixth Virginia Regiment, under my command, in the engagement on the South Mountain, near Boonsborough, Md., on Sunday, September 14:
Upon reaching the line of battle assigned to your brigade, I was ordered to the support of General J. L. Kemper, immediately on your left, and distant about 200 yards. I promptly repaired to General Kemper's right, and reported to Colonel Corse, of the Seventeenth Virginia, commanding at that point. He assigned me my place in line of battle in a corn-field, through which the enemy were reported to be advancing immediately in front. Here I remained for some time, when from the direction of the enemy's fire and the appearance of their standards, I found the attack was being made against you on my right, and that my whole flank would be exposed should your position prove untenable. With Colonel Corse's permission, I threw back my right wing, and prepared to meet the enemy from this direction. Dark now settled upon us, and, as it was impossible to see anything of the enemy, and the firing on my right, on your part, had ceased, and a portion of the Twenty-eighth Regiment, of your brigade, had retreated toward my position. I concluded that your position had proved untenable, and advised Colonel Corse again to fall back to the fence separating the cleared and corn
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* Not found.
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left flank into the wood, which I did. My skirmishers (the right wing of the Georgia Regulars, Captain [R. A.] Wayne commanding), not having the command to change direction, had continued moving by the flank, and uncovered my front. Having moved some distance over the mountain side, I halted, and sent forward to find Captain Wayne, but could not for the reason above given, and, finding that the fire of the enemy was more to my left than front, I changed front forward on the left, and had the left wing of the Georgia Regulars, under direction of Colonel [William J.] Magill, deployed as skirmishers; and as I was in the act of advancing to find the enemy, Lieutenant Shellman, adjutant Eighth Georgia Regiment, reported the enemy as having turned Drayton's right flank, and being on our left and rear. A few of them were taken prisoners, and several of Drayton's men, who had been captured, released. To prevent the enemy from cutting off my small brigade, being at the time alone (General Ripley's brigade, on my right, being several hundred yards away, as I found by sending Captain [J. G.] Montgomery, First Georgia Regulars, to report for orders, who reported him at least one-quarter of a mile from my right, after a long search), I ordered my brigade to move by the left flank and recross the road, in our original rear, and there reformed my line of battle, and was advancing to find the right of Drayton's brigade when Captain [H. D. D.] twigs and Lieutenant [G. B.] Lamar [jr.], First Georgia Regulars, in charge of skirmishers, called my attention to the fact that the enemy were crossing the road in considerable force on my left flank. Seeing this myself, and to prevent my left from being turned, I moved by the left diagonally to the rear to intercept them, and at this time found General Hood's two brigades coming up to support that part of the line. He engaged the enemy and drove him back. Not knowing where to find General Ripley or General Drayton, I reported to General Hood for instructions, and was requested by him to hold my position to protect his left flank, and remained there until drawn off the field after night. In consequence of being separated from Drayton's right by the order of General Ripley, and having to recross the road to avoid being surrounded, my men were not engaged in the fight, except the first line of skirmishers, under Captain Wayne. For casualties see accompanying lists.*
Falling back from this place, I was ordered to report to Brigadier-General Hood, commanding the rear guard, and remained with him until our arrival at Sharpsburg. I was ordered into position in rear of the Washington Artillery, and remained there-except about three hours, being moved to the opposite side of the road for that length of time-until the morning of the 17th.
About 7.30 a. m., the 17th, I was ordered to the left to support General Hood. Without a guide or directions how to find him, I moved off, and directed my course by the sound of the musketry, and succeeded in finding General Hood, who pointed out the position he wished me to occupy. I remained in this position but a few moments (other troops he moved in front of me), and moved by the left flank some 200 yards, and engaged the enemy and drove them for about half a mile, my men and officers behaving in the most gallant manner. By this time the enemy had disappeared from before us, and while I was at a different part of the line some mounted officer (unknown) reported the enemy turning our right flank, and ordered the men to fall back, and some confusion was created, but I soon reformed the line and moved to the right,
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* Embodied in Numbers 205.
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and their ammunition being now almost exhausted, Colonel Cooke, very properly, gave the order to fall back, which was done in the most perfect order, after which the regiments took up their former position, which they continued to hold until night.
In the mean time Brigadier-General Ransom, whose brigade was farther on the left, having driven the enemy through and from the woods, with heavy loss, continued, with his own brigade and Colonel Hall's (Forty-sixth Regiment North Carolina), to hold it for the greater portion of the day, notwithstanding three determined infantry attacks, which each time were repulsed with great loss to the enemy, and against a most persistent and terrific artillery fire, by which the enemy hoped, doubtless, to drive us from our strong position-the very key of the battle-field. His hopes, however, were not realized. True to their duty, for eight hours our brave men lay upon the ground, taking advantage of such undulations and shallow ravines as gave promise of partial shelter, while this fearful storm raged a few feet above their heads, tearing the trees asunder, lopping off huge branches, and filling the air with shrieks and explosions, realizing to the fullest the fearful sublimity of battle.
During this time, in the temporary absence of General Ransom from his brigade to post the Twenty-fourth North Carolina, which had gone too much to the left and beyond Barksdale's brigade, the enemy made a furious attack, with heavy masses of infantry, upon the position occupied by General Ransom. Colonel Ransom, of the Thirty-fifth North Carolina, in temporary command of the brigade, not only repulsed the enemy but pursued him across the field as far as the post-and-rail fences, inflicting upon him so severe a punishment that no other attempt with infantry was made on the position during the day. While I was with General Ransom's command, about 4.30 o'clock in the afternoon, an order was brought from General Longstreet directing General Ransom to advance and capture the enemy's batteries in his front. Having been previously instructed by General Ransom to delay the execution of General Longstreet's order until I could see General Longstreet, in person, and confer with him on the subject. Upon my representations to him, he approved what I had done, and, while we were in conversation on the subject, General Jackson himself joined us, and informed us that General Stuart had made the attempt spoken of but found it impracticable, as the enemy's right was securely posted on the Potomac and protected by heavy batteries of his reserve artillery. It was then determined that the attempt to force the enemy's right with our fearfully thinned ranks and in the exhausted condition of our men was an effort above our strength.
Toward 5 o'clock in the afternoon, I was directed by General Longstreet to move Ransom's brigade toward the right to re-enforce our center, where the enemy were making demonstrations as if for an advance upon our position. No attack was, however, made, but the enemy's artillery continued to play upon the woods, upon our batteries, and upon every position along our line which they supposed to be occupied by our troops, our own batteries replying but slowly, for the want of ammunition. Gradually, as night approached, this fire died away, and darkness finally put an end to this long and bloody battle. My division rested until next morning where night overtook them and upon the line occupied by them during the day.
The conduct of the division was, generally, excellent, and, in some
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the Fifth Texas being on my right and First Texas on my left, and, about 7 a. m., were ordered to advance. I received no order as to which was the directing battalion, but, advancing diagonally to the right through the woods, we entered the open field on the right of the turnpike road. Here the fire upon us became severe, and, owing to our troops being in front of us and the dance smoke pervading, we were unable to return the fire or see the enemy clearly. Still advancing, I came directly behind the Eleventh Mississippi, when I received the order from Captain Sellers for the Texas Brigade to halt. Halting, I ordered the men to lie down. At the same moment the Eleventh Mississippi was ordered to advance, and a portion of two companies on my right, mistaking the order, advanced with them. After a moment I received an order from General Hood to move to the left until the left of my regiment rested on the crest, in advance, next to the turnpike road. Moving left-oblique in double-quick, I occupied the position indicated, and was then ordered by General Hood to move directly up the hill on the left of the troops then advancing. The enemy then occupied the hill in strong force, which receded before our steady advance. Arriving on the top of the hill, at the intersection of the corn-field with the turnpike, I found the enemy not only in heavy force in the corn-field with the turnpike, I found the enemy not only in heavy force in the corn-field in front, but occupying a ravine in the field on the left of the turnpike, from which position they poured a destructive fire upon us. I discovered at once that the position was untenable, but if I fell back the troops on my right who had entered the corn-field would be surrounded; so, wheeling my regiment to the left, I posted the men along the fence on either side of the turnpike, and replied as best we could to the tremendous fire of the enemy. We held this position of some time, until the troops in the corn-field on my right were falling back, when I ordered the regiment to move along the line of fence by the left flank. This movement, however, exposed us so much that we fell back directly under the hill. Here I ordered the regiment to halt and form, but at the same moment received an order from General Hood to move by the left flank into the woods. Forming here I, advanced on the left of the turnpike up to the fence at the edge of the field, and rested in this position until I was ordered by Colonel Wofford to fall back to the point we started from in the morning, where the remnant of the brigade was formed. We moved about to various points during the day and succeeding night, but nothing worth reporting occurred.
Inclosed I forward you a list* of the casualties in this regiment. I carried into action about 200 men, and you will see how heavy our loss was.
In our loss are embraced many valuable officers. Lieutenant [N. J.] Mills, of Company I, was severely wounded on the 15th instant. On the 17th, Lieutenants [L. P.] Hughes, commanding Company F; [A. J.] McKean and [H. M.] Marchant, of Company A; [J. T.] McLaurin, commanding Company B; [J. C.] Billingsley, commanding Company E; and [John] Roach (of Company G,) commanding Company H, were all wounded. Lieutenant Roach was left on the field, and I fear was mortally wounded. Color-bearer Parker, of Company H, was severely wounded and left on the field. At his fall Captain Darden, of Company A, seized and carried the colors until we fell back to the woods. Many who are reported missing I fear were killed, or so severely wounded as to be unable to leave the field.
To Captain E. H. Cunningham, acting field officer, and Adjut. F. L. Price I am indebted for the great assistance rendered me on the field.
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* Embodied in tabular statement, p. 811.
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Numbers 266. Report of Major John A. Harman, C. S. Army, Chief Quartermaster, of captured property during the second and third quarters, 1862.
LIST OF PROPERTY CAPTURED AND TURNED IN TO THE CHIEF QUARTERMASTER VALLEY DISTRICT DURING THE SECOND AND THIRD QUARTERS.
Quires letter paper....................................... 94
Quires cap paper.......................................... 64 1/2
Quires note paper......................................... 10
Envelopes................................................ 3,425
Steel pens............................................... 172
Bottles of ink........................................... 95
Bottle of red ink........................................ 1
Bottle of mucilage....................................... 1
Camp stoves.............................................. 65
Cooking stoves........................................... 2
Tin plates............................................... 292
Spoons................................................... 52
Tin cups................................................. 20
Table knives............................................. 80
Table forks.............................................. 31
Packs of cards........................................... 12
Anvils................................................... 8
Set of blacksmith tools.................................. 1
Crowbars................................................. 32
Vises.................................................... 7
Rasps.................................................... 575
Files.................................................... 12
Hatchets................................................. 31
Cross-cut saws........................................... 15
Auger.................................................... 1
Hammers.................................................. 10
Sets of carpenter's tools................................ 3
Chests................................................... 5
Iron maul................................................ 1
Peg-cutter............................................... 1
Pairs of shoes........................................... 305
Pairs of ladies' shoes................................... 2
Pairs of misses' shoes................................... 2
Pairs of children's shoes................................ 3
Oilcloth blankets........................................ 30
Blankets................................................. 14
Hats..................................................... 2
Neckties................................................. 30
Boxes of paper collars................................... 7
Pairs of socks........................................... 90
Pairs of suspenders...................................... 7
Handkerchief............................................. 6
Picket-pins.............................................. 28
Pulley-block............................................. 1
Lock screw............................................... 1
Insulators............................................... 190
Tents.................................................... 134
Horses................................................... 323
Mules.................................................... 21
Wagons................................................... 19
Sets of lead harness..................................... 9
Sets of wheel harness.................................... 2
Pairs of traces.......................................... 87
Pairs of artillery traces................................ 13
Halter chains............................................ 47
Tar buckets.............................................. 10
Collars.................................................. 61
Saddles.................................................. 12
Bridles.................................................. 21
Artillery saddles........................................ 27
Artillery valises........................................ 6
Leg guards............................................... 2
Pairs of artillery harness............................... 19
Breast straps............................................ 5
Breeching................................................ 5
Feed pockets............................................. 16
Wagon bolts.............................................. 25
Wagon hammers............................................ 320
Wheelbarrows............................................. 8
Axes..................................................... 13
Helves................................................... 127
Picks.................................................... 277
Shovels.................................................. 212
Spades................................................... 82
Mess-pans................................................ 50
Camp kettles............................................. 71
Skillet-lid.............................................. 1
Buckets.................................................. 144
Yards of cotton cloth.................................... 546
Horseshoes............................................... 3,816
Pounds of horseshoes.....................................14,061
Pounds of horseshoe nails................................ 860
Pounds of nails.......................................... 50
Pounds of spikes......................................... 20
Pounds of rope........................................... 303
Feet of picket rope...................................... 200
Pounds of iron........................................... 275
Kegs of grease........................................... 4
Barrel of tar............................................ 1
Pounds of leather........................................ 5,300
Cans of oil.............................................. 1
Bundles of telegraph wire................................ 29
Platform scales.......................................... 3
Keg of white lead........................................ 1
In addition to the above, which is a list of the captured property that came into my possession, a considerable amount came into the hands of the various quartermasters of the command, which, it is supposed, they have reported to Richmond. A large amount of the property captured, however, was not turned into the quartermaster's department at all, the order to turn over such property not having been fully carried out, especially by the cavalry. A very large amount of medical and ordnance stores were captured and sent off by me, for the character and amount
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therefore returned to Harper's Ferry. After much difficulty I found the quartermaster in charge of the captured guns, and found he had been busy removing them, and in so doing had mismatched the caissons, limbers, and guns to such an extent that after vainly spending half the day at it, I gave up the task of getting together any batteries from among them. The batteries of Captains Brown, Dement, and Latimer had been left at Harper's Ferry, as disabled, on account of the condition of their horses. I therefore had horses turned over to them, filled them up with ammunition, exchanged two of Captain Latimer's 10-pounder Parrotts, whose vent-pieces had burned out in the action of the day before, for two 3-inch rifles of the captured guns, and started them for the battle-field, going on ahead myself. I got there too late in the evening to be able to give any report of the battle. In it, however, we lost no guns. Captain [Charles] Thompson's (then Captain D'Aquin's) battery [Louisiana Guard Artillery] captured one 10-pounder Parrott, which they brought off. In recrossing the Potomac a forge belonging to Captain Crenshaw's battery and a caisson belonging to Captain Brockenbrough's were lost on this side of the river from the sheer exhaustion of the horses, both rolling down a cliff on the side of the road.
I have the honor to remain, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
S. CRUTCHFIELD,
Colonel and Chief of Artillery Second Corps.
Lieutenant Colonel C. J. FAULKNER,
Assistant Adjutant-General.
HEADQUARTERS VALLEY DISTRICT,
September 22, 1862
GENERAL: I received your order for a report of the batteries of this army corps this morning, and have the honor to submit the following statement of their condition:
1st. In Major General A. P. Hill's division the condition of the artillery is so satisfactory set forth in Lieutenant Chamberlayne's report that I submit it as it is.*
2d. In the division commanded by Brigadier General J. A. Early, three of his batteries are in excellent order, having been refitted by myself at Harper's Ferry, according to your order to me in Shepherdstown. Another, that of Captain Balthis, will be put in first-rate condition by the securing of the two Napoleon guns I sent them to you for. Two others, those of Captains D'Aquin and Johnson, are disabled from hard service. I have sent them to Martinsburg to recruit their horses and men, by rest, to have their horses shod, &c. If they can get a week or ten days' rest then 30 horses will put them in good order.
3d. In Major General D. H. Hill's division all the artillery is reported unfit for duty. This division has not been associated with us long enough for me to form such an acquaintance with his officers as to enable me to put an entirely reliable estimate upon the judgment of said officers. From the examination I gave to these batteries, I deemed it best to send them back to Martinsburg to refresh men and horses and to shoe the latter. A particular report I sent you by Major Pierson, his chief of artillery.
4th. In Major-General Jackson's own division I submit the report of Major Shumaker, chief of artillery. I have reduced his call for horses to 128 from 204, as I know how scarce they are, and you will find it impossible to supply fully all the demands made on you for them.
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*Not found.
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I do not consider a forge necessary now for Captain Carpenter, as he can use Captain Poague's. One is needed, however, by Captain Raine and one by Captain Cutshaw. I do not consider that Captain Caskie needs a forge, as he and Captain Cutshaw are attached to the same brigade. Captain Brockenbrough can work the three guns he asks for by turning in his howitzer, and I would be glad to see him get Napoleons. I do not request it, though, if you need them more elsewhere, especially if other batteries can furnish the teams. One of his guns, a 12-pounder Blakely, he reports disabled. The stock was broken in the battle of Sharpsburg, and it was sent to Winchester. If it can be repaired there, or the gun put on another carriage, I would be glad to get it back, and then, by giving Captain B[rockenbrough] two Napoleons and allowing him to turn in his howitzer, he would have a capital battery of four guns, two of them rifled. This is one of our best companies.
Captain Cutshaw has two 12-pounder howitzers, while his caissons are those of 6-pounder guns, and need alteration.
As to the reserve needed by this army corps, I would wish to consult General Jackson before reporting specifically, and as he is now at General Lee's headquarters and may be engaged there some time, I must beg your indulgence for a short time before reporting, which I will do so soon as I see him.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
S. CRUTCHFIELD,
Colonel and Chief of Artillery, Valley District.
Brigadier General WILLIAM N. PENDLETON,
Commanding Artillery.
[Inclosure.]
HDQRS. OF ARTILLERY, JACKSON'S DIV., VALLEY DIST.,
September 22, 1862
Colonel S. CRUTCHFIELD,
Chief of Artillery, Valley District:
SIR: In obedience to your order of yesterday, I have the honor to report the condition of the batteries of this division, their wants, &c., as follows:
Present for duty Absent
Batteries. 10- 3- 12- 12- 10- 3- Blak 12-
poun inc pound pound poun inch ely poun
der h er er der rifl rifl der
Parr Napol howit Parr es es Napo
otts eons* zers otts leon
s*
Poague's 1 - - - 1 - - 1
Carpenter' 1 1 1 - - - - -
s
Cutshaw's - 1 - 2 - 1 - -
Caskie's # - - - - - - - -
Rice's 1 1 1 - - - - -
Wooding's 1 1 - - - - - -
Brockenbro - 1 - #1 1 - 1 -
ugh's
Raine's - 2 - 2 - - - -
Total 4 7 2 5 2 1 1 1
Absent Wanted.
Batteries. 6- Hors Forg Fora Guns Howit Whee Lead
pou es es, ge and zer l harn
nde hors wago caiss caiss harn ess
r es, ns ons. ons ess sets
and sets
harn
ess.
Poague's 1 25 - - - - - -
Carpenter' 1 15 1 - - - - -
s
Cutshaw's - 20 1 1 - 2 - -
Caskie's # - - - - - - - -
Rice's 1 16 1 - - - 4 16
Wooding's 2 8 - - - - - -
Brockenbro - 14 - - 3 - 4 15
ugh's
Raine's - 30 1 - - - - -
Total 5 128 4 1 3 2 8 31
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*Federal.
#No report.
+Iron
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position. This brigade was very much reduced, having suffered terribly on the 17th, and a considerable number of the men being just returned from the hospitals, were without arms, and, without knowing the particulars of the affair, I am satisfied its conduct on this occasion was owing to the mismanagement of the officer in command of it.
Next morning I was ordered to move back to the vicinity of Boteler's Ford with the three brigades which were with me. On arriving there, by orders from General Jackson, these brigades were placed in line of battle in rear of General A. P. Hill's division, in the woods on the right and left of the road leading to the ford, my own and Hays' brigades being placed on the right and Trimble's brigade on the left. In this position they remained until late in the afternoon, while General Hill's division was engaged in front, being in range of the enemy's shells, by one of which Captain Feagin, in command of the Fifteenth Alabama Regiment, was seriously wounded, he being the only regimental commander of that brigade who had not been killed or wounded at Sharpsburg. Late in the afternoon I was ordered to move back, and on the way received orders to continue to move on, following Jackson's division, which preceded me, and did so until I was halted about 12 o'clock at night near the Opequon.
We remained at this position until the 24th, and then moved across the Opequon and camped on the Williamsport turnpike, 6 or 7 miles from Martinsburg.
On the next day my camp was moved to a place near the Tuscarora, about 3 miles from Martinsburg, and on the 27th we moved to Bunker Hill.
This embraces the whole of the operations of this division during the period designated in the order of the lieutenant-general commanding this corps, as far as I am able to give them, and I am sorry that I am not able to do more justice to Lawton's, Trimble's, and Hays' brigades in this report, but my difficulties in making it have already been explained, and it is owing to them, and not to any design on my part, that the report as to these brigades is not so complete as it is in regard to my own.
I submit herewith lists* killed, wounded, and missing, from which it will appear that in the period embraced this division has lost, in killed, 565; in wounded, 2,284, and missing, 70, making an aggregate of 2,919, showing the severity of the conflicts in which it has been engaged. Its loss at Sharpsburg alone was 199 killed, 1,115 wounded, and 38 missing, being an aggregate loss of 1,352 out of less than 3,500, with which it went into that action.
I hope I may be excused for referring to the record shown by my own brigade, which has never been broken or compelled to fall back or left one of its dead to be buried by the enemy, but has invariably driven the enemy when opposed to him, and slept upon the ground on which it has fought, in every action, with the solitary exception of the affair at Bristoe Station, when it retired under orders, covering the withdrawal of the other troops.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
J. A. EARLY
Brigadier-General, Commanding Division.
Captain A. S. PENDLETON,
Assistant Adjutant-General.
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*See addenda, following; see also Series I, Vol. XII, Part II, pp. 716, 717.
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[Addenda.]
Return of casualties in Taliaferro's brigade at the battle of Sharpsburg, September 17, 1862.
[Compiled from nominal list.]
Killed. Wounded.
Command. Officers Enlisted Officers Enlist
men. . edmen.
47th Alabama 1 9 5 30
48th Alabama 1 9 4 28
10th Virginia
23rd Virginia 1 8 4 25
37th Virginia 6 6 3 33
Total 9 32 16 116
Command. Aggreg Remarks.
ate.
47th Alabama 45 Lieutenant George W
Gammell killed.
48th Alabama 42 Captain R. C. Golightly
killed.
10th Virginia
23rd Virginia 38 Lieutenant W. J. Sims
killed.
37th Virginia 48 Captain Chas. W. Taylor
and Lieuts. Jas. H.
Barrett, Isaac E.
Hortenstine, William
McHagy, John A. Rhea, and
George W. Wallen, killed.
Total 173
Numbers 288. Report of Captain W. T Poague, commanding Rockbridge Artillery, of the battle of Sharpsburg.
SEPTEMBER 22, 1862.
LIEUTENANT: I have the honor to submit the following report of the operations of the battery under my command in the battle of Sharpsburg:
On the evening of the 16th, the battery-consisting of three guns, two 10-pounder Parrotts and one napoleon, the 6-pounder being on detached service-by order of General Jackson, was placed in position on or near the extreme left of our lines, supported by the First and Second Brigades In a few minutes a battery of the enemy opened fire at about 500 or 600 yards on one of our batteries on the right of the road, which had been engaged in shelling the woods occupied by the enemy's infantry. Upon this battery, fire was opened, and in about twenty minutes it was silenced, our own battery on the right of the road in the mean time having retired. In this affair we were assisted by one gun of some unknown battery.
About 8 p. m. I was ordered to withdraw my guns a short distance in rear of the infantry, and to resume the same position by daylight next morning.
At my request my two Parrott pieces were replaced next morning by two howitzers from Captain Raine's battery. Owing to the nature of the ground, the range was short, and I wished to economize my Parrott ammunition.
Shortly after daylight on the morning of the 17th, the enemy's infantry commenced advancing. The 12-pounder, under Lieutenant [William M.] Brown, in conjunction with Captain Raine's howitzers, opened upon them, and after firing several rounds, and finding themselves within range of the enemy's skirmishers, retired to a position in rear of our infantry, from which they fired until compelled by the musketry of the enemy again to fall back; and there being no other position from which enemy could be reached, they joined their respective batteries. The place occupied by my battery during the night becoming exposed
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GENERAL ORDERS,
ADJT. AND INSPECTOR GENERAL'S OFFICE,
No. 64.
Richmond, Va., August 10, 1864.
I. The following roll of honor is published in accordance with Paragraph I, General Orders, No. 131, 1863. It will be read to every regiment in the service at the first dress-parade after its receipt.
* * * * *
BATTLE OF SHARPSBURG.
Alabama.
Eighth Regiment of Infantry:
Corpl. Davis Tucker, Company A.
Sergt. G. T. L. Robison, Company B.
Private John Curry, Company C.
Sergt. C. F. Brown, Company D.
Sergt. T. S. Ryan,* Company E.
Corpl. J.r. Searcy, Company F.
Fifth Sergt. James Castello,* Company G.
Private J. Herbert,* Company H.
Private James Ryan, Company I.
Private O. M. Harris,* Company K.
* * * * *
By order:
S. COOPER,
Adjutant and Inspector General.
GENERAL ORDERS,
ADJT. AND INSPECTOR GENERAL'S OFFICE,
No. 87.
Richmond, Va., December 10, 1864.
I. The following roll of honor is published in accordance with Paragraph I, General Orders, No. 13, 1863. It will be read to every regiment in the service at the first dress-parade after its receipt.
* * * * *
BATTLE OF BOONSBOROUGH.
Mississippi.
Second Regiment Mississippi Infantry:
Private R. L. Boone, Company A.
Sergt. T. B. McKay,+ Company B.
Sergt. Robert Harris,++ Company C.
Private W. B. Houston, Company D.
Private G. W. Monk, @ Company E.
Private T. G. N. Thompson, ++ Company F.
Private John Vanzant,* Company G.
Private B. Weatherington, Company H.
Private E. Browning, ++ Company I.
Private James L. Ackers, Company K.
Private Jacob McCarty,* Company L.
BATTLE OF SHARPSBURG.
Mississippi.
Second Regiment Mississippi Infantry:
Private W. H. Looney,* Company A.
Private H. H. Johns,* Company B.
Private A. C. Howard,* Company C.
Private J.b. Elliott, Company D.
Sergt. J. P. Black,* Company F.
Sergt. F. H. Daggett, Company G.
Sergt. P. F. Harris,* Company H.
Corpl. M. L. Golding,* Company L.
Private J. W. Gibson,* Company K.
Private Leander Griffin,* Company L.
* * * * *
By order:
S. COOPER,
Adjutant and Inspector General.
---------------
*Killed in action.
++ Afterward killed at Sharpsburg.
+ Afterward killed at Gettysburg.
@ Afterward killed at Bristoe Station.
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SEPTEMBER 6-16, 1862.-Campaign in the Kanawha Valley, W. Va.
EVENTS.
September 6, 1862.-Lorin's command moves from The Narrows.
10, 1862.-Action at Fayetteville.
11, 1862.-Skirmishers at Cotton Hill, Gauley (or Miller's) Ferry, Armstrong's Creek, and near Cannelton.
12, 1862.-Skirmish at Hurricane Bridge.
13, 1862.-Action at Charleston.
16, 1862.-Union forces reach the Ohio River.
REPORTS.
No. 1.-Colonel J. A. Lightburn, Fourth West Virginia Infantry, commanding District of the Kanawha.
No. 2.-Colonel Edward Siber, Thirty-seventh Ohio Infantry, commanding First Brigade.
No. 3.-Colonel Samuel A. Gilbert, Forty-fourth Ohio Infantry, commanding Second Brigade.
No. 4.-Major General William W. Loring, C. S. Army, commanding Department of Southwestern Virginia.
No. 5.-Colonel C. E. Thorburn, C. S. Army, Chief of Ordnance.
No. 6.-Major J. Floyd King, C. S. Army, Chief of Artillery.
No. 7.-Captain R. L. Poor, C. S. Army, Chief Engineer.
No. 8.-Surg. John A. Hunter, C. S. Army, Medical Director.
No. 9.-Brigadier General John S. Williams, C. S. Army, commanding Second Brigade.
No. 10.-Colonel William H. Browne, Forty-fifth Virginia Infantry.
No. 11.-Major Alexander M. Davs, Forty-fifth Virginia Infantry, commanding Twenty-sixth Virginia Battalion.
No. 12.-Colonel G. S. Wharton, Fifty-first Virginia Infantry, commanding Third Brigade.
No. 13.-Colonel John McCausland, Thirty-sixth Virginia Infantry, commanding Fourth Brigade.
No. 1. Reports of Colonel J. A. J. Lightburn, Fourth West Virginia Infantry, commanding District of the Kanawha.
GAULEY, VA. September 11, 1862-3 a.m.
Fayette attacked to-day at noon by a superior force of the enemy. Fighting continued all the afternoon, our troops holding the post at sundown. Jenkins, with heavy cavalry force, on my right flank, in the rear. I am compelled to fall back, probably to Point Pleasant, Ohio River.
J. A. LIGHTBURN,
Colonel, Commanding.
Major General H. W. HALLECK,
General-in-Chief.
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and blockade the road which leads to the river from Raleigh down Loop Creek, and guard the same until after Colonel Sibers' command had passed by that point, which he did. At 3 a.m., on the 11th, I ordered Lieutenant-Colonel Parry, with four companies of the Forty-seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry, to Cotton Hill, to protect trains from Fayette and to re-enforce Colonel Siber at that point,which duty he performed, and remained with Colonel Siber's command until he recrossed the Kanawha, at Camp Piatt, on the 12th, as also did Major Hoffman, with the detachment of cavalry sent to Loop Creek. At 8 a.m.,on the 11th instant, I ordered Major Mitchell to take position opposite the point where the Fayette road reached the river with the Forty-fourth Ohio Volunteers, and attached to it one company of the Fourth Virginia and one company of the Ninth Virginia, which had been placed under my command. I, at the same time, posted the artillery at suitable points to command the road on the opposite side of the river, so as to cover the line of retreat over which Colonel Siber's column would pass. Lieutenant De Lille, of the Fourth Virginia, with one iron smooth-bore (6-pounder), and one 10-pounder James' rifled brass field piece, manned from the Fourth Virginia Regiment, reported to me for duty, and was assigned positions. About 10 a.m. the enemy appeared in close pursuit of the rear guard of Colonel Siber's column, and we opened upon them, checking their advance upon the road. Their sharpshooters, however, took position on the wooded hillsides, and kept up a brisk fusillade as long as we remained in range. The skirmishers of the Forty-forth Ohio Volunteers replied to them with spirit. We held the position for about an hour, when, receiving your orders to fall back, we slowly retired, the infantry skirmishing by alternate divisions, and the field pieces and howitzers taking positions as often as favorable openings offered. About the time we commenced to retire, the enemy answered our artillery with a 12-pounder field howitzer, and, apparently, two rifled field pieces, which were apparently well served. After falling back in this manner about 4 miles, all firing ceased, and the enemy kept out of range until toward night, when, just above Cannelton, their advance came up with our rear guard, on the west side, and a sharp skirmish ensued, in which the enemy were driven back, with loss.
Our column moved on down to Smithers' Creek, and halted, about dark, to await the arrival of Colonel Elliott, who, having failed to reach Gauley as soon as was expected, was ordered to destroy his train and cross through the mountains, and join the main column at this point, which he did about 10 p.m. During the day the men behaved well, performing their duty with cool alacrity while being obliged to move under the fire of hidden foes. At midnight we moved on, through Cannelton, and encamped at Bowsman's, opposite Clifton, where we remained the rest of the night and until after breakfast. We resumed our march about 7 a.m. on the 12th, and reached Camp Piatt, 12 miles, about 4 p.m., in a series of heavy rain showers. I left a heavy cavalry picket about 5 miles above Camp Piatt, and posted four companies of the Fourth Virginia Infantry about 2 miles above, under command for Lieutenant-Colonel Russell, who had been ordered up from Camp Piatt for that purpose. Before dark the enemy drove in our cavalry picket, and a slight skirmish ensued, when the enemy retired and the cavalry moved out again for the night. The Forty-fourth and Forty-seventh Regiments Ohio Volunteers took position about half a mile above Camp Piatt, to cover the crossing of Colonel Siber's column to the east side of the Kanawha River, which was effected without interruption, and,
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The National Historical Society seeks to expand and enrich knowledge of the American past and, through its programs and services, to bring its members a fuller appreciation and deeper understanding of the people and events that came to create the great history that is our heritage.
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vania Cavalry. I proceeded on the Warrenton turnpike, through Gaines -ville and New Baltimore; found on my way thither no traces of the enemy, although I had the country patrolled on my right and left flanks for about 1 1/2 to 2 miles.
At precisely 2.30 o'clock p. m. advance guard charged through the town, whilst skirmishers took position on the different avenues leading from town, south, east, and west. I followed immediately with two squadrons, leaving two behind as a support, drawn up in line one-half mile this side of the town. I found no opposition whatever. About 30 of the enemy's cavalry dashed through town shortly before our arrival, taking the road toward Culpeper. The people of the place rushed out in crowds, and were, as a general thing, very friendly inclined toward us. Every house in town I found filled with wounded and sick; the streets were crowded with convalescents, and, apparently, stragglers, who eagerly pressed forward around my men and engaged in friendly conversation. The accommodations in the hospitals I found anything but decent. The poor sufferers were lying on the bare floor, wrapped in a poor blanket, and seldom a straw pillow under their heads. In some of the houses the sick and wounded were literally decaying in their own filth, and nobody seemed to care for them; in short, the scene I have witnessed bears description.
The wounds were mostly of a very serious character, and amputation of left and arms were very frequent. The number of deaths amounted, daily, to 50 caused no doubt by want of proper care, nourishment, and medical stores. Of the two latter they were perfectly destitute, so far so, that some of the ladies of high respectability expressed to me the wish that the United States authorities, having taken possession of the place, would do something to alleviate the sufferings both of the sick and inhabitants.
The country is tripped of everything in the shape of provisions, and starvation stares the people in the face. A good many of the citizens approached me with confidence, offering their services in the shape of little refreshments, and the warm and sincere shake of the hands on their side attested sufficiently how glad they were to see again Union troops.
The gentlemanly surgeon of the post, Dr. Fisher, was of great service to me in procuring the register of sick and wounded, and when I bade him good-by his eyes moistened with tears. I found in the place about 40 army surgeons, of different ranks. The number of paroled prisoners amounts to about 1,300 or 1,400. They were all eager to get their papers, and my officers had their hands full to issue them, and once provided with such, they pressed around me, asking whether this scrap of paper would henceforth free them from military duty, and, when assured that it would, they went off with gleaming faces, assuring me that they rather would rot than to take up arms again against the Yankees. Not an unkind word was passed, on either side, during the whole transaction. My troops behaved in a splendid manner, and made a very favorable impression among the inhabitants of the town and prisoners. At precisely 5.30 p. m. I left the town with my command, and, proceeding to Buckland Mill, 8 miles north, on the Warrenton, pike, I encamped for the night, whence I marched next morning at 6 o'clock for Centreville.
Furthermore, I beg leave to state that the cavalry force detailed to this corps is by far too inadequate to answer the purposes for which it is destined.
First. The great distances which separated us from the enemy, and
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Numbers 14. Report of Colonel thomas W. Egan, Fortieth New Volunteers, Near White's Ford, Md., October 19, 1862.
I beg leave to submit the following report of the proceedings of myself and command on Sunday, the 12th instant:
On that day my command had been scouting on the other side of the river, in support of a cavalry force) the day previous, and their change of camp from the mounts of the Monocacy.
On Sunday morning I was encamped in the woods, near Conrad's Ferry, and had received no orders whatever, nor any intimation of the nearness or approach of the enemy. Nevertheless, having heard of their at about 10 a. m. I formed my command promptly, without orders, and set out for the river at Conrad's Ferry.
At about 11 a. m. I received orders from General Stoneman, through Captain Alexander, to march my command at once to the Monocacy. I started at double-quick, and kept that pace, going along the tow-path t White's Ford and then crossed the canal, to gain the hill and command the ford. but it was too late, and the enemy were out of our reach. Immediately on receiving the news of the approach of the enemy, I dispatched a messenger to General Stoneman's headquarters for orders, but received none, and finally started without, as I have stated.
I am, lieutenant, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
T. W. EGAN,
Colonel Fortieth New York Volunteers.
Lieutenant W. BANKS,
Acting Assistant-General, Second Brigade.
Numbers 15. Report of Lieutenant Edwin R. Biles, Ninety-ninth Pennsylvania Infantry.
HDQRS. NINETY-NINTH PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS,
Camp near White's Ford, Md., October 19, 1862.
SIR: I respectfully present my report of the part taken by the Ninety-ninth Pennsylvania Volunteers in the affair of the 12th instant.
I was ordered upon picket duty with my regiment on the morning of the 10th instant, and had my command distributed along the bank of the Potomac River, extending from near Conrad's Ferry, on the left, to some 300 yards above White's Ford, on my right a distance of about 4 miles. I had two reserves, one at White's Ford of three companies, under my own immediate command, and the other about 1 1/2 miles lower down, of one company, under command of Captain Moore, at Weedon's Ford. The balance of the regiment was posted along the river in small parties at the different picket posts, with the exception of Company A, which company I received orders to send to the mouth of the Monocacy, to relieve a company of the Fortieth New York Volunteers, on the
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HEADQUARTERS DEFENSES OF WASHINGTON,
October 13, 1862-1.20p. m.
Brigadier General GEORGE STONEMAN, Poolesville:
Anticipating a dash of Stuart's cavalry in this direction, the General-m-Chief has ordered everything to be on the alert. We will send a company of cavalry to Offutt's Cross-Roads, with advanced post at Coon's Ford, and another company to Great Falls. Should the enemy cross there, you ought to prevent his return. Could you do anything to prevent the crossing? What are your orders from General McClellan? Have you reported to him? Acknowledge.
RICH'D B. IRWIN,
Captain, Aide-de-Camp, and Acting Assistant Adjutant-General.
HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC,
October 13, 1862-2 p. m.
General W. W. AVERELL,
Care General Crook, Hancock, Md.:
Governor Curtin just reports that he has been informed that the rebels. supposed to be in very great force, are in Franklin Country; that this morning they were with 8 miles of Concord, and stole 1,500 horses last night. I think there must be some mistake about this, and if there is any foundation for the rumor, I believe it must be a part of Stuart's force which entered that way. You will please investigate the matter, and if you ascertain that there is any force which you force which you can cope with, you will pursue them day and night until you overtake and engage them. General Crook, with a division, is at Hancock, with cars ready to move by railroad to any point west with his whole division. Should the rebels move up the Potomac to recross, you will please keep General Crook constantly advised of their progress so that he may intercept them if possible. Acknowledge the receipt of this at once, and keep us fully advised.
R. B. MARCY,
Chief of Staff.
HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC,
October 13, 1862-2 p. m.
General CROOK, Hancock, Md.:
Gov. A. G. Curtin just reports that he has been informed, by a reliable man, that the rebels, supposed to be in very great force,
are Franklin Country; that this morning they were 8 miles from Concord, and that they stole 1,500 head of horses last night. I think there must be some mistake about this; but the commanding general directs that you await in your present position, and send out your scouts to ascertain the truth of the rumor, and report everything you learn. Please communicate with General Pleasonton, and send him the above dispatch. You will remain in readiness to act till further orders.
R. B. MARCY,
Chief of Staff.
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Numbers 9.-Lieutenant Colonel James S. Fillebrown, Tenth Maine Infantry, of affair near Snickersville.
Numbers 10.-General Robert E. Lee, C. S. Army, of action at Corbin's Cross-Roads, near Amissville.
Numbers 11.-Major General J. E. B. Stuart, C. S. Army, commanding cavalry, of operations October 30-November 6.
Numbers 12.-Lieutenant Colonel J. B. Gordon, First North Carolina Cavalry, of action at Barbee's Cross-Roads.
Numbers 13.-Major Elijah V. White, Virginia cavalry Battalion, of skirmish at Philomont.
Numbers 14.-Colonel Thomas L. Rosser, Fifth Virginia Cavalry, commanding Lee's brigade, of action at Corbin's Cross-Roads, near Amissville.
Numbers 1.
Report of Major General George B. McClellan, U. S. Army, commanding Army of the Potomac, of action at Barbee's Cross-Roads and skirmish at Manassas Gap.
HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC,
Near Rectortown, November 5-11.20 p. m.,
Via Gainesville, Va., November 6, 1862-7 a. m.
I have the honor to report that the last corps of this army (General Franklin's) finished crossing the Potomac at Berlin on Monday, the 3rd instant. Upon the preceding day Snicker's Gap had been occupied by General Couch's corps without serious opposition. This corps was relieved the same day by General Porter's corps, which still occupies the gap. Yesterday General Couch's corps took possession of Ashby's Gap, and now hold it. The enemy appears in some force opposite Snicker's Gap. He abandoned his position in front of Ashby's Gap last night, and is reported to have gone in the direction of Front Royal. General Burnside's command is posted between Piedmont and Salem. General Reynolds is on his left and rear. General Franklin is east of Upperville, on the Aldie and Ashby's Gap turnpike. General Pleasonton, with his brigade of cavalry, has for several days past been skirmishing constantly with the enemy's cavalry, supported at times by infantry, at Upperville and vicinity. About 12 m. to-day he met and attacked General Stuart's command, of about 3,000 rebel cavalry and four pieces of artillery, at Barbee's. Colonel Gregg, Eighth Pennsylvania Cavalry, with that regiment and the Sixth Regular Cavalry, moved on the right of the enemy, and turned his position. Colonel Davis, Eighth New York Cavalry, with his regiment attacked the enemy's left, and Colonel Farnsworth, with the Eighth Illinois Cavalry, moved against the center. Pennington's battery in the mean time engaged him by sections. A largely superior force charged Colonel Davis' Eighth New York Cavalry, but were gallantly met and repulsed. A section of artillery then opened upon the fugitives. The enemy left 10 dead upon the field, and lost 20 prisoners. We took a number of carbines and pistols. Our loss was 5 killed (General Pleasonton's command numbered about 1,500 present on the field) and 8 wounded. In the engagement Colonel Davis, Eighth New York Cavalry, had his horse killed under him. General Averell encountered a force of the enemy this morning at the mouth of Manassas Gap, and drove them back into the pass, where they took up a position, supported by artillery. General Averell, being without support, could not pursue them farther into the mountains. He has now gone to join Pleasonton at Sandy Hook, near
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35 prisoners of war, who were taken from Captain Hunter and Curll's company. They state, also, that Captain Hunter and Lieutenant Milling and Lieutenant Gallagher are prisoners in the rebels' hands, who will not let them go until they find out whether they belong to General Pope's army or not. There are now in Leesburg one large regiment of cavalry and one of infantry, and they expect more this evening; so, if they should come to the river to cross, and I have one or two pieces of cannon, I will assure your honor they shall not come over.
W. H. H. YONTZ,
Captain, Commanding Company E and Post at Edwards Ferry.
FORT MONROE, September 3, 1862.
General M. C. MEIGS,
Quartermaster-General, Washington:
I have no doubt Colonel Ingalls' sickness has much retarded the discharge and return of transports. the first week we had as many as could be loaded and unloaded; after which many of those best adapted to our purposes were transferred to other service. Had it not been for this interruption, everything connected with the Army of the Potomac would have been embarked in less than two weeks. Yesterday afternoon a large number of transports again arrived, and last night and today a very large business has been done. There is yet to embark only 4,800 horses, 320 wagons, and 80 ambulances. If the transports are promptly returned, as I now think from my dispatches they will be, we can finish on Saturday.
JOHN TUCKER,
Assistant Secretary of War.
WAR DEPARTMENT,
Washington, September 3, 1862.
Major-General WOOL, Baltimore:
The paroled prisoners are still here, and will remain till morning, for want of transportation. Reliable information has just been received here that 400 rebel cavalry came to Waterford at 3 o'clock this p. m., and placed the town under martial law, and have posted pickets on Hillsborough and Lovettsville road. There is also a small force at Leesburg, with pickets places half a mile on this side. It is also reported that the rebel wagon trains are at Gum Spring, only guarded by about 200 cavalry.
JOHN FASKIN,
Lieutenant Colonel Eighty-seventh Regiment Ohio. Vols., in Command.
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BALTIMORE, MD., September 3, 1862.
Honorable E. M. STANTON,
Secretary of War:
From Colonel Miles: Jackson, it is said, is outflanking Pope, and his army is within 7 miles of Leesburg. He further says that Captain Cole reports that he was attacked by at least 800 cavalry. I presume this was in Loudoun County. Captain Means and his company broke and ran.
JOHN E. WOOL,
Major-General.
HARPER'S FERRY, September 3, 1862.
Major-General WOOL:
The Twelfth New York State Militia are greatly dissatisfied at not being discharged. I recommend to let them go.
D. S. MILES,
Colonel Second Infantry.
HARPER'S FERRY, VA.,
September 3, 1862 - 8.30 p. m.
Major General H. W. HALLECK,
General-in-Chief:
Brigadier-General White, with his command, arrived here from Winchester late this afternoon. All my troops from Winchester road are here. Report from Point of Rocks says the enemy's cavalry is in Hillborough and Lovettsville. A paroled prisoner form Leesburg says he saw infantry and artillery there this morning, and was told it was a division of 12,000 men; that their pickets extended to Ball's Bluff.
D. S. MILES,
Colonel Second Infantry.
WHEELING, VA., September [October?] 3, 1862.
Honorable E. M. STANTON:
It is of the utmost importance that about eight regiments be sent to Clarksburg, that the rebels on Kanawha may be attacked via Louisville and the Gauley. They have 10,000 troops and 40 cannon at Charleston, working and transporting salt east.
F. H. PEIRPOINT.
HEADQUARTERS,
Washington, D. C., September 4, [1862] - 12.30 p. m.
(Received 1.45 p. m.)
Major General H. W. HALLECK,
Commander-in-Chief:
GENERAL: Banks' corps is on the march, per Rockville, Poolesville, &c., to watch and check the enemy should be attempt to cross the Potomac below the Point of Rocks.
Sumner is in position near Tennallytown. Couch's division is probably by this time concentrated at Chain Bridge.
Have ordered more cavalry and a battery to Edwards Ferry. The troops are being rested and refitted, as well as circumstances will permit. No time has been lost in doing this. I am not quite well enough
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UPTON'S HILL, VA.,
September 4, 1862 - 2.30 a. m.
Major General GEORGE B. McCLELLAN:
Evidence accumulates that the main body of the rebels have gone in the direction of Leesburg.
J. D. COX,
Brigadier-General, Commanding.
UPTON'S HILL, VA.,
September 4, 1862 - 3.45 p. m.
General R. B. MARCY, Chief of Staff:
Some rebel cavalry, with horse artillery, are feeling the front of General Pleasonton's lines. I sent forward a regiment of infantry and section of artillery to support him in front of Falls Church. This section is all I have out of the forts.
J. D. COX,
Brigadier-General.
UPTON'S HILL, VA.,
September 4, 1862 - 5.40 p. m.
Colonel A. W. COLBURN,
Assistant Adjutant-General:
The rebel force was on the hill just above Pimmit Run, on Leesburg pike. they drove in General Pleasonton's pickets to that point. The movements appear to be a feint. I saw cavalry and two pieces of light artillery. Should not estimate the force large. General Pleasonton is supported by Patrick's brigade and one regiment of mine. General Patrick has a battery with them. I informed General Pleasonton that it was not regarded desirable to engage the enemy far in front of this position. He will keep some cavalry well forward and watch the movement. In answer to the general's question, Captain Barnes' company, Fourth New York Heavy Artillery, is in Fort Ramsay, and is strong enough to man all the heavy guns there. I think it very desirable to arm Fort Buffalo with, say, 20-pounder Parrotts. I have two 20-pounders and two 10-pounders in it now, but would like very much to have a battery of 20-pounders there besides. If furnished with horses they could be easily moved and protected.
J. D. COX,
Brigadier-General.
UPTON'S HILL, VA.,
September 4, 1862 - 6.45 p. m.
A. V. COLBURN,
Assistant Adjutant-General:
The firing upon General Pleasonton's command was from, possibly, three pieces of light artillery. The small-arm fighting was confirmed to the head of the enemy's column, deployed as skirmishers, with some dismounted men or infantry, it is not certain which. The pickets of Pleasonton's command, Eighth Illinois and Eighth Pennsylvania Cavalry, skirmished with them. We lost 2 men shot. The force of the enemy did not come beyond the edge of the woods, 1 1/2 or 2 miles above Falls Church, and no large numbers were actually seen. The reports sent by General Pleasonton were necessarily those brought in by his
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men. A regiment of cavalry, with two light pieces, rapidly handled, would account for all the demonstration I could see with my glass, but there may have been more. General Pleasonton's cavalry being ordered away, we shall not have cavalry to scout the country till General Buford's arrive. Scouts report all quiet toward Fairfax and Little River pike.
J. D. COX,
Brigadier-General, Commanding Division.
CAMP NEAR FORT ALBANY, VA.,
September 4, 1862 - 5 a. m.
Brigadier General R. B. MARCY, Chief of Staff:
I have waited here to see the general, who sent me word he would be here for that purpose some time in the night. Shall be off with what force I have, viz, Sixth Cavalry and two other companies, as soon as possible, to Falls Church, from whence I shall scout as directed. My headquarters to Captain Custer last night. An express is just in from Langley, from my squadron there. It is scouting toward Dranesville, and also in the direction of Vienna. No enemy heard from yet. My expresses have great difficulty in getting through the different commands, being constantly stopped. There is no need of stopping them within our lines. It will be well to have the telegraph extended to Falls Church, and send me some of the Signal Corps, for service ahead of that point. Lieutenants Clark and Camp, who were with me at Haxall's, are very good. Please have supplies for my command ordered to be forwarded by railroad to a point opposite Falls Church, where I can make my depot.
A. PLEASONTON,
Brigadier-General of Cavalry.
NEAR FORT ALBANY, VA.,
September 4, 1862 - 8.20 a.m.
General R. B. MARCY, Chief of Staff:
Captain Cram, Sixth Cavalry, of scout toward Dranesville, reports, from Scott's Run, having just sent into General Sigel two of our infantry,
12 R R-VOL XIX, PT II
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WASHINGTON, D. C.,
September 9, 1862-11.15 a. m.
Governor CURTIN:
Your telegram respecting the troops in Carlisle Barracks will be answered by the General-in-Chief, to whom you will apply for instructions in relation to military operations.
EDWIN M. STANTON,
Secretary of War.
HARRISBURG, September 9, 1862-10.30 a. m.
Major-General McCLELLAN, Rockville, Md.:
Report from scouts at Hagerstown this morning says no rebels nearer than Middletown, 5 miles from Frederick. He has positive information, however, that Lieutenant-Colonel Brum [Burks?], of Stuart's cavalry, intends making a raid upon Hagerstown. Nothing from Martinsburg or Harper's Ferry. Road in both directions unprotected. We expect to reopen telegraph office at Hagerstown this evening, and will send about 400 cavalry from Carlisle to Hagerstown to-night, and patrol all that region to secure information.
A. G. CURTIN.
WAR DEPARTMENT,
Washington, September 9, 1862.
Governor CURTIN, Harrisburg, Pa.:
It is not deemed advisable to assemble troops at so many different points. For the present we want all troops sent here. We can protect Harrisburg better from this vicinity than to weaken our force by leaving them there. Should our communications be cut off, of course, we cannot get them here. Under these circumstances, I cannot consent to the retention of troops at Harrisburg, nor can we spare any to send there at present.
H. W. HALLECK,
General-in-Chief.
HARRISBURG, PA.,
September 9, 1862. (Received 4 p. m.)
Major-General HALLECK:
I have just received your message. You evidently do not understand my wishes on the subject. I want the regular cavalry, now at Carlisle garrison, and a portion of the Anderson Troop, in camp at that place, placed under my orders, to perform patrol duty at or near Hagerstown, to ascertain movements of the enemy, if any are made, and to quiet the alarm now existing among the people of the valley and along the border of the State. All the military organizations ready for the field have been sent forward to Washington. The force at Carlisle, which I want placed under my direction, is not performing any service. Can I have them? I know they can be made serviceable. Answer.
A. G. CURTIN.
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for immediate use, and nearly, if not quite, half of the blankets. The medical officers applied themselves to their duties with an energy and devotedness worthy of all praise, and it was only when completely exhausted that they ceased from their fatiguing labors. The corps of citizen surgeons, under Dr. Detmold, rendered efficient service for two days, when they were no longer needed, the greater portion of the wounded having been removed. I must bear testimony to the heroic fortitude of our wounded soldiers. All appreciated the difficulties of their situation, and uncomplainingly awaited that relief which they were confident their Government would provide. The relief came at the moment when hope had almost deserted them. The unexpended hospital stores were brought back to this city, as was also a large portion of the commissary stores. A quantity of subsistence stores, for which I had no transportation, was distributed among the citizens whose premises had been occupied by our wounded. Our wounded were collected in twenty-one field hospitals, within an area 10 miles long by 7 wide. I t was impossible to ascertain, with precision, the number of wounded, but, from the data in my possession, I estimate it to be 4,000. I cannot close this report without commenting on the conduct of the ambulance drivers. It was with the greatest difficulty that I could put a reasonable limit to their stealing from my commissary and hospital stores. Some would appropriate to their own use hospital blankets, and be highly insolent when they were taken away for the wounded. Very few would assist in placing the wounded in their ambulances; still fewer could be induced to assist in feeding them or giving them water. Some were drunk; many were insubordinate; others, when detected with provisions or stores, would not surrender them until compelled to by physical force. The practice of loading ambulances with forage, camp-kettles, personal baggage, and subsistence for the drivers needs a corrective. These things occupy space required for the wounded, and greatly interfere with their comfort. A balances, and nothing but sick and wounded men and water should be put in the vehicles themselves. The service greatly needs a well-organized ambulance corps, and I hope the Secretary of War will adopt the organization you have recommended.
Your obedient servant,
RICHARD H. COOLIDGE,
Medical Inspector, U. S. Army.
The SURGEON-GENERAL OF THE ARMY.
HEADQUARTERS SECOND ARMY CORPS,
Near Clarksburg [Md.], September 11, 1862.
General A. S. WILLIAMS:
GENERAL: I wish you to select the strongest position in the vicinity of Damascus (within a mile of the town), and post your command on three lines, throwing out a strong advanced guard and picketing to the front and flanks.
We are near the enemy, and it is absolutely necessary to be extremely vigilant.
Very respectfully,
E. V. SUMNER,
Brevet Major-General, U. S. Army, Commanding.
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WAR DEPARTMENT,
Washington, September 11, 1862.
Governor CURTIN, Harrisburg, Pa.:
I have telegraphed to General McClellan to send General Reynolds here, to take command in Pennsylvania. General Wool was assigned yesterday, but has been relieved at his own request. Until an officer is assigned to command, it will be impossible to give the orders you ask for.
H. W. HALLECK,
General-in-Chief.
HARRISBURG, PA.,
September 11, 1862-11 a. m.
Colonel JOHN A WRIGHT, Willard's:
Our operator at State line reports that a body of rebel cavalry entered Hagerstown at 9 o'clock this morning, proceeded to railroad depot, and thence by road in direction of State line. It is believed that Jackson will move down the Cumberland Valley with at least part of his column, and my attack White at Martinsburg with the balance. White's scouts report that communication westward has been cut off for two days.
A. G. CURTIN,
Governor of Pennsylvania.
WASHINGTON, September 11, 1862-12 m.
Honorable ANDREW G. CURTIN:
Please tell me at once what is your latest new from or toward Hagerstown, or of the enemy's movements in any direction.
A. LINCOLN.
WAR DEPARTMENT,
Washington, D. C., September 11, 1862.
His Excellency ANDREW G. CURTIN,
Governor of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, Pa.:
SIR: The application made to me by your adjutant-general for authority to call out the militia of the State of Pennsylvania has received careful consideration. It is my anxious desire to afford, as far as possible, the means and power of the Federal Government to protect the State of Pennsylvania from invasion by the rebel forces, and since, in your judgment, the militia of the State are required, and have been called upon by you, to organize for home defense and protection, I sanction the call that you have made, and will receive them into the service and pay of the United States to the extent they can be armed, equipped, and usefully employed. The arms and equipments now belonging to the General Government will be needed for the troops called out for the National armies, so that arms can only be furnished for the quota of militia furnished by the draft of nine months' men, heretofore ordered. But, as arms may be supplied by the militia under your call, these, with the 30,000 in your arsenal, will probably be sufficient for the purpose contemplated by your call. You will be authorized to provide such equipments as may be required, according to the regulations of the United
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[Inclosure.]
Comparison of field return of officers and men present for duty in Hooker's corps, September 18, 1862, with morning report made September 22, 1862.
September 18, 1862
Infantry Artillery Total
Offi- Men Offi- Men Offi- Men
cers cers cers
First 163 2.175 10 370 173 2.545
(Doubleday's)
Division.
Second (Ricke- 74 890 2 42 76 932
tts')
Division.
Third (Sey- 116 2.262 9 251 125 2.513
mour's) Divi-
sion
353 5.327 21 663 374 5.990
September 22, 1862.
Infantry Artillery Total
Offi- Men Offi- Men Offi- Men
cers cers cers
First 192 3.387 11 411 203 3.798
(Doubleday's)
Division.
Second (Ricke- 266 5.748 2 157 268 5.905
tts')
Division.
Third (Sey- 185 4.563 10 307 195 4.870
mour's) Divi-
sion
643 13.698 23 875 666 14.573
Increase
Officers Men
First (Doubleday's) 30 1.253
Division
Second (Rickett's) 192 4.973
Division
Third (Seymour's) 70 2.357
Division
292 8.583
REMARKS. - Thirty officers and 700 men of the Sixteenth Maine Regiment, Ricketts' division, returned since 18th instant from detached service.
Respectfully submitted.
GEO. G. MEADE,
Brigadier-General, Commanding.
HEADQUARTERS FIRST ARMY CORPS,
September 23, 1862.
HEADQUARTERS DEFENSES OF WASHINGTON,
Washington, September 23, 1862 - 10.30 a. m.
Brigadier General S. WILLIAMS,
Asst. Adjt. General, Headquarters Army of the Potomac:
Telegram of last night received this morning. It occurs to me that at least a part of the confusion caused by the new numbers of the corps arises from the fact that you have got them wrong. Sigel's corps is the Eleventh, Banks' is the Twelfth, and Hooker's (late McDowell's) is the First Corps. This is warranted correct, the newspapers to the contrary notwithstanding. Consequently, after some puzzling, I infer from your telegram that Meade commands the First Corps, vice Hooker, wounded, and A. S. Williams commands the Twelfth Corps, vice Mansfield, killed. Is this right? To whom was Weber's brigade assigned? Is Couch's division independent? Does Sturgis command Reno's division, and Willcox, Stevens'? Piatt's brigade is here, in Whipple's division.
Request about General Orders, Numbers 157, will be attended to. Had a splendid distribution list, answering for both of us, in type when your dispatch came.
RICH'D B. IRWIN,
Captain, Aide-de-Camp, and Actg. Asst. Adjt. General
HEADQUARTERS DEFENSES OF WASHINGTON,
September 23, 1862 - 1.25 p. m.
Major General GEORGE B. MCCLELLAN,
Headquarters Army of the Potomac:
It is very important, in view of the long line we have to observe, extending practically from Warrenton to Snicker's Gap, that our serviceable
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mander and surgeon, I ordered the acting medical director to have a thorough medical inspection made of the Fourth Ohio Volunteers.
The inspecting officer reports that not more than 190 men can safely be sent into the field, and it is said that in the case of many of these the results are to be apprehended.
Under these circumstances, I have concluded to await your further orders before putting the regiment on the march.
N. P. BANKS,
Major-General, Commanding.
HEADQUARTERS DEFENSES OF WASHINGTON, September 23, 1862-9.35 p.m.
Major General GEORGE B. McCLELLAN,
Headquarters Army of the Potomac:
I communicate, for information, the following telegram, received at 8 p.m. I had previously ordered General Heintzelman to detach two regiments of Stahel's division, with a section of artillery and such force of cavalry as he may be able to spare, to accompany a construction party which General Haupt sends out to-morrow to repair bridges at Bull Run and Broad Run, and bring off five locomotives, said, on reliable authority, to be at Bristoe. I have nothing yet from the reconnaissance sent toward Ashby's Gap:
ARLINGTON, 23D.
General Stahel's division is now occupying Centreville, between Fairfax Court-House and Centreville. The enemy's cavalry pickets were met; they withdrew in the direction of Manassas. He is informed, on good authority, that the Thirteenth Virginia Cavalry occupy Manassas Plains.
S. P. HEINTZELMAN.
N. P. BANKS,
Major-General, Commanding.
HEADQUARTERS DEFENSES OF WASHINGTON, September 23, 1862-9.45 p.m.
Brigadier General S. WILLIAMS,
Asst. Adjt. General, Headquarters Army of the Potomac:
Buford's old brigade, and it includes all the cavalry now with this command.
N. P. BANKS,
Major-General, Commanding.
HEADQUARTERS DEFENSES OF WASHINGTON, September 23, 1862.
Major General S. P. HEINTZELMAN,
Commanding Defenses South of the Potomac, Arlington:
SIR: The commanding general directs that your order the commander of the division at Centreville to send two regiments, and, if possible, a section of artillery, to accompany a construction party, which will go out on the railway to-morrow to repair the bridges as far as Bristoe, and endeavor to bring off seven locomotives near that station. The troops can meet the construction party at Union Mills. General Haupt has been requested to inform you at what hour the construction party will be at the rendezvous.
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In reply, I beg leave to report that, upon my arrival at Hagerstown, on the night of the 19th instant, I was ordered by Brigadier-General Reynolds, U. S. Volunteers, in command of Pennsylvania militia, to move out to the Williamsport road with my brigade, and report to him. I complied with the order, and them reported my arrival to your headquarters, from which I received orders to join General Couch's division, at Williamsport. The enemy was at this time (Saturday, the 20th instant) in the town,and General Reynolds directed me to remain in line of battle between Hagerstown and Williamsport. On Sunday, the 21st, learning that a portion of Major-General Franklin's army corps were in this town, I sent in and reported to Major-General Franklin, from whom I received orders to march here to relieve Colonel Rush's command, to hold and occupy the town, and to defend the ford over the Potomac. I was placed in command here by his orders, and have endeavored to obey his instructions. Several changes have been made in the disposition and number of the troops here since yesterday, and my force now consists, first, of several battalions of my own brigade, say, 1,600 men; second, eight guns Maryland battery, Company A, Captain Wolcott, 120 men; third, seven companies of the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry, Colonel Voss commanding, 350 men; fourth, two independent companies Maryland cavalry, commanded by Captains Russell and Graffin, 100 men.
Under instructions from Major-General Franklin, received during last night, I have ordered a regiment of infantry to Clear Spring, 9 miles from here, on the road to Hancock; a section of artillery and a squadron of cavalry to Dam No. 5, distant 5 or 6 miles up the river; a squadron of cavalry to Hancock, to watch the fords from there down to Dam No. 5, and the balance of the cavalry I am using, to the best of my judgement, in guarding the fords near to and the roads leading to the town. One battalion of my infantry is supporting the battery posted on the heights, to the left of the town, and the balance doing duty in and about the town. I have no troops whatever in Hagerstown, except detachments which I left there to guard my subsistence, ammunition, and camp and garrison equipage, all of which I was forced to leave there when I marched, as I have not one single wagon, no transportation whatever having been furnished me, except that on yesterday I borrowed a few wagons to bring down some subsistence. I am now hard at work endeavoring to subsist my command.
After receiving your note of yesterday, I immediately ordered Colonel Voss to send a squadron of his cavalry to Hagerstown, but I have learned since that the Eight New York Cavalry were there, which was detached or ordered away from here on yesterday, and countermanded the order.
I will forward you a proper return of my brigade as soon as I can make it out. I have given you a rough aggregate, which, I hope, may answer at present.
One full regiment of my brigade (the Sixth Maryland) and four pieces of artillery, Captain Alexander's battery, attached to my command, I learn are at the Monocacy Junction, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, where they were been detained, as I understand, by orders from Major-General Wool. It would add materially to the strength and morale of my brigade to have them with me. All is comparatively quiet here and above. A strong picket of the enemy is posted immediately opposite the town, on the river bank at the ford.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
JOHN R. KENLY,
Brigadier-General Vols., Commanding at Williamsport.
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Martinsburg on Saturday, at 2 p.m., in direction of Romney; am not prepared to say that this is reliable. I am also advised this morning that the enemy is moving from the Kanawha toward Clarksburg, the front of their column, 3,000 strong, occupying Sutton. It is evidently the object of the Confederate authorities to destroy the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and reoccupy Western Virginia. May I suggest that, if consistent with your plans, Cumberland, Md., and this point be strengthened by troops thrown from Williamsport, as I will most probably be compelled to concentrate the greater portion of my force at Clarksburg, to repel General Loring, who is moving from the Kanawha?
Colonel McReynolds' First New York Cavalry, with portions of two regiments of cavalry, arrived here Saturday, having been ordered here on a reconnaissance by General Pleasonton. If you can spare them, I would be pleased to have them remain for a time, as I greatly need a cavalry force.
B. F. KELLEY,
Brigadier-General.
NEW CREEK, VA., September 29, 1862.
Colonel WHIPPLE,
Baltimore, Md.:
I am advised that a large cavalry and artillery force left Martinsburg on Saturday, in the direction of Romney. Whether this is reliable or not, I am not prepared to say. After receiving this information, however, I deemed it prudent to order back an expedition, which started to drive out Imboden, who is said to be a few miles above Moorefield, with some 700 or 800 guerrillas.
I received, this morning, information from Colonel Harris, Tenth Virginia, at Bulltown, that the enemy is moving across from Kanawha toward Clarksburg, and the head of the column had reached Sutton, Braxton County, 3,000 strong. I think it is evident from the message of Governor Letcher and the recent action of Confederate leaders, that their object is to totally destroy the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and to recapture Western Virginia. To prevent the accomplishment of this purpose, additional troops should be sent into Western Virginia at once. May I respectfully suggest that, to insure success in driving the rebels out of Western Virginia, concert of action between this and the Kanawha district is absolutely necessary?
B. F. KELLEY,
Brigadier-General.
HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, September 29, 1862.
General E. V. SUMNER,
Harper's Ferry:
The commanding general desires that you will at once cause the country about Harper's Ferry, on both sides of the river, to be thoroughly scoured by parties of cavalry, for the purpose of arresting all marauders and stragglers that may be found on the highway, in the fields, in the woods, or in or about the dwellings of the inhabitants. It is feared that many of our men have absented themselves from their regiments, and are actually living upon the people of the country. All marauders and stragglers that you parties may find, the commanding general wishes you to have promptly brought to trial.
S. WILLIAMS,
Assistant Adjutant-General.
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ties. He is sending reconnoitering parties, and will soon report the foundation for these probably exaggerated reports. The Fifth Virginia, which was irregularly furloughed en masse by General Milroy, is collecting at Ceredo. Cranor has with him at Guyandotte the Fortieth Ohio, Eighty-fourth Indiana, and a squadron of cavalry.
Lightburn moved up the Kanawha to-day. I have ordered him to remove the obstructions in the river at Red House, 25 miles up, and push on, repairing roads, &c., as he goes. I am waiting General Morgan's troops, none of which have yet arrived. The reports from Clarksburg and beyond indicate belief in considerable rebel force near Monterey. Milroy's force not all concentrated there yet; he will move toward Beverly as soon as it is, Crook taking the direction of Summerville. The delays in getting stores over the railway are very embarrassing.
J. D. COX,
Major-General, Commanding District of Western Virginia.
HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, October 21, [1862]-11.25 a. m. (Received 11.30 a. m.)
Major General H. W. HALLECK,
General-in-Chief:
Rumors received late last night lead to the supposition that a large force of the enemy had left the vicinity of Winchester for Snicker's Pass. Later in the night it was reported that the enemy had appeared in force in vicinity of Berlin. Parties were at once sent out to ascertain the facts in the case. The party sent to Berlin has returned, and reports that it was only a foraging party at that point. Four prisoners were taken. I have not yet heard from the main parties sent out. General Stoneman and all the other commanders have been ordered to keep on the alert, and to keep me fully posted. As soon as it is definitely ascertained that the above movements are being made, the necessary arrangements will be made to meet them. The main party sent out from Loudon Heights last night had orders to attempt to capture any party of the enemy they might find opposite Berlin.
GEO. B. McCLELLAN,
Major-General, Commanding.
CHERRY RUN, October 21, 1862-2 p. m.
General NEWTON:
GENERAL: Captain Duncan, with squadron of cavalry from Colonel Williams' command, had just returned from a reconnaissance to Hedgesville. He went to within a quarter of a mile of the town, the pickets giving way, but did not enter the town, as it was reported to him by various persons that they had there 1,000 cavalry, about as much infantry, and six pieces of artillery. It was also reported to him that they were at work destroying the railroad, and that they were going up to burn the Great Cacapon Bridge on the railroad.
Your obedient servant,
CHAS. DEVENS, JR.,
Brigadier-General.
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different States, they would add greatly to our strength. Our stragglers are being daily collected, and that is one of the reasons of my being now stationary. How long they will remain with us, or when they will again disappear, it is impossible for me to say.
The enemy, since he was repulsed in his attempt on the morning of the 20th to cross the Potomac below Shepherdstown, has been quiet. General Fitz John Porter's corps, I understand, is stationed on the Maryland side of that ford, but the great bulk of his army is within our observation at Williamsport. Two regiments of infantry, I learn from Colonel Munford, who is observing the fords near Harper's Ferry, have crossed the river at that point; their object is not yet known. I am endeavoring to have the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad destroyed as far as it is within our reach. We have plenty of beef and flour for our troops, hay for our horses, and some grain. I hope every effort is being made by the War department to collect conscripts from those counties in Virginia now within our control. No time should be lost in effecting this purpose.
It is also important that such stores as may be needed for future use should be collected by the Commissary Department. If a supply of hard bread could be sent in such manner as to reach us in good condition, it would be of great service; but its transportation in such barrels as are now used from Culpeper Court-House to the army would be hazardous. I observe that the enemy pack their hard bread in small, light boxes, by means of which more can be carried in a wagon than in barrels. I recommend that similar boxes be used for the transportation of our bread.
I am, with the highest respect, your obedient servant,
R. E. LEE,
General, Commanding.
HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA,
Camp on the Opequon, September 23, 1862.
Brigadier-General PENDLETON, Reserve Artillery:
GENERAL: I am directed by General Lee to say that maj. General A. P. Hill has reported that the batteries of Captains Pegram and Fleet were broken up after the recent battle at Sharpsburg, and the men and horses distributed amongst other batteries. General Hill reports most favorably on these two officers and their companies, and wishes to have the batteries refitted and ordered to report to him. General Lee suggests that it might be done better to break up some other companies and complete these than to interfere with their organization. General Hill also desires that the maryland battery of Captain Dement be ordered to report to him, and the commanding general refers the matter for your report.
I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
W. H. TAYLOR,
Major and Aide-de-Camp.
HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA,
Near Martinsburg, September 23, 1862.
Brigadier General W. N. PENDLETON,
Commanding Reserve Artillery:
GENERAL: Please make inquiries at once into the position and capacity of the woolen manufactories in the counties mentioned. I have heard of but one, which I have directed to be taken care of. I will speak to
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the men distributed by Colonel Brown among the retained companies of his regiment.
IV. The four companies of Major Jones' battalion will be formed into two. The officers of Captains Wimbish's and Turner's batteries are relieved from duty with their companies, and the men will be distributed by Major Jones among the retained companies. Captain Peyton is relieved from duty with his company, and First Lieutenant Fry will assume command of it. Lieutenant W. A. Deas is assigned to duty as first lieutenant; Acting Lieutenant Massie is assigned as junior first lieutenant, and Lieutenant Hawas is assigned as second lieutenant, of said battery. First Lieutenant John L. Grubbs, of Captain Page's battery, is also relieved from duty with his company.
V. The four companies constituting Lieutenant-Colonel Cutt's battalion will be formed into three. The officers of Captain Blackshear's battery are relieved from duty with the company, and the men will be distributed as follows: Twenty-two of Captain Ross, 29 to Captain Lane, and the remainder to Captain Patterson.
VI. The four companies of Major Nelson's battalion will be formed into three. The officers of Captain Ancell's battery are relieved from duty with the company, and the men will be assigned to the two other Virginia companies in suitable proportions, as Major Nelson may direct. Captain Huckstep and Second Lieutenant Poats are relieved from duty with their company, and First. Lieutenant [John] Livingston Massie is assigned to its command. Lieutenant Ancell is retained as first lieutenant of this battery. First Lieutenant Maddox, heretofore attached to Captain Blackshear's battery, is attacked, with his section, to Captain Milledge's battery. Lieutenant Maddox will be the senior first lieutenant of the battery, Lieutenant Rogers the junior first lieutenant, and Acting Lieutenant Falligant, of Lieutenant-Colonel Cutts' battalion, is transferred to Milledge's battery as senior second lieutenant.
VII. The three companies of Major Saunders' battalion will be formed into two. The officers of Thompson's battery (late Grimes') are relieved from duty with the company, and the men will be distributed by Major Saunders between Moorman's and Huger's batteries.
VIII. The officers of Captain Lloyd's battery are relieved from duty with the company, and 55 of the men will be assigned to Captain Manly's battery, General McLaws' division, and the remainder to Captain Reily, of General Hood's division.
IX. The officers of Captain Chapman's battery, of General Featherston's brigade, are relieved from duty with their company. The men and horses will be assigned to Captain Pegram's battery.
X. The officers of Captain Brown's battery, Wise Artillery, are relieved from duty, and the men and horses are assigned to Colonel S. D. Lee's battalion.
XI. The officers of Captain G. Washington Nelson's battery are relieved from duty with their company; 20 of his men will be assigned to Captain Kirkpatrick's company, Major Nelson's battalion, and 40 to Captain Woolfolk's battery, Colonel S. D. Lee's battalion.
XII. The officers of Captain John R. Johnson's battery are relieved from duty with the company, and the men will be equally divided between Captain Dearing's and Captain Stribling's companies.
XIII. The officers of Captain Rogers' battery, Loudoun Artillery, are relieved from duth with the company. The men and horses will be assigned to Captain Stribling's battery.
XIV. The officers of Captain Anderson's battery, Thomas Artillery, except the two senior lieutenants, are relieved from duth with the company.
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have been killed (Generals Branch and Gregg), and others are leaving, and will not be available. I waive any claim I may have to officers my peers in rank, but will take a court composed of officers of any degree.
Very respectfully,
A. P. HILL,
Major-General.
HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA,
January 12, 1863.
Major General A. P. HILL,
Commanding, &c.:
GENERAL: Your letter of the 8th instant is received. At the time the charges preferred by General Jackson were first brought to my attention, in September last, I was unable to give them a careful examination, and have no recollection of having made any indorsement indicating an opinion as to their correctness, as intimated in your letter of the 30th September.
I do not think that in every case where an officer is arrested there is a necessity for a trial by a court-martial, and I consider your one in which such a proceeding is unnecessary.
A commanding officer has the right to make an arrest, and to release the office arrested without prosecuting the matter further, when, in his judgment, the exigencies of the service require such a course. An arrest is often resorted to in order to give point and prominence to an expression of disapprobation, even when, in the opinion of the officer making it, the act is not one requiring a judicial investigation.
The exercise of this power may sometimes appear harsh, and in some cases may actually be so. But the power itself is one too important and essential to the maintenance of discipline to be denied because it may be abused. In the present instance, General Jackson exerted this authority for what he thought at the time good and sufficient reasons. He exercisers a discretion which you or any other commanding officer must use, and which, I have said above, must be committed to superior officers for the good of the service.
In deciding whether the supposed offense is one which the rights of the person arrested of the good of the service requires to be brought before a court-martial, other considerations than those which induce the arrest must be taken into account.
Upon examining the charges in question, I am of pinion that the interests of the service that they should be tried, and have, therefore, returned them to General Jackson with an indorsement to that effect. I hope you will concur with me that their further prosecution is unnecessary, so far as you are consented, and will be of no advantage to the service.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
R. E. LEE,
General.
HEADQUARTERS A. P. HILL'S LIGHT DIVISION,
January 29, [1863.]
Brigadier General R. H. CHILTON,
Asst. Adjt. and Insp. General, Army Northern Virginia:
GENERAL: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of the letter of January 12, from the commanding general. I beg leave to state
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Freeman's and Roberts' batteries out on the Franklin pike 5 miles. The Abolitionists were in ambush with four regiments of infantry, twelve pieces of artillery, and a battalion of [William B.] Stokes' cavalry, commanded by Brigadier-General [James S.] Negley. They opened fire upon us from their position. I placed Freman's and Roberts' batteries (four pieces each) on left of Franclin pike, between the Nolensville and Franklin pike, and returned their fire. After a spirited contest of an hour, they gave way, falling back down the Franklin pike toward Nashville. At this time I ordered my cavalry to charge, which order was quickly obeyed, their infantry and cavalry retreating down the pike toward Nashville. From this position my guns commanded the pike and played upon the Abolitionists with good effect, killing and wounding some 20 at one fire, which caused them to break and flee in disorder. I followed them up for a mile, when my artillery ammunition gave out and i withdrew my forces.
My loss in this action was 1 killed and 3 wounded. Loss of Abolitionists, 40 killed, 20 prisoners, and reported 60 wounded.
After this engagement I moved back to La Vergne.
Great credit is due Captain Freeman's battery, and Lieutenant [J. H.] Wiggins, commanding Roberts' battery, and their officers and men, for their coolness and discretion during this engagement. My officers and men acted well during the day, obeying with promptness each command.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
N. B. FORREST,
Brigadier-General.
Lieutenant Colonel J. A. BUCKNER,
Assistant Adjutant-General.
NOVEMBER 5, 1862.-Affair near Piketon, Ky.
Reports of Colonel John Dils, jr., Thirty-ninth Kentucky Infantry, with congratulatory letter from Major-General H. G. Wright.
HEADQUARTERS CAMP FINNELL, November 10, 1862.
SIR: I took possession of this post on the 5th instant. The Confederates were camped 8 miles below this place, at Coal Grove (force 500 or 600, cavalry and infantry), but got notice of my approach in the night, when I was within 4 miles of them. The panic, I learn, was great. My little force entered their camp not more than one hour after the train left, but we pursued them, and in their camp and flight we captured about 75 prisoners, 150 guns, 3 wagons, a lot of tents, horses, and mules.
I pursued within 20 miles of the Pound Gap, but my men were marched down, marching 30 miles the last day, eating nothing but a little beef at night. This post is 100 miles from Cattlesburg, on the Ohio River, and the nearest force (Federal) is Ashland, 100 miles from here. The nearest Confederate force is 50 miles, Logan Court-House, Va. That force is 1,500 or 2,000 under Floyd and Witcher. My force that is armed, about 400. I will do the best 1 can, but there ought to be more force in this valley.
Your obedient servant,
JOHN DILS, JR.,
Colonel Thirty-ninth Kentucky Regiment.
General HORATIO G. WRIGHT.
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One hundred and sixth Ohio, was shot, and soon expired. He was a brave and noble young man. Lieutenant Jacob Dewald, my aide-de-camp, was very active in carrying my orders to all parts of the field. And, in conclusion of this part of my report, I will say I love every man that fought; I have every dog that ran. It was the first time that any of the infantry regiments engaged in the battle were under fire.
I respectfully request that, when the orders of the Second Indiana Cavalry are released as prisoners of war, and the lieutenant-colonel and major of the One hundred and fourth Illinois Infantry are also released, you will give me a court of inquiry in the matter; and if I have done anything wrong, or neglected any duty, I am willing to be censured, but I have a consciousness that I did my duty the best I could. I also wish to have the conduct of every officer who ran like a coward from the field fully inquired into. I took the command of the brigade on the 2nd of December, and on the morning of the 7th the fight occurred. I had never received any orders from any source to take command, nor instructions from any source whether I was to have command, or otherwise, except as the command was handed over to me by Colonel Scott.
I have the honor to submit this report direct to you, learning that General Dumont had resigned.
I have the honor to be, your obedient servant,
A. B. MOORE,
Colonel 104th Illinois Infantry, and Comdg. 39th Brigade.
Major-General ROSECRANS.
No. 8. Report of Captain John Wadleigh, One hundred and fourth Illinois Infantry.
DECEMBER 7, 1862.
DEAR SIR: In absence of any field officer of the One hundred and fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, I have the honor to make the following report of the action, as seen by myself. I would refer to the accompanying reports, as handed in by the officers commanding companies, and designated A, B, C, &c., according to the letters of said commands:
Early on the morning of December 7 our camp was alarmed by the report that the enemy were in sight, and approaching with the intention of attacking; soon after which the pickets were fired upon, and returned the fire smartly, contesting the ground until the cavalry and minute-men could be deployed as skirmishers.
Company A was doing provost duty in town, and Company H was thrown forward as skirmishers on the extreme right of the cavalry. I would refer to letters A and H for more full particulars of their actions. Companies B, C (D in part), E, F, G, and I were early on the ground, and in line on the Thirteenth Indiana. Company K was thrown forward as skirmishers, but soon returned into line. The One hundred and eighth Ohio Volunteer Infantry was placed on the left, and to support the battery. The One hundred and sixth Ohio Volunteer Infantry was ordered to the right. Thus formed, we awaited the approach of the enemy.
Soon the batteries of the enemy, which, until this time, had remained
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quickly surrounded by the then otherwise wholly disengaged aggregate force of the enemy. A part only made their escape across the road, and saved the regimental colors by tearing them off the staff and hiding them on their persons.
With one solitary exception, all the officers performed their duty unflinchingly; and the men also, with very few exceptions, fought like veterans. Out of a force of about 250 men, I had 22 killed, 42 wounded and 10 missing.*
The Second (rebel) Kentucky Infantry, with which we had to contend, according to their account, shows a loss of 75 killed and wounded.
The above is a true and correct statement of the fight from its beginning, and, as in this connection I cannot help noticing the scandalous and entirely unfounded reports which got into the papers, I would respectfully ask you to cause a strict investigation of the facts to be made.
GUSTAVUS TAFEL,
Lieut. Col., Comdg. One hundred and sixth Ohio Vol. Infty.
Colonel GARESCHE,
A. A. G., and Chief of Staff of Major-General Rosecrans,
Commanding Army of the Cumberland.
No. 11. Report of Captain Carlo Piepho, One hundred and eighth Ohio Infantry.
GENERAL: Allow me to state to you the part which the One hundred and eighth Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry took in the battle at Hartsville, Tenn., on December 7, 1862.
The One hundred and eighth, which formed a part of the Thirty-ninth Brigade, was encamped on the west side of the brigade, forming the right flank of the battle-line. The camp of the brigade, which was situated on a rocky hill, about 1 miles from Hartsville, rested, to its left, on a very steep and rocky bank of the Cumberland, close to a ford, which ford was protected by two pieces of artillery; in front of the camp, a dense grove of beech wood; on the right, the turnpike leading from Hartsville to Lebanon. Another ford in the Cumberland, between the camp and town, was left without protection. The outposts were thrown out about a half mile from camp, and formed a line from the bank of the Cumberland about one-half mile above camp to another point of the river bank, about one-half mile below. There were no outposts or vedettes posted on the opposite side of the river, where several roads connected at the above-mentioned ford, between camp and town. The road leading from Hartsville to Gallatin was also left without protection.
Soon after reveille, on Sunday morning, December 7, a negro servant of one of the officers of the One hundred and eighth ran into camp, shouting at the top of his voice, "The rebels are coming." I ordered the long-roll to beat, formed my battalion in line, and went out in front with Companies A and B, which two companies I threw out as skirmishers. I found the enemy thrown up in line of battle on the summit of a low hill, ready to rush on us, in shooting range of our camp. The rest of the battalion (five companies) I left command of Adjutant
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*But see revised statement, p.45.
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On the 5th instant, Hanson's brigade, of Breckinridge's division, was moved forward on the road toward Hartsville, and halted at Baird's Mills, a point nearly due east from Nashville, and half way to Hartsville, where it was joined by Morgan's cavalry force. Two regiments (the Second and Ninth Kentucky Infantry), with [Robert] Cobb's (Kentucky) artillery, moved from this point with the cavalry at 10 p.m. on the 6th, to attack the enemy at Hartsville. Early on the morning of the same day, Hanson, with the remainder of his brigade, moved, as directed, on the road toward Nashville for the purpose of a reconnaissance, and to cause a diversion. At the same time that the troops above named left their camps near here, Major-General [B. F.] Cheatham, with two brigades, moved out on the Nashville road, halted all night at La Vergne, 15 miles, and on the next day, in conjunction with General Wheeler's cavalry, made a strong demonstration on the enemy's front. These movements had the desired effect, and completely distracted the enemy's attention from the real point of attack. Learning that a foraging train of the enemy was on his right flank, Cheatham detached Wheeler, with a cavalry force, to attack it, which he did in his usual dashing and successful manner, capturing 11 wagons and 57 prisoners. Under cover of these feints, Morgan, by an extraordinary night march, reached the point of his destination about sunrise, and, in a short but warmly contested engagement, killed, wounded, and captured the entire command of more than 2,000 officers and men.*
I inclose herewith the reports of General Morgan and the subordinate commanders, and take great pleasure in commanding the fortitude, endurance, and gallantry of all engaged in this remarkable expedition. It is a source of personal and official gratification to perceive that the Department had recognized the services of the gallant and meritorious soldier who led the expedition by confirming my previous nomination of him as a brigade-general. Two sets of infantry colors and one artillery guidon, taken at Hartsville, are also forwarded with this report. A third set of infantry colors was presented by its captors to the President on his recent visit to this place.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
BRAXTON BRAGG,
General, Commanding.
General S. COOPER,
Adjutant and Inspector General, Richmond, Va.
HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF TENNESSEE,
Murfreesborough, Tenn., December 1, 1862.
Brig. General JOHN H. MORGAN,
Commanding Cavalry at Baird's [Mills]:
GENERAL: The general commanding directs me to say that, when relieved from your present duties, you will proceed with your whole command, by the most practicable route and with the least delay, to operate on the enemy's lines of communications in rear of Nashville. You will assail his guards where your relative force will justify it; capture and destroy his trains; burn his brigades, depots, trestle-work, &c. In fine harass him in every conceivable way in power. When practicable,
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*But see inclosure A to Bragg's report of the battle of Stone's River, p.673.
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their names as Captain George [G.] Knox and Lieutenant-Colonel Dickinson, who represented themselves as belonging to the Fourth Michigan Cavalry, a part of which command was near by. The reason assigned for his detention was that they intended making an attack on our pickets, and did not wish them notified.
With these facts before me, I consider myself as justly entitled to apology and reparation for this unprecedented disrespect and outrage. To claim that a truce existed while my flag was forcibly detained by you is preposterous. By parity of reasoning, it would only be necessary to capture a flag and hold it indefinitely in custody in order to secure immunity from attack. The detention of a flag by you is incontestably proven. When so detained, it ceased to be my flag, and was yours by unlawful capture. It lost its sanctity by reason of your violence, and you ought to be the last one to seek a refuge beneath its folds.
To avoid the danger of future complications of a similar character, I have directed that hereafter flags shall be sent only on Mondays and Thursdays, between the hours of 12 m. and 4 p.m. They will also be received on the same days and between the same hours, unless the necessity is urgent and the urgency of the case manifest.
Trusting that this arrangement will preclude the recurrence of any further misunderstanding, I am, general, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
BRAXTON BRAGG,
General, Commanding.
[Indorsement.]
HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE CUMBERLAND,
Nashville, Tenn., December 25, 1862.
Respectfully referred to Major-General Crittenden, who will have General Van Cleve investigate this, and report result of investigation to-night.*
By order of General Rosecrans:
CHAS. R. THOMPSON,
Captain and Assistant Adjutant-General.
DECEMBER 20, 1862-JANUARY 5, 1863.-Carter's raid into East Tennessee and Southwest Virginia.
SUMMARY OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS.
December 29, 1862.-Passage of Moccasin Gap, and capture of Confederate on the Blountsville road.
30, 1862.-Capture of Confederate at Blountsville.
Capture of Union, Tenn., and destruction of the railroad bridge across the Holston River.
Capture of Carter's Depot, and destruction of the Watauga railroad bridge.
January 2, 1863.-Skirmish at Jonesville, Lee County, Va.
LIST OF REPORTS
No. 1.-Major-General Horatio G. Wright, U. S. Army, commanding Department of the Ohio, with congratulatory messages.
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*See report No. 3.,p.82.
+See also Confederate correspondence, January 1 to 5, inclusive, Part II.
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Soon after going into camp, General Fry arrived and assumed command of all the troops in the vicinity of Columbia, and ordered the pursuit to be resumed, which order was countermanded at a point 3 miles beyond Columbia. The result of these operations was the capture of about 150 prisoners, a number of horses and trappings, some arms, two caissons, and a quantity of ammunition for artillery and small-arms. It is also reported by a citizen that one of our shells exploded among the rebel rear guard at Green River, and killed 3 of their number.
I regret that there could not be more concerted action between Colonel Harlan and myself, for, had he pressed upon and followed Morgan to Springfield, I could have attacked him in front while he engaged his rear, or we could have attacked him unitedly. I also regret that the re-enforcements from Danville never reached me. My determination was to attack Morgan at Springfield, had they come up.
To Colonel Reid and the officers and men of his brigade, I take pleasure in expressing my thanks for the promptness and alacrity with which they executed orders confided to them. It may be proper to state that the aggregate force of this brigade did not exceed 1,800 men, and my whole effective force did not exceed 3,300 men.
To Captain Miller, of Company M, First Illinois Battery, thanks are due for his efficient services as an artillery officer.
My thanks are due to Colonel Craddock for his energy and valuable suggestions, as well as to all the officers on the expedition. But, above all, the gallant soldiers composing the command deserve especial notice for the cheerfulness with which they endured the privations to which they were necessarily subjected and the alacrity with which they obeyed all orders.
To my aides, Captain Letcher, of the Twelfth; Captain Hilpp, of the Tenth; Lieutenant Mannen, of the Sixteenth Kentucky, and Lieutenant Nell, of the First Kentucky Battery, my thanks are due for the efficient manner in which they discharged their duties.
Captain Gaubert, post quartermaster, displayed great energy and efficiency in getting up, on short notice, transportation and rations for the expedition. And while it may seem invidious to make distinctions where all deserve commendation, yet especial thanks are due to Lieutenant-Colonel Gault and Major Harbeson, of the Sixteenth Kentucky; Majors Farris, Rue, and Fidler, of the cavalry, and Dr. S. M. Cartmell, medical director of the expedition; nor should I forget Captains John S. and Carr B. White, of the Sixteenth Kentucky, and Lieutenant Crozier, of the Twelfth, who, with their companies, supported sections of battery, and were always in place and ready for duty.
I ought, perhaps, to state that I labored under great disadvantage, from the fact that I could get no definite information of Morgan's force. I had been officially notified that Morgan, at the time of his attack on Elizabethtown, had less than 3,000 men, and certainly but two pieces of artillery. I had also been officially notified that simultaneously with his attack on that place an attack was made on Munfordville, supposed to be led by Kirby Smith, whose force was unknown. When I learned that the force advancing on Lebanon certainly had ten pieces of artillery, I inferred that a junction of the two forces had been effected, the whole force being reported by citizens and scouts at 11,000.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
W. A. HOSKINS,
Colonel, Commanding Expedition.
Brigadier General C. C. GILBERT,
Comdg. Tenth Division, Army of the Cumberland.
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Isaac P. Gray, on the Burkesville road, south of Green River, with instructions to each to give battle, and, if overpowered by largely superior forces, to skirmish the way back to Woodsonville, sending couriers often to my headquarters.
When near Green's Chapel, 6 miles from Munfordville, Colonel Gray attacked the advance guard of Morgan, and about the same time Colonel Shanks attacked the rear guard at Bear Wallow, 12 miles from this point. The advance guard fell back on the main body, with a loss of 9 killed, 22 wounded, and 5 prisoners, our loss being 1 killed, 2 prisoners, and several horses killed. The Twelfth Kentucky Cavalry, in the rear, killed 1, wounded 2, and took 2 officers and 10 men prisoners, with no loss.
The force and position of the enemy being ascertained by these movements, the cavalry was ordered back to camp, leaving vedettes to watch the movements of the enemy. I telegraphed General Granger, General Boyle and General Gilbert everything of importance, and telegraphed General Boyle the condition of the guns and the want of ammunition. I sent dispatches frequently, but could get no answer from the operator in Louisville to the call of the operator at this point during the afternoon of the 25th, until too late to effect anything by trains from Louisville. I also telegraphed that it was Morgan's design to attack the tunnel and the works beyond.
At 9 p.m. the 25th, scouts brought the information that 100 of the enemy were crossing the river at Burnt Bridge Ford. This was confirmed during the night by reports that the whole force was crossing and moving in the direction of Hammondsville. I immediately ordered Captain Dickey, of the Second Michigan, to proceed to Bacon Creek stockade, reporting to my headquarters by courier at 9 and 10 a.m., and oftener, if necessary, and also ordered the Twelfth Kentucky Cavalry, Colonel Shanks, toward Hammondsville, to report often by courier. Soon after arriving at Bacon Creek and arranging his pickets, Captain Dickey was attacked by the advance of Morgan, and flanked by a large force. Captain Dickey having less than 80 men for duty, on account of the exertions of the 23rd and 24th, was compelled to fall back on Munfordville, fighting his way. Learning this by courier, I shifted Colonel Shanks, with the exception of two companies, from the Greensburg road to cover the retreat of the Second Michigan, by attacking the enemy, and, gradually falling back of Munfordville, to draw him in and give play for the skirmishers the Twenty-fifth Michigan Infantry, Colonel Moore, on the right; Lieutenant-Colonel Carey, Thirty-sixth Indiana, in the center, with the convalescent battalion, and Major Hobson, commanding Thirteenth Kentucky, on the left.
The officers and men of these commands acted with great promptness and ease while performing the various evolutions, but the wary foe would not engage them. A few shots were fired by the Twelfth Kentucky Cavalry, when the enemy fell back to Bacon Creek.
During this skirmish our loss was 21 men and 2 officers taken prisoners. Loss of the enemy not known.
During the night of the 26th, believing that Morgan would make an attack on this place from the other side of the river, I made arrangements for ferrying from the south side the only two field pieces under Lieutenant Hale, Sixth Michigan Battery; also to bring over ammunition by way of the bridge on a hand-car.
I kept the Twelfth Kentucky Cavalry in line of battle between Bacon Creek and Munfordville until after dark on the 26th; and, believing that if an attack was made in the morning the depot would be burned
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No. 87.-Lieutenant Colonel George F. Elliott, Sixty-ninth Ohio Infantry.
No. 88.-Colonel John F. Miller, Twenty-ninth Indiana Infantry, commanding Third Brigade.
Numbers 89.-Lieutenant Colonel William D. Ward, Thirty-seventh Indiana Infantry.
Numbers 90.-Colonel James M. Neibling, Twenty-first Ohio Infantry.
Numbers 91.-Colonel Granville Moody, Seventy-fourth Ohio Infantry.
Numbers 92.-Colonel Moses B. Walker, Thirty-first Ohio Infantry, commanding First Brigade, Third Division.
Numbers 93.-Colonel Daniel McCook, Fifty-second Ohio Infantry, commanding brigade, Fourth division.
Numbers 94.-Major-General Thomas L. Crittenden, U. S. Army, commanding Left Wing.
Numbers 95.-Captain John Mendenhall, Fourth U. S. Artillery, Chief of Artillery.
Numbers 96.-Brigadier General Thomas J. Wood, U. S. Army, commanding First Division.
Numbers 97.-Brigadier General Milo S. Hascall, U. S. Army, commanding First Brigade and First Division, including skirmishes at La Vergne and on the Murfreesborough pike, at Stewart's Creek.
Numbers 98.-Major Seymour Race, First Ohio Light Artillery, Chief of Artillery.
Numbers 99.-Lieutenant George Estep, Eighth Indiana Battery, including skirmishes at La Vergne and on the Murfreesborough pike, at Stewart's Creek Bridge.
Numbers 100.-Captain Jerome B. Cox, Tenth Indiana Battery.
Numbers 101.-Captain Cullen Bradley, Sixth Ohio Battery.
Numbers 102.-Colonel George P. Buell, Fifty-eighth Indiana Infantry, commanding regiment and First Brigade, including skirmish at La Vergne, December 27.
Numbers 103.-Colonel Frederick A. Bartleson, One hundredth Illinois Infantry, including skirmishes near La Vergne and at Stewart's Creek Bridge, December 27.
Numbers 104.-Lieutenant Colonel James T. Embree, Fifty-eighth Indiana Infantry.
Numbers 105.-Colonel Samuel McKee, Third Kentucky Infantry, of skirmishes near La Vergne and Stewart's Creek Bridge, December 27.
Numbers 106.-Major Daniel R. Collier, Third Kentucky Infantry.
Numbers 107.-Captain William H. Squires, Twenty-sixth Ohio Infantry, including skirmishes at La Vergne and Stewart's Creek Bridge, December 27.
Numbers 108.-Colonel George D. Wagner, Fifteenth Indiana Infantry, commanding Second Brigade.
No. 109.-Lieutenant Colonel Gustavus A. Wood, Fifteenth Indiana Infantry.
Numbers 110.-Major Henry Leaming, Fortieth Indiana Infantry, including skirmish at La Vergne, December 27.
Numbers 111.-Colonel John Q. Lane, Ninety-seventh Ohio Infantry.
Numbers 112.-Colonel Charles G. Harker, Sixty-fifth Ohio Infantry, commanding Third Brigade.
Numbers 113.-Colonel Abel D. Streight, Fifty-first Indiana Infantry.
Numbers 114.-Colonel Gilbert Hathaway, Seventy-third Indiana Infantry.
Numbers 115.-Colonel Michael Shoemaker, Thirteenth Michigan Infantry.
Numbers 116.-Lieutenant Colonel Alexander McIlvain, Sixty-fourth Ohio Infantry.
Numbers 117.-Major Horatio N. Whitbeck, Sixty-fifth Ohio Infantry.
Numbers 118.-Brigadier General John M. Palmer, U. S. Army, commanding Second Division.
Numbers 119.-Surg. Mason G. Sherman, Ninth Indiana Infantry, Acting Medical Director.
Numbers 120.-Captain William E. Standart, Battery B, First Ohio Light Artillery.
Numbers 121.-Lieutenant Norval Osburn, Battery F, First Ohio Light Artillery.
Numbers 122.-Lieutenant Charles C. Parsons, Fourth U. S. Artillery, commanding Batteries H and M.
Numbers 123.-Brigadier General Charles Cruft, U. S. Army, commanding First Brigade, including skirmish at La Vergne, December 26.
Numbers 124.-Surg. James B. Armstrong, Thirty-first Indiana Infantry, acting brigade surgeon.
Numbers 125.-Colonel John Osborn, Thirty-first Indiana Infantry, including skirmish at La Vergne, December 26.
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Numbers 236.-Colonel W. L. L. Bowen, Florida Infantry.
Numbers 237.-Major John T. Lesley, Fourth Florida Infantry.
Numbers 238.-Colonel Joseph A. McDowell, Sixtieth North Carolina Infantry.
Numbers 239.-Colonel T. B. Smith, Twentieth Tennessee Infantry.
Numbers 240.-Major F. Claybrooke, Twentieth Tennessee Infantry.
Numbers 241.-Lieutenant John W. Mebane, Wright's Tennessee battery.
Numbers 242.-Colonel Robert P. Trabue, Fourth Kentucky Infantry, commanding Fourth Brigade.
Numbers 243.-Lieutenant Colonel M. L. Stansel, Forty-first Alabama Infantry.
Numbers 244.-Major James W. Hewitt, Second Kentucky Infantry.
Numbers 245.-Colonel Joseph H. Lewis, Sixth Kentucky Infantry.
Numbers 246.-Colonel Thomas H. Hunt, Ninth Kentucky Infantry.
Numbers 247.-Captain Robert Cobb, Kentucky battery.
Numbers 248.-Brigadier General John K. Jackson, C. S. Army, commanding brigade.
Numbers 249.-Major Charles P. Daniel, Fifth Georgia Infantry.
Numbers 250.-Major Jesse J. Cox, Second Georgia Battalion Sharpshooters.
No. 251.-Lieutenant Colonel A. McNeill, Eighth Mississippi Infantry.
Numbers 252.-Lieutenant Harvey H. Cribbs, Lumsden's (Alabama) battery.
Numbers 253.-Major-General Patrick R. Cleburne, C. S. Army, commanding division.
Numbers 254.-Brigadier General Lucius E. Polk, C. S. Army, commanding First Brigade.
Numbers 255.-Lieutenant Thomas J. Key, Helena Battery.
Numbers 256.-Brigadier General St. John R. Liddell, C. S. Army, commanding Second Brigade.
Numbers 257.-Colonel Daniel C. Govan, Second Arkansas Infantry.
Numbers 258.-Lieutenant Colonel Reuben F. Harvey, Second Arkansas Infantry.
Numbers 259.-Lieutenant Colonel John E. Murray, Fifth Arkansas Infantry.
Numbers 260.-Major William F. Douglass, Sixth Arkansas Infantry, commanding Sixth and Seventh Regiments.
Numbers 261.-Colonel John H. Kelly, Eighth Arkansas Infantry.
Numbers 262.-Lieutenant Colonel George F. Baucum, Eighth Arkansas Infantry.
Numbers 263.-Lieutenant H. Shannon, Warren Light Artillery.
Numbers 264.-Brigadier General Bushrod R. Johnson, C. S. Army, commanding Third Brigade.
Numbers 265.-Lieutenant James B. Lake,----, Chief Ordnance Officer.
Numbers 266.-Lieutenant Colonel Watt W. Floyd, Seventeenth Tennessee Infantry.
Numbers 267.-Lieutenant Colonel R. H. Keeble, Twenty-third Tennessee Infantry.
Numbers 268.-Colonel John M. Hughs, Twenty-fifth Tennessee Infantry.
Numbers 269.-Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Davis, Twenty-fifth Tennessee Infantry.
Numbers 270.-Captain C. G. Jarnagin, Thirty-seventh Tennessee Infantry.
Numbers 271.-Colonel John S. Fulton, Forty-fourth Tennessee Infantry.
Numbers 272.-Captain Putnam Darden Jefferson Artillery.
Numbers 273.-Brigadier General S. A. M. Wood, C. S. Army, commanding Fourth Brigade, including skirmish on the Nolensville road, December 27.
Numbers 274.-Colonel William B. Wood, Sixteenth Alabama Infantry, including skirmish at Triune, December 27.
Numbers 275.-Colonel Samuel Adams, Thirty-third Alabama Infantry.
Numbers 276.-Major J. F. Cameron, Third Confederate Infantry.
Numbers 277.-Lieutenant Colonel R. Charlton, Forty-fifth Mississippi Infantry, including skirmishes near Triune, December 27.
Numbers 278.-Captain A. T. Hawkins, Fifteenth Battalion, Mississippi Sharpshooters.
Numbers 279.-Captain Henry C. Semple, Alabama Battery.
Numbers 280.-Major-General John P. McCown, C. S. Army, commanding division, Smith's corps.
Numbers 281.-Captain J. D. Allison,---, Chief Ordnance Officer.
Numbers 282.-Major George M. Mathes,---, Chief First Brigade.
Numbers 283.-Brigadier General M. D. Ector, C. S. Army, commanding First Brigade.
Numbers 284.-Colonel M. F. Locke, C. S. Army, Tenth Texas Cavalry (dismounted.)
Numbers 285.-Lieutenant Colonel J. M. Bounds, Eleventh Texas Cavalry (dismounted.)
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back to my assigned position in reserve, and remained till late in the afternoon, when the commanding general in person ordered me to the left as re-enforcement. I then marched my command at a
double-quick and arrived on the line, occupying a gap in it under the fire of a rebel battery, which was, however, soon silenced by Stokes' battery, which was worked with exceeding vigor and skill.
General Negley now approached me and requested me to re-enforce his troops, who, after a violent contest, had gained ground on the opposite side of the river. I accordingly moved my command there at a double-quick, and formed the Third Battalion in second line behind General Davis' command, the First Battalion extending beyond it and throwing out its own advance, occupying the space between it and the river. The battery was posted on a knoll between the First and Third Battalions, the Second Battalion being in second line on the extreme right. In this position we remained till after nightfall,when I received orders to recross the river and again assume a position in reserve, and to furnish the Second Battalion to construct rifle-pits in the front and near the pike, and also on the extreme right. Said battalion worked all night in the rain.
On the 3rd, the Third Battalion relieved the First,on duty in the trenches, and on the 4th Second and Third Battalions began two lunettes on the north bank of the river, and the First Battalion began a trestle bridge across it. On the 5th, the said work was continued, and the Third Battalion, with the advance of the army, in pursuit of the enemy.
The loss of the brigade is as follows: First Battalion: Killed,4; wounded, 3 commissioned officers and 5 enlisted men. Second Battalion: Killed,4; wounded, 5 enlisted men. Third Battalion: Killed,4; wounded, 10 enlisted men. Stokes' battery: Killed,3; wounded,1 commissioned officer and 9 enlisted men. Total, killed and wounded,48.
The force of the brigade actually engaged was 1,600 men, there being ten companies or 1,000 Pioneers employed on the fortifications between Gallatin and Nashville, and 200 detached guarding the implement train. Of the force above mentioned, 95 belong to Stokes' battery.
During the engagement, the Pioneers behaved as well as could be wished, and, when required, worked zealously by night and day, although insufficiently provided with rations, in spite of inclement weather, and under fire. The artillerymen displayed the highest discipline, and worked their guns with extreme rapidity and accuracy. As the commanding general was everywhere present of the field with his staff, he cannot but have remarked the good service done by Captain Stokes, who manifested the greatest zeal, and managed his battery wit the utmost precision and success.
I beg leave to mention to the favorable notice of the commanding general my adjutant, Lieutenant Lamberson, of the Nineteenth Illinois Volunteers; my inspectors, Lieutenants Clark, of the Sixteenth U. S. Infantry, and Murphy, of the Twenty-first Wisconsin Volunteers, and my aides, Lieutenant Reeve, of the Thirty-seventh Indiana Volunteers, and Assistant Engineer Pearsall, all of whom exhibited the utmost ardor and alacrity in the performance of their duty.
I beg leave also to mention Captain Hood, of the Eleventh Michigan Volunteers,commanding Second Battalion; Captain Clements, of the Sixty-ninth Ohio Volunteers, commanding Third Battalion, and Captain Bridges, of the Nineteenth Illinois Volunteers, commanding First Battalion, who, though wounded on the first day, retained the command of his battalion throughout.
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Nolensville pike, half mile south of Nolensville, Tenn. After marching about 2 miles, the battery was ordered forward with the brigade, which was advancing in line of battle on the right of the pike, cannonading being heard directly in our front. Colonel Baldwin, brigade commander, ordered one piece forward, which fired three shots at the enemy's cavalry, which was in sight, retreating, on the opposite hill. We then advanced a short distance, and two Parrott guns were ordered in the woods to the right of the pike, where six rounds were fired at the enemy, who were apparently cavalry, drawn up in line of battle, supported by a battery planted on the left of the pike. Their artillery ceased firing, and their cavalry retreated when we advanced, but too late to properly support the brigade, which had charged through the village of Triune. The cause of delay was a brigade being destroyed, and every heavy ground bordering on each side of the creek, when we passed beyond. With a light 12-pounder we fired two shots at the enemy, retreating through a wood. The command then encamped half a mile south of Triune, where it remained, and was employed in inspecting ammunition, until the morning of December 29, when four pieces of the battery were ordered to report to General Willich, under whom they marched, without any event worthy of notice, to within 4 miles of Murfreesborough, Tenn.
At this place, at about 1 o'clock, the four pieces rejoined the brigade, when the whole command went with the brigade upon a reconnaissance 2 miles to the right of the main body of the division, from which the command returned at about 8 p.m., and went into bivouac in the woods near brigade and division headquarters. We received permission to unhitch the horses, but not to unharness, and, early on the morning of the 31st,an order was sent to us by the brigade commander to hitch, which we did without watering the horses.
At about 7.30 a.m. two light 12-pounder guns were ordered out to a position about 800 yards southeast from the camp, facing a large corn-field, the enemy appearing in a very heavy force. I was then ordered to return and get the other four guns in position as quickly as possible, which was done, placing them to the right and rear of the first pieces posted. The light 12-pounder gun in the advanced position was under command of First Lieut. H. Rankin. The brigade commander is better informed as to their actions than I am, as they were under his immediate eye. I simply noticed that they fired rapidly, and were the last troops which passed to the rear upon my left. They fired in that position 17 rounds from one piece, and 23 from the other - nearly all canister. Some of the rounds were double charges. The four guns under my immediate command commenced firing shell. We had fired about 15 rounds when a very large body of our own troops appeared to our right-oblique, retreating rapidly; it was the remains of Kirk's brigade. Colonel Dodge, of this brigade, had hardly time to inform me that a very large body of the enemy was in close pursuit, when they appeared. Three of the four guns opened upon them with canister, and checked them in front and to the right-oblique, but more appearing almost directly on our right flank (our infantry were out of sight to the rear), the order was given to leave the field. The command succeeded in getting with but of the four pieces. At these two positions there were 3 men killed and 21 wounded; also 23 horses disabled. We retreated through a dense woods, and had great difficulty in getting our carriages through.
I endeavored to go as much to the left as possible, as I noticed that our troops were less disorganized in that direction. With two pieces we made an ineffectual stand in the woods, about midway between they
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General summary of killed, wounded, and missing in the Second Brigade, Second Division [Right Wing], in the battle before Murfreesborough, Tenn., on December 31, 1862.
Taken into action Field officers
Command Field Company Enlist Kill Wound Missi
and officers ed men ed ed ng
staff
officers
29th Indiana 6 18 313 - - 1
30th Indiana 4 21 463 - - 1
34th 5 19 330 - - -
Illinois
79th 5 16 416 1 - -
Illinois
77th 3 16 288 1 - -
Pennsylvania
Edgarton's - - - - - -
battery
Total 23 90 1,810 2 - 2
Company officers Enlisted men
Command Killed Wounded Missing Killed Wounded
29th Indiana 1 2 - 14 66
30th Indiana 1 2 1 30 108
34th Illinois 2 2 2 19 98
79th Illinois - 3 3 23 68
77th - 1 2 4 28
Pennsylvania
Edgarton's - - - - -
battery
Total 4 10 8 90 368
Enlisted men Total loss
Command Missing Commission Enlisted Aggregate
ed men
officers
29th Indiana 51 4 131 135
30th Indiana 70 5 208 213
34th Illinois 72 6 189 195
79th Illinois 121 7 212 219
77th 28 4 60 64
Pennsylvania
Edgarton's - - - -
battery
Total 342 26 800 *826
Very respectfully submitted.
J. B. DODGE,
Colonel Thirtieth Regiment Indiana Volunteers, Commanding Second Brigade.
Owing to the absence of the officers and men of Battery E, First Ohio Volunteer Artillery, I am unable to procure a report of casualties, &c., as required by your order.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
D. C. WAGNER,
Captain, and Acting Assistant Adjutant-General.
No. 40. Report of Major Alexander P. Dysart, Thirty-fourth Illinois Infantry.
HEADQUARTERS THIRTY-FOURTH ILLINOIS VOLUNTEERS, Camp near Murfreesborough, Tenn., January 7, 1863.
SIR: In compliance with circular, dated January 7, 1863, from Headquarters Second Division, requiring a minute statement of regimental commanders of the operations and casualties of their respective regiments from the time of leaving camp, near Nashville, Tenn., up to the expiration of the battle at Murfreesborough, I have the honor to submit the following report:
On Friday, December 26, 1862, this regiment, under command of Lieutenant Col. H. W. Bristol, left camp, near Nashville, Tenn., and marched that day to one-half mile south of Nolensville, where we encamped for the night.
Next day, December 27, 1862, the Second Brigade being in advance, the Thirty--fourth Illinois was in advance of the brigade. After advancing nearly three-quarters of a mile, General Kirk ordered Colonel Bristol to throw forward four companies of his regiment on the left of the pike as skirmishers. Companies A, F, G, and B were detailed for that purpose, and placed under command of myself and Captain Van Tassel. We moved forward, the remaining companies of the regiment marching immediately in the rear of the skirmish line, as a support, the skirmish
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*But see revised statement, p.208.
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Lieutenant Parsons, of the Fourth U. S. Artillery, who was in the thickest of the fight near my position all day, is also deserving of the warmest consideration of the Government for the efficient manner in which his battery was maneuvered.
To my staff also everything can be said in their praise. To Major R. L. Kimberly, Forty-first Ohio Volunteers,acting assistant adjutant-general; to Lieutenants William M. Beebe and E. B. Atwood, of the same regiment, aides-de-camp; to Captain L. A. Cole, Ninth Indiana, topographical officer, for intelligently carrying orders and assisting to post troops, under a galling fire, the whole day; to Captain James McCleery, Forty-first Ohio Volunteers, acting inspector-general, for assisting to bring forward ammunition even after being wounded; to Harry Morton, Sixth Kentucky, volunteer aide-de-camp, for similar service; to Lieutenant F. D. Cobb, Forty-first Ohio Volunteers, acting commissary of subsistence, for keeping me intelligently informed of what was transpiring beyond my immediate vision-all, for unqualified bravery, are deserving,as they have, my warmest thanks, and the consideration of the Government.
Dr. M. G. Sherman, Ninth Indiana, surgeon of the brigade, was acting medical director of the division, and removed from my immediate notice, yet I have reason to call favorable notice to this officer.
Lieutenant J. L. Chilton, Sixth Kentucky, acting brigade quartermaster in the absence of Captain Johnson, exercised great capacity in caring for and keeping from the enemy the train of the brigade.
I am under many obligations to the general commanding the division for the confidence reposed in me in vesting with me the management of so important a portion of the field. By seizing the little crest occupied by my troops early in the morning, not exceeding 2 feet in height, and later the railroad embankment, hundreds of lives were saved, the strength of my brigade doubled, and the position successfully held. This will account for the smaller list of casualties than that of some brigades which did less fighting.
I am happy to report, with some 20 miserable exceptions, no straggling in this brigade.
The casualties of my personnel were as follows: The colonel commanding the brigade was bruised by a ball upon the shoulder, and his horse, was killed; Captain James McCleery, Forty-first Ohio Volunteers, acting inspector-general, shot through the leg; First Lieutenant William M. Beebe, Forty-first Ohio Volunteers, aide-de-camp, wounded in the head, and horse shot; Captain L. A. Cole, Ninth Indiana topographical officer,slightly wounde in the foot; Orderly [Henry] Diedtrich, sergeant Fourth Kentucky Cavalry, mortally wounded, and horse shot, and Bugler Lehman, Sixth Kentucky, horse shot, and Bugler Lehmann, Sixth Kentucky,horse shot.
Close observation of the conduct and character of our troops for the past few days has confirmed me in a long-settled belief that our army is borne down by a lamentable weight of official incapacity in regiment organizations. The reasonable expections of the country can, in my opinion, never be realized until this incubus is summarily ejected, and young men of known military ability and faculty to command men, without regard to previous seniority, are put in their places. I saw upon the field company officers of over a year's standing who neither had the power to or knowledge how to form their men in two ranks.
On the 2nd instant my brigade was ordered across the river to support Colonel Grose, commanding the Tenth Brigade, then in reserve to General Van Cleve, whose division (the only one on that side of the river) had been vigorously attacked by the enemy. I reached the field about 4 p.m., finding his entire division put to rout. The enemy had been
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checked by Colonel Grose and a portion of Negley's division, and the several batteries from the point occupied by General Cruft's brigade. It was difficult to say which was running away the more rapidly, the division of Van Cleve to the rear, or the enemy in the opposite direction. I found myself in command of all the troops on that side of the river.
Leaving three of my regiments in position as a reserve, I pushed forward with the portion of Colonel Grose's brigade already moving, and the Forty-first Ohio Volunteers pursuing the enemy beyond all the ground occupied by our forces before the fight. I here formed the best line circumstances would admit of, the Forty-first Ohio Volunteers being the only regiment wholly in hand. The others were badly broken; the only idea of their officers seeming to be to push on pell-mell, which, if carried beyond the point occupied, might have resulted disastrously. I succeeded in checking the straggling to the front, with the aid of Colonel Grider, of the Ninth Kentucky, who came forward and performed this valuable service after his regiment had gone to the rear.
I was relieved by the fresh division of General Jefferson C. Davis, who arrived just at dark. When far advanced in the pursuit, a portion of General Negley's batteries, far in the rear, were firing on my line, and continued to (without damage) till an aide-de-camp was sent to ask that it be discontinued.
After forming my advance line, a battery of the enemy, about 400 yards in front, continued to fire upon us with great rapidity. I ordered the Forty-first Ohio Volunteers to fire one volley upon it. No more firing took place on either side, and the weakness of my line prevented my going farther.
The next day three caissons and several dead men and horses were found at this point. It was in this fight that the famous rebel General Roger W. Hanson was killed and General Adams was wounded, whether in their advance or retreat I never knew.
First Lieutenant F. D. Cobb, Forty-first Ohio Volunteers, acting aide-de-camp, comported himself with great gallantry on the field. Seizing the colors of the Thirty-sixth Indiana, that had been shot down, he galloped forward, rallying many stragglers, who, though going in the right direction, were doing so inefficiently and on their own account.
My casualties in this action were slight, and, in all, since leaving Nashville, are:
Killed Wounded Total
Commissioned 5 17 22
officers
Enlisted men 41 318 359
Total missing
-----
-----
52
Aggregate 46 335 433
I would respectfully call the attention of the general commanding the division to accompanying reports of regimental commanders, and of Lieutenant Chilton, in charge of train: also to explanatory sketch.*
I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
W. B. HAZEN,
Colonel, Comdg. 19th Brigadier Second Brig., Second Div., Left Wing.
ASSISTANT ADJUTANT-GENERAL.
Fourth Div., Army of the Cumberland, Second Div., Left Wing.
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*Not found.
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did not suffer severely. At 4 p.m. the fire of the enemy's musketry ceased, while that of their batteries continued until the close of the day.
Before twilight I sent details to collect and bury my dead upon the ground where they fell. A mutual truce was granted, in which the soldiers of both sides, without arms, gathered their fallen comrades without interruption. The fierce acerbity of the deadly strife had given place to the mutual expression of kindness and regard. While thus engaged, one gun of Captain Cockerill's battery was abandoned well to the front by the explosion of a caisson, and I had it removed well to the rear. The movement drew a fire from one of the enemy's batteries, but without effect.
For the brave men who stood by their colors from 7 a.m. until 4 p.m.,. continually under fire, no word of mine could do justice to their unfaltering courage. The officers of the Ninth Indiana Infantry I regard as among the bravest of the brave. Many of the captains and commandants of companies exhibited the highest courage and capacity under a severe and long-continued fire; but where, perhaps,none failed in doing their duty, it would be an invidious distinction to name any one for marked honor. Lieutenant-Colonel Suman stood gallantly at the post of duty until wounded, and retired from the field. Major Lasselle exhibited great courage, coolness, and efficiency throughout the day; Adjutant Willard repeated his heroism of Shiloh; Sergeant-Major Armstrong was wounded severely while executing an order. A sergeant, 10 enlisted men, and 1 corporal deserted their colors during the action. I will take prompt measures to publish the infamy of their conduct and bring them to punishment.
I regret to say that when the action opened with such violence the arrangements made with the surgeons and musicians from carrying the wounded to the rear utterly failed. They were borne with the tide of terrified stragglers so far to the left that many of them were captured by the enemy's cavalry, who penetrated their hiding places. Dr. Gilmore assistant surgeon, with some hospital attendants and one ambulance, fell into the hands of the enemy. The surgeons were subsequently released, and I am told rendered efficient service in their attention to the wounded after the engagement. By reason of this most criminal neglect, many of my wounded had to crawl with shattered limbs to the rear, while others unable to be removed, lay under the enemy's fire.
I am glad to report two bright exceptions to the base conduct of the hospital corps. Mr. Hurlbut, from the beginning to the close of the action, continually entered our line of fire and bore back the wounded. He exhibited a heroism worthy of all praise, because it was voluntary and out of the line of his duty; and William Morgan, chief bugler, displayed courage and efficiency in the discharge of his duty.
The regiment, in addition to the 60 rounds to the man, fired, during the day, 16,000 rounds of cartridges. The regiment entered the action with 345 enlisted men and 27 commissioned officers.
Loss: Officers killed, 1; enlisted men, 10; total, 11. Officers wounded, 5; enlisted men, 82; total, 87. Enlisted men missing, 11. In aggregate, loss of 109.
I remain, with great respect, your obedient servant,
W. H. BLAKE,
Colonel, Commanding.
Captain R. L. KIMBERLY,
Acting Assistant Adjutant-General, Second Brigade.
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Numbers 134 Report of Colonel Walter C. Whitaker, Sixth Kentucky Infantry.
HEADQUARTERS SIXTH KENTUCKY INFANTRY,
Battle-field of Stone's River, Tenn. January 6, 1863
The undersigned, Walter C. Whitaker, colonel commanding Sixth Kentucky Infantry, of the Second Brigade, late the Nineteenth, commanded by Colonel W. B. Hazen, of the Second Division, late the Fourth, commanded by General Palmer, makes the following report of the part taken by the Sixth Kentucky Infantry in the battle of Stone's River:
On the night of December 30, the Sixth Kentucky and Forty-first Ohio Volunteers were drawn up in line of battle, fronting east and toward Murfreesborough, in advance of the army, on a cotton-field lying south of the Nashville and Murfreesborough turnpike road, and near where the same crosses the. Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, and also near where both roads strike the bank of Stone's River. On the east, some 250 yards in front of the Sixth Kentucky, on a high piece of ground, in a curtilage, surrounded with a strong palisade of cedar timbers, some 7 or 8 feet high, firmly set in the ground, stands the burnt brick dwellinghouse of Mr. Cowan; in the of this house the enemy had their rifle-pits. Beyond the house the ground gently rose higher for some 300 yards to the crest of the ridge, on the top of which, in a southeasterly direction, the enemy had a battery. Beyond the crest of the hill, and toward the river from the house, the ground gently sloped until it reached the river and a grove of timber in the rear. On this slope, concealed from our view, the enemy had an earthen breastwork for infantry and artillery. On the right and south of the position of the Sixth was a dense wood of oak and tall cedar. In the same direction, his left resting on the right of the Sixth, with an interval of 250 yards between them, General Cruft had his brigade drawn up in line of battle. Immediately in rear of, and west of, the Sixth was on open field, with a few old houses, some scattered trees, and large surface rocks, through which the turnpike and railroad ran. Directly north of this line of battle was an embankment of the railroad, some 7 or 8 feet in height. On the edge of this field the gallant Ninth Indiana and One hundred and tenth Illinois were drawn up as reserve. Company D, Captain Proctor, and Company I, Lieutenant Patchin, from the Forty-first Ohio Volunteers, and Company C, Captain Todd, and Company I, Captain Stein, of the Sixth Kentucky, were acting as pickets, Companies C and I occupying the curtilage of the brick house, with a small interval between them and the enemy's pickets.
Shortly after sunrise on the morning of the 31st, the pickets were attacked by the enemy, but maintained their position. Heavy firing was soon heard on the right of our army and gave indications of the rapid advance of the enemy. The enemy soon made a most furious attack upon our left. The pickets of the Sixth were driven in by a large force, which, protected by the palisade and out-buildings of Mr. Cowan's house and the high ground, opened a galling fire on the Sixth, which was in the open ground. They gradually advanced under cover, with the intention of flanking the Sixth on the right. Changing position by the right flank, the regiment was formed in line of battle in the skirt of timber south of the cotton-field---an advantageous position--under cover of the timber. Here we were assaulted by a large body of the enemy; from their numbers I estimated them as a brigade as a brigade. Three times they advanced, and as often were they driven back with great slaughter.
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double column in reserve) was ordered to take position in the first line of battle, its left resting on the right of and near the Murfreesborough and Nashville turnpike, with two companies deployed as skirmishers about 150 yards inn advance, covering its front.
A little before daylight on the morning of the 31st, Companies D and I were deployed as skirmishers, and relieved Companies A and F, which were then assembled and took their position in line.
About 8 o'clock the signal "forward" was sounded, and the regiment commenced to advance toward Murfreesborough. At this time the firing, which had commenced at an early hour on our right, appeared to be nearing the pike to our right and rear, and the regiment had not advanced more than about 100 paces when the command "right about" was given, and it returned to its former position and again faced to the front. At this time the enemy appeared advancing in line across the open country direct in our front.
The regiment was then moved by the left flank across the turnpike, its left resting on a slight elevation to the right of and near the railroad. The enemy, then moving by his left flank, to gain cover of a wood on our right, made an oblique change of front to rear on the left company. The skirmishers, who (during this time under the command of Captain J. H. Williston, acting major) had been engaged with the enemy, with slight loss, were now rallied and put in position on the right of the regiment. In this position the regiment opened fire, and continued firing until its ammunition was about exhausted, when it was relieved by the Ninth Indiana, and retired a short distance and replenished its boxes. It then took up position on the right of the brigade, extending obliquely across the turnpike and again opened fire.
It here continued firing until a battery of the enemy opened upon our right flank, when it retired across the railroad and took up position on the left of the brigade, the right resting near and perpendicular to the railroad, the rest of the brigade having taken position behind and parallel with the railroad. After remaining in this position for some time-the enemy not being within effective range of infantry, and suffering considerably from his artillery, one shell from which, exploding in the ranks, killed and wounded 8 men-it retired about 50 yards behind a ridge, which afforded some protection.
Shortly after, hearing that the enemy's cavalry, was attempting to cross the creek to our left and rear, and seeing a section of artillery, unsupported, opening in that direction, without waiting for orders, I placed the regiment in position on the right of the artillery. A few discharges from the artillery, however, repulsed them. I was here met by a member of the staff of the colonel commanding the brigade, and directed to remain there until further orders.
Shortly after, by direction of General Rosecrans, the regiment took its former position in the field, behind a crest of the hill, which it occupied during the remainder of the day, sustaining some loss from the enemy's artillery, but without opportunity of returning its fire.
During the following day the regiment was not engaged, remaining in double column in reserve on the left of the railroad and near the creek, as it did also during Friday, until in the afternoon, when the enemy made his attack on our left. The column was then moved by the left flank across the creek to our extreme left, where it was deployed. The enemy was at this time repulsed, and retiring in confusion. I was ordered to advance the regiment in line, and did so without firing until ordered to halt at the skirt of a wood. The enemy having retreated
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and right, soon silencing the enemy's fire, when, finding that we had no support on either flanks or rear we again withdrew to the rising ground between the pike and railroad. We then were ordered by Captain Mendenhall to take position across the pike, near the old log-house in our extreme front, having to guard against the enemy's advance up the pike and from the woods on our right, from which a continued fire of musketry annoyed us. At the same time a battery opened upon us from the brick house near the pike, injuring on of our trails and limber,to which we replied until our long-range ammunition,the supply of which was small, was exhausted, when I had the smooth-bores withdrawn and took a position to rake the pike with canister, in case the enemy advanced, and kept the two rifles in the advance until night, when the whole battery was withdrawn about 500 yards to the rear, and supplied with ammunition.
On the morning of January 1, by your order, we took position on the left of the railroad and at a right angle with it the Sixth Ohio Battery on our left. We did no firing that day, with the exception of a few shots in the morning thrown at the woods in our front,and kept in position ready for action in that vicinity nearly the whole day; at night went into park in rear of the log-house near the railroad.
At sunrise on the morning of January 2, we were saluted with a shower of solid balls from the enemy's batteries, falling in too close a vicinity to be agreeable. We mounted quickly and took position on the left of the railroad,on a small rise commanding the approach of the enemy in our front. Captain Mendenhall then ordered us to the front, to take a position commanding the open field to the left of the railroad. During the forenoon we were several times saluted with shots from the battery of the enemy planted in the woods beyond the opening in our front,to which we remained silent until near noon, when skirmishers of the Fifty-first Indiana, which supported us on the right, advanced across the opening and drove the enemy's pickets, when the enemy opened upon them with canister, at the same time upon us with solid shot. Our skirmishers falling back, we opened with solid shot, when the battery became silent, and remained so until 3 p.m., when it again opened, and, shortly after, heavy musketry was heard upon our left; we opened at the battery in our front, when it became silent.
When we saw the enemy advancing upon our left wing across the river, and our men falling back, we changed front, firing to the left,and opened a cross-fire on them and continued it until our forces in their front compelled them to fall back beyond our range. We remained in position until 9 p.m., when we ascertained that our supports on our flanks had been withdrawn without we being notified of the fact; and no pickets in front between us and the enemy's lines, I withdrew the battery to the rear of the infantry and parked.
On the morning of January 3 we returned to our position of the previous day, support having returned, where we remained until 3 p.m., when we were ordered across and took the place occupied by the Third Wisconsin Battery, where we remained until near midnight, when we were ordered to recross the river, which we did, and parked on the ground we now occupy. We expended about 1,650 rounds of ammunition,lost 7 horses, 2 men killed and 7 wounded, a few small-arms, and a large quantity of clothing, camp and garrison equipage.
Yours, respectfully,
A. J. STEVENS,
First Lieutenant, Commanding Battery.
Capt. G. B. SWALLOW,
Chief of Artillery, 3rd Div., Left Wing, 14th Army Corps.
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HDQRS. ELEVENTH REGIMENT KENTUCKY VOL. INFANTRY,
January 6, 1863.
SIR: I have the honor to report the part my regiment (Eleventh Kentucky Volunteers) took in the engagement of January 2, 1863.
Having crossed the river the morning of January 1 and bivouacked 150 yards behind the main advance of our lines about 3.30 January 2, the enemy showed himself in strong force, sixteen regiments deep, advancing in column against us; also a brigade on our left. The firing now became general all along the lines. Seeing the regiments on the left giving way, I ordered my regiment to take arms (the arms had previously been stacked). Just then the front was falling back, and I ordered my regiment forward under the most terrific storm of shot, shell, and musketry it has ever been my lot to witness. I advanced about 100 yards, when I ordered a halt and commenced firing. I broke their ranks more than once, their colors shot down several times, but their broken ranks were speedily filled with fresh troops.
Casting my eyes to the right, and seeing I had no support in that direction, and being nearly outflanked, I gave the order to fall back to the wood in our rear, the men being pressed so closely some of them crossed the river.
After crossing the river, I, in conjunction with yourself and other officers,rallied parts of the different regiments of the brigade, and succeeded in putting the enemy to flight before us, and capturing four pieces of the celebrated Washington Artillery.
I must say, in conclusion, that my regiment was one of the very last to leave the grounds. For the gallantry of my entire regiment, they behaved as officers and soldiers in such a cause.
The casualties of my regiment are as follows:* Killed, 5; wounded, 61; missing, 9. Total 75.
Very respectfully,
E. L. MOTTLEY,
Major, Commanding Eleventh Kentucky Volunteers.
Colonel BENJAMIN C. GRIDER,
Commanding First Brigade, Third Division.
Numbers 153. Reports of Major Charles F. Manderson, Nineteenth Ohio Infantry.
HDQRS. NINETEENTH REGIMENT OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY.
Field, near Murfreesborough, Tenn., January 6, 1863.
LIEUTENANT: I transmit you the following report of the participation of the Nineteenth Regiment Ohio Volunteers, U. S. Army (Charles F. Manderson, major commanding), in the action in front of Murfreesborough, on Wednesday December 31, 1862:
On the morning of that date the regiment was under arms in double column, between the Murfreesborough turnpike and Chattanooga and Nashville Railroad, being the right of the front line of the Third Division, left wing. By order of Colonel Samuel Beatty, commanding First Brigade, after deploying column and loading, we moved by the right flank to the left, crossing Stone's River at the ford, and forming line (after throwing Companies A and K out as skirmishers), with the right
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*Stated by companies in the original.
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38 R R-VOL XX, PT I
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resting about 100 yards from the river, the Ninth Kentucky Volunteers, which were first formed on our right, being moved to the left.
About 10 o'clock we were ordered to recall our skirmishers and recross the river, which being done we moved by the right flank across the open space between the railroad and pike, amid the greatest confusion of retreating batteries, men, teams, and ambulances. At this point General Rousseau ordered the regiment to move across the turnpike,and form line in the woods skirting the west of the pike. From this position we were immediately ordered by Colonel Beatty to march by the left flank back to the railroad, and then by the right flank back to our former position, in the last-named woods, under a fire by which we lost several men.
This scene was one of disorder and panic. Regiment after regiment swept through our lines in the greatest confusion; but through it all our men preserved an unbroken front, and when the pursuing enemy came within 75 or 100 yards, and our front was clear of the retreating and broken columns, at the order to fire by file, poured most destructive volleys into the foe, breaking his lines in disorder.
General Rousseau, who was in the rear of the right of the regiment cheering our men with his presence and words, then ordered a charge, and our regiment with fixed bayonets, supported by the Ninth Kentucky Volunteers on our left, and the Seventy-ninth Indiana Volunteers in our rear, drove the foe in splendid style for about one-fourth of a mile, when, our ammunition running low,, the front line wheeled into column, and the Seventy-ninth Indiana Volunteers passed through to the front. The regiment, then forming the second line, in the rear of the Seventy-ninth Indiana Volunteers, advanced for about three-fourths of a mile to an open field, where we were separated from our front line by a cedar thicket.
We were here but a few minutes when our right support gave way, and left our regiment greatly exposed to a flanking fire. I sent word twice to Colonel Beatty that the enemy had flanked our position in great force, but received no order. The regiment was suffering most terribly from the fire, and, seeing the enemy within 50 yards of our right and in position to destroy us, I ordered a change of front to the right and rear. Our men, while executing the movement, were thrown into temporary disorder by the scattered regiments on our right pouring through the line, but gathered on the instant, formed an excellent line in good position, and fired with such precision, that, with the aid of a battery of artillery in our rear and left, we held the ground and drove the foe from the open field in our front. Being now entirely out of ammunition, an suffering loss from the fire of our own artillery, we moved by the right flank into the woods, and formed line on the left of the Second Brigade, Colonel Fyffe commanding, the second battalion of the Pioneer Corps supporting us on the left. We were here supplied with ammunition by Captain Wood assistant inspector-general, Third Division, and threw out skirmishers, who met no enemy.
About 4 o'clock we were relieved by the First Brigade, First Division, Colonel Walker commanding; bivouacked where we were until midnight, when we were ordered by Colonel Beatty to report to him on the left of the railroad.
Our loss in this action is as follows, viz: Killed, 1 officer and 11 enlisted men; total, 12. Wounded, 1 officer and 66 enlisted men; total, 67. Missing,, 3 enlisted men. Total loss, 82 men. I subjoin as accurate a list as it is possible at this time to gather.
My men behaved with the utmost bravery and coolness. Senior Captain
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the low ground. We then went to the point near the ford, where the artillery was stationed, and, while examining that, Major-General Rosecrans arrived at the same point. In a few moments a messenger from the front arrived from the front arrived and reported a large force being massed in front of our lines. Colonel Beatty and myself immediately started to our respective positions. I was shortly met by Adjutant Holter, of the Fifty-ninth Ohio, with a report that the enemy were in motion, advancing on our front. Sixteen regimental flags had been counted in one column. Actg. Asst. Adjt. General C. F. King was ordered to make report of the facts to General Rosecrans immediately. Passing on to the Eighty-sixth Regiment, it and Company A were ordered to strengthen their position with rails.
Only a short time elapsed when a tremendous fire indicated that the attack had fallen on Colonel Beatty's right. Another column, it appeared, had crossed Stone's River and participated in the attack, while still another was coming on my left, but for some cause its advance was somewhat delayed. The main column of attack moved diagonally across the front of the wood, striking toward a wooded height on the bank of the river where Captain Drury's battery of artillery had been posted in the morning, under the command of Lieutenant Livingston. The weight of the column of attack fell first on the Eighth Kentucky and Fifty-first Ohio in the front line. They stood gallantly for a few moments, but were swept away. The enemy, still pushing on, received a heavy flank and oblique fire from the Thirty-fifth, Forty-fourth, and Eighty-sixth Indiana,and Thirteenth Ohio. The column next encountered the Ninety-ninth Ohio, Twenty-first Kentucky, and Nineteenth Ohio, which were successively borne backward, as were the Ninth and Eleventh Kentucky.
In the mean time, after the giving way of our second line, and as soon as our infantry had gotten out of the way, Lieutenant Livingston opened upon them with his battery with good effect. The enemy's artillery, following their column took position on the high ground to the right of the wood, which commanded the field of battle, and,as their infantry passed on, driving our right across the river, opened with grape and canister. The Second Brigade, not being exactly in line of their charge, held their ground until the column of attack had passed our second line.
The brigade then fell back through the low ground, as directed (being myself disabled, my horse having thrown and dragged me for a short distance), and took position behind the buildings on the hill.
The artillery,after the giving way of our last line of infantry, recrossed Stone's River. The column of attack, pushing on toward the ford, was exposed to a severe flank fire from Colonel Grose's force, together with those of my brigade who had collected about the buildings upon the hill, and also to our artillery and the infantry that had taken position on the opposite bank of the river; thus extending the fire around their front to the left flank, encircling them on three sides. A cross-fire of artillery and small-arms delivered for a short time with terrible effect, was too much for them, and their broken and discomfited columns turned back upon their path, closely pursued by the troops which had rallied, together with the fresh troops which General Rosecrans had ordered up, taking a portion of the celebrated Washington Battery. This repulse closed the operations in front of Murfreesborough, the Second Brigade going into camp on the field for the night.
I cannot close this report without favorably noticing many of the
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HEADQUARTERS SECOND CAVALRY BRIGADE, In Camp near Murfreesborough, Tenn., January 6, 1863.
LIEUTENANT: I herewith have the honor to report the part taken and the work performed by my brigade since our departure from Nashville until the close of the battle before Murfreesborough.
I left Nashville on the morning of the 26th ultimo, with three regiments of my brigade, viz, the First, Third, and Fourth Ohio Cavalry, the Fifth Kentucky remaining at Nashville. My force numbered 950 men. We marched out on the Franklin pike, the Third Ohio having the advance. When within 2 miles of Franklin, drove in the rebel pickets, skirmished all the way down to Franklin, drove the enemy out, and pursued him some 2 miles. From the best information received, the enemy were 900 strong (all cavalry), part of Wharton's brigade. We killed 4, wounded several, and took 10 prisoners, among them a lieutenant of General Bragg's escort, several horses and mules, and destroyed their camps, with some tents standing thereon. We retired from Franklin, moved over to the Wilson Creek pike, and picketed said pike.
On the 27th, sent the First Ohio and most of the Fourth Ohio, under command of Colonel Milliken, on the Wilson Creek pike, toward Triune, to reconnoiter. They proceeded within 2 miles of Triune, captured 6 of the rebel pickets, when the enemy opened on them with shells; threw some 50 without damaging us any; then my force retired to camp. I likewise had sent a battalion of the Third to Franklin to reconnoiter, which drove in the rebel pickets, who had returned in force after my command had left the evening previous. Quite a skirmish ensued, in which 3 of the rebels were killed and several wounded. After skirmishing some two hours, and the enemy being too strong to drive, the battalion returned to camp in good order without any loss.
On the 28th, moved with the command to Triune without anything occurring worth mentioning.
On the 29th, proceeded toward Murfreesborough, moving between the Franklin road and the road called Bole Jack road, which General McCook's corps moved on. In divided my brigade into three columns, marching parallel with one another and with the main force, the right (the Fourth Ohio) moving on the Franklin road, the Third in center, and the First on the left, the columns being from 1 to 1 1/2 miles apart, throwing out skirmishers, connecting one column with the other, and connecting on the left with the main column. We thus proceeded for 5 miles, when the center column encountered the enemy's pickets, which they drove in, the different columns steadily advancing.
Shortly after, both the right and the left encountered pickets, driving them in before them. After proceeding about 1 mile farther, we came upon the enemy's cavalry (Wharton's brigade), engaged them for three hours, some time the right wing, then the left, then the center, receiving several charges, which were repulsed, driving the enemy some 2 miles, when the brigade concentrated, repelling a heavy charge from the enemy, driving him back under his guns, which were only a short distance from us. We then retired some 2 miles and went into camp.
Some few casualties occurred this day. The officers and men behaved admirably during the whole day. The Fourth had proceeded until the enemy threw shells into them pretty rapidly, when they retired. We were within 4 miles of Murfreesborough.
On the morning of the 30th was ordered to proceed on the Franklin road toward Murfreesborough, to push the enemy hard. We had encamped that night near the brick church, on the road leading from General McCook's headquarters to the Franklin road. I proceeded that
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morning with my command and the Second East Tennessee, which reported to me that morning, via that road to the Franklin road, at which crossing we encountered the enemy's pickets and drove them in. Sent a party of the Fourth to reconnoiter on the road leading south to Salem, where they soon came upon a stronger force, and a brisk skirmish ensued. I increased the number of skirmishers, especially to the left, skirmished with the enemy for an hour or more, when a courier arrived, saying that the enemy was approaching with a heavy cavalry force and some artillery.
In the mean time I had ascertained, likewise, that a heavy force of the enemy was encamped some little distance south of the Franklin road, and east of where my column halted. I did not think it prudent to advance, and, owing to the bad grounds (being all timber) where my force halted, I retired to my camping ground, near which were large open fields, well adapted for cavalry movements. I soon formed a line of battle. The enemy made his appearance. Skirmishers engaged him pretty briskly. The enemy maneuvered with the design to outflank us, but did not succeed. I forestalled him every time. With the exception of severe skirmishing, nothing transpired. The enemy retired, when I concluded to join the main body of our army.
After marching about a mile, met General Stanley, with a brigade of infantry and a battery of artillery, to re-enforce me. The general marched the whole command toward the enemy's camp. On reaching its vicinity the enemy drew up in line of battle. Skirmishing ensued. Remained there about half an hour, when the general withdrew, with the remark that we were not ready yet to fight the whole of Hardee's army corps. That night we encamped 1 1/2 miles from the enemy's camp, and laid on our arms all night.
At daybreak on the morning of the 31st, I had my command drawn up in line of battle in the rear of my camp; sent out two squadrons to the front and to the right to reconnoiter. Had been in the line about half an hour, when I heard heavy firing-cannon and musketry-to my left and little to the front. Soon after I beheld our infantry scattered all over the fields, running toward my line, when I learned that General Johnson's division was repulsed. At about the same time my skirmishers engaged the enemy, when they were driven in, reporting that the enemy were approaching in heavy force. Sure enough, I soon discovered heavy lines of infantry coming toward my front and on the left, where General Johnson's division had been posted; also to my right the enemy's cavalry were coming round in long columns, with the evident design to outflank us.
I concluded to retire slowly toward the main body of our army, the enemy pressing hard on me; kept him at bay with my skirmishers. I retired in this wise for a mile, when I formed a line of battle with the First and Third, when the enemy charged on them with their cavalry, but were repulsed by my men. About this time the enemy began to throw shells into my lines pretty lively. The first shell that landed mortally wounded Major Moore, of the First Ohio. I now fell back, formed a new line, received the enemy's charge, repulsed them, and made many of the rebels bite the dust. Shells coming pretty thick again, I retired farther, when I made another stand, supported by Willich's regiment of infantry; received the enemy's charge, and repulsed him again. I then withdrew my whole command through a large strip of wood to another open lot-shells of the enemy helping us along-passing by a line of rebel infantry, marching parallel with my column, not over 200 yards from us, so that we were nearly surrounded, as the enemy's cavalry were working round our right all the time, and the
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Stokes, we engaged a strong party of the rebel cavalry southeast of the Nolensville pike, and after a sharp engagement put the enemy to flight.
On the following day, while under the same command, we encountered the enemy near Triune, and, after an obstinate engagement, drove the enemy in the direction of Shelbyville, Tenn., in which engagement we sustained a loss of 4 horses killed, and captured a first lieutenant and 5 privates belonging to the Fiftieth* Alabama Cavalry. The following day we rested near Triune.
The next day, December 29, we started in pursuit, in the direction of Murfreesborough, taking the mountain path, leaving all our wagons behind, with the exception of the ambulances. On the afternoon of said day, being in the advance, we discovered the enemy strongly posted about 6 miles in front of Murfreesborough, near the Murfreesborough pike. We, in connection with the First Cavalry Brigade, came up in line of battle. The enemy not showing a disposition to engage us, we waited the coming up of our infantry and artillery. We remained in that condition until Major-General McCook came up. At dark, by the order of General Stanley, chief of cavalry, we were placed on the extreme right as a picket.
The succeeding day we were skirmishing with the enemy during the entire day.
Our loss was, in killed and wounded, Captain Morris, of Company L, 1 private in Company F, and 5 slightly wounded. Several horses shot under the men.
During the remainder of the battle we were held in readiness, but not actively engaged, with the exception of Sunday. We were sent to the river to protect the railroad bridge, within about 1 mile of Murfreesborough, which was on fire. We had a slight engagement with the enemy's rear guard. No damage sustained.
I am, sir, respectfully,
WM. S. HALL,
Adjutant Second East Tennessee Regiment of Cavalry.
Captain OTIS,
Brigade Commander, U. S. Army.
Numbers 184. Report of Captain Elmer Otis, Fourth U. S. Cavalry,
including skirmishes at Overall's Creek, December 31, and on the Manchester pike, January 5.
HEADQUARTERS FOURTH U. S. CAVALRY, In Camp near Murfreesborough, Tenn., January 7, 1863.
SIR: I have the honor to make the following report of the Fourth U. S. Cavalry in the late battles in front of Murfreesborough:
On December 30, the Fourth U. S. Cavalry left camp at Stewart's Creek, leaving the train and baggage under charge of a strong guard, commanded by Lieutenant Rendelbrook. The regiment proceeded to join General Rosecrans on the field of battle, and was drawn up in line of battle in rear of the general's headquarters, but took no immediate part in the action. That day, Company L, commanded by Lieutenant Roys, was detached as General Rosecrans' immediate escort (about 10 o'clock in the morning), and so remains at the present time. Company
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*Fifty-first Alabama Partisan Rangers.
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on Wednesday morning, my officers and men, without one exception, behaved with great coolness, and are entitled to much credit for the determined and successful effort in preventing a disgraceful rout of a large portion of the right wing of the army.
I remain, major, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
J. G. PARKHURST,
Lieutenant-Colonel, Commanding Ninth Michigan Volunteers.
Major GEORGE E. FLYNT,
Assistant Adjutant-General and Chief of Staff.
Numbers 187. Report of Lieutenant Colonel Joseph W. Burke, Tenth Ohio Infantry,
of operations December 31-January 22.
HEADQUARTERS TENTH OHIO VOLUNTEERS, Murfreesborough, Tenn., January 28, 1863.
COLONEL: I beg leave to submit the following report of my command, while posted at Stewart's Creek Bridge, from December 31, 1862, to January 22, 1863:
I remained at Stewart's Creek with eight companies of the regiment, in charge of headquarters train, after detaching two companies of my command, under Captain John E. Hudson, to accompany headquarters in the field.
On December 31, information reached me that the trains of the Twenty-eighth Brigade had been attacked and captured near Smyrna, at 9 o'clock in the morning of that day; and at a later hour, learning that the rebel cavalry were destroying it, I dispatched a party to the scene, and succeeded in saving 8 wagons loaded with supplies.
I had sufficient force to have saved this train entirely, but, owing to the extreme negligence of the quartermaster in charge of the train, in not reporting the fact of capture to me at an early hour, the enemy were enabled to carry away and destroy a large portion of it.
The force that attacked that train was very small, and I understand there was a guard with it, all of whom were paroled.
We were threatened with attack at the bridge during the whole day. I had the large train corralled in close order, and by extreme vigilance prepared to resist any attack during the night.
A large number of stragglers came back from the front, from an early hour of the day. I deployed a line of skirmishers across the country, from the pike to the railroad, with instructions to shoot down every straggler who attempted to force the line, and marched into camp at night over 1,100 of these men.
Regiments of stragglers were organized, officered by my own commissioned and non-commissioned officers, and put on duty.
On January 1, I was re-enforced by four companies of the Fourth Michigan Cavalry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Dickinson, and a section of Company D, First Ohio Battery, under Lieutenant Newell.
Rebel cavalry threatened the post during the day, and their advance guard was twice repulsed by my pickets and reserve. Concluding not to attack at Stewart's Creek, this force, consisting of Wheeler's, Wharton's, Buford's, John H. Morgan's, and McCann's rebel cavalry, with
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Numbers 196. Report of Colonel John H. Savage, Sixteenth Tennessee Infantry.
JANUARY 8, 1863.
The following report of the conduct of the Sixteenth Tennessee Regiment in the battle before Murfreesborough, December 31, 1862, is respectfully submitted:
When the advance was ordered, my regiment being the right of Cheatham's division, I was directed by General Donelson (through his aide, Captain [John] Bradford) to move along the railroad, but two companies to its right and eight on its left, taking the guide to the right. The advance was made under a heavy cannonade, and the line of battle and direction maintained, although serious obstructions impeded the march. The eight left companies advanced between the railroad and the turnpike in front of the Cowan house without the slightest protection, engaging a battery and the enemy's infantry in the woods at a distance of less than 150 yards. The right companies advanced through a stalk-field to the edge of a cotton-patch. Here the enemy opened a heavy fire at short range from a line extending to the right as far as I could see. This killed Captain Spurlock, who fell while leading his men in the most gallant manner. At this moment it seemed to me that I was without the expected support on my left, and that the line had divided and gone off in that direction. My men shot the horses and gunners of the battery in front, but I could not advance without being outflanked and
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by the enemy on my right; I therefore ordered them to halt and fire. In a few moments my acting lieutenant-colonel (L. N. Savage) fell by my side, supposed mortally wounded, and my acting major (Captain Womack) had his right arm badly broken. There were batteries to the right and left of the railroad which literally swept the ground. The men maintained of fight against superior numbers with great spirit and obstinacy. The left companies, being very near and without any protection, sustained a heavy loss. Thirty men were left dead upon the spot where they halted dressed in perfect line of battle. It was on the day following a sad spectacle, speaking more eloquently for the discipline and courage of the men than any words I can employ. Here the Thirty-ninth North Carolina came up in my rear, and I ordered in into line of battle to my right, but before it got into position the lieutenant-colonel was shot down and was carried from the field. Under the command of Captain [A. W. Bell] it continued under my control and did good service until driven from this position, after which I lost sight of it.
Seeing a heavy force of the enemy crossing the field to my right and rear, I ordered the line to fall back to the river, and formed two lines to the front and right. To cover this space the men were deployed as skirmishers. I also ordered forward a portion of Blythe's Mississippi Regiment that had collected near the railroad, and was joined by Lieutenants [J. F.] Williamson and [T. W.] McMurry (Fifty-first Regiment), with three companies, who continued with me and did good service. This force checked and drove back the enemy advancing up the river, and a column that attempted to cut off my whole party advancing along the railroad, but not without loss. Lieutenant [R. B.] Anderson, of the Sixteenth, a valuable officer, while directing the skirmishers was dangerously wounded and carried under the river bank by Privates Thompson and Adcock, all od whom were captured by the enemy upon his subsequent advance. When Adams' brigade advanced I drew back my little force to let it move to the front, which it did in gallant style, but
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[CHAP. XXXII.
ordnance officer; Lieutenant Darragh (severely wounded). Captains Martin and Coleman, of my volunteer staff, were active and efficient. The former had his horse killed under him.
Drs. J. F. Heustis and [John E.] Pendleton [Ninth Kentucky Infantry], chief surgeon and medical inspector, were unremitting in attention to the wounded. Dr. Stanhope Breckinridge, assistant surgeon, accompanied my headquarters and pursued his duties through the fire of Wednesday. Mr. Buckner and Mr. Zantzinger, of Kentucky, attached themselves to me for the occasion, and were active and zealous.
Captain E. M. Blackburn, commanding my escort, ever cool and vigilant, rendered essential service and made several bold reconnaissances. Charles Chotard, of the escort, acting as my orderly on Wednesday, displayed much gallantry and intelligence.
The army retired before daybreak on the morning of January 4. My division, moving on the Manchester road, was the rear of Hardee's corps. The Ninth Kentucky, Forty-first Alabama, and Cobb's battery, all under the command of Colonel Hunt, formed a special rear guard. The enemy did not follow us.
My acknowledgments are due to Colonel J. Stoddard Johnston, Lieutenant-Colonel Brent, and Lieutenant-Colonel Garner, of General Bragg's staff, and to Major Pickett, of Lieutenant-General Hardee's staff, for services on Friday, January 2.
Respectfully, your obedient servant,
JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE,
Major-General, Commanding.
Major T. B. ROY,
Assistant Adjutant-General.
APPENDIX BY GENERAL BRAXTON BRAGG TO THE REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL BRECKINRIDGE.
First. A note dated 10.10 o'clock, December 31, saying, "The enemy are undoubtedly advancing upon me."
Second. A note dated 11.30 a.m., December 31, in reply to what he calls in his report "a suggestion from the commanding general, "in which he says, "I am obeying your order;" but expressing the opinion that the move would expose him "to a heavy force of the enemy advancing from Black's " (on Lebanon road).
Third. A note dated 12.50 o'clock, January 1, 1863 (an error for December 31, 1862, the day it was received), correcting previous report as follows:"It is not certain the enemy is advancing upon me in two lines," &c., and requesting the two brigades asked as re-enforcements against an imaginary danger be held where he could get them. The hour of this note shows, too, an advance of half a mile (see report) in one hour and twenty minutes.
Fourth. A note dated 7 p.m., December 31, an application to re-enforce Hanson in his isolation.
Fifth. An order to Brigadier-General Pegram, commanding cavalry, indorsed "received," directing the cavalry to join in the attack to be made by General Breckinridge.
It is stated in the general's report that he was informed the cavalry was to attack with him; that he failed to communicate with it, yet reported he would be ready precisely at 4 o'clock, and did attack at that hour with nearly a third of his force absent.
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[CHAP. XXXII.
HEADQUARTERS BRECKINRIDGE'S DIVISION,
Near Hoover's Gap, Tenn., May 6, 1863.
S. COOPER,
Adjutant and Inspector General, Richmond, Va.:
SIR: Early in April last,* and immediately after reading General Bragg's official report of the battles before Murfreesborough, I had the honor to address a brief letter to you, protesting against its representations in regard to my command and myself, and asking for a court of inquiry. I have received no answer to that letter, and it may be that the interests of the service will prevent the early assembling of a court. In the mean time General Bragg's report has appeared in print, and will be read by many thousands in all parts of the Confederacy. Under these circumstances, I have to request, in respectful, but earnest, terms, that my letter, asking for a court, may be published, as an act of simple justice to myself and my division.
With great respect, your obedient servant,
JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE,
Major-General, Provisional Army, Confederate States.
Abstract from report of ordnance and ordnance stores, on hand and required, of Major-General Breckinridge's division, Hardee's corps, Army of Tennessee, January 11, 1863.
On hand.
Total Percu Rifle Enfield Missis To be
enlist ssion muske rifles, sippi suppli
ed muske ts, caliber rifles ed,
presen ts, calib s, .57. . percus
Brigades. t. calib er and sion
er.69 .58. .58. musket
. s,
calibe
r 64.
Adams' 1,485 455 --- 678 --- ---
Pillow's 1,297 608 296 139 1 ---
Preston's 1,202 881 --- 355 41 ---
Trabue's 1,594 190 --- 1,052 --- ---
Total 5,578 2,134 296 2,224 42 882
REMARKS.
I cannot account for the want of so many guns otherwise than the wanton carelessness of the troops in leaving them on the field or throwing them away whilst on the retreat. The excuse the officers give is that several arms were put in wagons and lost by being misplaced. I have also to report the absence of two regiments, the Ninth Kentucky, at Manchester, and the Thirty-second Tennessee, at Wartrace, the wants of which regiments I am unable to report.
Respectfully submitted.
CHARLES SEMPLE,
Ordnance Officer.
Captain O'HARA, Assistant Adjutant-General, Breckinridge's Division.
Numbers 226. Report of Brigadier General Daniel W. Adams, C. S. Army, commanding First Brigade.
ATLANTA, GA., January 12, 1863.
COLONEL: Owing to a slight wound which I received in the left arm, I have not been able to report sooner the part taken by my brigade in the engagement before Murfreesborough on the 31st ultimo.
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*See letter of March 31, p.790.
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[CHAP. XXXII.
my front faltered and gave way under the well-directed fire and continued advance of my brigade, and I had strong hopes of success, and pressed the command forward, but the enemy was promptly re-enforced; and, finding it wholly impracticable to take this battery, supported, as it was, on the right and left by heavy forces of infantry and having in its rear apparently the whole Federal Army from which to draw re-enforcements, I was convinced it was more than any brigade could accomplish, and full work for a division, well directed.
My loss in this engagement and that of Friday succeeding was, killed, wounded, and missing (officers and men), 728. The exact proportion of killed and wounded I could not ascertain.
In this engagement of Wednesday and the succeeding one of Friday, the Fifth Company of Washington Artillery, Lieutenant Vaught commanding, was detached, but did important and essential service. Among the killed I have to report and to regret the death of Colonel S. W. Fisk, who fell gallantly leading his battalion in the charge. He was a worthy, brave, and gallant officer. Lieutenant Colonel H. Maury was wounded in the side by a minie ball while leading his men, with his colors in his hand, and deserve praise for his gallant conduct. Colonel Gibson, Major [Charles] Guillet, and Major [F. C.] Zacharie all displayed commendable coolness and gallantry. Lieutenant [John L.] Chandler, adjutant of the Thirty-second Alabama, also deserves great praise for his courage and coolness under the trying circumstances in which he was placed. Captain Emile P. Guillet, my adjutant, continued with me and was of every great service, displaying undaunted courage, and, notwithstanding he received a severe wound in his left arm, continued on the field in the discharge of his duties.
So far as my observation extended, all company officers remained firmly at their posts, and conducted themselves with courage, gallantry, and coolness.
From the effects of a wound, received from a piece of shell, in my left arm, I found myself unable to take the chief on the following day, and my brigade wa, therefore, placed under command of Colonel R. L. Gibson, he being senior officer, who has, doubtless, already made his report of the engagement of Friday, the 2nd instant.
Very respectfully,
DANL. W. ADAMS,
Brigadier-General, Comdg. Adams' Brig., Breckinridge's Div.,
Hardee's Corps, Army of Tennessee.
Colonel [T.] O'HARA,
Acting Assistant Adjutant-General.
[Indorsement.]
COLONEL: Brigadier General D. W. Adams, being absent, requests me by letter to state that his report was written before he had received the reports of his subordinate commanders, and that he desired especially to make special mention of Captain M. O. Tracy, acting major; Lieutenant H. H. Bein, adjutant, and Captain T. M. Ryan, of the Thirteenth Louisiana Volunteers, and Captain [Thomas W.] Peyton, of the battalion of sharpshooters, who was severely wounded, for gallant conduct.
RANDALL LEE GIBSON,
Colonel, Commanding Adams' Brigade.
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the Triune road; and with a narrow opening on the right of this lane there was on either side a cedar glade. The brigade advanced into the glade, and, passing it under a warm fire on the right wing, it entered a wide corn-field on the left and a narrow field on the right of the lane. The conflict now became very sever-perhaps as much so as at any period during the day.
Immediately in front of the Seventeenth Tennessee Regiment, and to the right of a small thicket, was a battery of four guns-afterward found to be a Michigan battery-supported by a heavy force of infantry. Farther to the left was posted a second battery. As soon as the brigade entered upon the open ground it was exposed to a very heavy fire of grape, shells, and bullets. The Twenty-fifth Regiment, on the right of the lane, was especially exposed to a flank fire of the enemy's battery. The Seventeenth advanced steadily to within 150 yards of the battery, halted, and engaged the enemy most gallantly and efficiently for some time. Captain Darden's battery at the same time took position on the south side of the field, and with admirable skill poured in a well-directed fire of shell, shrapnel, and solid shot over the heads of our men upon the battery and infantry in front of my left wing, which soon silenced the enemy's pieces. The Seventeenth then charged and took the battery of four guns in front of it, having, with the aid of the artillery, killed eight men of the battery and many horses, and having wounded the captain and a number of his men and damaged one of his pieces.
As our men advanced, Captain Darden moved his battery to the left and engaged the enemy's battery on the left of the small thicket, which finally moved back from its position. After continuing the fire for a time from the open fields upon the enemy now in the woods beyond, the Seventeenth again charged and gained the woods where a stubborn resistance continued to be offered by the enemy, who took shelter behind trees and logs. Still the Seventeenth pushed rapidly forward, driving the enemy until its left was exposed to an enfilading fire from the enemy, who occupied a fence some 60 yards to the left. The Twenty-third Tennessee Regiment, in conjunction with the right of Brigadier-General Liddell's brigade, now approached in good time, and gallantly relieved the Seventeenth from this flank fire, enabling it to pass forward and drive the enemy from the woods.
On the right of the lane, where the Twenty-fifth, Forty-fourth, and Thirty-seventh Tennessee Regiments passed, there was much less open ground than on the left. When the enemy gave way in the field on the left of the lane, they fell rapidly back to the woods, and were soon driven from this cover; but on the right of the lane my right wing had to advance much more slowly against artillery and infantry, and gradually drive the enemy step by step, without the aid of artillery, through woods almost equal in extent to the woods and open ground on the left. The consequence was, that the Seventeenth Tennessee Regiment gained the open field beyond the woods and advanced to the woods in which this protracted struggle took place. This struggle on the right was maintained by our troops with the same gallantry and persistency as by those on the left, though that struggle presented not the same variety of phases in the former as in the latter. A battery of the enemy's artillery was posted in the corn-field in advance of the woods on the right of the lane. This battery was removed before our troops passed out of the woods.
The first serious conflict in which my brigade was engaged in this
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the brigade was halted, the right resting near a cedar thicket. Here a severe fire was opened upon us by the sharpshooters of the enemy, wounding several of our men and creating some little confusion. We here deployed a company as skirmishers, who soon drove back the enemy's sharpshooters, not, however, until they had wounded several field officers and many men. We then advanced and crossed the Old Franklin road into a cedar thicket, where we had a very severe engagement, fighting some twenty minutes before the enemy gave way. Here our color-bearer was shot down, and Major Ewin was shot from his horse, and 8 company officers fell-1 killed and the others wounded. We then charged and drove the enemy through a woodland, they offering a stubborn resistance, until they approached a large corn-field. Here the enemy were routed, some going through the field and others on either side thereof. The Forty-fourth Regiment passed into the corn-field several hundred yards, then moved by the left flank and entered a woodland.
When the brigade reformed, and was resupplied with ammunition, it continued to move forward under the fire of the enemy's battery to our right, which firing was very heavy. After marching until we reached the cotton-field, we made a right half-wheel, facing toward the enemy's battery, advancing through the field in its direction. Having sent forward sharpshooters, the battery retired, our skirmishers doing good service, killing and wounding both horses and men. We pressed forward then through the woods, crossing the Nolensville road, moving by the left flank, and, passing through a small field, entered another woodland. Here the brigade, marching in line of battle, engage the enemy in a cedar bough [brake]. The enemy fell back. We took 21 prisoners and pressed the enemy. We found that we were in advance of our line of battle, and that we were about to be flanked by them on our right in heavy force. One of the prisoners taken said that had we advanced 100 yards farther we would have been surrounded by an entire division in ambush and thus cut off. The Forty-fourth and Thirty-seventh were marched by the left flank and reunited with the balance of the brigade, which fell back, to avoid a flank movement of the enemy, to our own lines.
Under the direction of the general, the brigade was reformed and ordered forward to support a portion of what I supposed was McCown's division, already engaging the enemy. We marched through a long piece of woods, entering a large corn-field, where we found that the enemy had checked that portion of McCown's division, which division was much scattered and disordered. Their officers were endeavoring to rally and carry them forward. At this moment we reached and passed them, passing a small house, and, crossing two fences, we entered a cedar thicket, which was the strongest natural position we encountered through the day, it being one of large ledges of rock of very rugged formation, protected by a heavy growth of cedar. Here we engaged the enemy, driving him back over a fence. A portion of the Forty-fourth crossed over the fence. It was at this juncture-the enemy gradually falling back, stubbornly resisting our advance, and taking advantage of the ground-that the troops on our right were found suddenly to have broken and given back in confusion, without any apparent cause. A mounted officer of that command, passing Lieutenant-Colonel [John L.] McEwen, [jr.] said that we were under a heavy cross-fire and must retire. Consequently, being without support, and the men witnessing the flight on our right, fell back in disorder, in spite of the efforts of the officers present.
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ing Saint Cloud to the front and left thereof, from which they fired this morning; that the operations of to-day are simply for reconnaissance and to bewilder us, and also, if possible, to do injury by the destruction of property and the bridge.
Major Lewis' opinion is fixed by the knowledge he has of the person who informed him, for he repeated his estimate more than once of his capacity and standing, and the major thinks that General Rosecrans should be reached even if a large number of messengers be sent one after the other. He is evidently of the opinion that there is no adequate force within the city to hold it. There was but one saving clause in the information, viz, that though the enemy had ample artillery it was not positively known if it were all up yet.
I am, general, respectfully, your obedient servant,
W. H. SIDELL,
Major Fifteenth U. S. Infantry, Actg. Asst. Adjt. Gen.
HEADQUARTERS FOURTH DIVISION,
Glasgow, Ky., November 5, 1862.
Lieutenant Colonel ARTHUR C. DUCAT,
[Acting] Chief of Staff:
SIR: A cavalry detachment, which I sent out to capture some rebel soldiers to-day, has just returned, bringing three of them in. One, a corporal, who deserted as Bragg passed through this place advancing into Kentucky; the other two deserted on the night of the 30th ultimo at Murfreesborough, Tenn. They belong to Breckinridge's division, which they say was there, consisting of tan regiments. They were transported by rail from Knoxville to Bridgeport, ferried over the Tennessee River, and then carried by rail from thence to Murfreesborough. The division was to advance toward Nashville the next day (31st) after their desertion, and it was to be supported by the whole of Bragg's army, under command of Joe Johnston, and moving into Middle Tennessee, part by rail, by way of Chattanooga and Bridgeport, and part marching by way of Sparta. Bragg had been sent to Richmond, in arrest.
Except so far as the above statements refer to Breckinridge's division, they are, of course, mere camp rumors, entitled to credit only so far as concurrent circumstances may corroborate them.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
WM. SOOY SMITH,
Brigadier-General, Commanding Fourth Division.
GENERAL ORDERS,
HDQRS. FOURTEENTH ARMY CORPS,
DEPARTMENT OF THE CUMBERLAND, No. 8.
Bowling Green, Ky., November 5, 1862.
I. Major General George H. Thomas is assigned to the command of the center of this army, consisting of the divisions of Rousseau, Negley, Dumont, Fry, and Palmer. The divisions of Generals Negley and Palmer will be for the present regarded as temporarily detached.
II. Major-General McCook will command the right wing; Major-General Crittenden the left. Their commands will be so designated.
By command of Major-General Rosecrans:
ARTHUR C. DUCAT,
Lieutenant-Colonel and Acting Chief of Staff.
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098a4f6a04f0d0814d6c5a534894a01f | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jeanette-Winterson | Jeanette Winterson | Jeanette Winterson
Jeanette Winterson, (born August 27, 1959, Manchester, England), British writer noted for her quirky, unconventional, and often comic novels.
Winterson was educated at St. Catherine’s College, Oxford, and held various jobs while working on her writing. Her first novel, Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit (1985), won a Whitbread Award as that year’s best first novel. It concerns the relationship between a young lesbian and her adoptive mother, a religious fanatic. The Passion (1987), her second work, is a picaresque historical novel that chronicles the adventures of Villanelle, an enslaved Venetian woman who is rescued by Henri, a cook from Napoleon’s army. Attempting to reach Venice, the two travel through Russia in winter.
Winterson’s subsequent novels included Sexing the Cherry (1989); Written on the Body (1992); Art and Lies (1994), about dehumanization and the absence of love in society; Gut Symmetries (1997); and The PowerBook (2000). She later published Lighthousekeeping (2004), an exploration of the nature of storytelling told through the tale of an orphaned girl sent to live in a Scottish lighthouse; The Stone Gods (2007), a foray into science fiction; and The Daylight Gate (2012), set amid witch trials in 17th-century Lancashire. The Gap of Time (2015) is a modernized retelling of William Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale. It was part of a project initiated by Hogarth, an imprint of the Crown Publishing Group, in which various authors reworked a play by Shakespeare to honour the 400th anniversary of the dramatist’s death. Winterson’s later novels included Frankissstein: A Love Story (2019), which was inspired by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley’s Frankenstein and was long-listed for the Booker Prize.
Art Objects: Essays on Ecstasy and Effrontery—which covers various topics such as Gertrude Stein, modern literature, and lesbianism—was published in 1995. Winterson produced a collection of short stories, The World and Other Places (1998); the vivid memoir Why Be Happy When You Could Be Normal? (2011); and several children’s books and screenplays for television. She was named an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2006.
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58ee33dd816c0db3553c63a71d0dd59b | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jeanne-Marie-Roland | Jeanne-Marie Roland | Jeanne-Marie Roland
Jeanne-Marie Roland, in full Jeanne-Marie Roland de La Platière, née Jeanne-Marie Phlipon, byname Manon Phlipon, (born March 17, 1754, Paris, France—died November 8, 1793, Paris), wife of Jean-Marie Roland, who directed her husband’s political career during the French Revolution, greatly influencing the policies of the moderate Girondin faction of bourgeois revolutionaries.
Jeanne-Marie Phlipon was the daughter of a Paris engraver. Brilliant and cultured, she absorbed the democratic ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and other 18th-century French philosophers. In 1780 she married Roland. The couple settled in Paris in 1791, and Mme Roland’s salon quickly became a meeting place for the group of bourgeois republicans (later called the Girondins) led by Jacques Brissot. Although she was at first on friendly terms with the radical democrat Maximilien de Robespierre, one of the leaders of the Jacobin Club, she broke with him in late 1791.
Mme Roland directed the activities of her husband after he became minister of the interior under King Louis XVI in March 1792, and she drafted the letter of protest from Roland to the king that led to Roland’s dismissal from the ministry on June 13. The special object of her hatred, however, was Georges Danton, who overshadowed her husband on the provisional executive council formed after the overthrow of the monarchy (August 10, 1792). By having her husband attack Robespierre and Danton before the National Convention (the Revolutionary legislature that convened in September 1792), she alienated Danton from the Girondins and widened the split between the Jacobin and Girondin factions.
She was arrested on the outbreak (May 31, 1793) of the Jacobin-inspired insurrection that led to the expulsion (June 2) of the leading Girondins from the Convention. During her five-month imprisonment she wrote her memoirs, Appel à l’impartiale postérité (“Appeal to Impartial Posterity”). Just before she was guillotined, she uttered the famous words “O Liberty, what crimes are committed in thy name!”
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d9c457b5ee708b7df3c4807f68d03374 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jeff-Ament | Jeff Ament | Jeff Ament
…20, 1966, Seattle, Washington), bassist Jeff Ament (b. March 10, 1963, Havre, Montana), lead guitarist Mike McCready (b. April 5, 1966, Pensacola, Florida), and drummer Dave Krusen (b. March 10, 1966, Tacoma, Washington). Later members included Jack Irons (b. July 18, 1962, Los Angeles, California), Dave Abbruzzese (b. May 17,…
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f0c6d194f428f7eedc1de9f1993a73a4 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jefferson-Davis/Capture-and-imprisonment | Capture and imprisonment | Capture and imprisonment
When Lee surrendered to the North without Davis’s approval, Davis and his cabinet moved south, hoping to reach the trans-Mississippi area and continue the struggle until better terms could be secured from the North. At dawn on May 10, 1865, Davis was captured near Irwinville, Georgia. He was imprisoned in a damp casemate at Fort Monroe, Virginia, and was put in leg-irons. Though outraged Northern public opinion brought about his removal to healthier quarters, Davis remained a prisoner under guard for two more years. Finally, in May 1867, he was released on bail and went to Canada to regain his shattered health. Several notable Northern lawyers offered their free services to defend him in a treason trial, which Davis longed for. The government, however, never forced the issue—because, many believe, it feared that such a trial might establish that the original Constitution gave the states a right to secede. The case was finally dropped on December 25, 1868.
Davis made five trips to Europe in an effort to regain his health, and for a few years he served as president of an insurance company in Memphis, Tennessee. In 1877 he retired to Beauvoir, a small Gulf-side estate near Biloxi, Mississippi, which a patriotic admirer provided for him. There he wrote The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government (1880). Though pressed to enter the U.S. Senate, he declined to “ask for amnesty,” for he felt he had done nothing wrong in fighting for states’ rights under the Constitution, and he never regained his citizenship. He remained the chief spokesman and apologist for the defeated South. Davis’s citizenship was restored posthumously in 1978.
Though dedicated to the principles of democracy, Davis was by nature a benevolent aristocrat. He was diplomatic to a degree, but he did not possess the pliancy of the professional politician. His sensitivity to criticism stood in stark contrast to the single-minded imperturbability with which his greater counterpart, Lincoln, pursued his own war aims. Davis died in 1889 in New Orleans of a complicated bronchial ailment. At his temporary interment he was accorded the greatest funeral the South had ever known. On May 31, 1893, he was buried permanently in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond.
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d96000a4a076557ecdb8a8b040bf4eb7 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jeffrey-Katzenberg | Jeffrey Katzenberg | Jeffrey Katzenberg
Jeffrey Katzenberg, (born December 21, 1950, New York, New York, U.S.), American entrepreneur who played a pivotal role in transforming the Walt Disney Company into a multibillion-dollar empire and who, along with filmmaker Steven Spielberg and music mogul David Geffen, founded the film studio DreamWorks SKG.
Katzenberg attended New York University for one year. He worked as a political organizer and held odd jobs (including that of talent agent) before taking a job at Paramount Pictures. While there Katzenberg became a protégé of Michael Eisner, who was president of Paramount from 1976 to 1984. Katzenberg started in the mail room and worked his way up through the ranks to become the president of the production of motion pictures and television. When Eisner took over the reins at the moribund Disney with Frank Wells from Warner Brothers in 1984, Katzenberg joined them as a junior partner.
Over the next decade Eisner, Katzenberg, and Wells built Disney from a beleaguered $2 billion not-so-magical kingdom into a $22 billion empire. Katzenberg oversaw film and television production, with special responsibility for Disney’s animation division and Touchstone Pictures, Disney’s first adult-feature subsidiary. A ruthless cost cutter, he expanded studio revenues from $320 million to $3.7 billion and pretax profits from $2 million to $800 million. The highly profitable animation features he produced—The Little Mermaid, Aladdin, Beauty and the Beast, and The Lion King—fueled Disney’s growth. Moreover, they made Disney once more a weaver of richly textured fantasies comparable to those of the 1930s, ’40s, and ’50s.
Katzenberg resigned in September 1994 after it became clear that Eisner would not bestow greater responsibilities on him following Wells’s accidental death in April of that year. Within days of his resignation, Katzenberg, Spielberg, and Geffen founded DreamWorks. With their new entertainment studio, they intended to make movies, television shows, and music albums and to produce interactive computer-based entertainment. Katzenberg’s first feature film as executive producer was the animated The Prince of Egypt (1998). DreamWorks subsequently produced such films as American Beauty (1999), Gladiator (2000), and A Beautiful Mind (2001)—all recipients of the Academy Award for best picture—and the animated Shrek (2001) and Shark Tale (2004).
In 2004 the animation arm of DreamWorks was spun off as a separate company headed by Katzenberg. Among other productions, DreamWorks Animation was responsible for Madagascar (2005) and its sequels and for the continuation of the Shrek series. Katzenberg remained a principal member of the original DreamWorks company until its sale to Paramount Pictures in 2006. Ten years later he sold DreamWorks Animation to NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast, for $3.8 billion; Katzenberg reportedly received some $400 million. He then established (2017) WndrCo, a media and technology holding company. One of its ventures was Quibi (formerly NewTV), a start-up focusing on short-form videos for mobile devices. The app was launched in April 2020. It struggled, however, and in October it was announced that Quibi was shutting down.
For his involvement in charitable activities, Katzenberg received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 2012.
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3b9d7d3c99b65f2cf10197aae9fca567 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jehoiakim | Jehoiakim | Jehoiakim
Jehoiakim, also spelled Joakim, in the Old Testament (II Kings 23:34–24:17; Jer. 22:13–19; II Chron. 36:4–8), son of King Josiah and king of Judah (c. 609–598 bc). When Josiah died at Megiddo, his younger son, Jehoahaz (or Shallum), was chosen king by the Judahites, but the Egyptian conqueror Necho took Jehoahaz to Egypt and made Jehoiakim king. Jehoiakim reigned under the protection of Necho for some time and paid heavy tribute. When the new Chaldean Empire under Nebuchadrezzar II defeated Egypt at the Battle of Carchemish (605), however, Jehoiakim changed his allegiance from the Egyptian king to Nebuchadrezzar. He remained loyal for three years and then revolted against Nebuchadrezzar. After several battles and invasions, Nebuchadrezzar led the decisive invasion against Judah and besieged Jerusalem (598). Jehoiakim died at this time, but the circumstances of his death remain uncertain.
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f22427230e837e213059c48af5926104 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jemima-Wilkinson | Jemima Wilkinson | Jemima Wilkinson
Jemima Wilkinson, also called (from October 1776) Publick Universal Friend, (born November 29, 1752, Cumberland, Rhode Island [U.S.]—died July 1, 1819, near present-day Penn Yan, New York, U.S.), American religious leader who founded an unorthodox Christian sect, the Universal Friends, many of whose adherents declared her a messiah.
Wilkinson grew up in a Quaker family and early displayed a strong interest in religion. Her attendance at meetings of a New Light Baptist congregation in the aftermath of George Whitefield’s final revival tour of New England led to her dismissal from her Friends meeting in August 1776. Two months later she fell ill of a fever from which she emerged with the conviction, conveyed to her in a vision, that she had died and had been sent back as a spirit to preach to a “lost and guilty, gossiping, dying World.” She took the name Publick Universal Friend and thereafter answered to no other. The Publick Universal Friend was said to be neither male nor female, but both Wilkinson and the followers of the Friend used male pronouns to refer to him. Indeed, the single published work by the Friend was signed, “your friend and brother,” and the Friend and various female followers commonly adopted more masculine dress.
The Friend began to travel and preach throughout southern New England, and by the power of his personality and his commanding figure, more than through the rather conventional message of repentance, soon attracted a following. Many of Wilkinson’s own family members also left the Quaker faith to follow the Friend, which some scholars have argued points to the power of Jemima’s transformation into the Friend. The followers also included a number of influential persons, one of whom, Judge William Potter of South Kingstown, Rhode Island, freed his slaves, abandoned his political career, and built a large addition to his mansion for the Friend’s use. Meetinghouses were built by his followers, known collectively as Universal Friends, in East Greenwich, Rhode Island, and in New Milford, Connecticut. By 1782 his preaching had extended as far as Philadelphia, where The Universal Friend’s Advice to Those of the Same Religious Society, largely a compilation of biblical quotations for use in meetings, was published in 1784.
Whereas Wilkinson was discreetly vague about the exact nature of the Friend’s mission and his relation to divinity, many of the followers openly proclaimed the Friend to be a messiah, a practice that roused considerable animosity against the Universal Friends and their leader by orthodox churches. In 1788 some members of the sect, having scouted out the Genesee country of western New York, began a settlement near Seneca Lake. In 1790 the Friend arrived at the “Friend’s Settlement,” which then had a population of 260. In 1794 the Friend moved a few miles west, to the vicinity of Crooked (now Keuka) Lake where, with a small band of the most devoted followers, the Jerusalem township was established. In later years the Friend’s Settlement was disturbed by conflicts over ownership of the land, and outside the settlement numerous tales of dictatorial rule, harsh punishments, sexual misconduct, and other strange practices circulated widely among hostile observers.
The sect disintegrated a few years after the Friend “left time” again in 1819.
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e6ecc35382f842adcfd23a1468158164 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jennifer-Capriati | Jennifer Capriati | Jennifer Capriati
Jennifer Capriati, in full Jennifer Maria Capriati, (born March 29, 1976, New York, New York, U.S.), American tennis player who first achieved success as a teenage prodigy. Her play later suffered amid various personal issues, but she staged a comeback, winning the Australian Open (2001 and 2002) and the French Open (2001).
Capriati was born in New York City and lived in Spain until age four, when her family moved to Florida so that she could pursue a tennis career. She quickly attracted attention with her innate talent and bubbly personality. By the time she turned professional in 1990, she had earned more than $6 million in endorsements. During her first year on the Women’s Tennis Association (WTA) tour, Capriati set a number of records, including becoming the youngest player to reach the semifinals at a Grand Slam event (the French Open) and to win a match at Wimbledon. In late 1990 she won her first professional title, the Puerto Rico Open, and finished the year ranked in the WTA top 10—the youngest player ever to do so. With powerful strokes and incredible consistency, Capriati continued to impress in 1991, reaching the semifinals at Wimbledon and at the U.S. Open. In 1992 she defeated Steffi Graf to capture a gold medal at the Summer Olympics in Barcelona.
The pressures of professional play and her parents’ divorce, however, began to take their toll on Capriati. After an unexpected first-round loss at the U.S. Open in 1993, she took a break from the tour. Her troubles continued, however, as she was arrested for shoplifting and later for possession of marijuana; she was not convicted in either case. Though she returned to the tour in 1994, she lacked commitment, was not in shape, and faced intense media scrutiny. Playing well only sporadically, Capriati managed to win just one match at a Grand Slam tournament between 1994 and 1998.
In 1999 Capriati dedicated herself to getting fit and that year claimed her first title since 1993. She finished 1999 ranked number 23 in the world, and the following year—with her father as her coach—Capriati climbed in the rankings to number 14. At the 2001 Australian Open, in her first Grand Slam final, she upset top-seeded Martina Hingis 6–4, 6–3. With that victory Capriati entered the top 10 for the first time in seven years. Her comeback continued at the French Open. Two points from defeat, she rallied to overcome Kim Clijsters in a three-set thriller (1–6, 6–4, 12–10) to take the title. Her bid for a Grand Slam (winning all four major events in one year), however, ended with a semifinal loss at Wimbledon. Capriati successfully defended her Australian Open title in 2002 with a dramatic come-from-behind victory over Hingis, but a series of wrist and shoulder injuries sidelined her after the 2004 season, and, in spite of multiple surgeries, she was unable to return to professional play. In 2012 Capriati was selected for induction into the International Tennis Hall of Fame.
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2d28580e35d3fd34c73807965fe74e25 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jennifer-Connelly | Jennifer Connelly | Jennifer Connelly
Jennifer Connelly, (born December 12, 1970, Catskill Mountains, New York, U.S.), American actress who won an Academy Award for her moving and complex portrayal of Alicia Nash, the wife of John Nash (played by Russell Crowe), a brilliant mathematician who won the 1994 Nobel Prize for Economics, in A Beautiful Mind (2001), a film that depicted Nash’s battle with paranoid schizophrenia.
Connelly spent most of her childhood in the Brooklyn Heights neighbourhood of New York City, and she began modeling at the age of 10, appearing in print advertisements and television commercials. Her first film appearance was in a small part in Sergio Leone’s gangster epic Once Upon a Time in America (1984). As a teen, Connelly had leading roles in several minor films, including Jim Henson’s children’s film Labyrinth (1986). After studying English at Yale University and drama at Stanford University, Connelly attracted notice with her performance in the Disney adventure film The Rocketeer (1991).
Connelly acted for several years in music videos and other minor films, the most notable of which was the noir crime drama Mulholland Falls (1996), before she garnered rave reviews for her evocation of drug addiction and degradation in Darren Aronofsky’s Requiem for a Dream (2000). She then appeared in the Jackson Pollock biopic Pollock (2000). Connelly earned a BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe Award as well as an Oscar for A Beautiful Mind. She went on to star with Ben Kingsley in House of Sand and Fog (2003) and with Leonardo DiCaprio in Blood Diamond (2006). Her other films included Reservation Road (2007) and The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008). Connelly portrayed the wife of Charles Darwin (played by her real-life husband, Paul Bettany) in Creation (2009) and the wife of the biblical figure Noah (Crowe) in Aronofsky’s epic Noah (2014).
In 2016 Connelly starred with Ewan McGregor in American Pastoral, an adaptation of the novel by Philip Roth. She then played the wife of a firefighter in Only the Brave (2017), which was inspired by the true events of the Granite Mountain Hotshots’ efforts to contain the Arizona wildfires during the summer of 2013. Her next film was the science-fiction thrillerAlita: Battle Angel (2019), based on a manga novel. Connelly then starred in Snowpiercer (2020– ), which was her first TV series since The $treet (2000–01).
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23fde51b992e91b1abae28e74ffed956 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jennifer-Saunders | Jennifer Saunders | Jennifer Saunders
Jennifer Saunders, (born July 6, 1958, Sleaford, Lincolnshire, England), English actress who was perhaps best known for creating and starring in the television sitcom Absolutely Fabulous.
Saunders attended London’s Central School of Speech and Drama with the intention of becoming a teacher. After graduation she saw an audition notice for the Comic Strip, a London comedy club. She and Dawn French had performed as a team in college, and they auditioned together. They were accepted, and the club proved an excellent training ground. French and Saunders went on to TV appearances in Comic Strip productions, the Girls on Top series, and several seasons of their own series, French and Saunders, as well as starring roles in the 1993 West End stage production Me & Mamie O’Rourke.
When French took a year off from performing, Saunders created Absolutely Fabulous, basing it on the French and Saunders sketch “Modern Mother and Daughter.” The show premiered in 1992 and was an instant hit. Known as Ab Fab to its fans, the over-the-top BBC production attracted a worldwide cult following by maintaining its sophistication while reveling in outrageous comments and behaviour that were decidedly not politically correct. The show featured the antics and misadventures of Edina (Saunders) and her best friend, Patsy (Joanna Lumley). Meanwhile, Edina’s disapproving daughter, Saffron (Julia Sawalha), was forced by necessity to take on the role of mothering her mother, as Edina concerned herself more with wearing designer-label clothing (though she wore them in ensembles the designers never intended) than with providing for the needs of her daughter. In 1995 Absolutely Fabulous, ostensibly having ended its run, premiered on American television. The show was revived in 2001, however, and ran until 2003. A number of specials followed, including one in 2012 set on the eve of the London Olympic Games. Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie was released in 2016.
In 2006 Saunders and French debuted Jam & Jerusalem (American title Clatterford), a comedy about a women’s group. The pair also starred in A Bucket o’ French and Saunders (2007). In 2007 Saunders starred as a talk show host in The Life and Times of Vivienne Vyle. She later voiced Miss Reason in the surreal comedy series This Is Jinsy (2010–11, 2014) and appeared as a prison warden in the show Dead Boss (2012). She also costarred with Timothy Spall in the P.G. Wodehouse-inspired Blandings (2013–14) and played a rare dramatic role in the eight-part thriller The Stranger (2020).
Saunders’s film credits included the animated Shrek 2 (2004), Coraline (2009), Minions (2015),Sing (2016), and Isn’t It Romantic (2019).
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2de48024980cafebdf1806d456bfea12 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jenny-Lind | Jenny Lind | Jenny Lind
Jenny Lind, original name Johanna Maria Lind, (born Oct. 6, 1820, Stockholm—died Nov. 2, 1887, Malvern, Worcestershire, Eng.), Swedish-born operatic and oratorio soprano admired for her vocal control and agility and for the purity and naturalness of her art.
With a range that extended from the B below middle C to high G, Jenny Lind, “the Swedish Nightingale,” was a skilled oratorio soprano and master of bel canto singing who was admired for her vocal control and agility and for the purity and naturalness of her art.
After London “went mad” for Jenny Lind in 1847, American showman P.T. Barnum brought the Swedish singer, whom he had never seen, to the United States in 1850, where she was almost unknown. Benefiting from the massive publicity campaign orchestrated by Barnum, Lind’s nine-month concert tour was immensely successful.
Jenny Lind is buried in Great Malvern Cemetery, near Worcester in the English Midlands. She is buried with her husband, Otto Goldschmidt, who had been her accompanist. The couple had lived first in Dresden, Germany, before moving to England in 1856. Lind died in 1887.
Lind made her debut in Der Freischütz at Stockholm in 1838 and in 1841 studied with Manuel García in Paris. Giacomo Meyerbeer wrote the part of Vielka for her in Ein Feldlager in Schlesien (Berlin, 1844), and in 1847 she sang in London the role of Amelia in I Masnadieri, written for her by Giuseppe Verdi. She first appeared in London in Meyerbeer’s Robert le Diable (May 4, 1847); Henry Chorley reported that the town “went mad about the Swedish nightingale.”
Her range extended from the B below middle C to high G. A skilled coloratura singer who often wrote her own cadenzas, she also sang simple songs with great appeal. Eventually her sincere piety made her determine to leave the stage. Success in oratorio and recital made it easier for her to do so, and her final appearance in opera was in 1849, in Robert le Diable. The following year she toured the United States under P.T. Barnum’s auspices, and in 1852 she married her accompanist, Otto Goldschmidt. She and her husband lived first in Dresden, Ger., and from 1856 in England. In 1870 she appeared in Goldschmidt’s oratorio Ruth at Düsseldorf, and in 1875 she led the sopranos in the Bach choir in London, founded by Goldschmidt. Her last appearance was in 1883. From 1883 to 1886 she taught at the Royal College of Music, London.
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84a07e3987820fc488c076dc4064092d | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jens-Baggesen | Jens Baggesen | Jens Baggesen
Jens Baggesen, in full Jens Immanuel Baggesen, (born February 15, 1764, Korsør, Denmark—died October 3, 1826, Hamburg, Germany), leading Danish literary figure in the transitional period between Neoclassicism and Romanticism.
In 1782 Baggesen went to Copenhagen to study theology. Three years later, at age 21, he had an unprecedented success in Denmark with his first collection of poems, Comiske fortællinger (1785; “Comical Tales”). Later, after his libretto to the first major Danish opera, Holger Danske (1789; “Ogier the Dane,” music by Friedrich Kunzen), received adverse criticism (mainly because of its supposed lack of nationalism), Baggesen traveled through Germany, Switzerland, and France. The journey became the basis of his most important book, the imaginative prose work Labyrinten (1792–93; “The Labyrinth”), a “sentimental journey” reminiscent of the work of the 18th-century English novelist Laurence Sterne. Baggesen was variously a Germanophile, a great admirer of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, an ardent supporter of the French Revolution, a disciple of Immanuel Kant, and a Romanticist and early admirer of Denmark’s foremost Romantic poet, Adam Oehlenschläger. Later in life he vigorously opposed Romanticism, carrying on a seven-year feud with Oehlenschläger.
A perennial traveler, attracted to existential harmony but always torn between material and spiritual values, Baggesen found himself at home everywhere and nowhere. His restless existence was tempered only by his sense of humour and absurdity. He has been called a European spirit who “held a passport to the whole world except his own heart.”
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99f6ae0f70d258fc9e2019eae90d55a4 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jens-Bjorneboe | Jens Bjørneboe | Jens Bjørneboe
Jens Bjørneboe, in full Jens Ingvald Bjørneboe, (born October 9, 1920, Kristiansand, Norway—died May 9, 1976, Veierland), Norwegian novelist, dramatist, essayist, and poet whose work was generally inspired by a sense of outrage at the misuse of power in the modern world. At the beginning of the 21st century, he was considered to be one of Norway’s more significant postwar writers.
Bjørneboe began his literary career with Dikt (1951; “Poems”), and he subsequently published two more verse collections, Ariadne (1953) and Den store by (1958; “The Big City”). These were notable for their restraint and classical formality and were barely expressive of the rebellious indignation that marked his early novels, such as Før hanen galer (1952; “Before the Cock Crows”), in part about Nazi medical experiments in the concentration camps, and Jonas (1955; The Least of These), about the failings of the Norwegian school system.
After writing several novels, Bjørneboe produced a trilogy: Frihetens øyeblikk (1966; Moment of Freedom: The Heiligenberg Manuscript), probably his best novel; Kruttårnet (1969; “The Gunpowder Tower”; Eng. trans. The Powderhouse); and Stillheten (1973; The Silence). These books trace “bestiality’s history”—that is, they recount instances of increasing violence on the part of the state against the powerless. His last novel, Haiene (1974; The Sharks: The History of a Crew and a Shipwreck), an allegorical sea novel about a ship’s final voyage, is considered to be one of his strongest works.
Bjørneboe’s plays, not generally well regarded in Norway though they have been well received in other countries, show the influence of Bertolt Brecht. The Norwegian prison system is criticized in the satirical musical Til lykke med dagen (1965; “Happy Birthday”), while the play Fugleelskerne (1966; The Bird Lovers) concerns the conflict between Germans and Italians, and between culpability and money, in the Italian countryside during World War II. The drama Amputasjon (1970; Amputation) parodies authority and its absolute standards for conformity.
Bjørneboe was also widely read as an essayist and journalist. An important collection of his political and newspaper articles is Politi og anarki (1972; “Police and Anarchy”). Another is the posthumously published Om Brecht (1977; “On Brecht”), about Bertolt Brecht.
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4fdf11786f46f2ed60958583d7fdd41a | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jens-Jensen | Jens Jensen | Jens Jensen
Jens Jensen, (born Sept. 13, 1860, Dybbøl, Den.—died Oct. 1, 1951, Ellison Bay, Wis., U.S.), highly original landscape architect whose public and private works, mostly in the U.S. Midwest, are marked by harmonious use of natural terrain and native flora.
Jensen went to the U.S. in 1884 and settled in Chicago, where he was employed by the municipal West Side Park System (1890–1900, 1906–20). His most successful major park projects in Chicago were the redesigned Humboldt Park and the new Columbus Park. He was chiefly responsible for the establishment of the Cook County Forest Preserve, the most extensive system of nature parks instituted by any U.S. city or metropolitan area. In addition, he laid out the public park system in Racine, Wis., and the Lincoln Memorial Garden in Springfield, Ill. (1936–49).
Among Jensen’s private clients were Avery Coonley, Riverside, Ill. (1907–09; house by Frank Lloyd Wright); Henry Babson, Riverside (1909–11; house by Louis Sullivan and George Elmslie); and Henry Ford, Dearborn, Mich. (1916–20). From the mid-1930s he maintained an art colony, The Clearing, at Ellison Bay, Wis.
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05772395d87b19fabe55336b4f76a06d | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jeremiah-Bailey | Jeremiah Bailey | Jeremiah Bailey
In the 1830s Jeremiah Bailey of the United States patented a mower-reaper, and Obed Hussey and Cyrus McCormick developed reapers with guards and reciprocating (back-and-forth-moving) cutting blades. Hussey was the first to obtain a patent (1833), but McCormick’s reaper had the advantages of a divider to separate cut…
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31b9dbddde380130a2710cbea51dfaa7 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jeremiah-Hebrew-prophet/Prophetic-vocation-and-message | Prophetic vocation and message | Prophetic vocation and message
This sketch of Jeremiah’s life portrays him as a courageous and persistent prophet who often had to endure physical suffering for his fidelity to the prophetic call. He also suffered inner doubts and conflicts, as his own words reveal, especially those passages that are usually called his “confessions” (Jeremiah 11:18–12:6; 15:10–21; 17:9–10, 14–18; 18:18–23; 20:7–12, 14–18). They reveal a strong conflict between Jeremiah’s natural inclinations and his deep sense of vocation to deliver Yahweh’s message to the people. Jeremiah was by nature sensitive, introspective, and perhaps shy. He was denied participation in the ordinary joys and sorrows of his fellowmen and did not marry. He thus could say, “I sat alone,” with God’s hand upon him. Jeremiah had periods of despondency when he expressed the wish that he had never been born or that he might run away and live alone in the desert. He reached the point of calling God “a deceitful brook,…waters that fail” and even accused God of deceiving and overpowering him. Yet there were times of exaltation when he could say to God, “Thy words became to me a joy and the delight of my heart,” and he could speak of Yahweh as “a dread warrior” fighting by his side.
As a prophet, Jeremiah pronounced God’s judgment upon the people of his time for their wickedness. He was concerned especially with false and insincere worship and failure to trust Yahweh in national affairs. He denounced social injustices but not so much as some previous prophets, such as Amos and Micah. He found the source of sin to be in the weakness and corruption of the hearts of men—in what he often called “the stubbornness of the evil heart.” He considered sin to be unnatural; he emphasized that some foreign nations were more loyal to their pagan (false) deities than Judah was to Yahweh (the real God), and he often contrasted nature’s obedience to law with man’s disobedience to God.
Jeremiah had more to say about repentance than any other prophet. He called upon men to turn away from their wicked ways and dependence upon idols and false gods and return to their early covenantal loyalty to Yahweh. Repentance thus had a strong ethical colouring, since it meant living in obedience to Yahweh’s will for the individual and the nation.
In the latter part of his career, Jeremiah had to struggle against the despair of his people and give them hope for the future. He expressed his own hope vividly by an action that he undertook when the Babylonians were besieging Jerusalem and he was in prison. He bought, from a cousin, a field in Anathoth, his native town. In the presence of witnesses, he weighed out the money and made the contracts and said, “Thus says the Lord of hosts, the God of Israel: Houses and fields and vineyards shall again be bought in this land.” In this and other ways he expressed his hope for a bright future for Israel in its own land.
Jeremiah’s most important prophecy concerning the future is one regarding the New Covenant (Jeremiah 31:31–34). While the present literary form of the passage is probably not Jeremiah’s, the thought is essentially his. He prophesied of a time when Yahweh would make a covenant with Israel, superseding the old Mosaic Covenant; Yahweh would write his law upon the hearts of men (rather than on tables of stone), and all would know God directly and receive his forgiveness. This New Covenant prophecy was very influential in New Testament times. It is quoted in the Letter to the Hebrews and lies behind words attributed to Jesus at the Last Supper: “This cup is the new covenant in my blood.”
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8a6ef78c29084ef1dec87531b9862391 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jeremias-Gotthelf | Jeremias Gotthelf | Jeremias Gotthelf
Jeremias Gotthelf, pseudonym of Albert Bitzius, (born Oct. 4, 1797, Morat, Switz.—died Oct. 22, 1854, Lützelflüh), Swiss novelist and short-story writer whose vivid narrative works extol the virtues of Bernese rural people and defend traditional church and family life.
The son of a pastor, Bitzius studied theology at Bern and Göttingen and took part in the political activities that ended the rule of the aristocracy in Bern. After becoming pastor of Lützelflüh, in the Emmental, in 1832, he made great efforts to enlighten the local people and tried to bring about universal education. He founded an institution for the neglected.
When radical tendencies began to appear in Swiss liberalism, Bitzius became more conservative. His desire to preserve Christian beliefs in a world threatened by materialism stimulated him to begin writing. His Der Bauernspiegel (1837; “Mirror of the Peasants”) was followed by other works dealing with rural people, including Leiden und Freuden eines Schulmeisters, 2 vol. (1838–39; The Joys and Sorrows of a School-master, 1864), Die Armennot (1840; “Needs of the Poor”), and Uli der Knecht (1841; Ulric the Farm Servant). Although his purpose was didactic, he showed exceptional literary talent. His 13 novels and more than 50 short stories reveal not only his genius as an epic writer and his poetic gifts but also his intense interest in people. Psychological observation, imagination, and creative power of language enabled him to achieve vivid portraits.
His complete works, in 24 volumes, were edited by R. Hunziker and H. Bloesch, with supplementary volumes of letters, sermons, political writings, and juvenilia (1911–37).
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66f3691a60fe6168ce4ef3dc2c2fd493 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jeremias-II | Jeremias II | Jeremias II
Jeremias II, (born c. 1530, Anchialos, Ottoman Empire [now Pomorie, Bulg.]—died 1595, Constantinople [now Istanbul]), patriarch of Constantinople and one of the most capable leaders of the Greek Orthodox church.
Elected patriarch in 1572 by popular acclaim, Jeremias immediately instituted a reform by disciplining the clergy and prosecuting simony (the sale and purchase of ecclesiastical offices). Having irritated the Holy Synod, the council of bishops, by his zeal, he was deposed in 1579. Public clamour, however, returned him to office after nine months. In 1584 he was again deposed; but once again, after two years, his popularity, backed by the goodwill of the Ottoman sultan, secured his return, and he reigned until his death.
To collect funds for a new patriarchate (the Turks had transformed the patriarchal church into a mosque), Jeremias traveled to Poland and Russia, the first such trip by a reigning patriarch of Constantinople. In the Polish-dominated Ukraine he gave the support of his authority to the Orthodox resistance against Latin pressure for an unfavourable union with Rome. In Moscow in 1589 he consecrated Job, metropolitan of Moscow, as the first Russian patriarch. Upon his return, having received generous contributions, he held a council (1593), which confirmed the erection of the Moscow patriarchate and organized a Patriarchal Academy in Constantinople that was to serve as an intellectual centre for Orthodoxy and to raise the educational level of the clergy.
From 1572 to 1581 Jeremias corresponded with German Lutheran theologians who sought Orthodox support for the Lutheran articles of faith contained in the 1530 Confession of Augsburg. Although he expressed some agreement with certain articles of the Lutheran creed, Jeremias repudiated the Lutheran beliefs on grace and sacramental worship. The proceedings of this Lutheran-Orthodox dialogue were published at Wittenberg, Ger., as Acta et Scripta Theologorum Wirtembergensium et Patriarchae Constantinopolitani, D. Hieremiae (1584; “Acts and Writings of the Württemberg Theologians and His Lordship Jeremias, Patriarch of Constantinople”). Jeremias also rejected the Gregorian calendar, the new style of chronological computation instituted in March 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII.
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d8babe0c7fea7aa9c7a6fd799b140e7e | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jeremy-Corbyn | Jeremy Corbyn | Jeremy Corbyn
Jeremy Corbyn, in full Jeremy Bernard Corbyn, (born May 26, 1949, Chippenham, Wiltshire, England), British politician who was leader of the Labour Party (2015–20).
Corbyn attended a grammar school in Shropshire and, briefly, a technical college in north London before pursuing a career as a left-wing political activist. He was elected to a local London council at the age of 25 and soon after began working for the National Union of Public Employees. He was elected to Parliament in the 1983 general election for the safe Labour seat of Islington North, a working-class area close to central London.
As an MP, Corbyn backed every significant left-wing cause, rebelling against his party’s leadership in more than 500 votes in the House of Commons over the next three decades. He was active in campaigns for the United Kingdom to give up its nuclear weapons and to renationalize its railways. He associated with leading members of Sinn Féin, the political arm of the Provisional IRA, and backed its call for a united Ireland. He was a consistent opponent of the Middle East policies supported by successive U.S. and Israeli governments. He also was close to Tony Benn, Labour’s leading left-wing figure in the 1980s and ’90s, and wrote regularly for the small daily communist newspaper Morning Star. Corbyn never sought—and was never offered—any kind of ministerial office during Labour’s 13 years in power (1997–2010) under Prime Ministers Tony Blair and Gordon Brown.
Following the U.K. parliamentary election on May 7, 2015, when the Labour Party lost 26 seats, Ed Miliband resigned as party leader. The party’s rules required would-be candidates to be nominated by 35 MPs (out of Labour’s postelection total of 232), and Corbyn could muster the support of only 20. However, in the hours before the close of nominations on June 15, at least 14 additional MPs who did not endorse Corbyn’s policies or actually want him to win agreed to nominate him in an effort to ensure a wider debate in the leadership contest. His campaign suddenly took off as his uncompromising political outlook inspired many of the party’s supporters. He addressed packed rallies throughout the United Kingdom, often having to repeat his speech outside in the street to hundreds of supporters unable to get into the hall. Corbyn became an unlikely political star and won the leadership with ease, securing 59.5 percent support, three times that of any other candidate.
Corbyn’s first year as leader was bumpy, especially in April 2016 when there were accusations of anti-Semitism among some Labour Party members. Corbyn suspended former London mayor Ken Livingstone for “bringing the party into disrepute” with remarks he made in an interview with the British Broadcasting Corporation. Livingstone’s comments were in response to the earlier suspension of another party member for having posted a message on social media that seemed to support a plan to transport Israelis from Israel to the United States.
In June leading figures in the Labour Party, including former prime minister Tony Blair, called for Corbyn’s replacement as party leader, citing his failure to adequately champion the “Remain” effort in the June 23, 2016, referendum in which British voters decided to remove the United Kingdom from the European Union (EU). On June 28 Labour MPs overwhelmingly backed a no-confidence motion against Corbyn, but he stated that he had no intention to resign as Labour leader.
Both of the principal candidates who emerged to challenge Corbyn for the leadership had resigned from his shadow cabinet in the wake of the Brexit vote: Owen Smith, who stepped down as shadow secretary of state for work and pensions, and Angela Eagle, who left her post as shadow business secretary. Having agreed that only one of them would ultimately face off with Corbyn, they were voted upon in July by Labour members of Parliament and of the European Parliament, and Smith won the support of 88 MPs and 2 MEPs while Eagle reportedly was supported by 63 MPs and 9 MEPs. There followed a roughly two-month campaign, after which party members, affiliated trade union members, and party supporters who paid a £25 fee to participate cast their votes online in the final leadership contest between Corbyn and Smith in September. Corbyn won decisively, taking about 62 percent of the vote to about 38 percent for Smith.
In March 2017 David Cameron’s successor as Conservative Party leader and prime minister, Theresa May, formally invoked Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty, opening a two-year window for negotiations between the United Kingdom and the EU over the details of separation. May had pledged that she would not call for a snap parliamentary election during the crucial negotiations, but in April—with her party enjoying a significant lead over Labour in public opinion polling and she being desirous of the stronger hand in Brexit negotiations that a greatly enhanced Parliament majority would give her—May called for an early election to be held in June. She sought to focus her campaign on selling her version of “hard Brexit” and contrasting her “strong and stable” leadership with that of Corbyn, whom she portrayed as a wild-eyed leftist extremist.
Not only did a series of unfolding events—including two deadly terrorist attacks that interrupted the campaign—shift the focus of the election to other issues, but also Corbyn proved himself to be a dynamic presence who drew large enthusiastic crowds on the campaign trail. Impassioned but often funny and avuncular too, Corbyn won over waves of new supporters, especially among the young. He also made converts of many who had previously supported the United Kingdom Independence Party’s pursuit of Brexit but, seeing that goal on its way to realization, were now attracted by Corbyn’s hopeful egalitarian message.
Labour’s left-leaning manifesto—which called for free tuition for higher education, renationalization of the railroad and the mail, tax increases for the wealthy, and greater support for the National Health Service and other social services—proved to be surprisingly popular. May’s manifesto, on the other hand, included an immediately controversial provision that called for paying for in-home social care for the elderly through government sales of their homes after their deaths (with only £100,000 from each sale to go to the deceased’s relatives). The outcry over this “dementia tax” was so great that May had to immediately reverse course and propose a cap on the amount of proceeds that the government could claim. In the process, May, who had already shown herself to be stiff and uncertain in campaign appearances, now also appeared, in the eyes of many, to be waffling on policy. Following a pair of terrorist attacks—one at a pop music concert in Manchester in May, in which 22 people were killed by a bomb, and the other on and near London Bridge on June 3, in which eight people were killed by attackers—Corbyn criticized May for having reduced police personnel during her tenure as home secretary in the Cameron government.
Opinion polling began to show a shifting political landscape with the gap between Labour and the Conservatives narrowing. Indeed, in the voting on June 8, Labour vaulted back to electoral relevance, capturing some 40 percent of the popular vote (a percentage that had been good enough to install the Blair-led party in government). In an election that saw the return of the dominance of the two traditional leading parties, the Conservatives took some 42 percent of the popular vote, but it was not distributed in enough of the right constituencies to prevent Labour from gaining 29 seats while the Conservatives dropped at least 12 seats to lose their legislative majority. May sought the support of Northern Ireland’s Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) to establish a minority government that could count on some 328 votes (318 Conservative and 10 DUP members), just two more than the 326 votes required for a majority. Corbyn found himself at the head of an emboldened Labour opposition that counted more than 260 MPs.
In the meantime, with her hand weakened by the election, May went about the business of trying to deliver Brexit. In November 2018 an agreement was reached with the EU that called for Britain’s departure to come in March 2019, with the U.K. to abide by EU rules and regulations until at least December 2020 while negotiations continued between the U.K. and the EU on the details of their long-term relationship. The agreement faced strong disapproval in Parliament, not only from the opposition but also from dozens of Conservatives. Corbyn, like many opponents of the agreement, was especially critical of the so-called Northern Ireland “backstop plan,” which stipulated that a legally binding customs arrangement between the EU and Northern Ireland would go into effect if the U.K. and the EU could not reach a long-term agreement by December 2020. Among other conditions that Corbyn outlined as necessary to gain his approval for the agreement was the expectation that a permanent U.K.-wide customs union with the EU be created.
For roughly 18 months May tried and failed to win parliamentary approval for her vision of Brexit. In the process, she survived a major challenge to her leadership of the Conservative Party and negotiated a delay of the Brexit deadline to October 31, 2019, but ultimately she was unable to garner enough support from her own party for her plan and opened negotiations with Corbyn on a possible compromise. Those talks broke down after some six weeks when May’s hold on power became increasingly tenuous and Corbyn became dubious that a potential successor for May would honour her promises.
In July, May was replaced as prime minister by Boris Johnson, who had campaigned for the Conservative leadership on a pledge to leave the EU without a deal (“no-deal Brexit”) if the exit agreement was not altered to his satisfaction. Although Corbyn’s opposition to Brexit had been lukewarm, he wanted no part of no-deal Brexit. Outmaneuvering Johnson, opponents of no-deal Brexit voted to force him to request a delay of the British departure until January 31, 2020, if he had not gotten the Commons’ approval for a no-deal Brexit nor submitted a revised Brexit agreement to Parliament by October 19. Johnson tried to counter this pushback by seeking a snap election, but, by virtue of the Fixed Terms of Parliament Act, he needed the approval of two-thirds of the House of Commons for that election to be held, and Corbyn denied him the Labour support necessary for such a motion to carry. Johnson did successfully negotiate an agreement that included an alternative to the backstop plan, which garnered approval in principle in the House of Commons, but he was prevented from expediting formal acceptance of the agreement and was granted an extension of the deadline until January 31, 2020, by the EU.
With no-deal Brexit removed from the equation, Corbyn was ready to let British voters once again decide the fate of Brexit. With Labour support, the election was set for December 12. Distancing himself personally from the issue, Corbyn stood on a Labour election manifesto that called for a revised Brexit agreement to be put again to a referendum along with a renewed option to remain in the EU. Corbyn also focused the Labour campaign on other issues, including a pledge to increase public spending, most notably on the beleaguered National Health System. As the campaign progressed, he remained bedeviled by accusations that he had allowed anti-Semitism to fester within the Labour Party. Moreover, although Corbyn appeared to be popular with many younger voters, his personal appeal to the general electorate was much more limited. Opinion polling on the eve of the election showed the Conservatives poised to gain seats and regain a majority.
In the event, Labour was trounced by the Conservatives, capturing only about 32 percent of the vote, compared with nearly 46 percent for the Conservatives. Labour took only 203 seats, a drop of 59, whereas the Conservatives gained 47 seats to secure a commanding majority in the House of Commons with 365 seats. Labour lost seats in the Midlands, the North of England, and Wales, districts that had voted for leaving the EU in the 2016 referendum. Some Labour spokespeople hung the blame for the disastrous defeat (Labour’s worst since 1935) on Brexit, but others put the onus on Corbyn for, in their eyes, having pulled the party too far to the left in its ideology and policies. In the wake of the results, a chastened Corbyn announced that he would not lead the party into the next election.In April 2020 he was replaced as Labour leader by Sir Keir Starmer.
At the end of October 2020, following the release of a much-anticipated report on anti-Semitism within the Labour Party by the Equalities and Human Rights Commission, Corbyn was suspended from the party. The extraordinary action came in response to Corbyn’s reaction to the report’s findings, which noted violations to the Equality Act, including unlawful acts of discrimination and harassment, along with interference by Labour’s leadership in the party’s internal investigation of complaints of anti-Semitism. Corbyn was suspended after he wrote on Facebook, “One anti-Semite is one too many, but the scale of the problem was also dramatically overstated for political reasons by our opponents inside and outside the party, as well as by much of the media.” His suspension immediately roiled the Labour Party, prompting denunciations of the action by Corbyn’s supporters on the party’s left.
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dfa673a6f93d20886d826eedd1af2fc2 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jeremy-Hunt | Jeremy Hunt | Jeremy Hunt
May named Jeremy Hunt, the long-serving health secretary, as Johnson’s replacement.
…two candidates, Boris Johnson and Jeremy Hunt, who then stood in an election in which all of the party’s roughly 160,000 members were eligible to vote. By capturing some 66 percent of that vote, Johnson ascended to the leadership and officially replaced May as prime minister on July 24.
…to 2, Boris Johnson and Jeremy Hunt stood in an election in which all of the party’s roughly 160,000 members were eligible to vote. Johnson took some 66 percent of that vote to assume the leadership. He officially replaced May as prime minister on July 24. Although he had promised…
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f7b2673b2b5f239a2c3fb0c5d35d2aed | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jeremy-Irons | Jeremy Irons | Jeremy Irons
Jeremy Irons, (born September 19, 1948, Cowes, Isle of Wight, England), British actor whose performances were noted for their sophistication and gravitas.
Irons made his London stage debut in Godspell (1973) and appeared on Broadway in The Real Thing (1984, Tony Award). After his screen debut in Nijinsky (1980), Irons won notice for his performance in The French Lieutenant’s Woman (1981) and became widely popular after appearing in the television series Brideshead Revisited (1981), which was based on the novel by Evelyn Waugh. Irons offered deliciously wicked turns in Dead Ringers (1988) and Reversal of Fortune (1990). In the latter film he starred as Claus von Bülow, a wealthy socialite convicted of the attempted murder of his wife. For his portrayal of the enigmatic von Bülow, Irons won an Academy Award.
Irons subsequently appeared in the sensual drama Damage (1992), the action movie Die Hard: With a Vengeance (1995), and as Humbert Humbert in Lolita (1997), a controversial adaptation of Vladimir Nabokov’s novel. In the animated blockbuster The Lion King (1994), Irons provided the voice of a villainous lion. Irons’s film roles in the early 21st century included supporting characters in Being Julia (2004), Kingdom of Heaven (2005), Appaloosa (2008), Margin Call (2011), The Words (2012), Race (2016), Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016), and Justice League (2017). He also costarred as mathematician G.H. Hardy in the Srinivasa Ramanujan biopic The Man Who Knew Infinity (2015); as the architect of a tower that becomes the site of a class war in High-Rise (2015), an adaptation of a J.G. Ballard novel; and as a villain in the fantasy adventure Assassin’s Creed (2016), based on a video game. Irons later appeared in the spy thriller Red Sparrow (2018).
In addition, Irons acted in several made-for-television movies, notably Longitudes (2000) and The Colour of Magic (2008), and he won an Emmy Award for his performance as the earl of Leicester in the miniseries Elizabeth I (2005). In the Showtime series The Borgias (2011–13), he starred as another Renaissance-era historical figure, Pope Alexander VI. Irons returned to television in 2019, playing a former superhero in the HBO series Watchmen.
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ed532dceba3549d9002892c3615b708d | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jernej-Kopitar | Jernej Kopitar | Jernej Kopitar
…ideal, the poet and philologist Jernej Kopitar published the first grammar of the Slovene language in 1808. In his position as imperial censor, Kopitar made the acquaintance of the great Serb linguistic reformer Vuk Karadžić, and he tried to apply Karadžić’s ideas concerning the standardization of Slavonic orthography to Slovene…
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4287c3e617390b1a2d5870d3903b7e56 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jerome-Jean-Louis-Marie-Lejeune | Jérôme-Jean-Louis-Marie Lejeune | Jérôme-Jean-Louis-Marie Lejeune
…in 1959 by French geneticist Jérôme-Jean-Louis-Marie Lejeune, is a result of random, abnormal events in cell division that occur during embryonic development or during the development of egg or sperm cells. The presence of the extra chromosome in cells gives rise to the signs and symptoms of Down syndrome.
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b525c6eec496f058312d556dd497510e | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jerome-Lalande | Jérôme Lalande | Jérôme Lalande
Jérôme Lalande, in full Joseph-Jérôme Lefrançais de Lalande, Lefrançais also spelled Le Français, Lefrançois, or Le François, (born July 11, 1732, Bourg-en-Bresse, France—died April 4, 1807, Paris), French astronomer whose tables of planetary positions were considered the best available until the end of the 18th century.
A law student in Paris, Lalande became interested in astronomy while he was lodging at the Hôtel de Cluny, where the noted astronomer Joseph-Nicolas Delisle had his observatory. In 1751 Lalande went to Berlin to make lunar observations in concert with the work of Nicolas Louis de Lacaille at the Cape of Good Hope. The success of this task and the subsequent calculation of the Moon’s distance secured for Lalande, before he reached the age of 21, admission to the Academy of Berlin and the post of adjunct astronomer to the Academy of Paris.
Lalande then devoted himself to the improvement of planetary theory, publishing in 1759 a corrected edition of the tables of Halley’s Comet. He helped organize international collaboration in observing the transits of Venus in 1761 and 1769; the data obtained made possible the accurate calculation of the distance between Earth and the Sun. In 1762 Lalande was appointed to the chair of astronomy in the Collège de France, Paris, a position that he held for 46 years. A popularizer of astronomy, he instituted the Lalande Prize in 1802 for the chief astronomical contribution of each year.
Among his voluminous works are Traité d’astronomie (1764; “Treatise on Astronomy”), Histoire céleste française (1801; “French Celestial History”), and Bibliographie astronomique (1803; “Astronomical Bibliography”), which is still a valuable resource for historians of 18th-century astronomy.
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b7321ea14f48f6c04e88ec8dc114d4e1 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jerre-Levy | Jerre Levy | Jerre Levy
…brain’s two hemispheres, the psychologist Jerre Levy and others found that the left hemisphere is superior in analytical tasks, such as are involved in the use of language, while the right hemisphere is superior in many forms of visual and spatial tasks. Overall, the right hemisphere tends to be more…
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364a1ea61fb4ce861dddf9f17c54dbbe | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jerry-J-Rawlings | Jerry J. Rawlings | Jerry J. Rawlings
Jerry J. Rawlings, in full Jerry John Rawlings also called J.J. Rawlings, (born June 22, 1947, Accra, Ghana—died November 12, 2020, Accra), military and political leader in Ghana who twice (1979, 1981) overthrew the government and seized power. His second period of rule (1981–2001) afforded Ghana political stability and competent economic management.
Rawlings was the son of a Scottish father and a Ghanaian mother. He was educated at Achimoto College and the military academy at Teshie. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Ghanaian air force in 1969 and became a flight lieutenant and expert pilot, skilled in aerobatics. In June 1979 Rawlings and other junior officers led a successful military coup with the purported aim of purging the military and public life of widespread corruption. He and his Armed Forces Revolutionary Council ruled for 112 days, during which time the former heads of state, Gen. Ignatius Kutu Acheampong and Lieut. Gen. Frederick W.K. Akuffo, were tried and executed. Rawlings then yielded power to a freely elected civilian president, Hilla Limann, who promptly retired Rawlings from the air force.
Rawlings continued to be a popular figure, however, and on December 31, 1981, after two years of weak civilian rule during which Ghana’s economy continued to deteriorate, Rawlings overthrew Limann’s government, accusing it of leading the nation “down to total economic ruin.” Rawlings established a Provisional National Defense Council as the new government and imprisoned Limann and some 200 other politicians. “Peoples’ Defense Committees” were set up in neighbourhoods, as were workers’ councils to monitor production in factories. When the failure of these and other populist measures had become clear by 1983, Rawlings reversed course and adopted conservative economic policies, including dropping subsidies and price controls in order to reduce inflation, privatizing many state-owned companies, and devaluing the currency in order to stimulate exports. These free-market measures sharply revived Ghana’s economy, which by the early 1990s had one of the highest growth rates in Africa. In 1992, in the first presidential elections held in Ghana since 1979, Rawlings was chosen as president. He was reelected in 1996 and stepped down from the presidency in early 2001.
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d78f1ece303a02ee66d9070a98b68a6b | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jerry-Leiber | Jerry Leiber | Jerry Leiber
Jerry Leiber (in full Jerome Leiber; b. April 25, 1933, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.—d. August 22, 2011, Los Angeles, California) and Mike Stoller (in full Michael Stoller; b. March 13, 1933, Belle Harbor, New York, U.S.), working primarily for Atlantic Records, were perhaps the most successful…
…set a precedent by hiring Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller as producers of records by the Coasters and the Drifters, while Ertegun himself helped launch Bobby Darin as a teen star.
…1950s by the team of Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, who wrote and produced their biggest hits with the Coasters and the Drifters. While their successors sometimes filled the roles of producer and writer, the Brill Building professionals tended to focus more narrowly on elevating the craft of songwriting. The…
…they sang novelty songs by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller (“Riot in Cell Block No. 9” and “Smokey Joe’s Cafe”). In 1955, with a change in personnel (most notably the loss of Richard Berry, who would later write the rock classic “Louie, Louie”), they became the Coasters. The group had…
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39c37bd31f6ce35c1340bf88e41f857e | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jerry-Lewis | Jerry Lewis | Jerry Lewis
Jerry Lewis, original name Joseph Levitch, (born March 16, 1926, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—died August 20, 2017, Las Vegas, Nevada), American comedian, actor, and director whose unrestrained comic style made him one of the most popular performers of the 1950s and ’60s.
Lewis was born into a vaudeville family, and at age 12 he developed a comedy act in which he mimed to records. He dropped out of high school in order to perform his specialty in New York City theatres, burlesque shows, and nightclubs. He first met singer Dean Martin in 1944, and two years later they officially became a performing team. Their act consisted of Martin singing, Lewis clowning, and both joining forces for a rousing finale of music and comedy. Well-received performances in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and at New York City’s Copacabana nightclub resulted in an offer from Paramount.
Their first film, My Friend Irma (1949), established Martin and Lewis as box-office stars, and the follow-ups My Friend Irma Goes West and At War with the Army (both 1950) were equally successful. Martin and Lewis became the most popular comedy team of the decade and appeared in 16 films in eight years, including The Stooge (1951), Scared Stiff (1953), Living It Up (1954), Artists and Models (1955), and Hollywood or Bust (1956). They were also frequent television guests and part of a series of rotating hosts of NBC’s The Colgate Comedy Hour. It was during their stint with NBC that Lewis began his long involvement with the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA).
After making Pardners (1956), Martin and Lewis had a much-publicized falling-out and dissolved their partnership. Lewis then began a series of solo comedies, starting with The Delicate Delinquent (1957) and often working with director Frank Tashlin. In 1959 he signed a new contract with Paramount that gave him 60 percent of box-office profits and allowed him to write and direct his own films, beginning with The Bellboy (1960). Many of his pictures employed the formula of loose strings of gags and routines centred on Lewis’s bungling character in a new job, such as the title character in The Bellboy, a Hollywood messenger in The Errand Boy (1961), and a handyman at a girls’ school in The Ladies Man (1961). His films displayed an inventive use of locations, such as the Florida hotel in The Bellboy, and sets, such as the full-size 60-room school built for The Ladies Man. His comedy version of the Jekyll and Hyde story, The Nutty Professor (1963), opened to good reviews and is generally considered to be his best film, with the hapless Professor Kelp (Lewis) transformed through the magic of chemistry into the smarmy, egocentric Buddy Love—a parody of Martin—whose smug confidence helps attract a beautiful student (Stella Stevens).
The box-office success of The Nutty Professor boded well for Lewis, but his later movies were not as successful. The Patsy (1964) was a mild farce about a bellhop who is trained to replace a recently deceased star, and in The Family Jewels (1965), Lewis essayed seven roles. After the box-office failures of The Family Jewels and Boeing, Boeing (1965), Lewis left Paramount for Columbia. However, audiences grew disenchanted with his films. Three on a Couch (1966) cast him as an artist trying to woo a psychiatrist (Janet Leigh); The Big Mouth (1967) saw him searching for treasure; and Which Way to the Front? (1970) was a World War II comedy. He also directed the comic mystery One More Time (1970), starring Peter Lawford and Sammy Davis, Jr., the only film Lewis directed without also acting in it.
After Which Way to the Front?, Lewis did not appear in another film for some 10 years, though in 1972 he did film The Day the Clown Cried, the story of a clown (Lewis) who must lead concentration-camp children to the gas chambers during the Holocaust. The Day the Clown Cried became a legendary unseen film; it was reportedly so bad, by Lewis’s own admission, that he refused to allow its release. He returned to the screen in the episodic comedy Hardly Working (1980), which was a hit, but his next film (and his last as director), Smorgasbord (1983; also known as Cracking Up), another sketch-comedy film, in which Lewis appeared with Milton Berle and Davis, was released directly to cable television in the U.S.
Most of the critical accolades Lewis would receive in the next two decades would be for dramatic or offbeat performances. He essayed an acclaimed supporting role in Martin Scorsese’s The King of Comedy (1983), skewering his own reputation as a show-business mandarin of little warmth. He also played a mob-connected businessman in the television series Wiseguy (1988–89), a car dealer in the surrealistic comedy Arizona Dream (1993), a successful comedian in Funny Bones (1995), and an elderly jazz musician in Max Rose (2013). In 1995 a revival of the musical Damn Yankees gave Lewis his first taste of Broadway success. He also wrote an autobiography, Jerry Lewis: In Person (1982; with Herb Gluck) and an account of his partnership with Martin, Dean and Me (A Love Story) (2005; with James Kaplan).
In 1966 Lewis hosted his first annual Labor Day Weekend telethon for the MDA, and he continued hosting the telethon until 2010. (During the 1976 telethon, Frank Sinatra famously surprised Lewis by bringing Martin onstage for the duo’s first appearance together in public since their breakup.) In 2011 Lewis stepped down as the national chairman of the MDA.
Lewis was both critically lauded and beloved in France, where he came to be seen as an heir to the cabaret tradition of slapstick and physical comedy. As a director, he was also well regarded there as an authentic auteur. Lewis was inducted as a Commander in the Legion of Honour in 2006. Among his other honours were a Career Golden Lion from the Venice Film Festival in 1999 and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 2009.
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b19359b13cd93e1ab930a698ad37225e | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jerry-Ross | Jerry Ross | Jerry Ross
Jerry Ross, in full Jerry Lynn Ross, (born January 20, 1948, Crown Point, Indiana, U.S.), American astronaut, the first person to be launched into space seven times.
Ross earned a B.S. in mechanical engineering in 1970 at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana. After receiving a master’s degree in mechanical engineering in 1972, he started active duty with the U.S. Air Force (USAF). He graduated from the flight test engineer course at the USAF Test Pilot School in 1976. During his career Ross flew more than 20 different types of aircraft, mainly military aircraft, and clocked more than 4,000 flying hours.
In February 1979 he was assigned to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA’s) Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston. In May 1980, while working there as a payload officer and a flight controller, he was selected to be an astronaut. During his career he logged more than 58 days in space, including more than 58 hours over nine space walks. His space missions included flying as the mission specialist on seven flights: STS-61-B (1985, deployment of three communications satellites), STS-27 (1988, deployment of a military reconnaissance satellite), STS-37 (1991, launch of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory), STS-55 (1993, payload of the German Spacelab D-2), STS-74 (1995, the second docking of a space shuttle with the Russian space station Mir), STS-88 (1998, the first assembly mission for the International Space Station [ISS]), and STS-110 (2002, another ISS assembly mission).
Ross held many positions with NASA, including branch chief of the Astronaut Office at the Kennedy Space Center and chief astronaut for the Engineering and Safety Center. He retired from the air force as a colonel in 2000. In 2007 Ross became chief of the Vehicle Integration Test Office at the JSC. He retired from NASA in 2012. The following year he published the memoir Spacewalker: My Journey in Space and Faith as NASA’s Record-Setting Frequent Flyer (written with John Norberg).
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c41ebf212edbf75300b74ce901c9377d | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jerry-Stiller | Jerry Stiller | Jerry Stiller
Stiller was the son of Jerry Stiller and Anne Meara, who for many years were a celebrated comedy team. While growing up, he occasionally appeared on television with his parents and made his own amateur Super-8 films, which often parodied blockbusters of the time. In 1983 Stiller enrolled at the…
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ff703ed03ef0fcf7558f06d3f23f18a0 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jerry-Wexler | Jerry Wexler | Jerry Wexler
Jerry Wexler of Atlantic Records was the earliest industry figure to recognize the potential of this Memphis Sound. Wexler made a deal that allowed Atlantic to distribute Stax both nationally and internationally; he also was the catalyst for several milestone records made by singers from…
to Atlantic Records, where producer Jerry Wexler allowed her to sculpt her own musical identity.
that interested Atlantic Records producer Jerry Wexler in Pickett as a solo artist. “Pickett was a pistol,” said Wexler, who nicknamed him “the Wicked Pickett” and sent him to Memphis, Tennessee, to write with Otis Redding’s collaborator, guitarist Steve Cropper of Booker T. and the MG’s. The result was a…
The term was coined by Jerry Wexler in 1947, when he was editing the charts at the trade journal Billboard and found that the record companies issuing Black popular music considered the chart names then in use (Harlem Hit Parade, Sepia, Race) to be demeaning. The magazine changed the chart’s…
…Records before Atlantic Records producer Jerry Wexler signed them and sent them to Memphis, Tennessee, to record for Stax/Volt Records, for which Atlantic acted as distributor. There, backed by Stax’s extraordinary house band, Sam and Dave became the premier messengers of the songwriting-production duo of Isaac Hayes and David Porter.…
Atlantic’s Jerry Wexler, who had participated in the earliest phase of soul music with his productions for Solomon Burke (“Just Out of Reach” [1961]), began recording Franklin as well as Wilson Pickett, one of soul’s premier vocalists, in Fame Studios in Florence, Alabama, where the arrangements…
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d98c0a5236d907a7639e9dc6ee2d0242 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jersey-Joe-Walcott | Jersey Joe Walcott | Jersey Joe Walcott
Jersey Joe Walcott, original name Arnold Raymond Cream, (born Jan. 31, 1914, Merchantville, N.J., U.S.—died Feb. 25, 1994, Camden, N.J.), American world heavyweight boxing champion from July 18, 1951, when he knocked out Ezzard Charles in seven rounds in Pittsburgh, Pa., until Sept. 23, 1952, when he was knocked out by Rocky Marciano in 13 rounds in Philadelphia.
The son of immigrants from Barbados, Walcott became a professional boxer in 1930. He won the heavyweight title in 1951 only after losing two title bouts to the aging Joe Louis (including a controversial decision in New York City on Dec. 5, 1947) and two to Ezzard Charles. He was 37 years old when he knocked out Charles to become heavyweight champion. Between 1930 and 1953, Walcott had 69 professional bouts, winning 50, of which 30 were by knockouts. His bout with Marciano in 1952 was considered one of the most exciting heavyweight championship fights of all time. After retiring from the ring, Walcott organized youth programs and served as a sheriff and athletic commissioner in New Jersey. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1991.
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a6f7b949276e0fb6f681893087eadd77 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jerzy-Andrzejewski | Jerzy Andrzejewski | Jerzy Andrzejewski
Jerzy Andrzejewski, (born Aug. 19, 1909, Warsaw, Russian Empire [now in Pol.]—died April 19, 1983, Warsaw, Poland), Polish novelist, short-story writer, and political dissident noted for his attention to moral issues important in 20th-century Poland and for his realistic fiction.
Andrzejewski was born into a middle-class family, and the young writer studied Polish language and literature at the University of Warsaw. The stories published in his first book, Drogi nieuniknione (1936; “Unavoidable Ways”), originally appeared in a right-wing periodical, with whom he soon severed relations. That volume was followed by the novel Ład serca (1938; “Heart’s Harmony”), in which Andrzejewski tried to find in Roman Catholic teachings solutions to the problems of contemporary life. During the German occupation of World War II, he participated in the Polish underground.
After World War II, Andrzejewski wrote Noc (1945; “Night”), a collection of wartime stories, and, together with Jerzy Zagórski, a satirical drama, Swięto Winkelrida (1946; “Winkelried’s Feast”). Contemporary political problems are projected in Popiół i diament (1948; Ashes and Diamonds), translated into 27 languages and generally considered his finest novel. It presents a dramatic conflict between young Polish patriots and the communist regime during the last days of World War II. In 1958 Andrzej Wajda, the leading director of the Polish cinema, directed a movie based on the book and bearing the same title.
In 1949 Andrzejewski joined the Communist Party, and for the next seven years he supported its ideology in his essays, but in 1956 he gave up membership and established himself as one of the principal critics of the party’s policies, both in his creative writings and in his activities. In 1976 he became one of the cofounders of the Workers’ Defense Committee (KOR), from which eventually grew the anticommunist trade union Solidarity, outlawed in 1981. Andrzejewski also coedited Zapis (1977–81), a literary magazine publishing dissident writers. Andrzejewski’s novels Ciemności kryją ziemię (1957; The Inquisitors) and Bramy raju (1960; The Gates of Paradise) present modern problems disguised as historical novels, while Apelacja (1968; The Appeal) and Miazga (1981; “The Pulp”) directly address the issues of contemporary society.
Andrzejewski’s life and work seem to be emblematic for many Polish intellectuals of his generation—from his ardent Catholicism before the war to his heroic involvement with the Resistance during the Nazi occupation, through his subsequent skepticism, to his total acceptance of the Marxist ideology after the war, and, finally, to his disillusionment with and open dissent against communism. His short stories and novels, Ashes and Diamonds in particular, can be read as a moving testimony to his development.
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6acffdd865d88cb05fa326d8be46813b | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jesse | Jesse | Jesse
Jesse, also spelled Isai, in the Old Testament, the father of King David. Jesse was the son of Ohed, and the grandson of Boaz and Ruth. He was a farmer and sheep breeder in Bethlehem. David was the youngest of Jesse’s eight sons. The appellation “son of Jesse” served as a synonym for David both at Saul’s court and, subsequently, when David became king. It became a standard poetic metaphor in the Bible. Phrases such as “root of Jesse” and “stump of Jesse” (Isaiah 11:1,10) expand the metaphor. All evoke the figure of David. That the family of David would endure forever was an article of faith in monarchic circles (2 Samuel 7), supported by the fact that his dynasty had occupied the throne on Mount Zion in unbroken succession for over four centuries.
Because Jesus Christ belonged to one of the family branches descended from King David, it became customary for medieval artists to visually depict Jesus’ genealogy as beginning with Jesse in such works as the stained-glass windows known as Jesse windows.
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ce3928a609b19478f4db7411e618f946 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jesse-James-American-outlaw | Jesse James | Jesse James
Reared on a Missouri farm, Jesse and Frank shared their family’s sympathy with the Southern cause when the American Civil War broke out in 1861. Frank joined William C. Quantrill’s Confederate guerrillas, becoming friends with Cole Younger, a fellow member. Jesse followed suit by joining “Bloody” Bill Anderson’s guerrilla band.…
Sites devoted to famed outlaw Jesse James are located northeast of the city in Liberty and Kearney.
…war, in 1866, Cole joined Jesse and Frank James and other outlaws in a gang robbing banks in Missouri and in surrounding states. Jim Younger joined them in 1868, John Younger about a year later, and Bob Younger about 1872. The next summer the gang added train robberies to their…
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