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d273aede1237b7290882e6a67010bd2b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Patriotic-Gore | Patriotic Gore | Patriotic Gore
Patriotic Gore, collection of essays by Edmund Wilson, published in 1962. Subtitled Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War, the book contains 16 essays on contemporaries’ attitudes toward the Civil War, the effect it had on their lives, and the effects of the postwar Reconstruction period.
... |
012cc060d0b0c11b21684080cda019d7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/patriotism-sociology | Patriotism | Patriotism
Patriotism, feeling of attachment and commitment to a country, nation, or political community. Patriotism (love of country) and nationalism (loyalty to one’s nation) are often taken to be synonymous, yet patriotism has its origins some 2,000 years prior to the rise of nationalism in the 19th century.
Greek ... |
9c4a0fa09493a5b0ebdaa4da9548d6a7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/patristic-literature/The-post-Nicene-period | The post-Nicene period | The post-Nicene period
The 4th and early 5th centuries witnessed an extraordinary flowering of Christian literature, the result partly of the freedom and privileged status now enjoyed by the church, partly of the diversification of its own inner life (compare the rise of monasticism), but chiefly of the controversies i... |
21574e470c1b9f9215a0d91569362996 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/patristic-literature?anchor=ref7981 | Patristic literature | Patristic literature
Patristic literature, body of literature that comprises those works, excluding the New Testament, written by Christians before the 8th century.
Patristic literature is generally identified today with the entire Christian literature of the early Christian centuries, irrespective of its orthodoxy or... |
2b0ca28d1ff101b8b100bf6d7e02a924 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Paul-Bunyan | Paul Bunyan | Paul Bunyan
Paul Bunyan, giant lumberjack, mythical hero of the lumber camps in the United States, a symbol of bigness, strength, and vitality. The tales and anecdotes that form the Paul Bunyan legend are typical of the tradition of frontier tall tales. Paul and his companions, Babe the Blue Ox and Johnny Inkslinger, ... |
c0a516fc57ee98addcdcd70489e1ba3b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Paul-Thurmond | Paul Thurmond | Paul Thurmond
…Tea Party factions, he defeated Paul Thurmond, son of the late Sen. Strom Thurmond, in the primary and easily won the general election. He assumed office in 2011. When James DeMint resigned in 2013, South Carolina Gov. Nikki Haley appointed Scott to fill his Senate seat. Scott won a special…
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40d7f449bb2c12e3474cacaca1bdebb9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pavement-band | Pavement | Pavement
Pavement, American band whose foppish lyrics and punk-derived sonic textures merged into a free-floating poetry of reference that epitomized 1990s college rock. The original members were lead singer, guitarist, and principal songwriter Stephen Malkmus (also known as S.M.; b. May 30, 1966, Santa Monica, Califo... |
c2363b4ac03048e9b940d80e00eed7ee | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Peace-of-Caltabellotta | Peace of Caltabellotta | Peace of Caltabellotta
It was resolved by the Peace of Caltabellotta (1302), under which Charles agreed to give up his claim to Sicily during the lifetime of Frederick III of Aragon (ruled Sicily 1296–1337).
Robert’s military success produced the Peace of Caltabellotta (1302), by which the Aragonese agreed to return Si... |
356a183aef7c7de63ecd8511f35cfb30 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Peace-of-Constantinople-Russia-Turkey-1700 | Peace of Constantinople | Peace of Constantinople
By the Russo-Turkish Peace of Constantinople (Istanbul, 1700) he retained possession of Azov. He was now turning his attention to the Baltic instead, following the tradition of his predecessors.
…they signed the Treaty of Constantinople, which gave Azov to Russia (Azov was returned to the Turks ... |
ae3221cd51ea4e8aed0141d82e729ddc | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Peace-of-Crepy | Peace of Crépy | Peace of Crépy
…with France in 1544 (the Peace of Crépy), followed by an armistice in 1545 with the Ottoman Empire, left him free at last to deal decisively with the German Protestants.
…with the result that the Peace of Crépy (September 1544) again more or less confirmed the status quo.
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78e60e98d763e94446a2c649aa032617 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Peace-of-Olomouc | Peace of Olomouc | Peace of Olomouc
At the Peace of Olomouc (1478), Moravia was ceded to Hungary. Olomouc was considered the Moravian capital during the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48), when it was occupied and plundered by the Swedes. The badly damaged town was displaced after 1640 by Brno as the foremost city of…
…enough to defeat Matthias... |
4cd291931eedf98ac07cebc887a75dd2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Peace-of-Tolentino | Peace of Tolentino | Peace of Tolentino
…ceded to them in the Peace of Tolentino (February 19, 1797). French armies also occupied the duchy of Modena and most of the grand duchy of Tuscany, including the port of Livorno. After defeating the Austrians on Venetian territory during the winter of 1796–97, Napoleon turned his offensive northwar... |
453d0e66c4682ae294dae38021cfc041 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/pearl-gemstone | Pearl | Pearl
Pearl, concretion formed by a mollusk consisting of the same material (called nacre or mother-of-pearl) as the mollusk’s shell. It is a highly valued gemstone. Pearls are often strung into a necklace after a small hole is drilled by hand-driven or electric tools through the centre of each pearl (see also jewelry... |
95532d4c2dc15570177457d2be6514fc | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pedi | Pedi | Pedi
Pedi, also called Transvaal Sotho, Northern Sotho, or Bapedi, a Bantu-speaking people inhabiting Limpopo province, South Africa, and constituting the major group of the Northern Sotho ethnolinguistic cluster of peoples, who numbered about 3,700,000 in the late 20th century. Their traditional territory, which is k... |
8e6cf7eaaa619546c12482ae9a80bc5d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pegasus-Greek-mythology | Pegasus | Pegasus
Pegasus, in Greek mythology, a winged horse that sprang from the blood of the Gorgon Medusa as she was beheaded by the hero Perseus. With Athena’s (or Poseidon’s) help, another Greek hero, Bellerophon, captured Pegasus and rode him first in his fight with the Chimera and later while he was taking vengeance on... |
516d1632f90eb2ed51aeabd7c713b1d7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Peggy-Kerry | Kerry, Peggy | Kerry, Peggy
…implicated a white prostitute named Peggy Kerry, who had ties to Caesar. Kerry was then forced to testify and implicated many Blacks in the conspiracy, and, on the basis of her testimony, those named were kept in custody. Those held in custody were also forced to provide testimony and name…
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e2b7f8cdbc7be19ee3be150d943dd3e0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Penelope-Greek-mythology | Penelope | Penelope
Penelope, in Greek mythology, a daughter of Icarius of Sparta and the nymph Periboea and wife of the hero Odysseus. They had one son, Telemachus.
Homer’s Odyssey tells the story of how, during her husband’s long absence after the Trojan War, many chieftains of Ithaca and nearby islands become her suitors. To ... |
5b3df43bf6fddcddb607cf40d0e1c546 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pennhurst-State-School-and-Hospital-v-Halderman | Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman | Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman
…Supreme Court’s earlier ruling in Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman (1981). The recovery provision of the IDEA, however, “does not even hint that acceptance of IDEA funds makes a State responsible for reimbursing prevailing parents for services rendered b... |
0fdc7e9fd4296b22999efffdbfcd82be | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pennsylvania-Academy-of-the-Fine-Arts | Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts | Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is the oldest art academy and museum in the United States, founded 1805. Specializing in American painting and sculpture of the 18th to the 20th century, the Academy’s Art Museum was built between 1872 and 18... |
36f42c5b4c3420ef532f2a78ae8886c9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pennsylvania-German | Pennsylvania German | Pennsylvania German
Pennsylvania German, also called (misleadingly) Pennsylvania Dutch, 17th- and 18th-century German-speaking settlers in Pennsylvania and their descendants. Emigrating from southern Germany (Palatinate, Bavaria, Saxony, etc.) and Switzerland, they settled primarily in the southeastern section of Penn... |
890e02fe5c6cb796a299e85fbed9582a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pennsylvania-Turnpike | Pennsylvania Turnpike | Pennsylvania Turnpike
Pennsylvania Turnpike, one of the earliest major limited-access express highways in the United States, opened in 1940 as a state-run toll road running through the Allegheny Mountains and connecting Harrisburg in the east to Pittsburgh in the west. The highway was later extended 100 miles (160 km)... |
6396f589260bba7be8b64d2641558961 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pennsylvania-v-Muniz | Pennsylvania v. Muniz | Pennsylvania v. Muniz
In Pennsylvania v. Muniz (1990), the court further limited Miranda by holding that when police pull over suspected drunken drivers, they can ask routine questions of the suspects and videotape the questioning without issuing Miranda warnings.
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78afc556785f1a809c934eac6d4af4b7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/penology | Penology | Penology
Penology, also called Penal Science, the division of criminology that concerns itself with the philosophy and practice of society in its efforts to repress criminal activities. As the term signifies (from Latin poena, “pain,” or “suffering”), penology has stood in the past and, for the most part, still stands... |
cb75d1b35a8019c6826736421c872999 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pentecost-Christianity | Pentecost | Pentecost
Pentecost, also called Whitsunday, (Pentecost from Greek pentecostē, “50th day”), major festival in the Christian church, celebrated on the Sunday that falls on the 50th day of Easter. It commemorates the descent of the Holy Spirit on the Apostles and other disciples following the Crucifixion, Resurrection, ... |
3914200e7c731497cd804da89c4edcfe | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pentecostalism | Pentecostalism | Pentecostalism
Pentecostalism, charismatic religious movement that gave rise to a number of Protestant churches in the United States in the 20th century and that is unique in its belief that all Christians should seek a postconversion religious experience called baptism with the Holy Spirit. Recalling the Holy Spirit’... |
82a528e3e31b275723d2ef5847ef4f80 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/peonage | Peonage | Peonage
Peonage, form of involuntary servitude, the origins of which have been traced as far back as the Spanish conquest of Mexico, when the conquerors were able to force the poor, especially the Indians, to work for Spanish planters and mine operators. In both the English and Spanish languages, the word peon became ... |
7176a7cec11d9e1e72ce94a57e48409a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/People-for-the-American-Way | People for the American Way | People for the American Way
…CWA and the liberal group People for the American Way over the place of religion in American public life, parental rights, free exercise of religion, and control of the schools. Though the parents and CWA won a victory at the trial court level in 1986, the school board and People…
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e3cd5559ff70a0e461b75a48bf9a183f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/People-for-the-Ethical-Treatment-of-Animals | People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals | People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), nongovernmental organization (NGO) committed to ending abusive treatment of animals in business and society and promoting consideration of animal interests in everyday decision making and general policies and practices.
PET... |
248f3b398165d8fd5d2c402ffa2e1998 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/People-of-Freedom | People of Freedom | People of Freedom
…new party known as the People of Freedom (Popolo della Libertà; PdL)—clinched a third term as prime minister.
…new party known as the People of Freedom (Popolo della Libertà; PdL)—won a third term as prime minister. He and his centre-right cabinet took office in May.
…to create the new centre-right P... |
ba94b39e1256c83d57526b34a8c8d021 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Peoples-Democratic-Party-political-party-Nigeria | People's Democratic Party | People's Democratic Party
People’s Democratic Party (PDP), Nigerian political party founded in August 1998 by members of numerous groups and organizations, including the groups known as G-18 and G-34. The party, which has a broad political base, supports economic deregulation, human rights, and greater funding for hea... |
df55f306c9c01c58ea3956e456a8e71c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Peoples-Liberation-Army-Chinese-army | People's Liberation Army | People's Liberation Army
People’s Liberation Army, Unified organization of China’s land, sea, and air forces. It is one of the largest military forces in the world. The People’s Liberation Army traces its roots to the 1927 Nanchang Uprising of the communists against the Nationalists. Initially called the Red Army, it ... |
134515abc7f1b94827652cac458cf570 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pepperdine-University | Pepperdine University | Pepperdine University
…later served as dean of Pepperdine University’s law school (2004–10) before becoming president of Baylor University in 2010; he also became chancellor in 2013. During his tenure at Baylor, the school drew criticism for its response to a series of alleged sexual assaults, a number of which were re... |
1d139340b6da4d069a9b239b6e03a54c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pequot-War | Pequot War | Pequot War
Pequot War, war fought in 1636–37 by the Pequot people against a coalition of English settlers from the Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and Saybrook colonies and their Native American allies (including the Narragansett and Mohegan) that eliminated the Pequot as an impediment to English colonization of south... |
5de7bbf44422e375ace4baccdd21e210 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/perceptual-learning | Perceptual learning | Perceptual learning
Perceptual learning, process by which the ability of sensory systems to respond to stimuli is improved through experience. Perceptual learning occurs through sensory interaction with the environment as well as through practice in performing specific sensory tasks. The changes that take place in sen... |
14f89c451ca1ec4d3f022590cf81a6b5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Peregrinatio-Etheriae | Peregrinatio Etheriae | Peregrinatio Etheriae
Peregrinatio Etheriae, English Pilgrimage of Etheria, an anonymous and incomplete account of a western European nun’s travels in the Middle East, written for her colleagues at home, near the end of the 4th century. It gives important information about religious life and the observances of the chu... |
365392a124472a5e8616609449e333f8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/perestroika-Soviet-government-policy | Perestroika | Perestroika
Perestroika, (Russian: “restructuring”) program instituted in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Gorbachev in the mid-1980s to restructure Soviet economic and political policy. Seeking to bring the Soviet Union up to economic par with capitalist countries such as Germany, Japan, and the United States, Gorbachev d... |
656e7a7878b4afdedbf97b4d4cf3a249 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pericles-by-Shakespeare | Pericles | Pericles
Pericles, play in five acts by William Shakespeare, written about 1606–08 and published in a quarto edition in 1609, a defective and at times nearly unintelligible text that shows signs of having been memorially reconstructed. The editors of the First Folio of 1623 did not include Pericles in that edition, wh... |
8b3bd27792cf51404b0fd8161ffac8a0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Peripatetic | Peripatetic | Peripatetic
…brilliant research students, called “peripatetics” from the name of the cloister (peripatos) in which they walked and held their discussions. The Lyceum was not a private club like the Academy; many of the lectures there were open to the general public and given free of charge.
…whose members were known as... |
55d4a5361854d4854acb5a559c798d26 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Perkins-School-for-the-Blind | Perkins School for the Blind | Perkins School for the Blind
…Blind (later known as the Perkins School for the Blind)—the second school of its kind in the United States—argued that the blind could be educated and trained to become independent members of society, earning their own way in the world.
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341790c78ea16bcec152603f088a7074 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Perseus-Greek-mythology | Perseus | Perseus
Perseus, in Greek mythology, the slayer of the Gorgon Medusa and the rescuer of Andromeda from a sea monster. Perseus was the son of Zeus and Danaë, the daughter of Acrisius of Argos. As an infant he was cast into the sea in a chest with his mother by Acrisius, to whom it had been prophesied that he would be k... |
b22bdca2340f1c44b64f65848f430a58 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Persian-Cuneiform-Inscription-at-Behistun | Persian Cuneiform Inscription at Behistun | Persian Cuneiform Inscription at Behistun
As a result, his Persian Cuneiform Inscription at Behistun appeared (1846–51); it contained a complete translation, analysis of the grammar, and notes—altogether an achievement yielding valuable information on the history of ancient Persia and its rulers. With other scholars he... |
299ae76d4119f1533f55a7d18aa22839 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Persian-language | Persian language | Persian language
Persian language, also called Fārsī, member of the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian language family. It is the official language of Iran, and two varieties of Persian known as Dari and Tajik are official languages in Afghanistan and Tajikistan, respectively. Modern Persian is most closely related to... |
02ac4738e44e0b3c1aef6219a97f40e8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/personal-identity | Personal identity | Personal identity
Personal identity, in metaphysics, the problem of the nature of the identity of persons and their persistence through time.
One makes a judgment of personal identity whenever one says that a person existing at one time is the same as a person existing at another time: e.g., that the president of the... |
7c3888ec9fc54a2a607190e2e5a53d51 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/personal-name | Personal name | Personal name
There are many subdivisions and terms within the category of personal names. Originally, one name was given to a person at an early period of life—in Europe (and later in America), normally at baptism. This is called simply the name, the baptismal or…
The great majority of Carthaginian personal names, unl... |
2356bf16d1a2e0ba0d532076a3879314 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/personalismo | Personalismo | Personalismo
Personalismo, in Latin America, the practice of glorifying a single leader, with the resulting subordination of the interests of political parties and ideologies and of constitutional government.
Latin American political parties have often been constituted by the personal following of a leader rather than... |
6707389b53f1126ea49303b80cc4512e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/personality | Personality | Personality
Personality, a characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Personality embraces moods, attitudes, and opinions and is most clearly expressed in interactions with other people. It includes behavioral characteristics, both inherent and acquired, that distinguish one person from another and that ca... |
8732e99451d9ceaf5ad7ff29f9c2291b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pertamina | Pertamina | Pertamina
…of foreign companies operating through Pertamina, the monolithic state oil corporation. (Pertamina’s position as the centrepiece of Indonesia’s economic expansion ended in 1975, however, when the government rescued the company from its indebtedness.) Military entrepreneurs played a significant part in these ... |
85f1a31f723a8c02c39635ce3311e291 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Peruzzi-family | Peruzzi Family | Peruzzi Family
Peruzzi Family, leading family of medieval Italian financiers whose bankruptcy in the 14th century contributed to the economic depression of the late Middle Ages.
An old Florentine family belonging to the “popular” (democratic) party, the Peruzzi contributed 10 gonfaloniers (chief executives) and 54 pr... |
10aaa5bd5b87f2a5d5a0f88350204d16 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Peshitta | Peshitta | Peshitta
Peshitta, (Syriac: “simple” or “common”) Syriac version of the Bible, the accepted Bible of Syrian Christian churches from the end of the 3rd century ce. The name “Peshitta” was first employed by Moses bar Kepha in the 9th century to suggest (as does the name of the Latin Vulgate) that the text was in common ... |
cd068e4b0770f1451ce1494b30093823 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/peshwa | Peshwa | Peshwa
Peshwa, the office of chief minister among the Maratha people of India. The peshwa, also known as the mukhya pradhan, originally headed the advisory council of the raja Shivaji (reigned c. 1659–80). After Shivaji’s death the council broke up and the office lost its primacy, but it was revived when Shivaji’s gra... |
46a2c565a49feac66764ff34a9cbea90 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pesti-Naplo | Pesti Napló | Pesti Napló
…editor of the influential newspaper Pesti Napló (“Pest Journal”) and then a member of the National Assembly. In 1878 he joined the opposition Independence Party and set up a law firm in Budapest. In 1883 he represented the defendants in the widely publicized Tiszaeszlár case, in which local Jews were…
…a m... |
01084f85fbaa6d072a35848b5256f6c1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pet-Sematary-2019-film | Pet Sematary | Pet Sematary
…his films from 2019 were Pet Sematary, an adaptation of the Stephen King novel, and Bombshell, in which he played media executive Roger Ailes, who resigned from the Fox News Channel amid allegations of sexual misconduct. Lithgow also had roles in The Tomorrow Man and Late Night (both 2019). He…
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3f82a870ba39e1017cb8f7256c58a780 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Peter-and-the-Wolf | Peter and the Wolf | Peter and the Wolf
Peter and the Wolf, Russian Petya i volk, children’s theatre composition for orchestra and narrator by Sergey Prokofiev. The work, which tells a Russian folk tale, premiered May 2, 1936, in Moscow. Since that time it has introduced many young listeners to classical music and helped train them to rec... |
335222d8641fe76c80020a34f8b54bc1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/petha | Petha | Petha
Petha, a sweet candy of North India and Pakistan that is made from pieces of ash gourd (also called winter melon, wax gourd, or white gourd) that are typically soaked in lime water and then cooked in sugar syrup. The centuries-old translucent treat comes in many flavours, including saffron, pineapple, coconut, a... |
5340b3a2a9c507c2185863ffbb3fb62e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pew-Research-Center | Pew Research Center | Pew Research Center
…such funded project is the Pew Research Center, a nonpartisan opinion research group that focuses on issues of the press, public policy, and politics.
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be7e980c074a60673ba95e0989406381 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pfizer-Inc | Pfizer, Inc. | Pfizer, Inc.
Pfizer, Inc., one of the world’s largest research-based pharmaceutical and biomedical companies, dedicated to discovering, developing, manufacturing, and marketing prescription medications for both humans and animals. Headquarters are in New York City.
Pfizer was founded in Brooklyn, New York, in 1849 as ... |
d61c0d76d967da648c0b32755d329043 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Phaedo-by-Plato | Phaedo | Phaedo
In his dialogue the Phaedo, Plato expounded a theory of literally innate ideas; humans, for example, have a conception of exact Equality, which, since it could not have been supplied by the senses, must have been acquired by the soul before it was embodied (see also reincarnation).
…(they are criticized in the P... |
94cf62861b07a75d44654da17188e577 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pharisee | Pharisee | Pharisee
Pharisee, member of a Jewish religious party that flourished in Palestine during the latter part of the Second Temple period (515 bce–70 ce). The Pharisees’ insistence on the binding force of oral tradition (“the unwritten Torah”) remains a basic tenet of Jewish theological thought. When the Mishna (the first... |
5349b577c85d167e2880604662b30ab8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/pharyngeal-fricative | Pharyngeal fricative | Pharyngeal fricative
…this inventory is called the pharyngeal fricatives and is exemplified in Egyptian, Cushitic, Amazigh, and Semitic by ħ and ʿ (“ayn”). A second commonly used group of consonants is an emphatic set, similar to the pharyngeal fricatives but with phonetically quite different articulations; characteris... |
b0a561c43872fd5586536a3bdcec57e8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philadelphia-Eagles | Philadelphia Eagles | Philadelphia Eagles
Philadelphia Eagles, American professional gridiron football franchise based in Philadelphia that plays in the National Football Conference (NFC) of the National Football League (NFL). The Eagles have won three NFL championships (1948, 1949, and 1960) and have won one Super Bowl (2018).
The Eagles ... |
9ff9a11b8aee47d21bae786eee40a6b0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philadelphia-Phillies | Philadelphia Phillies | Philadelphia Phillies
Philadelphia Phillies, American professional baseball team based in Philadelphia that plays in the National League (NL). The Phillies have won seven NL pennants and two World Series titles (1980 and 2008) and are the oldest continuously run, single-name, single-city franchise in American professi... |
10e7f56d11fa11765103aae48b41a06d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/philanthropic-foundation | Philanthropic foundation | Philanthropic foundation
Philanthropic foundation, a nongovernmental, nonprofit organization, with assets provided by donors and managed by its own officials and with income expended for socially useful purposes. Foundation, endowment, and charitable trust are other terms used interchangeably to designate these organi... |
e43646cdcad6193988c2eb669ee3fb1b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philanthropinum | Philanthropinum | Philanthropinum
Philanthropinum, late 18th-century school (1774–93) founded in Dessau, Germany, by the educator Johann Bernhard Basedow to implement the educational ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Aiming to foster in its students a humanitarian worldview and awareness of the community of interest among all people, it ... |
1920b64f3d9698746fdaf8c1ab91c70a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV | Philips Electronics NV | Philips Electronics NV
Philips Electronics NV, in full Royal Philips Electronics NV, major Dutch manufacturer of consumer electronics, electronic components, medical imaging equipment, household appliances, lighting equipment, and computer and telecommunications equipment.
Philips & Company was founded in 1891 by Fred... |
15e61453e26605ea4c9e21b4cfe3c090 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Phillips-Academy | Phillips Academy | Phillips Academy
Phillips Academy, also called Phillips Andover Academy, or Andover, private, coeducational college-preparatory school (grades 9–12) in Andover, Massachusetts, U.S. Features of its 500-acre (200-hectare) campus include a bird sanctuary, the Addison Gallery of American Art, and the Robert S. Peabody Mus... |
4dd6f51fddb051c6844922bec52d7eb3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Phillips-Exeter-Academy | Phillips Exeter Academy | Phillips Exeter Academy
Phillips Exeter Academy, also called Exeter, private, coeducational, college-preparatory school (grades 9–12) in Exeter, N.H., U.S. It was founded as a boys’ school in 1781 by John Phillips, a local merchant and uncle of Samuel Phillips, the founder three years earlier of Phillips Academy in An... |
a9e9449d129e41e77e84ddebf8c5ab63 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Phillips-Petroleum-Company | Phillips Petroleum Company | Phillips Petroleum Company
Phillips Petroleum Company, former U.S. petroleum company that merged with Conoco in August 2002 to form ConocoPhillips.
Phillips was incorporated in Bartlesville, Oklahoma, in 1917 to acquire the Oklahoma and Kansas oil-producing properties of Frank and L.E. Phillips. The acquisition of a r... |
679a7a0b28692fc4bbde7ee2dd0f7eef | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philocopus-or-The-Deaf-and-Dumb-Mans-Friend | Philocopus; or, The Deaf and Dumb Man’s Friend | Philocopus; or, The Deaf and Dumb Man’s Friend
…Language of the Hand (1644); Philocopus; or, The Deaf and Dumb Man’s Friend (1648); Pathomyotamia; or, A Dissection of the Significative Muscles of the Affections of the Mind (1649); and Anthropometamorphosis; or, The Artificial Changeling (1650).
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515ddfe8104307e3c53c3f173026b9a1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophe | Philosophe | Philosophe
Philosophe, any of the literary men, scientists, and thinkers of 18th-century France who were united, in spite of divergent personal views, in their conviction of the supremacy and efficacy of human reason.
Inspired by the philosophic thought of René Descartes, the skepticism of the Libertins, or freethink... |
7d394c4809ecd7c24d1090fc742860e6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philosophenweg-path | Philosophenweg | Philosophenweg
The Philosophenweg (Philosopher’s Way), a path that overlooks Heidelberg’s old town from the north side of the Neckar, takes its name from the university professors who found the view conducive to intellectual pursuits. The trail has since been improved and expanded, and visitors who explore its…
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12e723d3a2dd92402ec783102026611e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophers-stone | Philosopher's stone | Philosopher's stone
Philosopher’s stone, in Western alchemy, an unknown substance, also called “the tincture” or “the powder,” sought by alchemists for its supposed ability to transform base metals into precious ones, especially gold and silver. Alchemists also believed that an elixir of life could be derived from it.... |
b879d8c4617de3a7aff8ef79de57af95 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy | Philosophy | Philosophy
Philosophy, (from Greek, by way of Latin, philosophia, “love of wisdom”) the rational, abstract, and methodical consideration of reality as a whole or of fundamental dimensions of human existence and experience. Philosophical inquiry is a central element in the intellectual history of many civilizations.
Th... |
1e676e9a1769bfd908bd4570c4b1e57b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy-of-art/Art-as-expression | Art as expression | Art as expression
The view that “art is imitation (representation)” has not only been challenged, it has been moribund in at least some of the arts since the 19th century. It was subsequently replaced by the theory that art is expression. Instead of reflecting states of the external world, art is held to reflect the in... |
8ab7637de2898898b62441e858567188 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy-of-biology | Biology, philosophy of | Biology, philosophy of
Biology, philosophy of, philosophical speculation about the concepts, methods, and theories of the biological sciences.
The sharp increase in understanding of biological processes that has occurred since the mid-20th century has stimulated philosophical interest in biology to an extent unprecede... |
c2b1158c3579e3aa56df784020bc040a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy-of-biology/Related-fields | Related fields | Related fields
Darwin always understood that an animal’s behaviour is as much a part of its repertoire in the struggle for existence as any of its physical adaptations. Indeed, he was particularly interested in social behaviour, because in certain respects it seemed to contradict his conception of the struggle as takin... |
742e5c6f9221ba5b3bd9ebd8c53c83e7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy-of-education | Philosophy of education | Philosophy of education
Philosophy of education, philosophical reflection on the nature, aims, and problems of education. The philosophy of education is Janus-faced, looking both inward to the parent discipline of philosophy and outward to educational practice. (In this respect it is like other areas of “applied” phil... |
f14673b1483830313999520f537bbd59 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy-of-language | Philosophy of language | Philosophy of language
Philosophy of language, philosophical investigation of the nature of language; the relations between language, language users, and the world; and the concepts with which language is described and analyzed, both in everyday speech and in scientific linguistic studies. Because its investigations a... |
d17304b935182867ddcc373da8169ba3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy-of-law | Philosophy of law | Philosophy of law
Philosophy of law, also called jurisprudence, branch of philosophy that investigates the nature of law, especially in its relation to human values, attitudes, practices, and political communities. Traditionally, philosophy of law proceeds by articulating and defending propositions about law that are ... |
70f21d7a2d5a6d349fb89a275de46101 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy-of-law/Rome-and-the-Middle-Ages | Rome and the Middle Ages | Rome and the Middle Ages
Although many aspects of ancient Greek culture had continuing influence throughout the Roman Empire from the 1st century bce onward, law was not one of them. The Romans established new legal forms and institutions as well as the first legal professionals and administrators. Roman jurists develo... |
1050372399edf6c8f778152aa270371c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy-of-logic | Philosophy of logic | Philosophy of logic
Philosophy of logic, the study, from a philosophical perspective, of the nature and types of logic, including problems in the field and the relation of logic to mathematics and other disciplines.
The term logic comes from the Greek word logos. The variety of senses that logos possesses may suggest ... |
d4d3131207858a4222227619a9b52646 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy-of-mind | Philosophy of mind | Philosophy of mind
Philosophy of mind, reflection on the nature of mental phenomena and especially on the relation of the mind to the body and to the rest of the physical world.
Philosophy is often concerned with the most general questions about the nature of things: What is the nature of beauty? What is it to have ge... |
ddb98dbc74596bad2a24663ba979c3b0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy-of-mind/Intentionality | Intentionality | Intentionality
Despite their differences, the various forms of rationality share one important trait: they involve propositional attitudes, particularly belief and desire. These attitudes, and the ways in which they are typically described, raise a number of problems that have been the focus of attention not only in th... |
f0656b32b5323efe3682b054043e7d0b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy-of-mind/Terminology-and-distinctions | Terminology and distinctions | Terminology and distinctions
Mental phenomena appear in the full variety of basic categories displayed by phenomena in most other domains, and it is often extremely important to bear in mind just which category is being discussed. Providing definitions of these basic categories is the task of metaphysics in general and... |
d0761ed4f04f1adee5a96feed0c6b664 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy-of-nature | Philosophy of nature | Philosophy of nature
In the philosophy of nature (see philosophy of biology; philosophy of physics), Aristotelianism denotes an optimistic position concerning nature’s aims and its economy; believing in the perfection and in the eternity of the heavenly, geocentric spheres, perceiving them as driven by intelligent mov... |
4f4e110dc87a269645a4e2ac0f69307e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy-of-physics/Nonlocality | Nonlocality | Nonlocality
In a famous paper published in 1935, Einstein, Boris Podolsky (1896–1966), and Nathan Rosen (1909–95) argued that, if the predictions of quantum mechanics about the outcomes of experiments are correct, then the quantum mechanical description of the world is necessarily incomplete.
A description of the world... |
37b00e21d53bb181d764cab547bf4d38 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy-of-physics/Quantum-mechanics | Quantum mechanics | Quantum mechanics
One of the intrinsic properties of an electron is its angular momentum, or spin. The two perpendicular components of an electron’s spin are usually called its “x-spin” and its “y-spin.” It is an empirical fact that the x-spin of an electron can take only one of two possible values, which for present p... |
d42959ad4aa8466117e3697e098a3feb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy-of-physics/The-general-theory-of-relativity | The general theory of relativity | The general theory of relativity
Consider a society of two-dimensional beings living on a surface that is almost perfectly flat. In one place the surface contains a bump, which is visible from the perspective of a larger three-dimensional space in which the surface is contained.
From the three-dimensional perspective, ... |
de03f8072dd863a7e0d62983f774c08c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Phoenician-alphabet | Phoenician alphabet | Phoenician alphabet
Phoenician alphabet, writing system that developed out of the North Semitic alphabet and was spread over the Mediterranean area by Phoenician traders. It is the probable ancestor of the Greek alphabet and, hence, of all Western alphabets. The earliest Phoenician inscription that has survived is th... |
2e47d3b6ddd3055d56cff3df97092119 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/phylactery | Phylactery | Phylactery
Phylactery, Hebrew tefillin, also spelled tephillin or tfillin, in Jewish religious practice, one of two small black leather cube-shaped cases containing Torah texts written on parchment, which, in accordance with Deuteronomy 6:8 (and similar statements in Deuteronomy 11:18 and Exodus 13:9, 16), are to be w... |
fa6d95e003cf563c893f0bddf9f09437 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/physical-activity | Physical activity | Physical activity
Physical activity, any form of bodily movement that is produced by the contraction of skeletal muscle and therefore results in energy expenditure. Physical activity includes the complete spectrum of activity, from very low levels of energy expenditure to maximal exertion. Thus, physical activity incl... |
14a2b97f47c4203eeb58d62c1cdcacb2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/physical-object | Physical object | Physical object
…correspondence between percepts and the physical objects to which they ordinarily relate. How accurately, for example, does the visually perceived size of an object match its physical size as measured (e.g., with a yardstick)?
Objects are, in the first instance, just what are ordinarily called “objects... |
b5b141f6c371c8bd8792547b154d1ca7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Piano-Concerto-No-3-in-D-Minor-Rachmaninoff | Piano Concerto No. 3 in D Minor, Op. 30 | Piano Concerto No. 3 in D Minor, Op. 30
Piano Concerto No. 3 in D Minor, Op. 30, composition by Sergei Rachmaninoff. The work premiered on November 28, 1909, in New York City with the composer as soloist. It was the first of many American triumphs for Rachmaninoff, who would ultimately make his home in the United Stat... |
213dbd87ee85fcf78366ae1aad4d3500 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/PICIC-Commercial-Bank-Ltd | PICIC Commercial Bank, Ltd. | PICIC Commercial Bank, Ltd.
…Investment Corporation (1957; since 2001, PICIC Commercial Bank, Ltd.), the Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan (1961), the Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan (1961), and the House Building Finance Corporation (1952). There are a number of private banks, many of which operate fro... |
f7803e970a74e666973019384291ee4d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/pick-up-sticks | Pick-up-sticks | Pick-up-sticks
Pick-up-sticks, also called jackstraws, or spillikins, game of skill, played by both children and adults, with thin wooden sticks or with straws or matches. In the early 18th century sticks were made of ivory or bone; later they were made of wood or plastic.
To begin the game, 20 to 50 sticks are bunche... |
cd5948c7126b19cc14d3a9f16ef1cc0b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Picnic-at-Hanging-Rock | Picnic at Hanging Rock | Picnic at Hanging Rock
…with the haunting and atmospheric Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975), followed by The Last Wave (1977), for which he also cowrote the screenplay and which was reviewed more favourably in the United States than in Australia. The World War I drama Gallipoli (1981), based on a story by Weir and…
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0de369feae798f937cea37814dfad303 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pictures-at-an-Exhibition | Pictures at an Exhibition | Pictures at an Exhibition
Pictures at an Exhibition, musical work in 10 movements by Russian composer Modest Mussorgsky that was inspired by a visit to an art exhibition. Each of the movements represents one of the drawings or artworks on display. Although originally composed in 1874 for solo piano, Pictures became be... |
ce2fd78aee61002c0f3a32d08a7b5c94 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/pidgin | Pidgin | Pidgin
Pidgin, originally, a language that typically developed out of sporadic and limited contacts between Europeans and non-Europeans in locations other than Europe from the 16th through the early 19th century and often in association with activities such as trade, plantation agriculture, and mining. Typical pidgins... |
75aff6ed89368d6b747f0c35e453af58 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/pie | Pie | Pie
Pie, dish made by lining a shallow container with pastry and filling the container with a sweet or savoury mixture. A top crust may be added; the pie is baked until the crust is crisp and the filling is cooked through. Pies have been popular in the United States since colonial times, so much so that apple pie has ... |
40c2b2180ba5c2ae64a2ace3d663a8e0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/pileus-hat | Pileus | Pileus
Pileus, close-fitting, brimless hat worn by the ancient Romans and copied from the Greek sailor’s hat called the pilos. In Roman times the head was generally left uncovered, but commoners and freed slaves sometimes wore the felt pileus.
The hat was again popular during the Renaissance, especially in Italy, whe... |
126f47b3821cc6f2fff9d1d05619fd18 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/pilgrimage-religion | Pilgrimage | Pilgrimage
Pilgrimage, a journey undertaken for a religious motive. Although some pilgrims have wandered continuously with no fixed destination, pilgrims more commonly seek a specific place that has been sanctified by association with a divinity or other holy personage. The institution of pilgrimage is evident in all ... |
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