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713e40ea7656ba5332b98fa87993bdc8 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/differential-mortality-and-retirement-benefits-in-the-health-and-retirement-study/ | Differential Mortality and Retirement Benefits in The Health And Retirement Study | Differential Mortality and Retirement Benefits in The Health And Retirement Study Abstract This analysis uses data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to examine the sources of variation in mortality for individuals of varying socio-economic status (SES). The use of the HRS allows a distinction between educatio... |
9578332df08e2a7957fff5cd66ccc651 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/digital-divide-improving-internet-access-in-the-developing-world-through-affordable-services-and-diverse-content/ | Digital divide: Improving Internet access in the developing world through affordable services and diverse content | Digital divide: Improving Internet access in the developing world through affordable services and diverse content There are a number of ways to improve technology access and bring the benefits of a robust and open Internet to people around the world. By taking actions to reduce the gap between Internet users and nonuse... |
54a83c6fd1730be08e6bef99a98e0eb1 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/dislocation-of-labor-markets-what-policies-to-mitigate-the-shock/?shared=email&msg=fail | Dislocation of labor markets: What policies to mitigate the shock? | Dislocation of labor markets: What policies to mitigate the shock? The COVID-19 pandemic hit the Americas harder than any other region, accounting for about 50 percent of all global cases—with the United States alone contributing more than 20 percent of the global total. Unsurprisingly then, the Americas suffered devas... |
4a480bebee46643cccfaf50856d02c8e | https://www.brookings.edu/research/distributional-effects-of-a-carbon-tax-in-the-context-of-broader-fiscal-reform/?shared=email&msg=fail | Distributional Effects of a Carbon Tax in the Context of Broader Fiscal Reform | Distributional Effects of a Carbon Tax in the Context of Broader Fiscal Reform EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This paper analyzes the distributional implications of an illustrative $15 carbon tax imposed in 2010 on carbon in fossil fuels. We analyze its incidence across income classes and regions, both in isolation and when combine... |
92d4887bb9bb3b985b8c8553cdadcc01 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/does-the-social-cost-of-carbon-matter-evidence-from-u-s-policy/ | Does the Social Cost of Carbon Matter?: Evidence from U.S. Policy | Does the Social Cost of Carbon Matter?: Evidence from U.S. Policy Abstract We evaluate a recent U.S. initiative to include the social cost of carbon (SCC) in regulatory decisions. To our knowledge, this paper provides the first systematic test of the extent to which applying the SCC has affected national policy. We exa... |
fe7a04bc953b7956a2eed2ab9c7aede8 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/dont-make-us-choose-southeast-asia-in-the-throes-of-us-china-rivalry/ | Don’t make us choose: Southeast Asia in the throes of US-China rivalry | Don’t make us choose: Southeast Asia in the throes of US-China rivalry U.S.-China rivalry has intensified significantly in Southeast Asia over the past year. This report chronicles the unfolding drama as it stretched across the major Asian summits in late 2018, the Second Belt and Road Forum in April 2019, the Shang... |
fd35b2c329a60262071db97608ac0b47 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/economic-mobility-of-families-across-generations/ | Economic Mobility of Families Across Generations | Economic Mobility of Families Across Generations Executive Summary and Chapter“Doing better” than one’s parents has long been a key element of the American Dream. Not only can people earn more, but they can move up the ladder compared to others. The story, embedded in our history and our literature, suggests any pers... |
482cbbeffe3fa0a4c7ceb5f6eb67ac34 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/economic-sanctions-in-the-age-of-maximum-pressure/ | Economic Sanctions in the Age of Maximum Pressure | Economic Sanctions in the Age of Maximum Pressure On June 26, 2020, the Congressional Study Group on Foreign Relations and National Security convened online to discuss the use of economic sanctions. Few tools have seen such wide and aggressive use, especially as part of the Trump administration’s maximum pressure campa... |
c2a874ba954ebbcd6c1aa9dbc5933631 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/economic-sanctions-too-much-of-a-bad-thing/ | Economic Sanctions: Too Much of a Bad Thing | Economic Sanctions: Too Much of a Bad Thing Economic sanctions are increasingly being used to promote the full range of American foreign policy objectives. Yet all too often sanctions turn out to be little more than expressions of U.S. preferences that hurt American economic interests without changing the target’s beha... |
790d9ccd8cc9f8bc4f5faa8ee3409611 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/empowered-decentralization-a-city-based-strategy-for-rebuilding-libya/ | Empowered decentralization: A city-based strategy for rebuilding Libya | Empowered decentralization: A city-based strategy for rebuilding Libya Libya has floundered since the overthrow of Moammar Gadhafi in 2011, and continues to struggle now. There are elements of a functional economy and governance, but otherwise only a hodgepodge of very weak central institutions and improvised local arr... |
3e963c4e26b07cc04233e3d79e5bba1c | https://www.brookings.edu/research/empowering-women-entrepreneurs-in-developing-countries/?utm_campaign=Brookings%20Brief&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&utm_content=70060181 | Empowering women entrepreneurs in developing countries | Empowering women entrepreneurs in developing countries Current women’s economic empowerment interventions are not enough to overcome all obstacles facing female entrepreneurs. The emerging evidence from psychology and experimental economics on agency, mindset, and leadership show that for successful interventions to be... |
ef75fc7b7f7123eb6e41510dafe1eada | https://www.brookings.edu/research/enabling-opportunities-5g-the-internet-of-things-and-communities-of-color/ | Enabling opportunities: 5G, the internet of things, and communities of color | Enabling opportunities: 5G, the internet of things, and communities of color Fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks are expected to be the next big leap in mobile broadband. Peak download speeds as high as 20 gigabits-per-second will enable specialized tasks like remote precision medicine, connected cars, virtual and au... |
7c4cf2307d07427eddb52eb06985b17b | https://www.brookings.edu/research/enabling-personalized-medicine-through-health-information-technology-advancing-the-integration-of-information/ | Enabling Personalized Medicine through Health Information Technology: Advancing the Integration of Information | Enabling Personalized Medicine through Health Information Technology: Advancing the Integration of Information Executive Summary With federal officials pursuing the goal of a personal human genome map under $1,000 in five years (White House, 2010), it is possible to envision a future where treatments are tailored to in... |
a74ac330505b3d8c59a029595166dda8 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/gay-marriage-in-america-after-windsor-and-obergefell/ | Gay marriage in America after Windsor and Obergefell | Gay marriage in America after Windsor and Obergefell Same-sex marriages were recognized by the federal government in 2013 when the Supreme Court invalidated a key provision of the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act (Windsor v. United States) and allowed same-sex couples to be treated as married for all federal tax purposes, ... |
67a6aea480cf6cf2bf2964bb81216326 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/gentle-density-can-save-our-neighborhoods/?shared=email&msg=fail | “Gentle” density can save our neighborhoods | “Gentle” density can save our neighborhoods A year ago this month, Minneapolis made national headlines by adopting a new comprehensive plan with two objectives: reducing racial segregation and improving housing affordability. Its method for doing so was through zoning—the plan effectively banned single-family-exclusive... |
e9065439918b0aa620732bdb47df12ad | https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-paris-profiling-the-regions-international-competitiveness-and-connections/ | Global Paris: Profiling the region’s international competitiveness and connections | Global Paris: Profiling the region’s international competitiveness and connections In imagination and in fact, Paris is a quintessential global city. It has been one of the world’s most visited places for centuries, and its economy prospers today thanks to a well-educated workforce, modern infrastructure, and global ni... |
1bc544eed2dc4eb23f680d3bd35f99c0 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/grant-making-to-support-small-businesses-in-southeast-michigan/ | Grant-making to support small businesses in Southeast Michigan | Grant-making to support small businesses in Southeast Michigan The New Economy Initiative (NEI) is a philanthropic entrepreneurial development initiative made up of national and local foundations working to build an inclusive support network for entrepreneurs and small businesses in Southeast Michigan. It provides gran... |
2b4e3f82a9727a62bcec0913c6c129e1 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/great-power-rivalry-in-the-red-sea/ | Great power rivalry in the Red Sea | Great power rivalry in the Red Sea China’s growing presence in Djibouti has thrust unprecedented attention upon the little-known African port nation and made it a touchstone in the debate over Beijing’s expanding global aims. In 2017, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) opened its first-ever overseas military base there... |
f67c26a12b478be9fb119e756c67c33f | https://www.brookings.edu/research/great-transitions-doubling-down-on-the-sustainable-development-goals/ | Great Transitions: Doubling down on the Sustainable Development Goals | Great Transitions: Doubling down on the Sustainable Development Goals This year has exposed the world’s extraordinary fragility. Managing a pandemic is hard enough. Doing so while addressing other urgent stresses—like inequality, violence, and climate change—adds to the degree of difficulty. What should be done to move... |
1baa971b4a5c6ed73582977f565b1365 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/green-growth-innovation-new-pathways-for-international-cooperation/ | Green Growth Innovation: New Pathways for International Cooperation | Green Growth Innovation: New Pathways for International Cooperation INTRODUCTION We are at a key moment in the evolution of our global approach to the challenges of development, environment and the transition to a green economy. This year marked the 20th anniversary of the U.N. Conference on Environment and Development... |
bc9c085cfc4b8eed6393778b62a0ab7a | https://www.brookings.edu/research/green-growth-innovation-toward-a-new-architecture-for-developing-countries/ | Green Growth Innovation: Toward a New Architecture for Developing Countries | Green Growth Innovation: Toward a New Architecture for Developing Countries INTRODUCTION We are at a key moment in the development of international policy for green growth and innovation. This year marks the 20th anniversary of the U.N. Conference on Environment and Development, also known as the Rio Earth Summit, and ... |
37d7894c8d09a4c5ac71eb938506abae | https://www.brookings.edu/research/growth-carbon-and-trump-state-progress-and-drift-on-economic-growth-and-emissions-decoupling/ | Growth, carbon, and Trump: State progress and drift on economic growth and emissions ‘decoupling’ | Growth, carbon, and Trump: State progress and drift on economic growth and emissions ‘decoupling’ “Decoupling” economic growth from the growth of carbon emissions is critical for the world, nations, and states alike because it represents the “squaring of the circle” necessary to decarbonize the global economy while mai... |
8a0eb735eca3950f0c73f064ea2a43b2 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/growth-centers-how-to-spread-tech-innovation-across-america/ | The case for growth centers: How to spread tech innovation across America | The case for growth centers: How to spread tech innovation across America The future of America’s economy lies in its high-tech innovation sector, but it is now clear that same sector is widening the nation’s regional divides—a fact that became starkly apparent with the 2016 presidential election. Based on “winner-take... |
af6d312eb4f145132acc960586c18f9f | https://www.brookings.edu/research/h-1b-visas-and-the-stem-shortage/ | H-1B Visas and the STEM Shortage | H-1B Visas and the STEM Shortage UPDATE: Click here for a detailed response to methodological issues raised in an October 2014 Washington Post article (PDF). Last month, a landmark immigration reform bill was introduced in the U.S. Senate that has the potential to both increase the number of available H-1B visas fo... |
807c669a3ba5a04302ed7f65db9768c2 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/hackers-phishers-and-disappearing-thumb-drives-lessons-learned-from-major-health-care-data-breaches/ | Hackers, phishers, and disappearing thumb drives: Lessons learned from major health care data breaches | Hackers, phishers, and disappearing thumb drives: Lessons learned from major health care data breaches Recent leaps in technology toward health care digitization have resulted in unprecedented amounts of personal health data being collected, shared, and analyzed on an everyday basis. Due to this proliferation in data, ... |
7dda22dfd076516c33ac127e7c8ef1d8 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/haitian-post-earthquake-migrants-did-not-harm-incumbent-students/ | Influx of Haitian refugees in Florida didn’t hurt student outcomes | Influx of Haitian refugees in Florida didn’t hurt student outcomes Much of the ongoing debate regarding immigration in the United States involves the question of whether immigrants from low-income countries – especially poor, less-educated immigrants from those countries – should be allowed to settle temporarily or per... |
3a8e52ad9716cca7b64c6063ae07f534 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/half-a-million-fewer-children-the-coming-covid-baby-bust/ | Half a million fewer children? The coming COVID baby bust | Half a million fewer children? The coming COVID baby bust The COVID-19 episode will likely lead to a large, lasting baby bust. The pandemic has thrust the country into an economic recession. Economic reasoning and past evidence suggest that this will lead people to have fewer children. The decline in births could be on... |
814d3daee278d95fa989aafcfe791c3a | https://www.brookings.edu/research/half-the-people-working-in-schools-arent-classroom-teachers-so-what/ | Half the people working in schools aren’t classroom teachers—so what? | Half the people working in schools aren’t classroom teachers—so what? When we think of elementary and secondary schools, many of us picture students in classrooms taught by lone teachers, overseen by a principal. In reality, many adults work in schools other than teachers and principals. It may be surprising to learn t... |
6d2eac7e79447f7387d445c5559862b9 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/happy-peasants-and-frustrated-achievers-agency-capabilities-and-subjective-well-being/?shared=email&msg=fail | Happy Peasants and Frustrated Achievers? Agency, Capabilities, and Subjective Well-Being | Happy Peasants and Frustrated Achievers? Agency, Capabilities, and Subjective Well-Being Abstract We explore the relationship between agency and hedonic and evaluative dimensions of well-being, using data from the Gallup World Poll. We posit that individuals emphasize one well-being dimension over the other, depending... |
0528c668870b84196cd2a6e46a48cdc6 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/health-policy-issue-brief-recommendations-for-acute-care-delivery-and-payment-reform/ | Health Policy Issue Brief: Recommendations for Acute Care Delivery and Payment Reform | Health Policy Issue Brief: Recommendations for Acute Care Delivery and Payment Reform Several factors are driving health care providers and facilities, including acute care providers to shift away from prevalent fee-for-service (FFS) payments to value based payment models. Alternate payment models (APMs) are designed t... |
2b1077785994ccad49e52060e1bc868d | https://www.brookings.edu/research/here-to-stay-and-growing-combating-isis-propaganda-networks/ | Here to stay and growing: Combating ISIS propaganda networks | Here to stay and growing: Combating ISIS propaganda networks As of early 2015, jihadi groups in Syria have recruited over 20,000 foreign fighters to their cause, the overwhelming majority of who have joined the ranks of the Islamic State (also known as ISIS). A major reason for the group’s recruiting success has been i... |
760337529d2418ae7d83ec72fdc3b3b1 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/hidden-entrepreneurs-what-crowdfunding-reveals-about-startups-in-metro-america/ | Hidden entrepreneurs: What crowdfunding reveals about startups in metro America | Hidden entrepreneurs: What crowdfunding reveals about startups in metro America Entrepreneurship—and the creative ingenuity often associated with it—is critical to regional economies. Yet, America’s startup rate has been in long-term decline, and pockets of business dynamism remain limited to a small group of geographi... |
42718414281c0c0520f646588073d72b | https://www.brookings.edu/research/high-cost-or-high-opportunity-cost-transportation-and-family-economic-success-2/ | High Cost or High Opportunity Cost? Transportation and Family Economic Success | High Cost or High Opportunity Cost? Transportation and Family Economic Success Abstract Research suggests that having a car is a worthwhile investment in better outcomes for low-income families. Recent reports quantify the additional money required to own and operate personal vehicles, as compared to the lower cost o... |
a0839a2ee9b40433e535bde502e98b68 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/higher-education-and-the-opportunity-gap/ | Higher Education and the Opportunity Gap | Higher Education and the Opportunity Gap America faces an opportunity gap. Those born in the bottom ranks have difficulty moving up. Although the United States has long thought of itself as a meritocracy, a place where anyone who gets an education and works hard can make it, the facts tell a somewhat different story. C... |
8d0777728df6d8f21e9c6e2645c0987c | https://www.brookings.edu/research/hitting-kids-american-parenting-and-physical-punishment/ | Hitting kids: American parenting and physical punishment | Hitting kids: American parenting and physical punishment When Minnesota Vikings’ running back Adrian Peterson was indicted for hitting his son with a ‘switch’ in September 2014, there was a public furor – with arguments on both sides, but a general sense that Peterson was in the wrong.[i] Quickly, however, the debate o... |
5e5377ad7a884542ea44f185ca426dff | https://www.brookings.edu/research/hostile-ally-the-trump-challenge-and-europes-inadequate-response/ | Hostile ally: The Trump challenge and Europe’s inadequate response | Hostile ally: The Trump challenge and Europe’s inadequate response Two and a half years into the Trump administration, an odd calm appears to have settled over the trans-Atlantic relationship. The United States has not started a war against Iran or North Korea. It has not left the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NA... |
d75a63af2064e3b9ab5cb5cdf7c104b4 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/housing-as-a-hub-for-health-community-services-and-upward-mobility/ | Housing as a hub for health, community services, and upward mobility | Housing as a hub for health, community services, and upward mobility There is a growing recognition that, for people and neighborhoods to be healthy and successful, different sectors must work together and that investments in one sector can bring dividends in others. Housing, for example, is increasingly understood to ... |
24df8f66ad9c71719a761bd276bbc2b8 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/macroeconomics-and-market-power-facts-potential-explanations-and-open-questions/ | Macroeconomics and market power: Facts, potential explanations, and open questions | Macroeconomics and market power: Facts, potential explanations, and open questions Traditionally, monopoly power research has largely been in the domain of microeconomists, who focus on individual industries or markets. But existing research shows that for at least a decade, there has been broad growth in measured ... |
9f4800cefcef80a0ce689c866837d8dd | https://www.brookings.edu/research/mainland-chinas-military-development-and-taiwans-countermeasures/ | Mainland China’s Military Development and Taiwan’s Countermeasures | Mainland China’s Military Development and Taiwan’s Countermeasures INTRODUCTION With the efforts of the Republic of China (ROC) to improve cross-Strait relations and expand cross-Strait economic and cultural exchanges, the tensions between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait have apparently been eased. Since May 2008, ... |
a13def8049786e8889cac630b43017c4 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/maintaining-chinas-dependence-on-democracies-for-advanced-computer-chips/ | Maintaining China’s dependence on democracies for advanced computer chips | Maintaining China’s dependence on democracies for advanced computer chips The Chinese government is investing tens of billions of dollars in its computer chip factories and may eventually achieve global state-of-the-art manufacturing capabilities. However, China can succeed only if the United States, Japan, and the Net... |
c480e230d58f0aaf8c60a5bdb34817da | https://www.brookings.edu/research/making-apartments-more-affordable-starts-with-understanding-the-costs-of-building-them/ | Making apartments more affordable starts with understanding the costs of building them | Making apartments more affordable starts with understanding the costs of building them During the decade between the Great Recession and the coronavirus pandemic, the U.S. experienced a historically long economic expansion. Demand for rental housing grew steadily over those years, driven by demographic trends and a str... |
1a097ec5d729c2ed3dc5fe7784df2ace | https://www.brookings.edu/research/making-development-aid-more-effective/ | Making Development Aid More Effective | Making Development Aid More Effective The upcoming United Nations High-Level Plenary Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals will spotlight global efforts to reduce poverty, celebrating innovative progress in some areas while illuminating systemic weaknesses in international efforts to support development. In Novem... |
2b12f55cca2d063e28a2242fd5b3c21e | https://www.brookings.edu/research/making-sense-of-clusters-regional-competitiveness-and-economic-development/ | Making Sense of Clusters: Regional Competitiveness and Economic Development | Making Sense of Clusters: Regional Competitiveness and Economic Development Executive Summary In recent years, “cluster strategies” have become a popular economic development approach among state and local policymakers and economic development practitioners. An industry cluster is a group of firms, and related econom... |
45058ba21020b461befcbb16c95ec971 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/making-the-afcfta-work-for-the-africa-we-want/ | Making the AfCFTA work for ‘The Africa We Want’ | Making the AfCFTA work for ‘The Africa We Want’ The African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) has been touted as an economic and globalization game changer because it has the potential to transform African economies and significantly raise Africa’s share of global trade to position the region as an increasingly... |
a29b53a6ac615cfcf3b32c8fe405b3d1 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/making-work-pay-better-through-an-expanded-earned-income-tax-credit/?shared=email&msg=fail | Making work pay better through an expanded earned income tax credit | Making work pay better through an expanded earned income tax credit The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is a refundable tax credit that promotes work. Research has shown that it also reduces poverty and improves health and education outcomes. The maximum credit for families with two or fewer children has remained flat ... |
957495e8c5cea7a75df64befcab807e0 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/managing-chinas-rise-in-outer-space/ | Managing China’s rise in outer space | Managing China’s rise in outer space Access to outer space is critical to modern everyday life on Earth. The utilization of outer space helps us warn of natural disasters, facilitate navigation and transportation globally, expand our scientific frontiers, monitor compliance with arms control treaties and agreements, pr... |
6a31f7997fed68bcd1d1fde24a720434 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/managing-natural-resources-for-development-in-east-africa-examining-key-issues-with-the-regions-oil-and-natural-gas-discoveries/ | Managing natural resources for development in East Africa: Examining key issues with the region’s oil and natural gas discoveries | Managing natural resources for development in East Africa: Examining key issues with the region’s oil and natural gas discoveries Recent discoveries of oil and natural gas in East Africa have created excitement throughout the region over the potential windfall of revenues into government coffers. Uganda has a reserve o... |
48a3ec0296bf319172a5740eba203065 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/managing-the-new-threat-landscape/ | Managing the new threat landscape | Managing the new threat landscape In 2018, we face an international security environment measurably worse than that of a mere five years earlier. Increased war-related violence accompanies an international order under challenge and rent by tensions. Global conflict deaths peaked in 2014 at magnitudes second only to the... |
9824be2e7cca3b9ace3731946940d5c0 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/mapping-the-growth-of-older-america/ | Mapping the Growth of Older America | Mapping the Growth of Older America Aging baby boomers constitute this decade’s fastest growing age group, expanding nearly 50 percent in size from 2000 to 2010. This group-more highly educated, with more professional women, and more diverse than its predecessors-will add new stresses to suburban and Sun Belt locations... |
b82c3fd4f43760a2d0f99a74f31bfb37 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/marginalized-youth-toward-an-inclusive-jordan/ | Marginalized youth: Toward an inclusive Jordan | Marginalized youth: Toward an inclusive Jordan This policy briefing explores the impact of political, social, and economic marginalization on Jordan’s youth. It highlights the growing tensions between the government and its increasingly agitated young citizens over the matter. Those tensions manifest in political apath... |
fad6d2abb45e1b663988a10585336624 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/marijuana-liberalization-and-public-finance-a-capital-market-perspective-on-a-public-health-policy/?shared=email&msg=fail | Marijuana liberalization and public finance: A capital market perspective on a public health policy | Marijuana liberalization and public finance: A capital market perspective on a public health policy This paper provides the first evidence on an unmentioned cost of U.S. medical marijuana liberalization imposed by investors in the capital market. Stephanie Cheng, Gus De Franco and Pengkai Lin show that the staggered pa... |
9a2f5cc4af0036cd99faf195a8c27490 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/massachusetts-charter-cap-holds-back-disadvantaged-students/ | Massachusetts charter cap holds back disadvantaged students | Massachusetts charter cap holds back disadvantaged students This November, Massachusetts voters will go to the polls to decide whether to expand the state’s quota on charter schools. The ballot initiative would allow 12 new, approved charters over the current limit to open each year. Would the ballot proposal be good f... |
c731c5dea2de8638d2c4db892c70a0e5 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/measuring-the-loss-of-life-from-the-senates-tax-cuts-for-alcohol-producers/?utm_campaign=Brookings%20Brief&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&utm_content=58721243 | Measuring the loss of life from the Senate’s tax cuts for alcohol producers | Measuring the loss of life from the Senate’s tax cuts for alcohol producers The government taxes beer, wine and spirits for a couple of reasons: (1) To raise revenue and (2) to offset the costs—economists call them “externalities”—that drinking imposes on society, such as accidents caused by drunk drivers or higher rat... |
9a5e3715877aafc004b1428bd99be586 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/meet-the-low-wage-workforce/ | Meet the low-wage workforce | Meet the low-wage workforce Jobs play a central role in the lives of most adults. As forces like globalization and automation reshape the labor market, it is clear that some people and places are positioned to do well while others risk becoming collateral damage. The well-educated and technically savvy find ample emplo... |
73602a2623cfd06719b424b835e571f1 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/meeting-the-automation-challenge-to-the-middle-class-and-the-american-project/ | Meeting the automation challenge to the middle class and the American project | Meeting the automation challenge to the middle class and the American project In earlier Brookings essays I have expressed cautious optimism about continued evolution rather than dissolution of “The American Project” – the combination of our system of democratic institutions and norms, and the collective belief in the ... |
08b999cdd214b82a0e4c47c391d5a725 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/men-without-work/ | Men without work | Men without work The global economy is full of progress paradoxes. Progress in technological innovation, reducing poverty, and increasing life expectancy around the world continues to increase. Yet there is also persistent poverty in poor and fragile states and increasing inequality and anomie in some of the wealthiest... |
ed0cded559e25a9a4a0ee4823e0590c8 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/nine-facts-about-monetary-sanctions-in-the-criminal-justice-system/ | Nine facts about monetary sanctions in the criminal justice system | Nine facts about monetary sanctions in the criminal justice system The number of people caught up in the U.S. criminal justice system—under either supervision or adjudication—is unusually high in both historical and international terms. Furthermore, interacting with the criminal justice system is an expensive propositi... |
83c55615ef7415b26004f1bcc892da3f | https://www.brookings.edu/research/no-dodd-frank-was-neither-repealed-nor-gutted-heres-what-really-happened/ | No, Dodd-Frank was neither repealed nor gutted. Here’s what really happened | No, Dodd-Frank was neither repealed nor gutted. Here’s what really happened The largest legal change to financial regulation since passage of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 just occurred. This new law neither repeals nor replaces Dodd-Frank as House Speaker Ryan claimed nor does i... |
66a88bae258ddb3231ea54f9ee50805b | https://www.brookings.edu/research/non-proliferation-challenges-facing-the-trump-administration/ | Non-proliferation challenges facing the Trump administration | Non-proliferation challenges facing the Trump administration The global nuclear non-proliferation regime, as it has evolved since the entry into force of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1970, has been remarkably resilient. Despite predictions of a “cascade of proliferation,” there are currently only nine ... |
23ef5d0df2f0586f227a06e40494e487 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/normal-is-over/ | Normal is over | Normal is over Year one of the Trump administration has been uniquely unnerving. Yet the trans-Atlantic security community has also been breathing a sigh of relief, because many of their worst expectations seem to have been averted: trade wars, an attack on North Korea, the end of NATO. The conventional wisdom in Washi... |
18c8d8e59d9a1f362075b3de741a52a9 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/nuclear-command-and-control/ | Nuclear Command and Control | Nuclear Command and Control On May 7, 2020, the Congressional Study Group on Foreign Relations and National Security convened online to discuss the question of the command and control of U.S. nuclear weapons. At present, the president has the unilateral authority to choose to use nuclear weapons, and many assume that t... |
0098781733098b87bf27dcb695434942 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/october-2020-update-to-tiger-covid-19-remains-an-impediment-to-the-global-recovery/ | October 2020 update to TIGER: COVID-19 remains an impediment to the global recovery | October 2020 update to TIGER: COVID-19 remains an impediment to the global recovery The world economy is experiencing a tepid, uneven, and fragile recovery from the depths of the COVID-19 recession. The latest update of the Brookings-Financial Times Tracking Indexes for the Global Economic Recovery (TIGER) reveals pock... |
4093039e15d2874143267016e671280b | https://www.brookings.edu/research/older-industrial-cities/ | Renewing America’s economic promise through older industrial cities | Renewing America’s economic promise through older industrial cities Despite a robust national economy, deep regional divides persist with technology hubs in the coastal states pulling away from the nation’s industrial Heartland. This growing regional inequality poses serious economic, social, and political consequences... |
db7f7cc6f52072cf0269e1f2e944878d | https://www.brookings.edu/research/one-year-later-is-congress-still-the-broken-branch/ | One Year Later: Is Congress Still the Broken Branch? | One Year Later: Is Congress Still the Broken Branch? Executive Summary With a flurry of legislative activity as the first session wound down, the 110th Congress passed a delayed package of appropriations bills for the fiscal year that began on October 1, a one-year fix in the Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) that preven... |
53a02906284945b9e680f3af76a60ca0 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/operationalizing-india-u-s-civil-nuclear-cooperation/ | Operationalizing India-U.S. Civil Nuclear Cooperation | Operationalizing India-U.S. Civil Nuclear Cooperation U.S.-India civil nuclear cooperation, starting with the July 18, 2005 nuclear agreement and culminating in the formal 123-agreement bill approved by the U.S. Congress on September 28, 2008, was expected not only to become a springboard for extensive bilateral nuclea... |
e8dbeb04aa2f9f8624b12ebd030b3244 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/opportunities-for-transformative-placemaking-chattanooga-innovation-district-tennessee/?shared=email&msg=fail | Opportunities for transformative placemaking: Chattanooga Innovation District, Tennessee | Opportunities for transformative placemaking: Chattanooga Innovation District, Tennessee The past 15 years have witnessed a rise in the growth of urban innovation districts—mixed-use, walkable, and transit-rich urban areas where anchor institutions and mature companies cluster with start-ups, business incubators, and a... |
dcf28ada12fef87276c256033db87725 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/optimizing-assessment-for-all-focus-on-asia/ | Optimizing Assessment for All: Focus on Asia | Optimizing Assessment for All: Focus on Asia Twenty-first century skills (21CS) are now firmly entrenched as learning goals in education systems worldwide, but their actual implementation in teaching and assessment practices is lagging behind. With these learning goals—which prioritize how to get answers rather than ju... |
a3fba6ba26ff6a9bf6ac248206e8a5be | https://www.brookings.edu/research/overhauling-the-temporary-work-visa-system/ | Overhauling the Temporary Work Visa System | Overhauling the Temporary Work Visa System In this policy proposal — part of The Hamilton Project‘s 15 Ways to Rethink the Federal Budget — Pia Orrenius, Giovanni Peri, Madeline Zavodny present a strategy to change the U.S. employment-based immigration system to make the system more efficient, increase the economic ben... |
fede7f751609c58f6508dde99706c992 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/overview-the-opioid-crisis-in-america/?shared=email&msg=fail | Overview: The opioid crisis in America | Overview: The opioid crisis in America As the United States—and the world—reel from the COVID-19 pandemic, the epidemic of opioid use disorder continues to ravage the country. It too has cost the lives of hundreds of thousands of Americans, devastated families and local communities, and exposed critical weaknesses in U... |
b5543f57f43dc0b82be01eb9fe8b9c66 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/parking-requirements-and-foundations-are-driving-up-the-cost-of-multifamily-housing/ | Parking requirements and foundations are driving up the cost of multifamily housing | Parking requirements and foundations are driving up the cost of multifamily housing Laying the literal groundwork for apartment buildings is expensive—and often unpredictable. Clearing the site and preparing the ground can reveal previously unknown obstacles that must be dealt with before construction begins. On averag... |
432aa41aefa6adcba751c8a2f87c291d | https://www.brookings.edu/research/pathways-to-the-middle-class-balancing-personal-and-public-responsibilities/ | Pathways to the Middle Class: Balancing Personal and Public Responsibilities | Pathways to the Middle Class: Balancing Personal and Public Responsibilities INTRODUCTION The defining narrative of the United States of America is that of a nation where everyone has an opportunity to achieve a better life. Americans believe that everyone should have the opportunity to succeed through talent, creati... |
fd1a4f34a79542c00b715ce804e54fe3 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/phoning-it-in-and-failing-to-show-the-story-of-the-2014-house-primaries/ | Phoning It In and Failing to Show: The Story of the 2014 House Primaries | Phoning It In and Failing to Show: The Story of the 2014 House Primaries Too often impressions of congressional primaries are based entirely on the outcomes of high-profile Senate races, write Jill Lawrence and Walter Shapiro. Rather than making conclusions based on a handful of headline races, Lawrence and Shapiro cre... |
784e62bbfdac08f3a74fa012d7cadb6d | https://www.brookings.edu/research/planning-for-quality-schools-meeting-the-needs-of-district-families/ | Planning for Quality Schools: Meeting the Needs of District Families | Planning for Quality Schools: Meeting the Needs of District Families This report is the first phase of a three-part project to help the District of Columbia create a firm analytical basis for planning for quality schools to meet the needs of the city’s families. While the city’s overall population is growing, the numbe... |
608bb5d4ad22f18ef2acea2cf2183ac6 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/policy-and-institutional-responses-to-covid-19-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-morocco/ | Policy and institutional responses to COVID-19 in the Middle East and North Africa: Morocco | Policy and institutional responses to COVID-19 in the Middle East and North Africa: Morocco Morocco accounted for 9 percent of all confirmed coronavirus cases in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) as of November 2020.1 What started out as a well-managed medical emergency between March and May 2020 quickly devolved... |
1e4fac0d99d44d96b8ba76500dc05f2a | https://www.brookings.edu/research/political-decisions-and-institutional-innovations-required-for-systemic-transformations-envisioned-in-the-post-2015-sustainable-development-agenda/ | Political decisions and institutional innovations required for systemic transformations envisioned in the post-2015 sustainable development agenda | Political decisions and institutional innovations required for systemic transformations envisioned in the post-2015 sustainable development agenda 2015 is a pivotal year. Three major workstreams among all the world’s nations are going forward this year under the auspices of the United Nations to develop goals, financin... |
6c7061c18b108014ae8c94944d17e70c | https://www.brookings.edu/research/population-change-and-the-projected-change-in-congressional-representation/?utm_campaign=Metropolitan%20Policy%20Program&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&utm_content=81703046 | The 2010s may have seen the slowest population growth in U.S. history | The 2010s may have seen the slowest population growth in U.S. history The 2020s are beginning on the heels of a decade that saw considerable demographic stagnation, highlighting important implications for immigration, congressional apportionment, and the country’s future. The nation’s population growth from 2018 to 201... |
20728ec8953b04db6241503fb0216c9a | https://www.brookings.edu/research/preserving-the-federal-role-in-encouraging-and-evaluating-education-innovation/ | Preserving the federal role in encouraging and evaluating education innovation | Preserving the federal role in encouraging and evaluating education innovation With both houses of Congress moving apace to reauthorize the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), the question is not whether the new legislation will reduce the federal government’s footprint in K-12 education; it assuredly will. ... |
8fb173236a8dee45c98424868866c160 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/president-trumps-options-for-israeli-palestinian-dealmaking/ | President Trump’s options for Israeli-Palestinian dealmaking | President Trump’s options for Israeli-Palestinian dealmaking President-elect Trump has repeatedly declared his desire to make peace between Israelis and Palestinians “for humanity’s sake,” viewing it as the “ultimate deal,” and suggesting that he would appoint his son-in-law, Jared Kushner, as his special envoy for thi... |
e4ee94b2640a5b1a10d82120982ddd54 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/presidential-obstruction-of-justice-the-case-of-donald-j-trump-2nd-edition/ | Presidential obstruction of justice: The case of Donald J. Trump | Presidential obstruction of justice: The case of Donald J. Trump When we released the first edition of this report in October 2017, the case that President Trump had obstructed justice was still in its relatively early stages. Even then, we concluded that there was substantial evidence that the president may have obstr... |
e0bd2ca6c295ee24636522e223547ffc | https://www.brookings.edu/research/preventing-unplanned-pregnancy-lessons-from-the-states/ | Preventing unplanned pregnancy: Lessons from the states | Preventing unplanned pregnancy: Lessons from the states In the context of a looming debate about women’s reproductive health, this paper reviews what we have learned about strategies for reducing unplanned pregnancies and births, especially at the state level. Our primary findings and conclusions are: |
81fea72b8de6aaee26d717c7c848f654 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/principles-for-managing-u-s-china-competition/ | Principles for managing U.S.-China competition | Principles for managing U.S.-China competition Donald Trump and Xi Jinping both have praised their relationships with each other and expressed support for the healthy development of U.S.-China relations. Despite these positive public comments, the relationship has deteriorated further and faster than at any point since... |
ca0d7bece96f18ca9360bb30373bbcc1 | https://www.brookings.edu/research/prioritize-people-not-projects-addressing-the-harms-of-legacy-infrastructure-in-the-covid-19-recovery/ | Prioritize people, not projects: Addressing the harms of legacy infrastructure in the COVID-19 recovery | Prioritize people, not projects: Addressing the harms of legacy infrastructure in the COVID-19 recovery As the COVID-19 pandemic and recession drag on, millions of households are looking to Washington for answers. State and local leaders have led their own recovery efforts, but there is still desperate need for another... |
700461418a39cf5e6854badb475afbea | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Operation-Olympic | Operation Olympic | Operation Olympic
…MacArthur to plan Operation “Olympic,” an invasion of Kyushu, for November 1. The second means, inducement, was clearly preferable, and on May 8, the day after the German surrender, President Harry S. Truman tried it. Unconditional surrender, he said, would mean “the termination of the influence of t... |
705745473abc08ad578107c6e6459de0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Operation-Vistula | Operation Vistula | Operation Vistula
…displaced within the framework of Operation Vistula, a massive relocation program in 1947. Population density in Dolnośląskie is high, though the province has experienced some depopulation, particularly in the Sudeten region, which has accompanied the recent decline of heavy industry. Nearly three-fo... |
4b9dd5c851fff5a8a2e8c8be59531b6d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/operations-research | Operations research | Operations research
Operations research, also called operational research, application of scientific methods to the management and administration of organized military, governmental, commercial, and industrial processes.
Operations research attempts to provide those who manage organized systems with an objective and q... |
425fc918b97ca3c1937ad765893a6788 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/operations-research/Deriving-solutions-from-models | Deriving solutions from models | Deriving solutions from models
Procedures for deriving solutions from models are either deductive or inductive. With deduction one moves directly from the model to a solution in either symbolic or numerical form. Such procedures are supplied by mathematics; for example, the calculus. An explicit analytical procedure fo... |
bbb178422234e517f05de87b562f11b4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Opportunity-American-magazine | Opportunity | Opportunity
Opportunity, in full Opportunity: Journal Of Negro Life, American magazine associated with the Harlem Renaissance, published from 1923 to 1949. The editor, Charles S. Johnson, aimed to give voice to black culture, hitherto neglected by mainstream American publishing.
To encourage young writers to submit th... |
4b1722e20a8a7eb42e03bda24bb0abff | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Optimates-and-Populares | Optimates and Populares | Optimates and Populares
Optimates and Populares, (Latin: respectively, “Best Ones,” or “Aristocrats”, and “Demagogues,” or “Populists”), two principal patrician political groups during the later Roman Republic from about 133 to 27 bc. The members of both groups belonged to the wealthier classes.
The Optimates were the... |
ddf386313ce80237550d239c339ec639 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oracle-Corporation | Oracle Corporation | Oracle Corporation
Oracle Corporation, formerly Software Development Laboratories (1977–79), Relational Software Inc. (1979–82), and Oracle Systems Corporation (1982–95), global corporation that develops and markets computer software applications for business. The company is best known for its Oracle database software... |
b7602b31c786aaee897c448ffabe0da3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oratorians | Oratorian | Oratorian
Oratorian, member of either of two separate but similar congregations of secular priests, one centred in Rome and the other in France.
The Institute of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri was founded by the saint in Rome in 1575, approved in 1612, and confederated and reapproved in 1942. It consists of independe... |
88693dcf45ae661ddb61a5bb750509ea | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Orbiting-Solar-Observatory | Orbiting Solar Observatory | Orbiting Solar Observatory
…undertaken by a series of Orbiting Solar Observatory satellites (launched 1962–75) and the astronaut crews of the Skylab space station in 1973–74, using that facility’s Apollo Telescope Mount. These were followed by the Solar Maximum Mission satellite (launched 1980). ESA developed the Ulyss... |
c799ebc08247219fadb765b40b46691b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ordeal | Ordeal | Ordeal
Ordeal, a trial or judgment of the truth of some claim or accusation by various means based on the belief that the outcome will reflect the judgment of supernatural powers and that these powers will ensure the triumph of right. Although fatal consequences often attend an ordeal, its purpose is not punitive.
Th... |
bfa97a78118ccba63357158dab0fdaf0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Order-of-Lenin | Order of Lenin | Order of Lenin
Order of Lenin, highest civilian award of the U.S.S.R. It was established in 1930 by the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and awarded to individuals, collectives, institutions, or organizations for outstanding achievements in research, art, technology, or economics or for the solution of ... |
bf1aa2ad9d561d5bb2ec063d8d2e7443 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Order-of-Santiago | Order of Santiago | Order of Santiago
Order of Santiago, Spanish Orden de Santiago, Christian military-religious order of knights founded about 1160 in Spain for the purpose of fighting Spanish Muslims and of protecting pilgrims on their way to the shrine of Santiago de Compostela. Originally called the Order of Cáceres, after the city i... |
5b8ea35bb4ae12b05b83bda8376d677e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Order-of-the-Companions-of-Honour | Order of the Companions of Honour | Order of the Companions of Honour
Order of the Companions of Honour, British honorary institution founded in 1917 by King George V. The only rank is that of Companion, awarded to men and women who have rendered conspicuous national service, especially in the advancement of culture. Membership of the Order is limited t... |
a68cc07eda64d355384fb040647a2abf | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Order-of-the-Eastern-Star | Order of the Eastern Star | Order of the Eastern Star
…master masons may join the Order of the Eastern Star, which is open to both women and men; boys may join the Order of DeMolay or the Order of the Builders; and girls may join the Order of Job’s Daughters or the Order of the Rainbow. English Masons are forbidden…
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c1f232b496a200c59dac951ce48f37a0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/orders-of-society | Society, orders of | Society, orders of
…the idea of the three orders of society—those who fight, those who pray, and those who labour—come into use to describe the results of the ascendancy of the landholding aristocracy and its clerical partners. In cooperation with bishops and ecclesiastical establishments, particularly great monastic f... |
aea45304fbe1131c30d35a129a582e38 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ordinance-of-Moulins | Ordinance of Moulins | Ordinance of Moulins
…and in 1566 promoted the Ordonnance de Moulins, which went far to rectify many problems in judicial administration and also stipulated policies for the administration and centralization of the royal domain (crown lands). In September 1567 civil war broke out again, and Catherine lost confidence in... |
6982462be435c050b5845bbaf65463b9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ordinary-language-analysis | Ordinary language analysis | Ordinary language analysis
Ordinary language analysis, method of philosophical investigation concerned with how verbal expressions are used in a particular, nontechnical, everyday language. The basic source for this school of thought is the later writings of the Viennese-born philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, followed... |
b2115914464d1a4b64c274922cbf27ce | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ordinary-People | Ordinary People | Ordinary People
…launched his directing career with Ordinary People (1980), a family drama adapted from a novel by Judith Guest. The film won best picture at the Academy Awards, and Redford himself won an Oscar for best director. Of Redford’s first seven directorial efforts, The Milagro Beanfield War (1988), The Horse ... |
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