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99e03d3bba430db59701ff134682c1b2 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Counter-Reformation | Counter-Reformation | Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation, also called Catholic Reformation or Catholic Revival, in the history of Christianity, the Roman Catholic efforts directed in the 16th and early 17th centuries both against the Protestant Reformation and toward internal renewal. The Counter-Reformation took place during roughly ... |
1059e0e0f4bd1b127b08662a8f4403ab | https://www.britannica.com/event/Coxeys-Army | Coxey's Army | Coxey's Army
Coxey’s Army, a group of the unemployed who marched to Washington, D.C., in the depression year of 1894. It was the only one of several groups that had set out for the U.S. capital to actually reach its destination.
Led by Jacob S. Coxey, a businessman, the group left Massillon, Ohio, on March 25, 1894, w... |
25d287e5813be1dbd0d9e940db749a59 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Cross-of-Gold-speech | Cross of Gold speech | Cross of Gold speech
Cross of Gold speech, classic of American political oratory delivered on July 8, 1896, by William Jennings Bryan in closing the debate on the party platform at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago during the campaign for the presidential election of 1896.
The Republican Party platform for... |
aa9a5ced90a6fb92ebce1f390558ed47 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Crusades/Crusade-as-metaphor | Crusade as metaphor | Crusade as metaphor
One of the most enduring though least-discussed results of the Crusades was the development of the word crusade (which first appeared in its Latin form in the late 12th or early 13th century) to denote any common endeavour in a worthy cause. The transformation of the idea of the Crusades from religi... |
bcd6ba5e057cb16746a6b747d53ddd2e | https://www.britannica.com/event/Crusades/The-Crusader-states-to-1187 | The Crusader states to 1187 | The Crusader states to 1187
During the 25 years following the Second Crusade, the kingdom of Jerusalem was governed by two of its ablest rulers, Baldwin III (reigned 1143–62) and Amalric I (1163–74). In 1153 King Baldwin captured Ascalon, extending the kingdom’s coastline southward, though this would be the Franks’ las... |
668e71f5f6e0f57eb5f84a43a790dbc8 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Crusades/The-Crusades-of-St-Louis | The Crusades of St. Louis | The Crusades of St. Louis
In June 1245, a year after the final loss of Jerusalem, Pope Innocent IV opened a great ecclesiastical council at Lyons. Although urgent appeals for help had come from the East, it is unlikely that the Crusade was uppermost in the pope’s mind, for a combination of crises confronted the church:... |
3089bb0fd4c3e56c0495da9a38712fcb | https://www.britannica.com/event/Crusades/The-final-loss-of-the-Crusader-states | The final loss of the Crusader states | The final loss of the Crusader states
By the end of the 13th century, Crusading had become more expensive. The time had passed when a Crusade army was made up of knights who served under a lord and paid their own way. Economic pressures caused many nobles to seek royal service. Royal armies, therefore, became more prof... |
ca5004c2b9cea972c8313ca1b31c18a7 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Crusades/The-institutions-of-the-First-Kingdom | The institutions of the First Kingdom | The institutions of the First Kingdom
The four principalities established by the Crusaders—three after the loss of Edessa in 1144—were loosely connected, and the king of Jerusalem’s limited suzerainty over Antioch and Tripoli became largely nominal after mid-century. Each state was organized into a pattern of lordships... |
b413bc593f5293a180c44522236a4e21 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Crusades/The-results-of-the-Crusades | The results of the Crusades | The results of the Crusades
The entire structure of European society changed during the 12th and 13th centuries, and there was a time when this change was attributed largely to the Crusades. Historians now, however, tend to view the Crusades as only one, albeit significant, factor in Europe’s development. It is likely ... |
f0c85b35d0a3e20b08aafc6de9d557e1 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Cuban-missile-crisis | Cuban missile crisis | Cuban missile crisis
Cuban missile crisis, (October 1962), major confrontation that brought the United States and the Soviet Union close to war over the presence of Soviet nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba.
Having promised in May 1960 to defend Cuba with Soviet arms, the Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev assumed that t... |
b91b1263a11cdb6719ee7535753e2fb9 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Cuban-Revolution/The-rise-of-Castro-and-the-outbreak-of-revolution | The rise of Castro and the outbreak of revolution | The rise of Castro and the outbreak of revolution
Castro was educated in Santiago de Cuba and Havana, and, while he was still a student, he participated in revolutionary activities throughout Latin America. He received his law degree from the University of Havana in 1950, and, after graduating, he began practicing law.... |
e8e31a3f3f9cb9a3541900befe9451b6 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Curzon-Line | Curzon Line | Curzon Line
Curzon Line, demarcation line between Poland and Soviet Russia that was proposed during the Russo-Polish War of 1919–20 as a possible armistice line and became (with a few alterations) the Soviet-Polish border after World War II.
After World War I the Allied Supreme Council, which was determining the fron... |
5a66aaca44f51e9d069454bc04fa0ef4 | https://www.britannica.com/event/dancing-plague-of-1518 | Dancing plague of 1518 | Dancing plague of 1518
Dancing plague of 1518, event in which hundreds of citizens of Strasbourg (then a free city within the Holy Roman Empire, now in France) danced uncontrollably and apparently unwillingly for days on end; the mania lasted for about two months before ending as mysteriously as it began.
In July 1518... |
e78e33fdbd13be185b046474f95256a8 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Dawes-Plan | Dawes Plan | Dawes Plan
Dawes Plan, arrangement for Germany’s payment of reparations after World War I. On the initiative of the British and U.S. governments, a committee of experts (with two members each from France, Belgium, Italy, Britain, and the United States), presided over by an American financier, Charles G. Dawes, produce... |
112cb2fefbf885d57f7280f339ac54fc | https://www.britannica.com/event/de-Stalinization | De-Stalinization | De-Stalinization
De-Stalinization, political reform launched at the 20th Party Congress (February 1956) by Soviet Communist Party First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev that condemned the crimes committed by his predecessor, Joseph Stalin, destroyed Stalin’s image as an infallible leader, and promised a return to so-called... |
d178a83df9b13770371f333e96b0fad8 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Declaration-of-Sentiments | Declaration of Sentiments | Declaration of Sentiments
Declaration of Sentiments, document, outlining the rights that American women should be entitled to as citizens, that emerged from the Seneca Falls Convention in New York in July 1848. Three days before the convention, feminists Lucretia Mott, Martha C. Wright, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Mar... |
f32deaf36856987d8e35b7452ced5e9a | https://www.britannica.com/event/Declaratory-Act-Great-Britain-1766 | Declaratory Act | Declaratory Act
Declaratory Act, (1766), declaration by the British Parliament that accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act. It stated that the British Parliament’s taxing authority was the same in America as in Great Britain. Parliament had directly taxed the colonies for revenue in the Sugar Act (1764) and the Stamp... |
891d76696d3962359bd3e69f717863db | https://www.britannica.com/event/Deepwater-Horizon-oil-spill | Deepwater Horizon oil spill | Deepwater Horizon oil spill
Deepwater Horizon oil spill, also called Gulf of Mexico oil spill, largest marine oil spill in history, caused by an April 20, 2010, explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig—located in the Gulf of Mexico, approximately 41 miles (66 km) off the coast of Louisiana—and its subsequent sinking... |
5a9b92f760c1b37508daffa9c08298c9 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Defenestration-of-Prague-1618 | Defenestration of Prague | Defenestration of Prague
Defenestration of Prague, (May 23, 1618), incident of Bohemian resistance to Habsburg authority that preceded the beginning of the Thirty Years’ War. In 1617 Roman Catholic officials in Bohemia closed Protestant chapels that were being constructed by citizens of the towns of Broumov and Hrob, ... |
1792c04fdd1b2db0bd613ab7c06cc97e | https://www.britannica.com/event/Dollar-Diplomacy | Dollar Diplomacy | Dollar Diplomacy
Dollar Diplomacy, foreign policy created by U.S. Pres. William Howard Taft (served 1909–13) and his secretary of state, Philander C. Knox, to ensure the financial stability of a region while protecting and extending U.S. commercial and financial interests there. It grew out of Pres. Theodore Roosevelt... |
8471ea3f42ee7cce5fbe45bf9ebfe35d | https://www.britannica.com/event/Draft-Riot-of-1863 | Draft Riot of 1863 | Draft Riot of 1863
Draft Riot of 1863, major four-day eruption of violence in New York City resulting from deep worker discontent with the inequities of conscription during the U.S. Civil War. Although labouring people in general supported the Northern war effort, they had no voice in Republican policy and occasionall... |
6aaf3e31b3d3a1fa713fe30a818bab5a | https://www.britannica.com/event/Dred-Scott-decision/Reception-and-significance | Reception and significance | Reception and significance
“The Southern opinion upon the subject of Southern slavery,” trumpeted one Georgia newspaper, “is now the supreme law of the land,” and opposition to it is “morally treason against the Government.” The view that Southern ideologues such as John C. Calhoun had promoted for more than a decade—t... |
8e2323a9a36e09f2be829d2521c1e761 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Dreikaiserbund | Dreikaiserbund | Dreikaiserbund
Dreikaiserbund, English Three Emperors’ League, an alliance in the latter part of the 19th century of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia, devised by German chancellor Otto von Bismarck. It aimed at neutralizing the rivalry between Germany’s two neighbours by an agreement over their respective spheres ... |
c329769d5f4118d5d5a121fb78afa2d2 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Eastern-Question | Eastern Question | Eastern Question
Eastern Question, diplomatic problem posed in the 19th and early 20th centuries by the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, centring on the contest for control of former Ottoman territories. Any internal change in the Turkish domains caused tension among the European powers, each of which feared tha... |
96c9c2d071ca9a6cb90cd86e513b55c6 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Edo-culture | Edo culture | Edo culture
Edo culture, Cultural period of Japanese history corresponding to the Tokugawa period of governance (1603–1867). Tokugawa Ieyasu, the first Tokugawa shogun, chose Edo (present-day Tokyo) as Japan’s new capital, and it became one of the largest cities of its time and was the site of a thriving urban culture... |
90b65d17e0f3f385fed8dce62b28eb09 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Eighty-Years-War | Eighty Years' War | Eighty Years' War
Eighty Years’ War, (1568–1648), the war of Netherlands independence from Spain, which led to the separation of the northern and southern Netherlands and to the formation of the United Provinces of the Netherlands (the Dutch Republic). The first phase of the war began with two unsuccessful invasions ... |
89345851fa36d2659bdc054f69d2ed7b | https://www.britannica.com/event/Emancipation-Manifesto | Emancipation Manifesto | Emancipation Manifesto
Emancipation Manifesto, (March 3 [Feb. 19, Old Style], 1861), manifesto issued by the Russian emperor Alexander II that accompanied 17 legislative acts that freed the serfs of the Russian Empire. (The acts were collectively called Statutes Concerning Peasants Leaving Serf Dependence, or Polozhe... |
2e4a428fc7f5b6aa4116c8a3e352bcc1 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Ems-telegram | Ems telegram | Ems telegram
Ems telegram, report of an encounter between King William I of Prussia and the French ambassador; the telegram was sent from Ems (Bad Ems) in the Prussian Rhineland on July 13, 1870, to the Prussian chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. Its publication in a version edited by Bismarck so as to purposely offend t... |
12adabdc8d96c9514a7719a7191f0912 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Eureka-Stockade | Eureka Stockade | Eureka Stockade
Eureka Stockade, rebellion (December 3, 1854) in which gold prospectors in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia—who sought various reforms, notably the abolition of mining licenses—clashed with government forces. It was named for the rebels’ hastily constructed fortification in the Eureka goldfield. The Eurek... |
1b3a4403aa004f3bb6710d83cda5e87c | https://www.britannica.com/event/European-Convention-on-Human-Rights-Europe-1950 | European Convention on Human Rights | European Convention on Human Rights
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), in full Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, convention adopted by the Council of Europe in 1950 to guard fundamental freedoms and human rights in Europe. Together with its 11 additional protocols, the co... |
41cecf8cc13f37f1842e32dfe11a34c7 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Ex-Parte-Merryman | Ex Parte Merryman | Ex Parte Merryman
Ex Parte Merryman, (1861), in U.S. legal history, American Civil War case contesting the president’s power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus during a national emergency.
On May 25, 1861, a secessionist named John Merryman was imprisoned by military order at Fort McHenry, Baltimore, Md., for his al... |
92deaa793821b1006f4d022e4eb30ab6 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Executive-Order-11905 | Executive Order 11905 | Executive Order 11905
Executive Order 11905, executive order issued February 19, 1976, by U.S. President Gerald Ford, which prohibited any member of the U.S. government from engaging or conspiring to engage in any political assassination anywhere in the world. Promulgated in the wake of revelations that the Central In... |
5eac9df312056528660e3b6e7eb30ed2 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Executive-Order-8802 | Executive Order 8802 | Executive Order 8802
Executive Order 8802, executive order enacted on June 25, 1941, by U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt that helped to eliminate racial discrimination in the U.S. defense industry and was an important step toward ending it in federal government employment practices overall.
Even before the Japanese at... |
ef03553a88f3bfd37872cec25df27c0f | https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010 | Expo Shanghai 2010 | Expo Shanghai 2010
Expo Shanghai 2010, officially in full World Exposition 2010 Shanghai China, also called Expo 2010, world exposition in Shanghai, China, that ran between May 1 and October 31, 2010. One of the largest world fairs or expositions ever mounted, it also was the most heavily attended of any such events.
... |
e5938038a1f1fca2b35b1ba2a393a843 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Exxon-Valdez-oil-spill | Exxon Valdez oil spill | Exxon Valdez oil spill
Exxon Valdez oil spill, massive oil spill that occurred on March 24, 1989, in Prince William Sound, an inlet in the Gulf of Alaska, Alaska, U.S. The incident happened after an Exxon Corporation tanker, the Exxon Valdez, ran aground on Bligh Reef during a voyage from Valdez, Alaska, to California... |
a9495cf10a8077614c2be6224a1b2158 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Fair-Labor-Standards-Act | Fair Labor Standards Act | Fair Labor Standards Act
Fair Labor Standards Act, also called Wages and Hours Act, the first act in the United States prescribing nationwide compulsory federal regulation of wages and hours, sponsored by Sen. Robert F. Wagner of New York and signed on June 14, 1938, effective October 24. The law, applying to all indu... |
058fd1bdc3ee6f99a73022f06dedc9e4 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Fall-of-Constantinople-1453 | Fall of Constantinople | Fall of Constantinople
Fall of Constantinople, (May 29, 1453), conquest of Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire. The dwindling Byzantine Empire came to an end when the Ottomans breached Constantinople’s ancient land wall after besieging the city for 55 days. Mehmed surrounded Constantinople from la... |
57d7cae8f31bb71715900d7e78e6736f | https://www.britannica.com/event/Fashoda-Incident | Fashoda Incident | Fashoda Incident
Fashoda Incident, (September 18, 1898), the climax, at Fashoda, Egyptian Sudan (now Kodok, South Sudan), of a series of territorial disputes in Africa between Great Britain and France.
The disputes arose from the common desire of each country to link up its disparate colonial possessions in Africa. Gr... |
f29db616fa1488296e914c72f41fbd6d | https://www.britannica.com/event/Federal-Trade-Commission-Act | Federal Trade Commission Act | Federal Trade Commission Act
Federal Trade Commission Act (FTCA), federal legislation that was adopted in the United States in 1914 to create the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and to give the U.S. government a full complement of legal tools to use against anticompetitive, unfair, and deceptive practices in the market... |
464414b51a90447f1a93b11f2d8470e8 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Final-Solution | Final Solution | Final Solution
On the evening of November 9, 1938, carefully orchestrated anti-Jewish violence “erupted” throughout the Reich, which since March had included Austria. Over the next 48 hours rioters burned or damaged more than 1,000 synagogues and ransacked and broke the windows of more than 7,500…
…the German people—so... |
174bff32821459c9b8db78d97a73d82b | https://www.britannica.com/event/First-Anglo-Afghan-War | First Anglo-Afghan War | First Anglo-Afghan War
Following a protracted civil war that began in 1816, the Bārakzay clan became the ruling dynasty of Afghanistan, with its most powerful member, Dōst Moḥammad Khan, ascending the throne in 1826. With Great Britain and Russia maneuvering for influence in Afghanistan, Dōst…
…the militant posture of ... |
e79f7f25ac8879484a80ce86dcf7de7f | https://www.britannica.com/event/First-Council-of-Nicaea-325 | First Council of Nicaea | First Council of Nicaea
First Council of Nicaea, (325), the first ecumenical council of the Christian church, meeting in ancient Nicaea (now İznik, Turkey). It was called by the emperor Constantine I, an unbaptized catechumen, who presided over the opening session and took part in the discussions. He hoped a general c... |
ed2e82a0ff24bb5dd9919ec3957c8683 | https://www.britannica.com/event/First-Moroccan-Crisis | First Moroccan Crisis | First Moroccan Crisis
The resultant international panic, the First Moroccan Crisis, was resolved in January–April 1906 at the Algeciras Conference, where German and other national economic rights were upheld and where the French and Spanish were entrusted with the policing of Morocco.
…1905 (the Tangier Incident, or Fi... |
dc37093abc078291b73b9bdac6d1cb47 | https://www.britannica.com/event/First-Northern-War | First Northern War | First Northern War
First Northern War, (1655–60), final stage of the struggle over the Polish-Swedish succession. In 1655 the Swedish king Charles X Gustav declared war on Poland on the pretext that Poland’s John II Casimir Vasa had refused to acknowledge him; the real reason was Charles’s desire to aggrandize more Ba... |
cb941ce36fb8708553976d177ed142bf | https://www.britannica.com/event/First-Opium-War | First Opium War | First Opium War
The Opium Wars arose from China’s attempts to suppress the opium trade. Foreign traders (primarily British) had been illegally exporting opium mainly from India to China since the 18th century, but that trade grew dramatically from about 1820. The resulting widespread addiction…
|
9d5271f70a8650ea8128ec54b9429e15 | https://www.britannica.com/event/First-Seminole-War | First Seminole War | First Seminole War
First Seminole War, conflict between U.S. armed forces and the Seminole Indians of Florida that is generally dated to 1817–18 and that led Spain to cede Florida to the United States.
The Seminoles were largely of Creek origin and lived in villages in northern Florida. The area was also home to a num... |
57bf3f5abd45631ac979f17bd4cd9ea8 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Fiume-question | Fiume question | Fiume question
Fiume question, post-World War I controversy between Italy and Yugoslavia over the control of the Adriatic port of Fiume (known in Croatia as Rijeka; q.v.).
Although the secret Treaty of London (April 26, 1915) had assigned Fiume to Yugoslavia, the Italians claimed it at the Paris Peace Conference on t... |
ad50fbbd596b26a80007a5aac4ea2ebd | https://www.britannica.com/event/Fort-Pillow-Massacre | Fort Pillow Massacre | Fort Pillow Massacre
Fort Pillow Massacre, Confederate slaughter of African American Federal troops stationed at Fort Pillow, Tennessee, on April 12, 1864, during the American Civil War. The action stemmed from Southern outrage at the North’s use of Black soldiers. From the beginning of hostilities, the Confederate le... |
0ce32b7b6fee86adc0378c7f9d2a767a | https://www.britannica.com/event/Free-Silver-Movement | Free Silver Movement | Free Silver Movement
Free Silver Movement, in late 19th-century American history, advocacy of unlimited coinage of silver. The movement was precipitated by an act of Congress in 1873 that omitted the silver dollar from the list of authorized coins (the “Crime of ’73”). Supporters of free silver included owners of sil... |
7caf0cd7e6912718fe7b67baa9a5a2c8 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Fundamental-Laws-Russia-1906 | Fundamental Laws | Fundamental Laws
Fundamental Laws, (1906), laws promulgated by the Russian emperor Nicholas II, ostensibly to carry out the governmental reforms promised in his earlier October Manifesto (q.v.).
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496da35851e26585730f1161f2e4376b | https://www.britannica.com/event/Galveston-hurricane-of-1900 | Galveston hurricane of 1900 | Galveston hurricane of 1900
Galveston hurricane of 1900, also called Great Galveston hurricane, hurricane (tropical cyclone) of September 1900, one of the deadliest natural disasters in U.S. history, claiming more than 8,000 lives. As the storm hit the island city of Galveston, Texas, it was a category 4 hurricane, th... |
598c6c6688fd98f1e6fb99fac8c63bb0 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Gempei-War | Gempei War | Gempei War
Gempei War, (1180–85), final struggle in Japan between the Taira and Minamoto clans that resulted in the Minamoto’s establishment of the Kamakura shogunate, a military dictatorship that dominated Japan from 1192 to 1333.
The Taira clan had dominated the Imperial government from 1160 to 1185. Minamoto Yorit... |
30308d35630811df69a328afbe9af8ef | https://www.britannica.com/event/German-Danish-War | German-Danish War | German-Danish War
German-Danish War, also called Second Schleswig War, (1864), the second of two conflicts over the settlement of the Schleswig-Holstein question, a complex of problems arising from the relationship of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein to Denmark, to each other, and to the German Confederation. Inv... |
55e2096eaa2f50480a6724105b80e9c5 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Gianti-Agreement | Gianti Agreement | Gianti Agreement
Gianti Agreement, (1755), in Indonesia, treaty between two members of the Mataram royal family as a result of a succession war in 1749–57. Pakubuwono II, king of Mataram, had backed a Chinese rebellion against the Dutch. In 1743, in payment for his restoration to power, the King ceded the north coast... |
84c29c517f37af2bf89a889947d1f908 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Gibbons-v-Ogden | Gibbons v. Ogden | Gibbons v. Ogden
Gibbons v. Ogden, (1824), U.S. Supreme Court case establishing the principle that states cannot, by legislative enactment, interfere with the power of Congress to regulate commerce. The state of New York agreed in 1798 to grant Robert Fulton and his backer, Robert R. Livingston, a monopoly on steambo... |
01e55efcce70fc6a6eacc67d86ecbca2 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Gideon-v-Wainwright | Gideon v. Wainwright | Gideon v. Wainwright
Gideon v. Wainwright, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on March 18, 1963, ruled (9–0) that states are required to provide legal counsel to indigent defendants charged with a felony.
The case centred on Clarence Earl Gideon, who had been charged with a felony for allegedly burglarizing a pool h... |
b52b0ee45c544355427a1d34481b1cc2 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Gladiatorial-War | Third Servile War | Third Servile War
Third Servile War, also called Gladiator War and Spartacus Revolt, (73–71 bce) slave rebellion against Rome led by the gladiator Spartacus.
Spartacus was a Thracian who had served in the Roman army but seems to have deserted. He was captured and subsequently sold as a slave. Destined for the arena, i... |
f8784d70f4091be75be53e627ebbb5b9 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Government-of-India-Act-1935 | Government of India Act | Government of India Act
…a chief architect of the Government of India Act of 1935 and, as foreign secretary (1935), was criticized for his proposed settlement of Italian claims in Ethiopia (the Hoare–Laval Plan).
Under the Government of India Act (1935), Bengal was constituted an autonomous province in 1937. That remai... |
12d27ed4c53873969e2072d3c899945f | https://www.britannica.com/event/Great-Blizzard-of-1888 | Great Blizzard of 1888 | Great Blizzard of 1888
Great Blizzard of 1888, winter storm that pummeled the Atlantic coast of the United States, from the Chesapeake Bay to Maine, in March 1888. The blizzard caused more than $20 million in property damage in New York City alone and killed more than 400 people, including about 100 seamen, across the... |
d550cc6f87c40163ddc573ad1766d6da | https://www.britannica.com/event/Great-Depression | Great Depression | Great Depression
Great Depression, worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until about 1939. It was the longest and most severe depression ever experienced by the industrialized Western world, sparking fundamental changes in economic institutions, macroeconomic policy, and economic theory. Although i... |
cbbadd311916601bec8fc08024f209af | https://www.britannica.com/event/Great-Depression/Causes-of-the-decline | Causes of the decline | Causes of the decline
The fundamental cause of the Great Depression in the United States was a decline in spending (sometimes referred to as aggregate demand), which led to a decline in production as manufacturers and merchandisers noticed an unintended rise in inventories. The sources of the contraction in spending in... |
250e7831b493b001f184b1ca122c829c | https://www.britannica.com/event/Great-Depression/Economic-impact | Economic impact | Economic impact
The most devastating impact of the Great Depression was human suffering. In a short period of time, world output and standards of living dropped precipitously. As much as one-fourth of the labour force in industrialized countries was unable to find work in the early 1930s. While conditions began to impr... |
aeb10c086dcdd6b7b23f8994d65faa4a | https://www.britannica.com/event/Great-Depression/Political-movements-and-social-change | Political movements and social change | Political movements and social change
Aside from the Civil War, the Great Depression was the gravest crisis in American history. Just as in the Civil War, the United States appeared—at least at the start of the 1930s—to be falling apart. But for all the turbulence and the panic, the ultimate effects of the Great Depres... |
944e79ddbc3ee98323539451e4146a6b | https://www.britannica.com/event/Great-Famine-Irish-history | Great Famine | Great Famine
Great Famine, also called Irish Potato Famine, Great Irish Famine, or Famine of 1845–49, famine that occurred in Ireland in 1845–49 when the potato crop failed in successive years. The crop failures were caused by late blight, a disease that destroys both the leaves and the edible roots, or tubers, of the... |
0862538aa857f6097a68de2ee7e47996 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Greco-Turkish-War-1897 | Greco-Turkish War | Greco-Turkish War
The first war, also called the Thirty Days’ War, took place against a background of growing Greek concern over conditions in Crete, which was under Turkish domination and where relations between the Christians and their Muslim rulers had been deteriorating steadily. The outbreak in 1896 of…
…a humilia... |
781b4db669dd273a272402e61abbc867 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Greco-Turkish-War-1921-1922 | Greco-Turkish War | Greco-Turkish War
The second war occurred after World War I, when the Greeks attempted to extend their territory beyond eastern Thrace (in Europe) and the district of Smyrna (İzmir; in Anatolia). These territories had been assigned to them by the Treaty of Sèvres, August 10, 1920, which was…
As a result of the Greco-Tu... |
0bd9a936d3b5dec2e8a97ced3f9d3e66 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Greek-Civil-War | Greek Civil War | Greek Civil War
Greek Civil War, (December 1944–January 1945 and 1946–49), two-stage conflict during which Greek communists unsuccessfully tried to gain control of Greece.
The first stage of the civil war began only months before Nazi Germany’s occupation of Greece ended in October 1944. The German occupation had been... |
749fc2dac77c0886d619c230d51991c1 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Guatemala-syphilis-experiment/Study-flaws-and-ethical-considerations | Study flaws and ethical considerations | Study flaws and ethical considerations
Despite the knowledge that had been gained from the Terre Haute study and from other studies, the process of establishing infection with STDs still proved a difficult challenge in the Guatemala experiments. The “normal exposure” approach was notably unsuccessful. More significant,... |
94f67c7cbac7e9ec2fcc1995df8249e3 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Gulf-of-Tonkin-incident | Gulf of Tonkin incident | Gulf of Tonkin incident
Gulf of Tonkin incident, complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy of the U.S. Seventh Fleet and that led to ... |
94e665445eec09ef26c51498a130739b | https://www.britannica.com/event/Harlem-race-riot-of-1964 | Harlem race riot of 1964 | Harlem race riot of 1964
Harlem race riot of 1964, a six-day period of rioting that started on July 18, 1964, in the Manhattan neighbourhood of Harlem after a white off-duty police officer shot and killed an African American teenager. The rioting spread to Bedford-Stuyvesant and Brownsville in Brooklyn and to South Ja... |
54426d943043a213a69805cd4e8bc1cd | https://www.britannica.com/event/Hartford-Convention | Hartford Convention | Hartford Convention
Hartford Convention, (December 15, 1814–January 5, 1815), in U.S. history, a secret meeting in Hartford, Connecticut, of Federalist delegates from Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont who were dissatisfied with Pres. James Madison’s mercantile policies and the progr... |
7a528fcff6e14cab6d65e59c53fd7c07 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Hellenistic-Age/The-coming-of-Rome-225-133 | The coming of Rome (225–133) | The coming of Rome (225–133)
In the 3rd century, Rome had been encroaching on the Greek settlements of southern Italy and Sicily. Pyrrhus, as noted above, had been called in by Tarentum in the Tarentines’ fear of Rome. Hieron (c. 306–215), a Syracusan supporter of Pyrrhus, seized power in his city; he was made king in ... |
230c9783640c0e3acd8e6e8100405ad8 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Helsinki-Accords | Helsinki Accords | Helsinki Accords
Helsinki Accords, also called Helsinki Final Act, (August 1, 1975), major diplomatic agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, at the conclusion of the first Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE; now called the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe). The Helsinki Accords... |
1b651afd8904740445ce272d1688d06a | https://www.britannica.com/event/Hurricane-Irene | Hurricane Irene | Hurricane Irene
Hurricane Irene, tropical cyclone that brought significant wind damage to several islands in The Bahamas and torrential rains to Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, and several eastern U.S. states in late August 2011. Flash flooding generated by the storm’s relentless rainfall killed more than 50 people and produ... |
659b658aa234d3fe1cbce2d92135e55d | https://www.britannica.com/event/influenza-pandemic-H1N1-of-2009/Pandemic-status-and-response | Pandemic status and response | Pandemic status and response
By early June 2009 more than 25,000 cases and nearly 140 deaths from H1N1 flu had been reported worldwide, the majority of deaths having occurred in Mexico and the greatest number of cases—more than 13,000—having appeared in the United States. The continued spread of the virus across multip... |
03d95168401ffa714544497145b6ce54 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Ingraham-v-Wright | Ingraham v. Wright | Ingraham v. Wright
Ingraham v. Wright, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on April 19, 1977, ruled (5–4) that corporal punishment in public schools did not violate constitutional rights.
The case centred on James Ingraham, an eighth-grade student at a public junior high school in Florida, who in 1970 was paddled by ... |
83e11160d13158b7975623cc943d1baf | https://www.britannica.com/event/Innsbruck-1976-Olympic-Winter-Games | Innsbruck 1976 Olympic Winter Games | Innsbruck 1976 Olympic Winter Games
Innsbruck 1976 Olympic Winter Games, athletic festival held in Innsbruck, Austria, that took place Feb. 4–15, 1976. The Innsbruck Games were the 12th occurrence of the Winter Olympic Games.
The 1976 Games were originally awarded to Denver, but, fearing environmental damage and an in... |
d804cfcad22f4de06a387b6d7ee41120 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Instrument-of-Government-England-1653 | Instrument of Government | Instrument of Government
Instrument of Government, the document that established the English Protectorate and under which Great Britain was governed from December 1653 to May 1657. The first detailed written constitution adopted by a modern state, the Instrument attempted to provide a legal basis for government after ... |
7227d68fd4831c4c934e4375da84ec43 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Iowa-caucuses | Iowa caucuses | Iowa caucuses
Iowa caucuses, also called Iowa precinct caucuses, political party meetings taking place in the state of Iowa to select the U.S. presidential candidate. Traditionally placed first among the nomination contests, the Iowa caucuses are widely regarded as an important indicator of a candidate’s likely succes... |
850053afc7aee37d001f29df027b2812 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Iran-hostage-crisis | Iran hostage crisis | Iran hostage crisis
Iran hostage crisis, international crisis (1979–81) in which militants in Iran seized 66 American citizens at the U.S. embassy in Tehrān and held 52 of them hostage for more than a year. The crisis, which took place during the chaotic aftermath of Iran’s Islamic revolution (1978–79) and its overthr... |
d0d7a5f955cae6e2a2528902983a6354 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Iraq-War/The-surge | The surge | The surge
Prior to the release of the Iraq Study Group report, there had been considerable debate within the administration over the path forward in Iraq. Although by December 2006 President Bush had indicated his inclination to increase the number of troops in Iraq, questions—in particular, the exact number of troops ... |
e6e4cf4b91edff40b15fe64a7dd3d150 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Ise-Bay-typhoon-of-1959 | Ise Bay typhoon of 1959 | Ise Bay typhoon of 1959
Ise Bay typhoon of 1959, also called Super Typhoon Vera, one of the most destructive typhoons (tropical cyclones) in Japanese history. The storm struck the Ise Bay region on the southern coast of Japan’s main island, Honshu, on Sept. 26, 1959, and wreaked havoc in the city of Nagoya. The storm ... |
dff57bf65bfc98ef826688a15e281b33 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Jacquerie | Jacquerie | Jacquerie
Jacquerie, insurrection of peasants against the nobility in northeastern France in 1358—so named from the nobles’ habit of referring contemptuously to any peasant as Jacques, or Jacques Bonhomme.
The Jacquerie occurred at a critical moment of the Hundred Years’ War. The Battle of Poitiers (September 1356), ... |
f2dc91e9ef2ce546552f6d3bd3cedaea | https://www.britannica.com/event/Jasmine-Revolution | Jasmine Revolution | Jasmine Revolution
Jasmine Revolution, popular uprising in Tunisia that protested against corruption, poverty, and political repression and forced Pres. Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali to step down in January 2011. The success of the uprising, which came to be known in the media as the “Jasmine Revolution,” inspired a wave of... |
c41e999980cec1223fb166c3d62bd155 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Jay-Treaty | Jay Treaty | Jay Treaty
Jay Treaty, (November 19, 1794), agreement that assuaged antagonisms between the United States and Great Britain, established a base upon which America could build a sound national economy, and assured its commercial prosperity.
Negotiations were undertaken because of the fears of Federalist leaders that di... |
db17c0b84325099a4ea3838468601a9b | https://www.britannica.com/event/July-Revolution | July Revolution | July Revolution
July Revolution, French Révolution de Juillet, also called July Days, (1830), insurrection that brought Louis-Philippe to the throne of France. The revolution was precipitated by Charles X’s publication (July 26) of restrictive ordinances contrary to the spirit of the Charter of 1814. Protests and demo... |
7d57702cbe348596c9532cf85e1f135f | https://www.britannica.com/event/Kappel-Wars | Kappel Wars | Kappel Wars
Kappel Wars, (1529 and 1531), two conflicts of the Swiss Reformation. The name derives from the monastery of Kappel, on the border between the cantons of Zürich and Zug.
The first conflict arose when five Roman Catholic member states of the Swiss confederacy, Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, and Zug, for... |
44e86f3e6905a001e1f149d0a2d7ff33 | https://www.britannica.com/event/King-Cotton | King Cotton | King Cotton
King Cotton, phrase frequently used by Southern politicians and authors prior to the American Civil War, indicating the economic and political importance of cotton production. After the invention of the cotton gin (1793), cotton surpassed tobacco as the dominant cash crop in the agricultural economy of the... |
9bfc3c4ff057af785cddc5473c07d183 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Kokoda-Track-Campaign | Kokoda Track Campaign | Kokoda Track Campaign
Kokoda Track Campaign, also called Kokoda Trail Campaign, series of military operations fought between Australian and Japanese troops in New Guinea during World War II.
At its closest point to mainland Australia, New Guinea is less than 100 miles (160 km) away, and it became apparent in the early... |
cc11f76447b617f662b83aec71f91a0f | https://www.britannica.com/event/Korean-Air-Lines-flight-007 | Korean Air Lines flight 007 | Korean Air Lines flight 007
Korean Air Lines flight 007, flight of a passenger jet that was shot down by Soviet air-to-air missiles on September 1, 1983, near Sakhalin Island, Russia, killing all 269 persons on board. It was en route to Seoul from Anchorage, Alaska, when it strayed more than 200 miles (322 km) from it... |
a1162bdab8de776f7ab359328d28028f | https://www.britannica.com/event/Korean-War/Air-warfare | Air warfare | Air warfare
Air power gave the UNC its greatest hope to offset Chinese manpower and increasing firepower. The FEAF clearly won the battle for air superiority, pitting fewer than 100 F-86s against far more numerous Soviet, Chinese, and North Korean MiG-15s. Pilots from all the U.S. armed forces downed at least 500 MiGs ... |
d765572611d56436932053f5225e92b2 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Korean-War/Talking-and-fighting-1951-53 | Talking and fighting, 1951–53 | Talking and fighting, 1951–53
From the time the liaison officers of both coalitions met on July 8, 1951, until the armistice agreement was signed on July 27, 1953, the Korean War continued as a “stalemate.” This characterization is appropriate in only two ways: (1) both sides had given up trying to unify Korea by force... |
62e4ba31f92122fcb817339d9d25b081 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Korematsu-v-United-States | Korematsu v. United States | Korematsu v. United States
Korematsu v. United States, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court, on December 18, 1944, upheld (6–3) the conviction of Fred Korematsu—a son of Japanese immigrants who was born in Oakland, California—for having violated an exclusion order requiring him to submit to forced relocation dur... |
015d486e79698c6d9bbac4836d434f8d | https://www.britannica.com/event/Kosovo-conflict | Kosovo conflict | Kosovo conflict
Kosovo conflict, (1998–99) conflict in which ethnic Albanians opposed ethnic Serbs and the government of Yugoslavia (the rump of the former federal state, comprising the republics of Serbia and Montenegro) in Kosovo. The conflict gained widespread international attention and was resolved with the inter... |
1343cf92132eb76380ae70b623c46cc6 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Kulturkampf | Kulturkampf | Kulturkampf
Kulturkampf, (German: “culture struggle”), the bitter struggle (c. 1871–87) on the part of the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck to subject the Roman Catholic church to state controls. The term came into use in 1873, when the scientist and Prussian liberal statesman Rudolf Virchow declared that the batt... |
9d86adc25190935252c7e2290b31117d | https://www.britannica.com/event/Later-Three-Years-War | Later Three Years’ War | Later Three Years’ War
…are collectively known as the Later Three Years’ War, three years being the time of the actual fighting, not counting the pauses.
|
3e1ec054af60e0246045cc3dc6687334 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Lateran-Council-Fifth-1512-1517 | Fifth Lateran Council | Fifth Lateran Council
Fifth Lateran Council, (1512–17), the 18th ecumenical council, convoked by Pope Julius II and held in the Lateran Palace in Rome. The council was convened in response to a council summoned at Pisa by a group of cardinals who were hostile to the pope. The pope’s council had reform as its chief con... |
f4a02a911a86b604ef02649e2c97159d | https://www.britannica.com/event/Lateran-Council-Fourth-1215 | Fourth Lateran Council | Fourth Lateran Council
Fourth Lateran Council, (1215), the 12th ecumenical council, generally considered the greatest council before Trent. The council was years in preparation as Pope Innocent III desired the widest possible representation. More than 400 bishops, 800 abbots and priors, envoys of many European kings, ... |
4bfd3ceba0db6b8f726060860a27eaff | https://www.britannica.com/event/Lateran-Council-Second-1139 | Second Lateran Council | Second Lateran Council
Second Lateran Council, (1139), the 10th ecumenical council, convoked by Pope Innocent II. The council was convened to condemn as schismatics the followers of Arnold of Brescia, a vigorous reformer and opponent of the temporal power of the pope, and to end the schism created by the election of A... |
7b39ded267503648205d6d1acea53e1b | https://www.britannica.com/event/Law-of-Leptines | Law of Leptines | Law of Leptines
Law of Leptines, (354 bc), ancient Athenian tax measure, subject of an early speech of the orator Demosthenes. The law, named for the man who proposed it, was backed by the Athenian statesman Aristophon; it sought to raise money for the state by eliminating hereditary tax exemptions granted to certain ... |
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