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6063bf563fb3f15b94ebefb5ef3ecbc6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Orfeo-ed-Euridice | Orfeo ed Euridice | Orfeo ed Euridice
>Orfeo ed Euridice, 1762), and Jacques Offenbach (Orpheus in the Underworld, 1858); Jean Cocteau’s drama (1926) and film (1949) Orphée; and Brazilian director Marcel Camus’s film Black Orpheus (1959).
Then, beginning with Orfeo ed Euridice in 1762, he attempted to enhance both the dramatic and musical... |
26b7c487017151610be87d3571ac3e99 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Organic-Act-of-1916 | Organic Act of 1916 | Organic Act of 1916
It was established in 1916 by an act of the U.S. Congress that was signed into law by U.S. Pres. Woodrow Wilson. The law stipulated that the new service was to “conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and…leave them unimpaired for…
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cfdcee92fbd3747e14a2bf1f7778da64 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/organic-farming | Organic farming | Organic farming
Organic farming, agricultural system that uses ecologically based pest controls and biological fertilizers derived largely from animal and plant wastes and nitrogen-fixing cover crops. Modern organic farming was developed as a response to the environmental harm caused by the use of chemical pesticides ... |
4a7c48bef4bd6dabc5bc0eead466750e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/organic-food | Organic food | Organic food
Organic food, fresh or processed food produced by organic farming methods. Organic food is grown without the use of synthetic chemicals, such as human-made pesticides and fertilizers, and does not contain genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Organic foods include fresh produce, meats, and dairy products... |
2d100815cd6d1742252f0b8e87037dda | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Organization-of-American-States | Organization of American States | Organization of American States
Organization of American States (OAS), organization formed to promote economic, military, and cultural cooperation among its members, which include almost all of the independent states of the Western Hemisphere. The OAS’s main goals are to prevent any outside state’s intervention in the... |
2731c8ca83666bdbd89c51edf88cd9b5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Organization-of-Arab-Petroleum-Exporting-Countries | Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries | Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, Arabic Munaẓẓamat al-Aqṭār al-ʿArabiyyah al-Muṣaddirah lil-Batrūl, Arab organization formed in January 1968 to promote international economic cooperation within the petroleum industry. Chairmanship rotates annually; ... |
1057431391f4dbeaae6ddeb52fcce0f3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/organized-crime | Organized crime | Organized crime
Organized crime, complex of highly centralized enterprises set up for the purpose of engaging in illegal activities. Such organizations engage in offenses such as cargo theft, fraud, robbery, kidnapping for ransom, and the demanding of “protection” payments. The principal source of income for these cri... |
f9d032b2c561f3ccc472f7aa06fff9b6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/organized-labor/Eastern-Europe | Eastern Europe | Eastern Europe
Trade unionism in Russia and other parts of eastern Europe developed in close relationship with political parties, usually revolutionary parties. Because the autocratic Russian state prohibited public organization of any sort, especially trade unions, autonomous workers’ movements often shared common int... |
da70e9d3ea6f2e0876f3fbdc52ad2897 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/organized-labor/Establishment-of-industrial-unionism | Establishment of industrial unionism | Establishment of industrial unionism
With the onset of the Great Depression in 1929, the balance of forces in the United States shifted dramatically. To begin with, national politics became more favourable to organized labour. Partly for ideological reasons, partly because of labour’s increasing influence on the Democr... |
d130ce128b80607b05a9de262e73795c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Origin-of-Species | Origin of Species | Origin of Species
…“Instinct” in his crucial work On the Origin of Species (1859), he declined to attempt to define the term:
England became quieter and more prosperous in the 1850s, and by mid-decade the professionals were taking over, instituting exams and establishing a meritocracy. The changing social composition o... |
061879b489b1d5fcea1a6f25f0d24196 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oromo-language | Oromo language | Oromo language
…most widely spoken languages are Oromo (approximately 20 million speakers), Sidamo (some 3 million speakers), and Hadiyya (more than 1 million speakers) in southern Ethiopia; Somali, the official language of Somalia, with about 15 million speakers; and Saho-Afar, two closely related languages, spoken by... |
11769705a1829cef8a1313c357031332 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oromo-Peoples-Democratic-Organization | Oromo People’s Democratic Organization | Oromo People’s Democratic Organization
…as a member of the Oromo People’s Democratic Organization (OPDO), which was part of the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) ruling coalition. In the following years he would go on to earn a master’s degree in transformational leadership (2011) from the Inter... |
f47a6de769519c1af170b578d84ecd63 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oroonoko-by-Behn | Oroonoko | Oroonoko
Oroonoko, in full Oroonoko; or, The Royal Slave, novel by Aphra Behn, published in 1688. Behn’s experiences in the Dutch colony of Surinam in South America provided the plot and the locale for this acclaimed novel about a proud, virtuous African prince who is enslaved and cruelly treated by “civilized” white ... |
40dc0f5ea263b58557b459e00d93c09c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Orpheus-Greek-mythology | Orpheus | Orpheus
Orpheus, ancient Greek legendary hero endowed with superhuman musical skills. He became the patron of a religious movement based on sacred writings said to be his own.
Traditionally, Orpheus was the son of a Muse (probably Calliope, the patron of epic poetry) and Oeagrus, a king of Thrace (other versions give ... |
26c57bc3b6fcae912413eda5cf38a6cf | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Orphic-religion | Orphic religion | Orphic religion
Orphic religion, a Hellenistic mystery religion, thought to have been based on the teachings and songs of the legendary Greek musician Orpheus. No coherent description of such a religion can be constructed from historical evidence. Most scholars agree that by the 5th century bc there was at least an Or... |
c90098ffb6fdcfe84b78be78d54e24c5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Orthodox-Church-of-Ukraine | Orthodox Church of Ukraine | Orthodox Church of Ukraine
…a single body as the Orthodox Church of Ukraine. In creating the new church, Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I formalized the independence of Ukraine’s Orthodox community, which had been under the jurisdiction of the patriarchate of Moscow since 1686. In western Ukraine the Ukrainian Greek ... |
20453af1c9f694b7562a36df147fbe05 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/orthography | Orthography | Orthography
…the apparent irrationality of English spelling, such as is found also in some other orthographies, lies just in the fact that letter sequences have remained constant while the sounds represented by them have changed. For example, the gh of light once stood for a consonant sound, as it still does…
Alphabeti... |
dc37273885634875876a26d17532564c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Osage | Osage | Osage
Osage, original name Ni-u-kon-ska (“People of the Middle Waters”), North American Indian tribe of the Dhegiha branch of the Siouan linguistic stock. The name Osage is an English rendering of the French phonetic version of the name the French understood to be that of the entire tribe. It was thereafter applied to... |
bae86dc238bf965747f49d6f5b57fb26 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Osirak | Osirak | Osirak
…Iraq a research reactor (called Osirak or Tammuz-1) that used weapon-grade uranium as the fuel. Iraq imported hundreds of tons of various forms of uranium from Portugal, Niger, and Brazil, sent numerous technicians abroad for training, and in 1979 contracted to purchase a plutonium separation facility from Ital... |
005983af6f9f2d0358f8ec9436e302d9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oslo-Accords | Oslo Accords | Oslo Accords
In the 1990s a breakthrough agreement negotiated between Israeli and Palestinian leaders in Oslo, Norway, set out a process for a mutually negotiated two-state solution to be gradually implemented by the end of the decade. Although the process showed initial promise and…
…Middle East peace negotiations, th... |
5ecbe92afc450ab27a3fd2ee62236a82 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ossuary | Ossuary | Ossuary
…like rectangular rooms to contain ossuaries, or urns for the bones of the dead. The sides and lids of the ossuaries were decorated. The ornamentation on an ossuary from Bia Naiman (State Hermitage Museum) has so many points in common with the decorations on a series of silver vessels that…
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51bf92ec18898c84dd7d42981a54d9e3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ostrogoth | Ostrogoth | Ostrogoth
Ostrogoth, member of a division of the Goths. The Ostrogoths developed an empire north of the Black Sea in the 3rd century ce and, in the late 5th century, under Theodoric the Great, established the Gothic kingdom of Italy.
Invading southward from the Baltic Sea, the Ostrogoths built up a huge empire stretch... |
c8a1c1477bbe6047d5e29a34306daead | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Otomanguean-languages | Otomanguean languages | Otomanguean languages
Otomanguean languages, a phylum, or stock, of American Indian languages composed mainly of Amuzgoan, Oto-Pamean, Popolocan, Subtiaba-Tlapanecan, Mixtecan, Zapotecan, and Chinantecan. The living languages of these groups are spoken in Mexico, although varieties of Mangue, all of which are extinct,... |
cf62e0bfe92c78d07878781183745370 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ottawa-people | Ottawa | Ottawa
Ottawa, Algonquian-speaking North American Indians whose original territory focused on the Ottawa River, the French River, and Georgian Bay, in present northern Michigan, U.S., and southeastern Ontario and southwestern Quebec, Canada. According to tradition, the Ottawa, Ojibwa, and Potawatomi were formerly one ... |
5bc45e5eb67c840977a337fd3a608be1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oued-Mellegue | Oued Mellègue | Oued Mellègue
…two main tributaries are the Oued Mellègue (Wadi Mallāq) and the Oued Tessa (Wadi Tassah). Main riverine settlements include Souk Ahras, in Algeria, and Jendouba (Jundūbah), in Tunisia.
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2090e824e28d07aa1cb9f4c68a52f07a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ouija-board | Ouija board | Ouija board
Ouija board, in occultism, a device ostensibly used for obtaining messages from the spirit world, usually employed by a medium during a séance. The name derives from the French and German words for “yes” (oui and ja). The Ouija board consists of an oblong piece of wood with letters of the alphabet inscribe... |
df6ccffd3e7aec59e5aebc0a74859560 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ouled-Riah | Ouled Riah | Ouled Riah
In June 1845 the Ouled Riah tribe, driven from their settlements by Pélissier’s forces, found refuge in the caves of the Dahra mountains. Thomas-Robert Bugeaud, another French military leader, had previously advised Pélissier that if the populace hid themselves in caves, they ought to be “smoked,” as their c... |
eb425e6d93fcc4f5aaefc5f444e40b55 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Out-of-Time | Out of Time | Out of Time
…1991 when the Grammy Award-winning Out of Time reached number one on the British and American album charts and the single “Losing My Religion” became an enormous hit and also earned a Grammy.
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004ca66c33da87a6747e92d27989bee4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/OutKast | Outkast | Outkast
Outkast, also styled OutKast, American rap duo, formed in 1992, that put Atlanta on the hip-hop map in the 1990s and redefined the G-Funk (a variation of gangsta rap) and Dirty South (often profane form of hip-hop that emerged in the U.S. South) music styles with their strong melodies, intricate lyrics, and po... |
f1df493d7f25d1454a11585f3f1b636b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Outskirts | Outskirts | Outskirts
Goyette’s Outskirts (2011), on the other hand, combines prose and verse poems with the natural world used to describe domestic life. In “New Mothers,” for instance, a witty, ironic attitude expresses the paradoxical pressures placed on mothers:
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b0e76e2ba4ea79156a07c185c4881680 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/outsourcing | Outsourcing | Outsourcing
Outsourcing, work arrangement made by an employer who hires an outside contractor to perform work that could be done by company personnel. Outsourcing has been a frequent point of dispute for organized labour. If, for example, an employer has a labour contract with a union, and the outsourced work could be... |
e65321fc74d5d92e09414c2bd86130cd | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Overland-Mail-Company | Overland Mail Company | Overland Mail Company
Butterfield’s Overland Mail Company was a success from its beginning in September 1858, but Wells Fargo and American Express fought for control of its board. Butterfield lost. As Wells recalled about Butterfield and his actions at a directors’ meeting in 1860, “All of the profanity that…
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d1091621eb68a3ef8b871d852eafc96c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ovimbundu | Ovimbundu | Ovimbundu
Ovimbundu, also called Umbundu, people inhabiting the tree-studded grasslands of the Bié Plateau in Angola. They speak Umbundu, a Bantu language of the Niger-Congo language family. They numbered about four million at the turn of the 21st century.
The ruling families entered the highlands from the northeast i... |
15d99a7b34cc6efcf323f7a90d6b4e39 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Owls-Do-Cry | Owls Do Cry | Owls Do Cry
…she composed her first novel, Owls Do Cry (1957). The experimental book incorporates both poetry and prose and lacks a conventional plot. It investigates the worth of the individual and the ambiguous border between sanity and madness. Faces in the Water (1961) is a fictionalized account of her time in…
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7655bd135c6e047223fc30f71403eb33 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oz-the-Great-and-Powerful | Oz the Great and Powerful | Oz the Great and Powerful
…the big-budget family adventure film Oz the Great and Powerful (2013). Although a critical disappointment, Raimi’s take on L. Frank Baum’s mythos was a hit with audiences. That same year, Raimi produced Evil Dead, a remake that replaced the original film’s absurd gore with the brutally render... |
a6f8cf394ccbe62a71557724b174ae23 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/OzEmail | OzEmail | OzEmail
…1987, founding the Internet start-up OzEmail in 1994, and joining investment bank Goldman Sachs in 1997. OzEmail became one of Australia’s top Internet and e-mail service providers, and the company was purchased by WorldCom in 1999 for \$520 million (Australian). During this time, Turnbull became associated wi... |
2d2c2684913a0704753252d7c5375b41 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Paasche-index | Paasche index | Paasche index
Paasche index, index developed by German economist Hermann Paasche for measuring current price or quantity levels relative to those of a selected base period. It differs from the Laspeyres index in that it uses current-period weighting.
The index is a ratio that compares the total purchase cost of a spec... |
e385b5c9067afcc7841e89bc64bce934 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pachamama | Pachamama | Pachamama
…Altiplano, especially the worship of Pachamama, the goddess of the Earth. Also worshiped is the sun god, legendary creator of the first Inca emperor Manco Capac and his sister-wife Mama Ocllo on the Island of the Sun in Lake Titicaca. Through the centuries, the Roman Catholic Church has accepted some…
The An... |
6c697ebdcd82d7296dd5fe6d1bfa5483 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pacific-War | Pacific War | Pacific War
Pacific War, major theatre of World War II that covered a large portion of the Pacific Ocean, East Asia, and Southeast Asia, with significant engagements occurring as far south as northern Australia and as far north as the Aleutian Islands.
The Japanese war plan, aimed at the American, British, and Dutch p... |
2883e8aa09aabff259267f58ba359c6d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Paddleton | Paddleton | Paddleton
…was cast in the movie Paddleton, playing a bachelor whose similarly unmarried friend is diagnosed with a terminal illness, and he played an attorney in Martin Scorsese’s mob drama The Irishman.
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6a7489eb12f7b143988743966e6a48d6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pahari | Pahāṛī | Pahāṛī
Pahāṛī, also called Parbate, people who constitute about three-fifths the population of Nepal and a majority of the population of neighbouring Himalayan India (in Himachal Pradesh and northern Uttar Pradesh). They speak languages belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European family. The people are his... |
1907acd7f87f7aab6c7d1fe12eb47dfc | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pahari-languages | Pahari languages | Pahari languages
Pahari languages, group of Indo-Aryan languages spoken in the lower ranges of the Himalayas (pahāṛī is Hindi for “of the mountains”). Three divisions are distinguished: Eastern Pahari, represented by Nepali of Nepal; Central Pahari, spoken in Uttarakhand state; and Western Pahari, found around Simla i... |
322f0a06719cece605c68471c72de0d8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pahlavi-dynasty | Pahlavi dynasty | Pahlavi dynasty
During the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi, educational and judicial reforms were effected that laid the basis of a modern state and reduced the influence of the religious classes. A wide range of legal affairs that had previously been the purview of…
…vesting sovereignty in the new Pahlavi dynasty.
…power w... |
70f700d91a2b15fcf13665b904a9f5de | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pakistan-Electronic-Media-Regulatory-Authority | Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority | Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority
In 2002 the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) was established to regulate and license privately owned radio, television, and satellite broadcasting facilities. Censorship, particularly of newspapers, is widespread, but Pakistanis have access to a varie... |
d45172489a2a4c580bcea7b7912a1c2d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pakistan-Muslim-League-J | Pakistan Muslim League (J) | Pakistan Muslim League (J)
…Pakistan Muslim League—often designated as Muslim League (J) to distinguish it from other factions attempting to access the party’s legacy. Soon afterward Benazir Bhutto, the daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and head of the PPP, returned from a two-year exile abroad and was greeted by a tumul... |
f09bb2de1aad4cbff8352beb04d78c6c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Palace-of-Diocletian | Palace of Diocletian | Palace of Diocletian
Palace of Diocletian, ancient Roman palace built between 295 and 305 ce at Split (Spalato), Croatia, by the emperor Diocletian as his place of retirement (he renounced the imperial crown in 305 and then lived at Split until his death in 316). The palace constitutes the main part of a UNESCO World ... |
59c3a326370bdb56ddeb231b1b73e92c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/palatal | Palatal | Palatal
Palatal, in phonetics, a consonant sound produced by raising the blade, or front, of the tongue toward or against the hard palate just behind the alveolar ridge (the gums). The German ch sound in ich and the French gn (pronounced ny) in agneau are palatal consonants. English has no purely palatal consonants, ... |
2dbe08eecb3f4c9c9eaf9d2ba24203db | https://www.britannica.com/topic/palatalization | Palatalization | Palatalization
Palatalization, in phonetics, the production of consonants with the blade, or front, of the tongue drawn up farther toward the roof of the mouth (hard palate) than in their normal pronunciation. Palatalized consonants in Russian are pronounced as if attempting simultaneously to pronounce a particular c... |
96fc2e9f34f9e960863681a7cc89f7db | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Palatine-Chapel-Aachen-Germany | Palatine Chapel | Palatine Chapel
Palatine Chapel, German Pfalzkapelle, also called Palace Chapel, private chapel associated with a residence, especially of an emperor. Many of the early Christian emperors built private churches in their palaces—often more than one—as described in literary sources of the Byzantine period. Such structur... |
2491b1446ae9020cc4ca12649368b48a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/palatine-medieval-official | Palatine | Palatine
Palatine, any of diverse officials found in numerous countries of medieval and early modern Europe. Originally the term was applied to the chamberlains and troops guarding the palace of the Roman emperor. In Constantine’s time (early 4th century), the designation was also used for the senior field force of t... |
a4c6a59c875686366a48f57fe88891bb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pale-Rider | Pale Rider | Pale Rider
…Shane (1953), and Clint Eastwood’s Pale Rider (1985), for example, a figure sacrifices himself (Sanctuary) or joins the side of good in a fight between good and evil (Shane, Pale Rider).
…screen roots with the neo-mythic Pale Rider (1985), a quasi-religious western. It showcased Eastwood’s iconic presence a... |
7fd958f9138876d2e968a10dae7a3bf8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Palestine-Liberation-Organization | Palestine Liberation Organization | Palestine Liberation Organization
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), Arabic Munaẓẓamat al-Taḥrīr Filasṭīniyyah, umbrella political organization claiming to represent the world’s Palestinians—those Arabs, and their descendants, who lived in mandated Palestine before the creation there of the State of Israel in 19... |
2f08ef250200b6ee7df9ade4c642d32e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pallava-dynasty | Pallava dynasty | Pallava dynasty
Pallava dynasty, early 4th-century to late 9th-century ce line of rulers in southern India whose members originated as indigenous subordinates of the Satavahanas in the Deccan, moved into Andhra, and then to Kanci (Kanchipuram in modern Tamil Nadu state, India), where they became rulers. Their genealog... |
2c85b43016c5bf87d22197162380c4d9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Palm-Jumeirah | Palm Jumeirah | Palm Jumeirah
Palm Jumeirah, artificial offshore islands in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, the site of private residences and hotels. From the air, the archipelago resembles a stylized palm tree within a circle. Palm Jumeirah was built in the early 21st century and was largely financed from Dubai’s substantial income f... |
231090341dfcf0952dee20341cef49b1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Palmer-Raids | Palmer Raids | Palmer Raids
Palmer Raids, also called Palmer Red Raids, raids conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice in 1919 and 1920 in an attempt to arrest foreign anarchists, communists, and radical leftists, many of whom were subsequently deported. The raids, fueled by social unrest following World War I, were led by Attorn... |
12e9f80b37720601b827dbabc8f427ea | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pan-2015-film | Pan | Pan
…pirate in the children’s adventure Pan (both 2015), the latter of which purported to trace the origins of J.M. Barrie’s character Peter Pan. He costarred as a ski-jumping coach in the inspirational film Eddie the Eagle (2016), about the performance of unlikely British skier Michael (“Eddie”) Edwards at the Calgary... |
dadb2a612c90bdf4362b9173aacf4cc6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pan-Africanist-Congress-of-Azania | Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania | Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania
Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC), also called (1959–64) Pan-Africanist Congress, South African organization and later political party pursuing “Africanist” policies in South Africa (which they would rename Azania) for black South Africans, in contrast to the nonracial or multir... |
185936817cba7252f80d19d634a41e4b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pan-American-conferences | Pan-American conferences | Pan-American conferences
Pan-American conferences, various meetings between representatives of some or all of the independent states of the Western Hemisphere (Canada usually excluded). Between 1826 and 1889, several meetings between American states were held to discuss problems of common defense and juridical matters... |
3c47912a4bf64481f9f2240188a7ba7c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Panama-Canal/Canal-traffic | Canal traffic | Canal traffic
Traffic through the Panama Canal is a barometer of world trade, rising in times of world economic prosperity and declining in times of recession. From a low of 807 transits in 1916, traffic rose to a high point of 15,523 transits of all types in 1970. The cargo carried through the canal that year amounted... |
48477c0f84b52f01a36ea3972e9eecdd | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Panathenaea | Panathenaea | Panathenaea
Panathenaea, in Greek religion, an annual Athenian festival of great antiquity and importance. It was eventually celebrated every fourth year with great splendour, probably in deliberate rivalry to the Olympic Games. The festival consisted solely of the sacrifices and rites proper to the season (mid-August... |
9733b63cf54960a9fbcf753d2af4ac70 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pancasila | Pancasila | Pancasila
Pancasila, also spelled Pantjasila, English Five Principles, the Indonesian state philosophy, formulated by the Indonesian nationalist leader Sukarno. It was first articulated on June 1, 1945, in a speech delivered by Sukarno to the preparatory committee for Indonesia’s independence, which was sponsored by t... |
12cb05b05840a8078ea6c85cdb7441a3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Panchatantra-Indian-literature | Panchatantra | Panchatantra
Panchatantra, (Sanskrit: “Five Treatises” or “Five Chapters”) also spelled Pancatantra, collection of Indian animal fables, which has had extensive circulation both in the country of its origin and throughout the world. In Europe the work was known under the name The Fables of Bidpai (for the narrator, a... |
caf48538bd36b9597096b576aff8ccf5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pandects | Pandects | Pandects
Pandects, (Greek: “All-Encompassing”) Latin Pandectae, also called Digest, collection of passages from the writings of Roman jurists, arranged in 50 books and subdivided into titles according to the subject matter. In ad 530 the Roman emperor Justinian entrusted its compilation to the jurist Tribonian with in... |
b8ea5414ea93de372113b9c58770166d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/pannekoek | Pannekoek | Pannekoek
Pannekoek, also spelled pannenkoek, plural pannekoeken or pannenkoeken, large thin Dutch pancake typically cooked with various sweet or savory fillings, including bacon, cheese, and apples. Those without fillings are often served with such toppings as stroop (Dutch syrup), molasses, treacle (Dutch syrup made... |
3d11555afa99236f2fe52dc351a5201c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pantaloon | Pantaloon | Pantaloon
Pantaloon, Italian Pantalone, stock character of the 16th-century Italian commedia dell’arte—a cunning and rapacious yet often deceived Venetian merchant.
Pantaloon dressed in a tight-fitting red vest, red breeches and stockings, a pleated black cassock, slippers, and a soft brimless hat. Later versions of t... |
af839a9ebf9675f0f16a2c7f2510ed2e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pantheon-building-Paris-France | Panthéon | Panthéon
Panthéon, building in Paris that was begun about 1757 by the architect Jacques-Germain Soufflot as the Church of Sainte-Geneviève to replace a much older church of that name on the same site. It was secularized during the French Revolution and dedicated to the memory of great Frenchmen, receiving the name Pa... |
c765deedeef425cf147b37e407e95b26 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/papal-chancery | Papal chancery | Papal chancery
Knowledge about early papal documents is scant because no originals survive from before the 9th century, and extant copies of earlier documents are often much abridged. But it is clear that the popes at first imitated the form of the letters of the…
…the formal communications of the papal chancery, the p... |
e4411e65f14eba7e29996c492e4d98fa | https://www.britannica.com/topic/papal-infallibility | Papal infallibility | Papal infallibility
Papal infallibility, in Roman Catholic theology, the doctrine that the pope, acting as supreme teacher and under certain conditions, cannot err when he teaches in matters of faith or morals. As an element of the broader understanding of the infallibility of the church, this doctrine is based on the... |
d1de339ca26d1417d65fd4766286cc31 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Papillon-film-by-Schaffner | Papillon | Papillon
Even more popular was Papillon (1973), which was based on the autobiography of Henri Charrière, a French prisoner who escaped from Devils Island. Steve McQueen starred in the title role, and Dustin Hoffman portrayed a fellow prisoner. Although considered overly long, the drama was a critical and commercial suc... |
ec570e531f8644ba3322f804b9287e81 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/papri-chaat | Papri chaat | Papri chaat
Papri chaat (or papdi chaat) is crispy fried-dough wafers served with typical chaat ingredients such as chickpeas, boiled potatoes, yogurt sauce, and tamarind and coriander chutneys; it may also contain pomegranate seeds
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05930fd98d02740a5444be7437e6e904 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/paprika | Paprika | Paprika
Paprika, spice made from the pods of Capsicum annuum, an annual shrub belonging to the nightshade family, Solanaceae, and native to tropical areas of the Western Hemisphere, including Mexico, Central America, South America, and the West Indies.
C. annuum is cultivated throughout most of the world for its pods,... |
a3ca6eb163a70a1126c73a40f66a2da9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Paracas | Paracas | Paracas
Paracas, culture centred on the peninsula of the same name, located in present-day southern Peru in the vicinity of Ica, during the Early Horizon and the Early Intermediate periods (c. 900 bc–ad 400). The Paracas culture’s earlier phase, called Paracas Cavernas, is related to the Chavín culture (c. 1000–400 bc... |
ba5b50cf4f41f97aec2d4a0e447a3a43 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Paradise-Valley-by-Mayer | Paradise Valley | Paradise Valley
Paradise Valley (2013), while featuring guest appearances by pop singer Katy Perry and rhythm-and-blues performer Frank Ocean, followed in a similar vein. He returned to his earlier sound for The Search for Everything (2017), which earned decidedly mixed reviews. In 2015 Mayer became a member…
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d995d281df83e71e03e668300c96dcfa | https://www.britannica.com/topic/parallel-universe | Parallel universe | Parallel universe
By contrast, the “parallel universe” was entirely conjectural and hypothetical. Initially, readers found parallel worlds an amusing but inconsequential conceit, just as they had once found works set within the future academic or absurd. They soon realized, however, that the notion of uchronia (or “no-... |
6ef1200c62b455780bfa1b8278f4193d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Paramount-Pictures | Paramount Pictures | Paramount Pictures
Paramount Pictures, in full Paramount Pictures Corporation, one of the first and most successful of the Hollywood film studios. It became a subsidiary of Viacom in 1994.
Paramount Pictures Corp. was established in 1914 by W.W. Hodkinson as a film distributor, offering Adolph Zukor’s Famous Players F... |
b623b158caaea3c15ca35ec40291b1db | https://www.britannica.com/topic/parchment | Parchment | Parchment
Parchment, the processed skins of certain animals—chiefly sheep, goats, and calves—that have been prepared for the purpose of writing on them. The name apparently derives from the ancient Greek city of Pergamum (modern Bergama, Turkey), where parchment is said to have been invented in the 2nd century bc. Sk... |
111c5133a819d39c09dfe6e2f3a0f1af | https://www.britannica.com/topic/parent-kinship | Parent | Parent
Parent, one who has begotten offspring, or one who occupies the role of mother or father. In Western societies, parenthood, with its several obligations, rests strongly on biological relatedness. This is not the case in all societies: in some, a distinction is made between a biological parent and social parent... |
d1f1776dd91647b5979ecd2c2fa6b6fd | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Parents-Families-and-Friends-of-Lesbians-and-Gays | PFLAG | PFLAG
PFLAG, in full Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays, formerly called Parents FLAG, American organization representing the interests of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) community. PFLAG was founded in 1973 and has amassed more than 200,000 members in the United States and ... |
57c80e4e0909adc3e59aa6078d028b8a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Paria-Canyon-Vermilion-Cliffs-Wilderness-Area | Paria Canyon–Vermilion Cliffs Wilderness Area | Paria Canyon–Vermilion Cliffs Wilderness Area
A large portion of the Paria Canyon–Vermilion Cliffs Wilderness Area, created in 1984, rings the national monument and is within the monument’s boundaries, although part of the wilderness area also extends into Utah. Kaibab National Forest makes up part of the national monu... |
848d7a369c54ebfbda493a45d9f4a1e0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/pariah | Pariah | Pariah
Pariah, member of a low-caste group of Hindu Indian society, formerly known as “untouchables” but now called Dalits. The word pariah—originally derived from Tamil paṛaiyar, “drummer”—once referred to the Paraiyan, a Tamil caste group of labourers and village servants of low status, but the meaning was extended ... |
ff5a9a53071ff0109a0078f59643879f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Parian-Chronicle | Parian Chronicle | Parian Chronicle
Parian Chronicle, also called Marmor Parium or Parian Marble, document inscribed on marble in the Attic Greek dialect and containing an outline of Greek history from the reign of Cecrops, legendary king of Athens, down to the archonship of Diognetus at Athens (264/263 bc). The years are reckoned backw... |
72a62d9fdfe57531d7723429375e08db | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Paris-Agreement-2015 | Paris Agreement | Paris Agreement
Paris Agreement, in full Paris Agreement Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, also called Paris Climate Agreement or COP21, international treaty, named for the city of Paris, France, in which it was adopted in December 2015, which aimed to reduce the emission of gases that c... |
717374ffec4d012b53eed50a975312f3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Paris-Greek-mythology | Paris | Paris
Paris, also called Alexandros (Greek: “Defender”), in Greek legend, son of King Priam of Troy and his wife, Hecuba. A dream regarding his birth was interpreted as an evil portent, and he was consequently expelled from his family as an infant. Left for dead, he was either nursed by a bear or found by shepherds. H... |
5d8a9c0a28bdc5c08a3745f8efaded5b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Parks-and-Recreation | Parks and Recreation | Parks and Recreation
…role in the TV sitcom Parks and Recreation. In addition, she made her Broadway stage debut in 2011 as Roxie Hart in the long-running revival of the musical play Chicago. She also played the character in the national touring company and on London’s West End.
…recurring role on the sitcom Parks and ... |
b699ec35f2c7d013da069ae20b392b39 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Parlement | Parlement | Parlement
Parlement, the supreme court under the ancien régime in France. It developed out of the Curia Regis (King’s Court), in which the early kings of the Capetian dynasty (987–1328) periodically convened their principal vassals and prelates to deliberate with them on feudal and political matters. It also dealt wit... |
6a7fff9b18ccc37f592673df5af4a833 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Parliament | Parliament | Parliament
Parliament, (from Old French: parlement; Latin: parliamentum) the original legislative assembly of England, Scotland, or Ireland and successively of Great Britain and the United Kingdom; legislatures in some countries that were once British colonies are also known as parliaments.
The British Parliament, oft... |
cf27e90c4ff453b08181e75da6e5b1c0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Parliament-of-1624 | Parliament of 1624 | Parliament of 1624
The Parliament of 1624 was given free rein. All manner of legislation was passed; subsidies for a trade war with Spain were voted; and issues of foreign policy were openly discussed. Firmly in control of political decision making, Charles and Buckingham worked to stave off attacks…
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144c496d640fb172eca309a4b2f15ea9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Parsifal | Parsifal | Parsifal
Parsifal, music drama in three acts by German composer Richard Wagner, with a German libretto by the composer. The work was first performed at Bayreuth, Bavaria, Germany, on July 26, 1882, not long before Wagner’s death, on February 13, 1883. The Transformation Music from Act I and the Good Friday Music from ... |
7b751d38c986c9183ed030b3a5334693 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Participatory-Technology-Development | Participatory Technology Development | Participatory Technology Development
Participatory Technology Development (PTD), an approach to development that emerged during the 1980s and ’90s, involving collaboration between experts and citizens of less-developed countries to analyze problems and find solutions that are appropriate for specific rural communities... |
9918087750f00d7477535e348269b551 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Partisan-Yugoslavian-military-force | Partisan | Partisan
Partisan, Serbo-Croatian Partizan, member of a guerrilla force led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia during World War II against the Axis powers, their Yugoslav collaborators, and a rival resistance force, the royalist Chetniks.
Germany and Italy occupied Yugoslavia in April 1941, but it was not until Germ... |
020b99abfec05080c63ab25f13b79921 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/partnership | Partnership | Partnership
Partnership, voluntary association of two or more persons for the purpose of managing a business enterprise and sharing its profits or losses. In the usual partnership each general partner has full power to act for the firm in carrying on its business; thus, partners are at once proprietors and also agents... |
7a57d057e960ffe44367b57d3541a046 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Party-for-Freedom | Party for Freedom | Party for Freedom
… in France and the Dutch Party for Freedom (Partij voor de Vrijheid; PVV). Although the National Front and the PVV were known primarily for promoting anti-immigration and anti-Islamic policies, both were quick to capitalize on populist sentiment in the wake of the euro-zone debt crisis. In November 2... |
7c8a1244cc0e16ad567bcb936b7ff3cd | https://www.britannica.com/topic/passion-human-emotion | Passion | Passion
…above, Plato held that human passions and physical desires are in need of regulation by reason. The Stoics went farther: they rejected passions altogether as a basis for deciding what is good or bad. Although physical desires cannot simply be abolished, the wise person will appreciate the difference between wa... |
e7ad7fbea78e2ece48b4a1f5e85f7b10 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/passive-smoking | Passive smoking | Passive smoking
Passive inhalation of cigarette smoke (sometimes called secondhand smoke) is linked to lung cancer in nonsmokers. According to the American Cancer Society, about 3,400 deaths from lung cancer occur each year in nonsmokers in the United States. Other risk factors include exposure to radon gas…
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2b7259c95cfe751112206992a7eb074f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/passport | Passport | Passport
Passport, a formal document or certification issued by a national government identifying a traveler as a citizen or national with a right to protection while abroad and a right to return to the country of citizenship.
Passports, letters of transit, and similar documents were used for centuries to allow indivi... |
cf70bf09a11d567802e73de3e6d8f954 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/pastry | Pastry | Pastry
Pastry, stiff dough made from flour, salt, a relatively high proportion of fat, and a small proportion of liquid. It may also contain sugar or flavourings. Most pastry is leavened only by the action of steam, but Danish pastry is raised with yeast. Pastry is rolled or patted out into thin sheets to line pie or ... |
fcde3da4bcf9ec2f7d866c30f000e586 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/paternalism | Paternalism | Paternalism
Paternalism, attitude and practice that are commonly, though not exclusively, understood as an infringement on the personal freedom and autonomy of a person (or class of persons) with a beneficent or protective intent. Paternalism generally involves competing claims between individual liberty and authorita... |
c1390ff1540cb58b76f86b50b5a3cbd2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Paterson-2016-film | Paterson | Paterson
…he also wrote and directed Paterson, which presents a week in the life of a bus driver. The contemplative dramedy received widespread acclaim. Jarmusch then offered his wry take on the zombie movie genre with The Dead Don’t Die (2019).
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d22f988e5c48766e32bdc4701eec9af9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/paticca-samuppada | Paticca-samuppada | Paticca-samuppada
Paticca-samuppada, (Pali: “dependent origination”) Sanskrit pratitya-samutpada, the chain, or law, of dependent origination, or the chain of causation—a fundamental concept of Buddhism describing the causes of suffering (dukkha; Sanskrit duhkha) and the course of events that lead a being through reb... |
a0454a8410d6e2d21ac8a34b0c9a400e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/patriarch-Eastern-Orthodoxy | Patriarch | Patriarch
Patriarch, Latin Patriarcha, Greek Patriarchēs, title used for some Old Testament leaders (Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Jacob’s 12 sons) and, in some Christian churches, a title given to bishops of important sees.
The biblical appellation patriarch appeared occasionally in the 4th century to designate prominen... |
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