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a65e6751604dd3c3c01adfb7dc780d44 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ilmarinen | Ilmarinen | Ilmarinen
Ilmarinen, one of the chief deities in Finno-Ugric religion, functioning both as creator deity and as weather god. He forged the sampo, a world pillar that supports the sky, and hammered the firmament itself. He is often mentioned in mythic songs as working in a smithy with no door or windows and without any... |
57cf9325306e54ad5b95126d6c4d005f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/iltizam-tax-system | Iltizām | Iltizām
Iltizām, in the Ottoman Empire, taxation system carried out by farming of public revenue. The state auctioned taxation rights to the highest bidder (mültazim, plural mültezim or mültazims), who then collected the state taxes and made payments in fixed installments, keeping a part of the tax revenue for his ow... |
71bd00047318611c007fc8ccb51592ad | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Im-Not-There | I’m Not There | I’m Not There
… (2007), and Bob Dylan in I’m Not There (2007). In 2008 he reprised his role as Wayne and Batman in The Dark Knight. The film—which was released shortly after the accidental death of costar Heath Ledger, who played the Joker—set box-office records amid critical acclaim.
In the unconventional biopic I’m N... |
77cd96f2e5d0b3bd8b0879a3ffece987 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/imagination | Imagination | Imagination
Such paradoxes suggest the need for a more extensive theory of the mind than has been so far assumed. We have referred somewhat loosely to the sensory and intellectual components of human experience but have said little about the possible relations and dependencies that…
…writers was the role of imagination... |
59ae87c3a542ba4a5d0200e79d34e6ba | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Imagine-Entertainment | Imagine Entertainment | Imagine Entertainment
…Brian Grazer) the production company Imagine Entertainment. In addition to films, Imagine produced numerous television shows, including 24, Friday Night Lights, Arrested Development, and Genius; the latter, an anthology series, centred on the lives of significant historical figures.
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aa41c983a19157d745d1a139fc82e673 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/immacolata | Immacolata | Immacolata
The immacolata, which in the 17th century emphasized her Immaculate Conception, or perpetual freedom from original sin, shows her as a young girl descending from the heavens, supported by a crescent moon and crowned by stars. The Madonna of the rosary, which until the 16th century…
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0a005a292e98ece53cfe4988002c0aed | https://www.britannica.com/topic/immersion-Christian-baptism | Immersion | Immersion
…were led to insist upon immersion as the apostolic form of the rite.
…under whose leadership they accepted immersion of believers as the only scriptural form of baptism and entered the Redstone Baptist Association. Alexander Campbell rapidly gained influence as a reformer, winning fame as preacher, debater, ... |
e21e5225f8a1cbbada8c1e3948091279 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/immigration | Immigration | Immigration
Immigration, process through which individuals become permanent residents or citizens of another country. Historically, the process of immigration has been of great social, economic, and cultural benefit to states. The immigration experience is long and varied and has in many cases resulted in the developm... |
e92f91ca90249e16bf254fa3f1b90e8c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/imperative-mood | Imperative mood | Imperative mood
…three moods: the indicative, the imperative, and the subjunctive. The indicative is generally used for factual or neutral situations, as in English “John did his work” and Spanish “Juan hizo su trabajo.” The imperative conveys commands or requests—for example, “Do your work.” It is distinguished by the... |
6d05e4ae69742b9d1298f471dac77640 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Imperial-Rescript-on-Education | Imperial Rescript on Education | Imperial Rescript on Education
Together with these reforms, the Imperial Rescript on Education (Kyōiku Chokugo) of 1890 played a major role in providing a structure for national morality. By reemphasizing the traditional Confucian and Shintō values and redefining the courses in shūshin, it was to place morality and edu... |
deee0f0611910ae49006cca9dfdffcfe | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Imperial-Rule-Assistance-Association | Imperial Rule Assistance Association | Imperial Rule Assistance Association
…their members joined the government-sponsored Imperial Rule Assistance Association (Taisei Yokusankai).
…the second Konoe cabinet, the Imperial Rule Assistance Association was established to merge the political parties into one central organization; yet, the institutional structure... |
0e8fe76d6082fcd061a29cae1adbdb05 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Imperial-Russian-Army | Imperial Russian Army | Imperial Russian Army
…organization to a “European” professional army (as it developed in the course of the so-called military revolution of the 17th century) had been initiated during the reigns of Tsars Michael and Alexis. But it was Peter who gave it the full-fledged “modern” form it retained until the middle of the... |
d8c901b3b933052db284e86f90e2e725 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Imperial-School-of-Ballet | Imperial School of Ballet | Imperial School of Ballet
…War I years at the Imperial School of Ballet at the Mariinsky Theatre. The theatre closed for some months in 1917, and, until the Imperial School reopened in 1918 as the Soviet State School of Ballet, he had to support himself with unskilled jobs or by playing piano in a…
…middle-class family... |
0f18eb6944f44dda9377cd0cfe3acdb0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Imperial-Treasures-of-Japan | Imperial Treasures of Japan | Imperial Treasures of Japan
…famous sword, one of the Imperial Treasures of Japan supposedly brought from heaven by the first Japanese emperor. The battle became legendary through accounts such as the Gempei seisui-ki (“Record of the Rise and Fall of the Minamoto and Taira”).
…that was one of the Imperial Treasures of ... |
76fb19aca4ef635b110b6e6d9e1fd123 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/imperialism | Imperialism | Imperialism
Imperialism, state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining political and economic control of other areas. Because it always involves the use of power, whether military or economic or some subtler form, imperialism has often b... |
d6ec7f374e57c49ce86d3295b8b4c556 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/implied-warranty | Implied warranty | Implied warranty
As stated earlier, implied warranties are not expressly represented in the written or oral sales agreement but are created and imposed through application of law, usually the UCC. The two primary implied warranties that accompany the sale or lease of goods are that…
…must be considered: express and imp... |
d6c090f49f50963246a2772f4b335732 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/imposition-of-hands | Imposition of hands | Imposition of hands
Imposition of hands, also called Laying On Of Hands, ritual act in which a priest or other religious functionary places one or both hands palms down on the top of another person’s head, usually while saying a prayer or blessing. The imposition of hands was first practiced in Judaism and was adopted... |
029367e3dea8e084ec9b4a94a5c4aea3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/imprinting-learning-behaviour | Imprinting | Imprinting
Imprinting, in psychobiology, a form of learning in which a very young animal fixes its attention on the first object with which it has visual, auditory, or tactile experience and thereafter follows that object. In nature the object is almost invariably a parent; in experiments, other animals and inanimate... |
36f192e1b7565537ffe46b6be5e5538a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/In-Cold-Blood-film-by-Brooks | In Cold Blood | In Cold Blood
In Cold Blood, American dramatic film, released in 1967, that recounts the 1959 real-life murder of an entire family at the hands of two petty criminals. The film was based on the best seller of the same name by Truman Capote.
Perry Edward Smith (played by Robert Blake) and Dick Hickock (Scott Wilson), w... |
46b46b8deae93a80c5c24650a94280cd | https://www.britannica.com/topic/In-His-Steps | In His Steps | In His Steps
The most successful series, In His Steps, concerned the inhabitants of a town who pledged themselves to live for a year as Jesus would live. First published serially in 1896 and in book form in 1897, In His Steps was for 60 years the largest-selling book in the United…
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5d3591c8ce8c7f236e0b2418adef187c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/In-Mad-Love-and-War | In Mad Love and War | In Mad Love and War
…with photographs by Stephen Strom; In Mad Love and War (1990), the winner of a 1991 American Book Award; Fishing (1992); A Map to the Next World: Poetry and Tales (2000); and How We Became Human: New and Selected Poems (2002). In Conflict Resolution for Holy Beings (2015), Harjo chronicled…
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26d51250ce22e136a37990352dc50056 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/In-Our-Time | In Our Time | In Our Time
Adams first appears in In Our Time (1925), a collection of 15 stories, including coming-of-age experiences in the woods of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The character also appears, at various stages of his life, in the short-story collection Men Without Women (1927). Hemingway’s Adventures of a Young Man... |
30dab96a80cd7d2e14d25dddc131d4d1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/In-re-Territo | In re Territo | In re Territo
In re Territo, (Latin: “In the matter of Territo”) legal case in which the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled on June 8, 1946, that American citizens captured as prisoners of war by U.S. armed forces may be detained without formal criminal charges. In the early 21st century the case was ci... |
63bc0bc09692afb662202c57d03554f9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/In-the-Boom-Boom-Room | In the Boom Boom Room | In the Boom Boom Room
Rabe’s subsequent plays included In the Boom Boom Room (1975), about the degradation of a go-go dancer in Philadelphia; Hurlyburly (1985; film 1998) and Those the River Keeps (1991), two related dramas about disillusionment in Hollywood; A Question of Mercy (1998); The Dog Problem (2002); The Blac... |
da276ade4388fbf4dc866163e768e436 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/In-the-First-Circle | In the First Circle | In the First Circle
In the First Circle, novel by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, titled in RussianV kruge pervom. The original manuscript, reflecting Solzhenitsyn’s own imprisonment, was 96 chapters long when completed in 1958, but, hoping to avoid censorship, the author deleted 9 chapters. Though the modified version was ac... |
8bed4a307a63f75b7a59f86847b2dc86 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/In-the-Good-Old-Summertime | In the Good Old Summertime | In the Good Old Summertime
Leonard next directed Garland in In the Good Old Summertime (1949), an appealing musical remake of Ernst Lubitsch’s The Shop Around the Corner (1940).
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41911e9f73966710ab1af163a532e45b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/In-the-Heat-of-the-Night | In the Heat of the Night | In the Heat of the Night
In the Heat of the Night (1967) starred Sidney Poitier as a detective from Philadelphia who becomes involved in solving a murder in a small Mississippi town. The film, which cast a gimlet eye on racial prejudices in the South, won five Academy Awards, including…
Next was In the Heat of the Nigh... |
abd9dbbf7c06de4d788dc637b18a1e80 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/In-the-Middle-Earth | In the Middle Earth | In the Middle Earth
…also wrote a one-act play, In the Middle Earth (1977); a volume of criticism, Women in Romanticism (1989); a semiautobiographical novel set in Hyderabad, India, Nampally Road (1991); and a memoir, Fault Lines (1993).
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cccc10e614d0216ccf0cae68284d0c83 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/In-the-Name-of-the-Father | In the Name of the Father | In the Name of the Father
…adaptation of Edith Wharton’s novel; In the Name of the Father (1993), which earned him an Academy Award nomination; and The Crucible (1996), based on Arthur Miller’s play. After appearing in The Boxer (1997), Day-Lewis took a break from acting and worked for a time as a cobbler’s apprentice ... |
8f5d6c1dbe43f4769f9218415ff6a36f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/In-the-Spirit-of-Crazy-Horse | In the Spirit of Crazy Horse | In the Spirit of Crazy Horse
His book In the Spirit of Crazy Horse (1983), about the conflict between federal agents and the American Indian Movement at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1973, was the subject of a prolonged libel suit that blocked all but an initial printing and was not settled until…
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ece28ad088a196a67a69d7a1bd49165b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Inauguration-of-the-Pleasure-Dome | Inauguration of the Pleasure Dome | Inauguration of the Pleasure Dome
Inauguration of the Pleasure Dome (1954) was a kaleidoscopic montage of performers, including Nin, in the guise of various deities. Those themes, reflective of Anger’s adherence to the mystical teachings of British occultist Aleister Crowley, would pervade much of his later work. Anger... |
5399a254a3ae0bcc2f417525193ebe49 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/incarnation-religion | Incarnation | Incarnation
The core of human personality has often been thought to be human moral existence, and, accordingly, theists have often taken this fact to be the main clue to the way they are to think of divine perfection and to the recognition of a peculiar…
…king was regarded as the incarnation of the sun god or of the mo... |
510d38b79ced03f36f24f5226a924bf3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/incitement | Incitement | Incitement
…linked with the crime of incitement. An inciter is generally one who is present at the scene of the offense and who encourages the principal offender to commit an act that he is already inclined to commit on his own. A solicitor need not be present at the scene but…
Thus, the offense of incitement or solici... |
96393309f8d84065fa99745560caf50b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/inclusive-monotheism | Inclusive monotheism | Inclusive monotheism
Inclusive monotheism accepts the existence of a great number of gods but holds that all gods are essentially one and the same, so that it makes little or no difference under which name or according to which rite a god or goddess is…
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ee354bfc67124fd1b4651b3f268711fc | https://www.britannica.com/topic/income | Income | Income
Income is a net total of the flow of payments received in a given time period. Some countries collect statistics on wealth from legally required evaluations of the estates of deceased persons, which may or may not be indicative of what is possessed by the…
…time shows how the net income for that period was deriv... |
c8ae018aacc47f51db6529d1422ca421 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/income-statement | Income statement | Income statement
Income statement, In accounting, the activity-oriented financial statement issued by businesses. Covering a specified time, such as three months or one year, the income statement is a summary of revenues and expenses. It also lists gains and losses from other transactions, such as the sale of assets o... |
c3eec08264e3f24728d8f09dc9fb8f37 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/income-tax/Corporate-income-tax | Corporate income tax | Corporate income tax
The corporate income tax is a levy that is imposed on the net profits of corporations, computed as the excess of receipts over allowable costs.
The separate taxation of the incomes of corporations and their shareholders follows the legal principle that corporations and shareholders are distinct ent... |
0993213c675a33d10c4509c7b9f725d3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Incredible-Hulk | Incredible Hulk | Incredible Hulk
Incredible Hulk, American comic strip character created for Marvel Comics by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby. The towering, muscle-bound antihero debuted in the bimonthly series The Incredible Hulk in May 1962.
The Hulk was a hybrid of two popular comic-book genres—monsters and superheroes. In Th... |
2fcb89d734bf6371609536d65eb0b241 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/indefinite-integral | Indefinite integral | Indefinite integral
This is called the (indefinite) integral of the function y = x2, and it is written as ∫x2dx. The initial symbol ∫ is an elongated S, which stands for sum, and dx indicates an infinitely small increment of the variable, or axis, over which the function is being summed.…
An indefinite integral, someti... |
4f83d086dfade41909a5c0280de11356 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/indentation | Indentation | Indentation
…left blank between words; the indentation of the first line of a new paragraph; and the uppercase, or capital, letter written at the beginning of a sentence and at the beginning of a proper name or a title. The marks of punctuation, also known as points or stops, and the…
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2973d04a0af7d6aba3a9bb7cee32616d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Independent-Republicans | Independent Republicans | Independent Republicans
…of a business party, the Independent Republicans (Républicains Indépendants). Giscard won over Chaban-Delmas in the first round and narrowly defeated Mitterrand in the runoff.
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b4b897d078f79070e663f7acb86cc468 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Independent-Social-Democratic-Party-of-Germany | Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany | Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany
…of the vote (while the Independent Social Democrats received another 7.6 percent), but the party’s failure to win favourable terms from the Allies at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 (terms embodied in the Treaty of Versailles) and the country’s severe economic problems... |
91c0db1d274883cc9f5e276d48250f74 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Independent-Television | ITV | ITV
ITV, in full Independent Television, in the United Kingdom, television network consisting of a consortium of private companies in competition with the British Broadcasting Corporation. It is regulated by the Office of Communications. The ITV network was authorized by an act of Parliament in 1954, when the BBC’s mo... |
9c008f134ff954617566af75adf9d7a4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/index-information-retrieval | Index | Index
…bibliographer and library administrator whose indexing of periodicals became authoritative.
Undoubtedly the major adjunct of the modern encyclopaedia is its index. As early as 1614 the bishop of Petina, Antonio Zara, included a type of index in his Anatomia ingeniorum et scientiarum (“Anatomy of Talents and Scie... |
9759f4081c81ca18552389fe2a5ec250 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/India-Bill | India Bill | India Bill
…transfer the control of British India to seven commissioners was defeated by the influence of King George III in the House of Lords, but the next year the matter was settled for more than 70 years by Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger’s India Act of 1784. Its essence was…
He drafted the East India Bill... |
3c30959417a011d1e732572e5cc4779c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/India-Gate | India Gate | India Gate
India Gate, official name Delhi Memorial, originally called All-India War Memorial, monumental sandstone arch in New Delhi, dedicated to the troops of British India who died in wars fought between 1914 and 1919. India Gate, which is located at the eastern end of the Rajpath (formerly called the Kingsway), i... |
734e0a199185565e13a57adc744d7fd4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Airlines | Indian Airlines | Indian Airlines
Indian Airlines, former domestic and regional airline of India that merged with Air India in 2007, thereafter operating as Air India.
Indian Airlines was founded in 1953. The airline was headquartered in New Delhi and served the Indian subcontinent—India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanm... |
7d1735a36dc4f9c9352305248930caa8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Appropriation-Act | Indian Appropriation Act | Indian Appropriation Act
…with the passage of the Indian Appropriation Act (1871), which declared that “hereafter no Indian nation or tribe” would be recognized “as an independent power with whom the United States may contract by treaty.” Indian affairs were thus brought under the legislative control of the Congress to... |
ccd4b8571c2991a06c2d0d8f9060f751 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-ethnic-group-with-origin-in-India | Indian | Indian
…replaced by indentured labourers from India. The country’s modern-day Indo-Pakistani population stems from this program of replacing slavery with indentured servitude (deemed Britain’s “Great Experiment”); by the time it ended in the 1920s, almost a half million indentured labourers had come from India to work ... |
e2a38def676d70378a1fed48b4f8d7eb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-National-Army | Indian National Army | Indian National Army
…Indian government, and his so-called Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj), alongside Japanese troops, advanced to Rangoon (Yangon) and thence overland into India, reaching Indian soil on March 18, 1944, and moving into Kohima and the plains of Imphal. In a stubborn battle, the mixed Indian and Ja... |
7fd443e4615f4e4a8a86a1ab4b928e08 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-philosophy/Concepts-of-bhedabheda | Concepts of bhedabheda | Concepts of bhedabheda
The philosophies of transcendence and immanence (bhedabheda) assert both identity and difference between the world and finite individuals on the one hand and brahman on the other. The world and finite individuals are real and yet both different and not different from the brahman.
Among pre-Shanka... |
acc29618566b9ed040d5a29aad5112a1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-philosophy/Early-system-building | Early system building | Early system building
A unique feature of the development of Indian thought was the systematization of each school of thought in the form of sutras, or extremely concise expressions, intended to reduce the doctrines of a science or of a philosophy into a number of memorizable aphorisms, formulas, or rules. The word sut... |
11655856394f107ee11795660888c932 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-philosophy/Further-developments-of-the-system | Further developments of the system | Further developments of the system
Though the beginnings of Mahayana are to be found in the Mahasangikas and many of their early sects, Nagarjuna gave it a philosophical basis. Not only is the individual person empty and lacking an eternal self, according to Nagarjuna, but the dharmas also are empty. He extended the co... |
90a8b79db12c9e3547796b3dc4d57089 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-philosophy/Vedanta | Vedanta | Vedanta
No commentary on the Vedanta-sutras survives from the period before Shankara, though both Shankara and Ramanuja referred to the vrittis by Bodhayana and Upavarsha (the two may indeed be the same person). There are, however, pre-Shankara monistic interpreters of the scriptures, three of whom are important: Bhart... |
3be984fc3cec703bfc775f9d5cdf4cd0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-religion | Indian religion | Indian religion
India, in both Hindu and Buddhist texts, has developed the most complex system of world ages and worlds that arise and come to an end. Here, too, the number four is important—e.g., the four ages (yugas) of decreasing length and increasing evil. Many writings, often…
…goddesses (earth mothers) of non-Ved... |
fa759e694bcf2b63c825d7229b751490 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-South-Equatorial-Current | Indian South Equatorial Current | Indian South Equatorial Current
There is, however, an Indian South Equatorial Current. Flowing westerly with the trades north of latitude 22° S, it divides to form the East Africa Coastal Current, moving northward, and a south-flowing stream. The latter passes by Madagascar as the Mozambique (west) and Mascarene curren... |
b745b62a8ab898b03ab0a43650c8715e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indiana-Jones-and-the-Last-Crusade | Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade | Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
…closed out the 1980s with Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) and Always (1989), an adaptation of the 1943 film A Guy Named Joe. Although Indiana Jones was a hit, Always failed to find an audience.
…the Temple of Doom (1984), Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989), and India... |
a3cf2a20fb465f33fb2bdc18496959e2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indica-by-Megasthenes | Indica | Indica
…an account of India, the Indica, in four books. An Ionian, he was sent by the Hellenistic king Seleucus I on embassies to the Mauryan emperor Chandragupta. He gave the most complete account of India then known to the Greek world and was the source for work by the later…
In his four-volume Indica, he wrote:
…for... |
a26db3b976fde0446281bafa2eeb21b4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/indicative-planning | Indicative planning | Indicative planning
…dirigisme took the form of indicative planning, which entailed government credit policies and subsidies, developing new technologies, and the regulation of employment overseen by a special planning commission, the Commissariat au Plan. The French government also embarked on ambitious projects, enco... |
136d90cb092dbf6381a3a80e5b946f29 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/individual-dynamic-psychotherapy | Individual dynamic psychotherapy | Individual dynamic psychotherapy
Although the influence of psychoanalysis, particularly on American psychiatry, was profound, it began to wane in the 1970s. Since then, those seeking treatment have tended to choose short-term individual dynamic therapy over psychoanalysis. This form of therapy is usually more accessibl... |
3da0405fdf51f2b520de27064791a214 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Individuals-with-Disabilities-Education-Act | Individuals with Disabilities Education Act | Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
…school districts under the 1990 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) are not entitled to reimbursement for costs associated with hiring expert witnesses and consultants.
…of 1974 (EHA; renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act [IDEA] in 1990), as ... |
2a79a852aeb6c4943b9391272b869801 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indo-Iranian-languages/Characteristics-of-Iranian-and-Indo-Aryan | Characteristics of Iranian and Indo-Aryan | Characteristics of Iranian and Indo-Aryan
The close relation between the Iranian and Indo-Aryan groups has never been doubted. They share linguistic features to such a degree that Indo-Iranian is generally described as a distinct subgroup of Indo-European. For example, the long and short varieties of the Indo-European ... |
d80282bd4fc22209b5f9692c1a912139 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indomitable-Lions | Indomitable Lions | Indomitable Lions
…when the national team, the Indomitable Lions, won the African Cup of Nations in 1984 and in 2000 and when it became the first African team to advance to the semifinals of the World Cup in 1990. In 1999 the Lions won the gold medal at the All-Africa Games.
…national team, known as the Indomitable Lio... |
5f5fdbe17d3e37f360799172d762b737 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indonesian-Democratic-Party-of-Struggle | Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle | Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle
Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), Indonesian Partai Demokrasi Indonesia-Perjuangan, political party in Indonesia formed in 1973 through the forced merger of five non-Islamic political parties. In the final three decades of the 20th century, it was one of two oppos... |
f4b038b7f00c0bc5de1c39ee608a198c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indonesian-language | Indonesian language | Indonesian language
…of the Republic of Indonesia, Bahasa Indonesia, or Indonesian. A Malay pidgin called Bazaar Malay (mĕlayu pasar, “market Malay”) was widely used as a lingua franca in the East Indian archipelago and was the basis of the colonial language used in Indonesia by the Dutch. The version of Bazaar Malay…
... |
78a4aefd53d6fd066ca5acbe6ec3f04f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/indriya | Indriya | Indriya
Indriya, (Sanskrit: “faculty”), according to Indian philosophy, the instruments of a person’s direct perception of the outside world. They are of two kinds, motoric and sensory. The motoric faculties are those of speaking, grasping, walking, ejaculating, and evacuating. The sensory faculties, or senses, are h... |
385a85dbbcc4a51f5fb13ea51bf46c5b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Industrial-and-Commercial-Bank-of-China | Industrial and Commercial Bank of China | Industrial and Commercial Bank of China
…industrial and construction enterprises; the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, which conducts ordinary commercial transactions and acts as a savings bank for the public; the Agricultural Bank of China, which serves the agricultural sector; and the China Investment Bank, w... |
2be0cc926370645b3c6369ceeded48fa | https://www.britannica.com/topic/industrial-country | Industrial country | Industrial country
In developed countries, transportation and household energy use make up the largest component of an individual’s carbon footprint. For example, approximately 40 percent of total emissions in the United States during the first decade of the 21st century were from those sources. Such emissions are incl... |
2a43d9b8aee4df6dd156adad76a9705a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/industrial-design?anchor=ref920795 | Industrial design | Industrial design
Industrial design, the design of mass-produced consumer products. Industrial designers, often trained as architects or other visual arts professionals, are usually part of a larger creative team. Their primary responsibility is to help produce manufactured items that not only work well but please the... |
2bc3cce0e725534243f9ba4815a8825a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/industrial-espionage | Industrial espionage | Industrial espionage
Industrial espionage, acquisition of trade secrets from business competitors. A by-product of the technological revolution, industrial espionage is a reaction to the efforts of many businessmen to keep secret their designs, formulas, manufacturing processes, research, and future plans in order to... |
3b211356643409f539561ed827b8f8c6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/industrial-polymer-chemistry-468716/Step-growth-polymerization | Step-growth polymerization | Step-growth polymerization
Step-growth polymerization typically takes place between monomers containing functional groups that react in high yield to form new functionalities. Examples of such functional groups are carboxylic acids, which react with alcohols to form esters and with amines to form amides:
Here R and R′ ... |
5d6d9d3d19107b7adb4ddbf6590f0fa6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/industrial-polymers-468698/Butyl-rubber-isobutylene-isoprene-rubber-IIR | Butyl rubber (isobutylene-isoprene rubber, IIR) | Butyl rubber (isobutylene-isoprene rubber, IIR)
Butyl rubber is a copolymer of isobutylene and isoprene that was first produced by William Sparks and Robert Thomas at the Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) (now Exxon Corporation) in 1937. Earlier attempts to produce synthetic rubbers had involved the polymerization of d... |
db9644c30c7d37768edf5160a56a9f04 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/industrial-polymers-468698/Polyamides | Polyamides | Polyamides
A polyamide is a polymer that contains recurring amide groups (R―CO―NH―R′) as integral parts of the main polymer chain. Synthetic polyamides are produced by a condensaton reaction between monomers, in which the linkage of the molecules occurs through the formation of the amide groups. They may be produced by... |
b9fe2b4ad97f75b92ce004733c10fe5f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/industrial-polymers-468698/Polyesters | Polyesters | Polyesters
Polyesters are polymers made by a condensation reaction taking place between monomers in which the linkage between the molecules occurs through the formation of ester groups. The esters, which in almost all cases link an organic alcohol to a carboxylic acid, have the general structure
where R and R′ are any ... |
f8715aed21432a50d27c99ea564d1f6c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/industrial-polymers-468698/Polypropylene-PP | Polypropylene (PP) | Polypropylene (PP)
This highly crystalline thermoplastic resin is built up by the chain-growth polymerization of propylene (CH2=CHCH3), a gaseous compound obtained by the thermal cracking of ethane, propane, butane, or the naphtha fraction of petroleum. The polymer repeating unit has the following structure:
Only the i... |
f2bbc4666cb91dace777c84e1121efcb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/industrial-polymers-468698/Unsaturated-polyesters | Unsaturated polyesters | Unsaturated polyesters
Unsaturated polyesters are linear copolymers containing carbon-carbon double bonds that are capable of undergoing further polymerization in the presence of free-radical initiators. The copolyesters are prepared from a dicarboxylic acid or its anhydride (usually phthalic anhydride) and an unsatura... |
6727d290f07d0bcc8abd808fa61ea203 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/industrial-relations/Competitive-pressures | Competitive pressures | Competitive pressures
The competitive career environment described above can lead to considerable tension and stress among middle managers. This stress is intensified by the desire of many firms to reduce not only the number of levels in the management hierarchy but also the number of middle managers.
Rapid changes in ... |
fb3340f86d4525cf4c3fd6388d4c6c1b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/industrial-relations/The-work-careers-of-service-workers-and-technical-professionals | The work careers of service workers and technical professionals | The work careers of service workers and technical professionals
Most research on the careers and expectations of workers comes from blue- and white-collar workers employed in manufacturing industries. Yet the manufacturing sector is shrinking in comparison with the service sector. In most advanced industrialized econom... |
d817c29572c3a5106e55a285c3824d89 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/industrial-union | Industrial union | Industrial union
Industrial union, trade union that combines all workers, both skilled and unskilled, who are employed in a particular industry. At the heart of industrial unionism is the slogan “one shop, one union.”
Excluded from the early unions of skilled craftsmen, the semiskilled and unskilled workers in the mas... |
fbefe2dba891c6dfe70d39f4ccd4c1a8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ines-of-My-Soul | Inés of My Soul | Inés of My Soul
…Inés del alma mía (2006; Inés of My Soul) tells the fictionalized story of Inés Suárez, the mistress of conquistador Pedro de Valdivia. La isla bajo el mar (2009; The Island Beneath the Sea) uses the 1791 slave revolt in Haiti as a backdrop for a story about a mulatto…
|
b4e74adb7098fb13ed18a1658fd18674 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/inference-schema | Inference schema | Inference schema
…above may be called an inference form, and (1) and (2) are then instances of that inference form. The letters—X, Y, and Z—in (3) mark the places into which expressions of a certain type may be inserted. Symbols used for this purpose are known as variables; their use is analogous…
Chrysippus regarded f... |
43f599e0df13d1d5829cdd44801a74ec | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Inferno | Inferno | Inferno
Divided into three major sections—Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso—the narrative traces the journey of Dante from darkness and error to the revelation of the divine light, culminating in the Beatific Vision of God.
…into three sections, or canticles, Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. Technically there are 33 ... |
bc69e66cfebd36406d6e8ccce654c50d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Infinite-Jest | Infinite Jest | Infinite Jest
including David Foster Wallace’s Infinite Jest (1996), an encyclopaedic mixture of arcane lore, social fiction, and postmodern irony; Jonathan Franzen’s The Corrections (2001, National Book Award) and Freedom (2010), both family portraits; and Don DeLillo’s Underworld (1997), a brooding, resonant, oblique... |
5788cd4ace08674a399ff292ac0ba00a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/informant | Informant | Informant
…relationships with individuals, known as informants, who can provide specific information on ritual, kinship, or other significant aspects of cultural life. In this process also the anthropologist risks the danger of biased viewpoints, as those who most willingly act as informants frequently are individuals ... |
3ca60bc7cabe32b931bb9da989c1041f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/information-system | Information system | Information system
Information system, an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, and processing data and for providing information, knowledge, and digital products. Business firms and other organizations rely on information systems to carry out and manage their operations, interact with their customers ... |
83c56f40df4b9efe45d0d2ef11e0cc1b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/infotainment | Infotainment | Infotainment
Infotainment, television programming that presents information (as news) in a manner intended to be entertaining. Infotainment came about through the blurring of the line between information and entertainment in news and current affairs programming, whether in the selection of news stories (e.g., more emp... |
55f01e84dd2ccc2f483007212a6046d4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Inguri-Dam | Inguri Dam | Inguri Dam
Inguri Dam, world’s highest arch dam (completed 1980), located on the Inguri River in western Georgia near the point at which the river leaves the Caucasus Mountains on its way to the Black Sea. It is a huge 892-foot- (272-metre-) tall double-curvature arch dam with a crest length of 2,231 feet (680 m). Th... |
5e1cf690ff92d525322444fbe20d80c8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ingush | Ingush | Ingush
…such as the Chechen and Ingush, from 1944 onward. They were accused of collaborating with the Germans. The Volga Germans were deported in the autumn of 1941 lest they side with the advancing Wehrmacht. Altogether, more than 50 nationalities, embracing about 3.5 million people, were deported to various parts of…... |
c73c54df8f442a7686ced9aebf76e318 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/inheritance-law/Limits-on-freedom-of-testation | Limits on freedom of testation | Limits on freedom of testation
Freedom of testation has never been absolutely unlimited. Nowhere is a testamentary provision valid if its enforcement would be shocking to public morals. When a testamentary gift is conditioned upon an act of the beneficiary that in good morals should not be so conditioned, as, for insta... |
5c5b5b47357746af2a8b847d31dae7ab | https://www.britannica.com/topic/inheritance-law/Rights-of-spouses | Rights of spouses | Rights of spouses
There is also a widespread trend toward improvement of the successoral position of the surviving spouse, often even favouring the spouse above the decedent’s blood relatives. Benefits for a surviving spouse can, of course, be achieved by devices other than rights of inheritance. A method of great anti... |
2452ff1f231c2097015ad7f17a04a166 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/initial-public-offering | Initial public offering | Initial public offering
…it was the world’s largest initial public offering (IPO) to date.
Its initial public offering (IPO) in May raised $16 billion, giving it a market value of $102.4 billion. By contrast, the largest IPO of an Internet company to date was that of the search-engine company Google Inc., which had rai... |
e0c2e9143a34b8dc6e888096655b3bb9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/injunction | Injunction | Injunction
Injunction, in civil proceedings, order of a court requiring a party to do or not to do a specified act or acts.
An injunction is called prohibitory if it forbids the doing of an act and mandatory if it orders that an act be done. Disobedience to the order is punishable by contempt of court. Injunctions may... |
07c3e3d984ffe7552c1432d998099a5d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Inklings | Inklings | Inklings
Inklings, informal group of writers that included C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien and that met in Oxford, Oxfordshire, England, in the 1930s and ’40s.
As Lewis’s brother Warren (“Warnie”) put it, “There were no rules, officers, agendas, or formal elections.” Lewis was the central figure, and others in it were m... |
28b79b5046ecbceece12025f9406b884 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/innovation-creativity/Facilitating-innovation-within-organizations | Facilitating innovation within organizations | Facilitating innovation within organizations
Changes in organization may be less dramatic than scientific discoveries but are equally important in terms of promoting efficiency and productivity. For instance, an organization may innovate in the way it operates or delivers services, resulting in greater efficiency, fewe... |
b7a4f31f0dad9d3ff87b4140b0345597 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Inns-of-Court | Inns of Court | Inns of Court
Inns of Court, in London, group of four institutions of considerable antiquity that have historically been responsible for legal education. Their respective governing bodies, the benches, exercise the exclusive right of admitting persons to practice by a formal call to the bar. They consist of the Inner ... |
49a6dbbac5b649ba60863c42b4e974a1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/input-economics | Input | Input
…of production are the “inputs” necessary to obtain an “output.” However, not all the “inputs” that must be applied are to be regarded as factors in the economic sense. Some of these inputs in a normal situation are “free.” Although atmospheric air, for example, or a substitute for it,…
Labour input is relatively... |
054f2b09c3a0e2ad8bfa1cd5cfeebfdb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/inquisitorial-procedure | Inquisitorial procedure | Inquisitorial procedure
Inquisitorial procedure, in law, one of the two methods of exposing evidence in court (the other being the adversary procedure; q.v.). The inquisitorial system is typical of countries that base their legal systems on civil or Roman law.
Under the inquisitorial procedure, the pretrial hearing f... |
9feb7d0512e3d4a37c956fcfb0f3f04a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/inside-contracting | Inside contracting | Inside contracting
Inside contracting, system of manufacturing intermediate between the putting-out system and full factory production. A factory proprietor supplies floor space and machinery to a contractor who then hires the workers needed to make a particular part on the proprietor’s premises. Inside contracting wa... |
616af64e7be6da9a2b328ed362b1e3bd | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Insomnia-film-by-Nolan | Insomnia | Insomnia
Nolan followed up with Insomnia (2002), a thriller set in the Alaskan wilds, which starred Al Pacino as a compromised police detective.
…Robin Williams in the thriller Insomnia, and he later appeared in Ocean’s Thirteen (2007), the final installment of a popular comedy trilogy that featured George Clooney and ... |
b5320f075859dacdbb3e794f387baad7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/inspiration-of-scripture | Inspiration of scripture | Inspiration of scripture
…from this axiom of biblical inspiration: whereas some have argued that the interpretation must always be literal, or as literal as possible (since “God always means what he says”), others have treated it as self-evident that words of divine origin must always have some profounder “spiritual” m... |
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