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97c79b5034fe584251922f2624c6ba0a | https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Bari | Siege of Bari | Siege of Bari
Siege of Bari, (1068–71), three-year blockade by Norman forces under Robert Guiscard that resulted (April 1071) in the surrender of the last important Byzantine stronghold in southern Italy. It brought an end to Byzantine domination on the Italian peninsula.
An Adriatic seaport and trading centre surpass... |
c17ac539428fafaa0a2dca28c7515ff9 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Calais-1346-47 | Siege of Calais | Siege of Calais
Siege of Calais, (4 September 1346–4 August 1347). After his magnificent victory at the Battle of Crécy, Edward III of England marched north and besieged Calais, the closest port to England and directly opposite Dover where the English Channel is narrowest. The siege lasted for almost a year and, altho... |
5b378947ce0d50c3059ea1e5e16b9ebe | https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Delhi | Siege of Delhi | Siege of Delhi
Siege of Delhi, (8 June–21 September 1857). The hard-fought recapture of Delhi by the British army was a decisive moment in the suppression of the 1857–58 Indian Mutiny against British rule. It extinguished Indian dreams of recreating the rule of the Mughal Empire. The rebellion lost its cohesion, allo... |
709e58b5c4e4a783184cc1c6f18d05a4 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Drogheda | Siege of Drogheda | Siege of Drogheda
Siege of Drogheda, (3–11 September 1649). The Royalist rebellion that broke out in Ireland against the new English republic in 1649 was met by a prompt English response. On 15 August Oliver Cromwell and 15,000 troops landed in Dublin. His merciless policy toward the Irish Royalists would become bruta... |
4a1d0a9385fd66037b3b4581dce9b553 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Khartoum | Siege of Khartoum | Siege of Khartoum
Siege of Khartoum, (March 13, 1884–January 26, 1885), military blockade of Khartoum, capital of the Sudan, by al-Mahdī and his followers. The city, which was defended by an Egyptian garrison under the British general Charles George (“Chinese”) Gordon, was eventually captured, and its defenders, inclu... |
21102d6398240711ccbd51119e2da65d | https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Mafikeng | Siege of Mafikeng | Siege of Mafikeng
Siege of Mafikeng, Boer siege of a British military outpost in the South African War at the town of Mafikeng (until 1980 spelled Mafeking) in northwestern South Africa in 1899–1900. The garrison, under the command of Col. Robert S. Baden-Powell, held out against the larger Boer force for 217 days unt... |
77b775178d1becfe96033274f3161052 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Malta | Siege of Malta | Siege of Malta
Siege of Malta, (May–September 1565). The Siege of Malta, one of the most savagely contested encounters of the sixteenth century, followed after the forces of the Ottoman Empire invaded the island. The successful defense of Malta by the Knights Hospitaller shattered the Ottomans’ reputation of invincibi... |
078dce8f49b0a9a16d6da1a53cd2a128 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Pleven | Siege of Pleven | Siege of Pleven
Siege of Pleven, also called Siege Of Plevna, (July 20–Dec. 10, 1877), in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, the Russian siege of the Turkish-held Bulgarian town of Pleven (Russian: Plevna). Four battles were fought, three being repulses of Russian attacks and the fourth being a defeat of the Turks in t... |
f91c3032fe982a74438c203bd3729060 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Slaughterhouse-Cases | Slaughterhouse Cases | Slaughterhouse Cases
Slaughterhouse Cases, in American history, legal dispute that resulted in a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1873 limiting the protection of the privileges and immunities clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
In 1869 the Louisiana state legislature granted a monopoly ... |
50548f96884a72c4ab27ffff49568b2d | https://www.britannica.com/event/Sloan-v-Lemon | Sloan v. Lemon | Sloan v. Lemon
Sloan v. Lemon, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on June 25, 1973, struck down (6–3) a Pennsylvania state law that had provided partial reimbursement to parents for the cost of their children’s tuition at private schools, including parochial schools. Applying a test devised by the Supreme Cour... |
5b120abc37cab73113b6beb09d463f03 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Social-War-Roman-history | Social War | Social War
Social War, also called Italic War, or Marsic War, (90–89 bc), rebellion waged by ancient Rome’s Italian allies (socii) who, denied the Roman franchise, fought for independence.
The allies in central and southern Italy had fought side by side with Rome in several wars and had grown restive under Roman autoc... |
81e14a15b2c7f61490e875806104dc87 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Southern-Dynasties | Southern Dynasties | Southern Dynasties
Southern Dynasties, Chinese (Pinyin) Nanchao, or (Wade-Giles romanization) Nan-ch’ao, (ad 420–589), four succeeding short-lived dynasties based at Jiankang (now Nanjing), which ruled over a large part of China south of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) during much of the Six Dynasties period. The four... |
0c5564dda621294d4d94e1faaa6fba9e | https://www.britannica.com/event/Spring-and-Autumn-Period | Spring and Autumn Period | Spring and Autumn Period
Spring and Autumn Period, Chinese (Pinyin) Chunqiu Shidai, or (Wade-Giles romanization) Ch’un-ch’iu Shih-tai, (770–476 bc), in Chinese history, the period during the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 bc)—specifically the first portion of the Dong (Eastern) Zhou—when many vassal states fought and competed... |
0592dd87177edc55f1442253942ea4ae | https://www.britannica.com/event/Stolypin-land-reform | Stolypin land reform | Stolypin land reform
Stolypin land reform, (1906–17), measures undertaken by the Russian government to allow peasants to own land individually. Its aim was to encourage industrious peasants to acquire their own land, and ultimately to create a class of prosperous, conservative, small farmers that would be a stabilizi... |
8cca2958016445f70995e4c845c84647 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Stone-Age/Asia | Asia | Asia
During the Paleolithic, two major culture provinces can be recognized in Asia, each of which has yielded a distinctive sequence. The first of these includes the Middle East, Central Asia (formerly Russian Turkistan), central Siberia, and India; throughout this vast region a developmental sequence has been reported... |
7703758b263f8085d8db55d54b982681 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Stone-Age/East-and-Southeast-Asia | East and Southeast Asia | East and Southeast Asia
Pebble tools, including choppers and chopping tools, are found in the Pleistocene terrace deposits of the Irrawaddy River valley of northern Myanmar. This complex is known as the Anyathian. The Early Anyathian is characterized by single-edged core implements made on natural fragments of fossil w... |
228ecd9d9a0d87d782a37d5bfd67abdd | https://www.britannica.com/event/Stone-Age/Europe | Europe | Europe
Three major subdivisions—Lower, Middle, and Upper Paleolithic—are recognized in Europe. Although the dividing line between the Lower and Middle stages is not so clearly defined as that separating the Middle and Upper subdivisions, this system is still used by most workers.
On the basis of the very rich materials... |
f5c6523d5165e63bd9366b0d61a32f88 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Stone-Age/European-cultures | European cultures | European cultures
The earliest Neolithic culture in the steppes and in the oases may reach the 4th millennium or earlier. The small flint industry continued from the earlier Mesolithic times. In the 3rd millennium bce, copper, painted ware, and other elements from the south entered the area. Sheep, cattle, and horses w... |
e4a4e29c91f83315100198357d1037f1 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Stone-Age/Fully-established-village-sequences-in-the-Middle-East | Fully established village sequences in the Middle East | Fully established village sequences in the Middle East
By 6000 bce or not long thereafter, a variety of more or less complete regional cultural sequences developed in the Middle East. In Iran two sequences appeared. That beginning at the site of Sialk developed most characteristically in the northern and northeastern p... |
b6b3f0ebafe1966dd9d08d7de3abcf7d | https://www.britannica.com/event/Stone-Age/Mesolithic-Neolithic-the-rise-of-village-farming-communities | Mesolithic–Neolithic: the rise of village-farming communities | Mesolithic–Neolithic: the rise of village-farming communities
There is little question that a level of an effective food-producing village-farming community way of life had been achieved in certain portions of southwestern Asia by at least 7000 bce. Furthermore, increasing evidence indicated that the effective village-... |
ca70def5b039f3c96ad5b8d47d9bf778 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Stone-Age/Middle-Paleolithic | Middle Paleolithic | Middle Paleolithic
The Middle Paleolithic comprises the Mousterian, a portion of the Levalloisian, and the Tayacian, all of which are complexes based on the production of flakes, although survivals of the old hand-ax tradition are manifest in many instances. These Middle Paleolithic assemblages first appear in deposits... |
ccd1d70dd1d5be90aa344a726ac7f401 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Stone-Age/Neolithic | Neolithic | Neolithic
The origins and history of European Neolithic culture are closely connected with the postglacial climate and forest development. The increasing temperature after the late Dryas period during the Pre-Boreal and the Boreal (c. 8000–5500 bce, determined by radiocarbon dating) caused a remarkable change in late g... |
84313c3982dd4090cf67319e8026c9e7 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Stone-Age/Rise-of-agriculture | Rise of agriculture | Rise of agriculture
Although the southern limits of the Desert culture are not yet clearly defined, it is known that it extended into Mexico, where, in the state of Tamaulipas, Desert materials have been found associated with the earliest known cultivated plants in the New World. Here, in the Infernillo phase, it appea... |
893c7293b8feaa87854335d12f6afb2b | https://www.britannica.com/event/Stone-Age/Southern-Africa | Southern Africa | Southern Africa
The sequence in Southern Africa is well established on the basis of the terrace stratigraphy of the Vaal Valley. Just as in North and East Africa, the succession begins in the basal Pleistocene with the occurrence of pebble tools of Kafuan type. These develop into what is called the pre-Stellenbosch, wh... |
775d5f4b242c3691f754db93030ba37b | https://www.britannica.com/event/Stone-Age/Stone-tools | Stone tools | Stone tools
Carpenters used celts (ax or adz heads) edged by grinding and polishing of fine-grained rock or of flint where that material was available in large nodules. In Greece and the Balkans, all over central Europe and the Ukraine, and throughout the taiga, adzes were used exclusively, as in the earlier Baltic Mes... |
830788acf5297daff2965681e10e18bb | https://www.britannica.com/event/Synod-of-Barmen | Synod of Barmen | Synod of Barmen
Synod of Barmen, meeting of German Protestant leaders at Barmen in the Ruhr, in May 1934, to organize Protestant opposition to the teachings of the so-called German Christians, who sought to reinterpret Christianity as an Aryan religion free from all Jewish influences. The German Christians were subtly... |
b884cd8f83005922daf2c1fd5c89cfe2 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Tailhook-scandal | Tailhook scandal | Tailhook scandal
Tailhook scandal, scandal in which U.S. Navy and Marine Corps officers and defense contractors committed sexual harassment and sexual assault at the U.S. Navy’s Tailhook Symposium in Las Vegas, Nevada, on September 5–7, 1991.
The Tailhook Association is a private organization that sponsors the Tailhoo... |
78d55c3059977f3804eaea61d1e3564b | https://www.britannica.com/event/Tea-Act | Tea Act | Tea Act
Tea Act, (1773), in British American colonial history, legislative maneuver by the British ministry of Lord North to make English tea marketable in America. A previous crisis had been averted in 1770 when all the Townshend Acts duties had been lifted except that on tea, which had been mainly supplied to the C... |
43ea9c414f8c95aa29774ec6a234cfe8 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Texas-v-Johnson | Texas v. Johnson | Texas v. Johnson
Texas v. Johnson, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (5–4) on June 21, 1989, that the burning of the U.S. flag is a protected form of speech under the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
The case originated during the Republican National Convention in Dallas in August 1984, where ... |
0777e86191b44e25c52fde774caf9bc3 | https://www.britannica.com/event/The-Christmas-Truce | Christmas Truce | Christmas Truce
Christmas Truce, (December 24–25, 1914), unofficial and impromptu cease-fire that occurred along the Western Front during World War I. The pause in fighting was not universally observed, nor had it been sanctioned by commanders on either side, but, along some two-thirds of the 30-mile (48-km) front con... |
5d3a9235a94e37066c40df3b6cf9cf93 | https://www.britannica.com/event/the-collapse-of-the-Soviet-Union/Aftermath-of-the-coup | Aftermath of the coup | Aftermath of the coup
The coup failed for several reasons. Army and KGB officers declined to carry out orders to storm the White House. The plotters appeared to have no contingency plan to cope with Gorbachev’s refusal to cooperate. The failure to arrest Yeltsin before he got to the White House was crucial, because he ... |
aa5e4eb3c3bea175994355f7f79a9a6e | https://www.britannica.com/event/The-War-of-a-Thousand-Days | The War of a Thousand Days | The War of a Thousand Days
The War of a Thousand Days, Spanish La Guerra De Los Mil Días, (1899–1903), Colombian civil war between Liberals and Conservatives that resulted in between 60,000 and 130,000 deaths, extensive property damage, and national economic ruin.
The Liberal Party represented coffee plantation owners... |
c8b61d7a2e1b1a470982c4816e919ae9 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Third-Lateran-Council | Third Lateran Council | Third Lateran Council
Third Lateran Council, (1179), the 11th ecumenical council, convoked by Pope Alexander III. The council was attended by 291 bishops who studied the Peace of Venice (1177), by which the Holy Roman emperor, Frederick I Barbarossa, agreed to withdraw support from his antipope and to restore the chur... |
fb1473cd45c74fb157eb72dafef38100 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Thirteen-Years-War | Thirteen Years' War | Thirteen Years' War
Thirteen Years’ War, (1454–66), war between Poland and the Teutonic Knights that began as a revolt by the Prussian populace against their overlords, the Teutonic Knights, and was concluded by the Treaty of Toruń (Thorn; Oct. 19, 1466). In 1454 rebel Prussian groups petitioned Casimir IV of Poland ... |
71dac37721e55edc5b08993e1187b171 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Time-of-Troubles | Time of Troubles | Time of Troubles
Time of Troubles, Russian Smutnoye Vremya, period of political crisis in Russia that followed the demise of the Rurik dynasty (1598) and ended with the establishment of the Romanov dynasty (1613). During this period foreign intervention, peasant uprisings, and the attempts of pretenders to seize the t... |
4f64c4bf6d0ece95ae1e054037e6c30b | https://www.britannica.com/event/Title-IX | Title IX | Title IX
Title IX, also called Patsy Takemoto Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act, clause of the 1972 Federal Education Amendments, signed into law on June 23, 1972, which stated that “no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be sub... |
0ef894c596bc52377f1a48e8857fe7b1 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Toleration-Act-Great-Britain-1689 | Toleration Act | Toleration Act
Toleration Act, (May 24, 1689), act of Parliament granting freedom of worship to Nonconformists (i.e., dissenting Protestants such as Baptists and Congregationalists). It was one of a series of measures that firmly established the Glorious Revolution (1688–89) in England.
The Toleration Act demonstrated... |
a013154d0bacb348adbcaa8a8fad25ee | https://www.britannica.com/event/Toya-Maru-ferry-disaster | Toya Maru ferry disaster | Toya Maru ferry disaster
Toya Maru ferry disaster, deadliest ship disaster in Japanese history. On Sept. 26, 1954, the Toya Maru, a Japanese commercial ferry, sank during a severe typhoon in the Tsugaru Strait, killing an estimated 1,150 to 1,170 passengers and crew members.
The typhoon (known as “No. 15” in Japan and... |
3baf6865d9d24ec6db2609bf9ed7d0c3 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaties-of-Banaras | Treaties of Banaras | Treaties of Banaras
Treaties of Banaras, (1773 and 1775), two agreements regulating relations between the British government of Bengal and the ruler of the Muslim state of Oudh (Ayodhya). The defense of Oudh had been guaranteed in 1765 on the condition that the state’s ruler, Shujāʿ al-Dawlah, pay the cost of the nece... |
11e40c22e20021e95441e745e62bcb2f | https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Abo | Treaty of Åbo | Treaty of Åbo
Treaty of Åbo, (1743), peace settlement that concluded the Russo-Swedish War of 1741–43 by obliging Sweden to cede a strip of southern Finland to Russia and to become temporarily dependent on Russia. As a result of the Great Northern War (Treaty of Nystad, 1721), Sweden had lost Estonia, Livonia, Ingria,... |
6da4fc62554bdbf0e0b83d6f018d861d | https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Aix-la-Chapelle | Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle | Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, (Oct. 18, 1748), treaty negotiated largely by Britain and France, with the other powers following their lead, ending the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48). The treaty was marked by the mutual restitution of conquests, including the fortress of Louisbourg on C... |
c6379de3e3881d00fb31569e4b4875e9 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Alinagar | Treaty of Alinagar | Treaty of Alinagar
Treaty of Alinagar, (Feb. 9, 1757), pact concluded in India by the British agent Robert Clive after his recovery of Calcutta on Jan. 2, 1757, from the nawab of Bengal, Sirāj-ud-Dawlah. The treaty was the prelude to the British seizure of Bengal. The Nawab had seized Calcutta in June 1756, but he was... |
615a8c8fc820a8fc0c16694ac61dc4eb | https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Belgrade-1739 | Treaty of Belgrade | Treaty of Belgrade
Treaty of Belgrade, (September 1739), either of two peace settlements achieved by the Ottoman Empire that ended a four-year war with Russia and a two-year war with Austria.
Disputes arising from ill-defined frontiers between Russian-ruled Ukraine and the Ottoman-dominated Crimean Tatars provided the... |
f6e8f0b7a0e391ba49c3723c7dd9c3a5 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Berlin | Treaty of Berlin | Treaty of Berlin
…Stresemann signed a new Soviet-German treaty in Berlin on April 24, 1926, confirming and extending the friendly relations established at Rapallo. Unlike Stresemann’s agreements with the Western powers, the treaty of Berlin received the unanimous approval of the German political parties, including thos... |
cfced07bb2d3929362e2d2cca9bc1a5b | https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Breda | Treaty of Breda | Treaty of Breda
Treaty of Breda, (July 31, 1667), treaty between England, the Dutch Republic, France, and Denmark, which brought to an inconclusive end the second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–67), in which France and Denmark had supported the Dutch. The Dutch had the military advantage during the war (fought mostly at sea) b... |
0bba75b0c9050b8d89e891a4a37d0d23 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Bucharest-1812 | Treaty of Bucharest | Treaty of Bucharest
Treaty of Bucharest, peace agreement signed on May 18, 1812, that ended the Russo-Turkish War, begun in 1806. The terms of the treaty allowed Russia to annex Bessarabia but required it to return Walachia and the remainder of Moldavia, which it had occupied. The Russians also secured amnesty and a p... |
ff58a4489f5f39378a6d5ebede53c256 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Bucharest-1913 | Treaty of Bucharest | Treaty of Bucharest
Treaty of Bucharest, settlement, signed on Aug. 10, 1913, that ended the Second Balkan War (1913), in which Bulgaria was defeated by the combined forces of Serbia, Greece, and Romania. Bulgaria had unsuccessfully contested the distribution by its former allies of territory taken from the Turks duri... |
1d9d901b823f2f4ccd3752b6caaade1a | https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Frankfurt | Treaty of Frankfurt | Treaty of Frankfurt
…the conclusion of the formal Treaty of Frankfurt on May 10, 1871, the republican government was threatened by an insurrection in Paris, in which radicals established their own short-lived government, the Paris Commune. The Commune was suppressed after two months, and the harsh provisions of the Tre... |
bf8508f57fd1513931f598ec50ccdf44 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Georgievsk | Treaty of Georgievsk | Treaty of Georgievsk
Treaty of Georgievsk, (July 24, 1783), agreement concluded by Catherine II the Great of Russia and Erekle II of Kartalinia-Kakhetia (eastern Georgia) by which Russia guaranteed Georgia’s territorial integrity and the continuation of its reigning Bagratid dynasty in return for prerogatives in the c... |
f74b8fa8c65efa50c2c1186d495a59ad | https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Masulipatam | Treaty of Masulipatam | Treaty of Masulipatam
Treaty of Masulipatam, (Feb. 23, 1768), agreement by which the state of Hyderabad, India, submitted to British control. The First Mysore War began in 1767 and concerned the East India Company’s attempts to check the expansionary policies of the ruler of Mysore, Hyder Ali. Although originally alli... |
23376d04490276d05f3e8c408333731b | https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Paris-1229 | Treaty of Paris | Treaty of Paris
…civilization, ended, politically, in the Treaty of Paris (1229), which destroyed the independence of the princes of the south but did not extinguish the heresy, in spite of the wholesale massacres of heretics during the war. The Inquisition, however, operating unremittingly in the south at Toulouse, Al... |
e479f227fe1e9ed796f14f5bcb7a6426 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Paris-1856 | Treaty of Paris | Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Paris, (1856), treaty signed on March 30, 1856, in Paris that ended the Crimean War. The treaty was signed between Russia on one side and France, Great Britain, Sardinia-Piedmont, and Turkey on the other. Because the western European powers had fought the war to protect Ottoman Turkey from Ru... |
8e153bbf5498b2252d4183f5aa438667 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Portsmouth | Treaty of Portsmouth | Treaty of Portsmouth
Treaty of Portsmouth, (September 5 [August 23, Old Style], 1905), peace settlement signed at Kittery, Maine, in the U.S., ending the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05. According to the terms of the treaty, which was mediated by U.S. Pres. Theodore Roosevelt, the defeated Russians recognized Japan as t... |
f71de558f9af2d545df8fc76956340f1 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Rapallo | Treaty of Rapallo | Treaty of Rapallo
Treaty of Rapallo, (April 16, 1922) treaty between Germany and the Soviet Union, signed at Rapallo, Italy. Negotiated by Germany’s Walther Rathenau and the Soviet Union’s Georgy V. Chicherin, it reestablished normal relations between the two nations. The nations agreed to cancel all financial claims ... |
b4cfd2917fa12e6a36b5c34c7920e820 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Tordesillas | Treaty of Tordesillas | Treaty of Tordesillas
Treaty of Tordesillas, (June 7, 1494), agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers.
In theory, the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the New World into Spanish and Portuguese sphe... |
b7abf4695228f53f9092c1f77550133e | https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Versailles-1783 | Treaty of Versailles | Treaty of Versailles
…was restored to Britain in 1783.
…the colonists resulted in the Treaty of Versailles (1783), which gave back Sacramento, the two Floridas, and Minorca. Not until later did it become apparent that an alliance of revenge with colonial insurgents was a shortsighted policy for an imperial power.
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24de0180e85752ae6a28aefea937c410 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Wehlau | Treaty of Wehlau | Treaty of Wehlau
Treaty of Wehlau, Wehlau also spelled Welawa, (Sept. 19, 1657), agreement in which John Casimir, king of Poland from 1648 to 1668, renounced the suzerainty of the Polish crown over ducal Prussia and made Frederick William, who was the duke of Prussia as well as the elector of Brandenburg (1640–88), t... |
ed13f237b9d0eae35fb5015d59c88ccc | https://www.britannica.com/event/Triple-Alliance-Europe-1882-1915 | Triple Alliance | Triple Alliance
Triple Alliance, secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed in May 1882 and renewed periodically until World War I. Germany and Austria-Hungary had been closely allied since 1879. Italy sought their support against France shortly after losing North African ambitions to the Fren... |
5b9b5f4b89258b74ce3bcecdfed75ad0 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Truman-Doctrine | Truman Doctrine | Truman Doctrine
Truman Doctrine, pronouncement by U.S. Pres. Harry S. Truman declaring immediate economic and military aid to the governments of Greece, threatened by communist insurrection, and Turkey, under pressure from Soviet expansion in the Mediterranean area. As the United States and the Soviet Union struggled ... |
ec5d5aaf64c11a5c2c48c13ea83219c8 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Turin-2006-Olympic-Winter-Games | Turin 2006 Olympic Winter Games | Turin 2006 Olympic Winter Games
Turin 2006 Olympic Winter Games, athletic festival held in Turin, Italy, that took place Feb. 10–26, 2006. The Turin Games were the 20th occurrence of the Winter Olympic Games.
In 2006 the Winter Games returned to Italy after a 50-year absence. Unlike the 1956 Games, which were held in ... |
185f0d3330393de99a979effcd71aeea | https://www.britannica.com/event/Twentieth-Congress-of-the-Communist-Party-of-the-Soviet-Union | Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union | Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, (Feb. 14–25, 1956), event notable as the first stage of First Secretary Nikita S. Khrushchev’s program to repudiate Stalinism in the Soviet Union.
Highlighting the Twentieth Congress were two a... |
d67ff07ff8ede3904d012f6fb00c59f6 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Union-of-Brest-Litovsk | Union of Brest-Litovsk | Union of Brest-Litovsk
Union of Brest-Litovsk, an agreement in 1596 that united with the Roman Catholic Church several million Ukrainian and Belorussian Orthodox Christians living under Polish rule in Lithuania.
Inspired by the Council of Florence (1438–39), which sought the reunion of all Eastern churches with Rome, ... |
b79ba80b828467e4a315cd348603be66 | https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-occupation-of-Veracruz | United States Occupation of Veracruz | United States Occupation of Veracruz
United States Occupation of Veracruz, (April–November 1914), the occupation of Veracruz, the chief port on the east coast of Mexico, by military forces of the United States during the civil wars of the Mexican Revolution. Victory for the United States in a one-sided battle resulted... |
c6144d5adc159eeeba82143fdb13d808 | https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1789 | United States presidential election of 1789 | United States presidential election of 1789
United States presidential election of 1789, American presidential election held on Feb. 4, 1789, in which George Washington was unanimously chosen as the first president of the United States by electors from 10 of the 13 extant states.
Following the Constitutional Conventio... |
07ea113909e346e9502dcd90e4328f9f | https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1844 | United States presidential election of 1844 | United States presidential election of 1844
United States presidential election of 1844, American presidential election held in 1844 in which Democratic candidate James K. Polk defeated Whig candidate Henry Clay with 170 electoral votes to Clay’s 105.
Incumbent John Tyler, who had been vice president under William Hen... |
692d5f32d0c706c563365e332819a311 | https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1864 | United States presidential election of 1864 | United States presidential election of 1864
United States presidential election of 1864, American presidential election held on Nov. 8, 1864, in which Republican Pres. Abraham Lincoln defeated Democrat George B. McClellan . As the election occurred during the American Civil War ... |
429948a4cfb6a273f60066b5983fc512 | https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1888 | United States presidential election of 1888 | United States presidential election of 1888
United States presidential election of 1888, American presidential election held on Nov. 6, 1888, in which Republican Benjamin Harrison defeated Democratic incumbent Grover Cleveland, winning in the electoral college 233–168 despite losing the popular vote. It was the second... |
08900a6f7083459924056490368189b1 | https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1904 | United States presidential election of 1904 | United States presidential election of 1904
United States presidential election of 1904, American presidential election, held on November 8, 1904, in which Republican incumbent Pres. Theodore Roosevelt soundly defeated Democrat Alton B. Parker . Roosevelt’s win marked the first time that... |
75f58df99ce3c43df69034d09e61f174 | https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1936 | United States presidential election of 1936 | United States presidential election of 1936
United States presidential election of 1936, American presidential election held on November 3, 1936, in which Democratic Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt won reelection, defeating Republican Alf Landon.
In 1932, amid the Great Depression, Roosevelt had won a landslide victory ov... |
a490aa5d818449e5ae1a09b04a8127e2 | https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-2000 | United States presidential election of 2000 | United States presidential election of 2000
United States presidential election of 2000, American presidential election held on Nov. 7, 2000, in which Republican George W. Bush narrowly lost the popular vote to Democrat Al Gore but defeated Gore in the electoral college.
Gore, as Bill Clinton’s vice president for eigh... |
a729ddb71ee0359b8071f302addba345 | https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-2008/Background-and-Context | Background and Context | Background and Context
This section contains links to Britannica articles that provide background on the presidency.
Presidential Nominee: Barack Obama
Presidential Nominee: John McCain
Presidential Nominee: Bob Barr
Presidential Nominee: Ralph Nader
Site: Denver, Colorado
Site: Minneapolis–St. Paul
|
45c578a091ad8dd266e0a9ea07b94a62 | https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-v-E-C-Knight-Company | United States v. E.C. Knight Company | United States v. E.C. Knight Company
United States v. E.C. Knight Company, byname Sugar Trust Case, (1895), legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court first interpreted the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. The case began when the E.C. Knight Company gained control of the American Sugar Refining Company. By 1892 America... |
e95e299db9d459e6113a66ce213f0f34 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War/De-escalation-negotiation-and-Vietnamization | De-escalation, negotiation, and Vietnamization | De-escalation, negotiation, and Vietnamization
With the aid of some of the president’s other advisers and elder statesmen from the Democratic Party, Clifford succeeded in persuading Johnson that the present number of U.S. troops in Vietnam (about 550,000) should constitute an upper limit and that Johnson, as chief exec... |
1b04ec0d770d3cfd50bcd420e89b6050 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Waco-siege | Waco siege | Waco siege
Waco siege, a 51-day standoff between Branch Davidians and federal agents that ended on April 19, 1993, when the religious group’s compound near Waco, Texas, was destroyed in a fire. Nearly 80 people were killed.
The Branch Davidians were founded by Ben Roden in 1959 as an offshoot of the Davidian Seventh-D... |
44165560e78eea6e6dc0b0d53187abaf | https://www.britannica.com/event/Wallace-v-Jaffree | Wallace v. Jaffree | Wallace v. Jaffree
Wallace v. Jaffree, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on June 4, 1985, ruled (6–3) that an Alabama statute that authorized a one-minute period of silence in all public schools “for meditation or voluntary prayer” violated the First Amendment’s establishment clause.
The complaint, which did not in... |
073f0c112744a6228cf0f78548f4b2a2 | https://www.britannica.com/event/War-of-the-Pacific | War of the Pacific | War of the Pacific
War of the Pacific, Spanish Guerra del Pacífico, (1879–83), conflict involving Chile, Bolivia, and Peru, which resulted in Chilean annexation of valuable disputed territory on the Pacific coast. It grew out of a dispute between Chile and Bolivia over control of a part of the Atacama Desert that lies... |
d9a0418e09361e2be257098633ca694c | https://www.britannica.com/event/War-of-the-Three-Henrys | War of the Three Henrys | War of the Three Henrys
War of the Three Henrys, (1587–89), the last of the Wars of Religion in France in the late 16th century, fought between the moderate but devious King Henry III, the ultra-Roman Catholic Henri I de Lorraine, 3e duc de Guise, and the Huguenot leader Henry of Bourbon, king of Navarre and heir pres... |
76122e2618144bda5878bb3c827b02de | https://www.britannica.com/event/wars-of-independence-Latin-American-history | Wars of independence | Wars of independence
The final victory of Latin American patriots over Spain and the fading loyalist factions began in 1808 with the political crisis in Spain. With the Spanish king and his son Ferdinand taken hostage by Napoleon, Creoles and peninsulars began to jockey…
…be the beginning of the wars of independence in... |
aba84c8d8c3f590a45795601835fd409 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Wesselenyi-Conspiracy | Wesselényi Conspiracy | Wesselényi Conspiracy
Wesselényi Conspiracy, (c. 1664–71), group of Hungarians, organized by Ferenc Wesselényi, that unsuccessfully plotted to overthrow the Habsburg dynasty in Hungary; its efforts resulted in the establishment of an absolutist, repressive regime in Hungary.
When the Habsburg emperor Leopold I (reign... |
b3dbec82af772f03f3408336c8f91cf5 | https://www.britannica.com/event/West-Florida-Controversy | West Florida Controversy | West Florida Controversy
West Florida Controversy, in U.S. history, dispute over the status of the territory lying on the Gulf of Mexico between the Apalachicola and Mississippi rivers. Though Spain claimed the area as part of its New World discovery in 1492, France occupied it as a portion of Louisiana after 1695. U... |
05e10160d0fd7a4ae9224d31e3c01124 | https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion | White Lotus Rebellion | White Lotus Rebellion
White Lotus Rebellion, (1796–1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12). The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127–1279). ... |
abd6be5379bb350db58d64f025861da5 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Windscale-fire | Windscale fire | Windscale fire
Windscale fire, accident in 1957 at the Windscale nuclear reactor facility and plutonium-production plant in the county of Cumberland (now part of Cumbria), in northwestern England, that was the United Kingdom’s most serious nuclear power accident. The Windscale plant consisted of two gas-cooled nuclear... |
fa1ed971901f1fd1bce3c933220a0444 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Womens-Armed-Services-Integration-Act | Women's Armed Services Integration Act | Women's Armed Services Integration Act
Women’s Armed Services Integration Act, law enacted in 1948 that permitted women to serve as full members of the U.S. armed forces.
During World War I many women had enlisted as volunteers in the U.S. military services; they usually served in clerical roles. When the war ended, t... |
71e368fe11344c90eac8853c19084df2 | https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/Air-warfare | Air warfare | Air warfare
At the start of the war the land and sea forces used the aircraft put at their disposal primarily for reconnaissance, and air fighting began as the exchange of shots from small arms between enemy airmen meeting one another in the course of reconnoitering. Fighter aircraft armed with machine guns, however, m... |
9139e3d98382eaa75cb986362de16b78 | https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/Developments-in-1917 | Developments in 1917 | Developments in 1917
The western Allies had good reason to be profoundly dissatisfied with the poor results of their enterprises of 1916, and this dissatisfaction was signalized by two major changes made at the end of the year. In Great Britain, the government of H.H. Asquith, already turned into a coalition in May 191... |
d568c4346fe504b1994da0eba1007427 | https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/Other-fronts-1915-16 | Other fronts, 1915–16 | Other fronts, 1915–16
The Caucasian front between Russia and Turkey comprised two battlegrounds: Armenia in the west, Azerbaijan in the east. While the ultimate strategic objectives for the Turks were to capture the Baku oilfields in Azerbaijan and to penetrate Central Asia and Afghanistan in order to threaten British ... |
dc2b1a240d3d658ec60f193062b78ef8 | https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/Peace-moves-and-U-S-policy-to-February-1917 | Peace moves and U.S. policy to February 1917 | Peace moves and U.S. policy to February 1917
There were few efforts by any of the Central or Allied Powers to achieve a negotiated peace in the first two years of the war. By 1916 the most promising signs for peace seemed to exist only in the intentions of two statesmen in power—the German chancellor Bethmann and the U... |
f290b2b957864e4411d6e98f41fb82b2 | https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/The-Battle-of-Jutland | The Battle of Jutland | The Battle of Jutland
The summer of 1916 saw the long-deferred confrontation of Germany’s High Seas Fleet and Great Britain’s Grand Fleet in the Battle of Jutland—history’s biggest naval battle, which both sides claimed as a victory.
Admiral Reinhard Scheer, who became commander in chief of the High Seas Fleet in Janua... |
0facbb9e79784febeb998c36fbca3559 | https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/The-loss-of-the-German-colonies | The loss of the German colonies | The loss of the German colonies
Germany’s overseas colonies, virtually without hope of reinforcement from Europe, defended themselves with varying degrees of success against Allied attack.
Togoland was conquered by British forces from the Gold Coast (now Ghana) and by French forces from Dahomey (now Benin) in the first... |
4d4958e2f3f126847fcda4fe7b31eff1 | https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/The-Serbian-campaign-1914 | The Serbian campaign, 1914 | The Serbian campaign, 1914
The first Austrian invasion of Serbia was launched with numerical inferiority (part of one of the armies originally destined for the Balkan front having been diverted to the Eastern Front on August 18), and the able Serbian commander, Radomir Putnik, brought the invasion to an early end by hi... |
0e1fd61d30fc699d0dba80158e8d3ee6 | https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/The-U-S-entry-into-the-war | The U.S. entry into the war | The U.S. entry into the war
After the rupture of diplomatic relations with Germany on Feb. 3, 1917, events pushed the United States inexorably along the road to war. Using his authority as commander in chief, Wilson on March 9 ordered the arming of American merchant ships so that they could defend themselves against U-... |
8f1e67852f962038298abbcf6b7497d0 | https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II | World War II | World War II
World War II, also called Second World War, conflict that involved virtually every part of the world during the years 1939–45. The principal belligerents were the Axis powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan—and the Allies—France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and, to a lesser extent, China... |
68c0c3dc1c0b088563a34bcc22bb2328 | https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II?anchor=ref511928 | World War II | World War II
World War II, also called Second World War, conflict that involved virtually every part of the world during the years 1939–45. The principal belligerents were the Axis powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan—and the Allies—France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and, to a lesser extent, China... |
2d28473900c74a5ad5e4bb69a0d28b18 | https://www.britannica.com/event/XYZ-Affair | XYZ Affair | XYZ Affair
XYZ Affair, diplomatic incident that, when made public in 1798, nearly involved the United States and France in war. Pres. John Adams dispatched three ministers to France in 1797 to negotiate a commercial agreement to protect U.S. shipping. In Paris the ministers were approached by three French agents who ... |
de0413abafd90050a8f6f52c1d3e614e | https://www.britannica.com/event/Yemeni-Civil-War | Yemeni Civil War | Yemeni Civil War
…blockade of Qatar, and the civil war in Yemen. At times, Qaboos was able to position himself as a trusted mediator in the region’s tensest situations, including an interim nuclear agreement between the United States and Iran in 2013.
…as a mediator in the civil war in Yemen, serving as a neutral locat... |
3ea2bdbd88cb702a4d5608a09a8103f5 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Young-America-Movement | Young America Movement | Young America Movement
Young America Movement, philosophical, economic, spiritual, and political concept in vogue in the United States during the mid-1840s and early 1850s. Taking as its inspiration the European youth movements of the 1830s, Young America flowered a decade later in the United States. Characterized by... |
1c2a573e9e4b569cdbd112e15c20ff5a | https://www.britannica.com/event/Young-Plan | Young Plan | Young Plan
Young Plan, (1929), second renegotiation of Germany’s World War I reparation payments. A new committee, chaired by the American Owen D. Young, met in Paris on Feb. 11, 1929, to revise the Dawes Plan of 1924. Its report (June 7, 1929), accepted with minor changes, went into effect on Sept. 1, 1930. It reduc... |
6e5bf44c77e3f75195da7b3daf7949b3 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Zoot-Suit-Riots | Zoot Suit Riots | Zoot Suit Riots
Zoot Suit Riots, a series of conflicts that occurred in June 1943 in Los Angeles between U.S. servicemen and Mexican American youths, the latter of whom wore outfits called zoot suits. The zoot suit consisted of a broad-shouldered drape jacket, balloon-leg trousers, and, sometimes, a flamboyant hat. Me... |
83832cc4bbd35e24784be1b4a5375cdc | https://www.britannica.com/place/38th-parallel | 38th parallel | 38th parallel
38th parallel, popular name given to latitude 38° N that in East Asia roughly demarcates North Korea and South Korea. The line was chosen by U.S. military planners at the Potsdam Conference (July 1945) near the end of World War II as an army boundary, north of which the U.S.S.R. was to accept the surren... |
c4ae6345971eaa0cbbade2c6a8e4990a | https://www.britannica.com/place/A-Coruna-province-Spain | A Coruña | A Coruña
A Coruña, Spanish La Coruña, provincia (province) in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Galicia, northwestern Spain. It was formed in 1833 from part of the captaincy general and former kingdom of Galicia. Bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the Cantabrian Sea to the north, it has the ... |
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