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c82547db0da04c5d3a8a32b8ceb9fa9c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islah | Iṣlāḥ | Iṣlāḥ
The Islamic Reform Grouping (Iṣlāḥ), the main organized opposition to the unification regime since 1990, and the YSP both won strong minority representation. Holding virtually all the seats, the three parties formed a coalition government in May 1993, amid some hope that the political crisis had passed.
…a senior... |
c5913dce2fc4138b43328c5cc81910d6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam/Doctrines-of-the-Qur-an | Doctrines of the Qurʾān | Doctrines of the Qurʾān
The doctrine about God in the Qurʾān is rigorously monotheistic: God is one and unique; he has no partner and no equal. Trinitarianism, the Christian belief that God is three persons in one substance, is vigorously repudiated. Muslims believe that there are no intermediaries between God and the ... |
5e1081def0c116544044ec206dedb985 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam/Shiism | Shiʿism | Shiʿism
Shiʿism is the only important surviving non-Sunni sect in Islam in terms of numbers of adherents. As noted above, it owes its origin to the hostility between ʿAlī (the fourth caliph, son-in-law of the Prophet) and the Umayyad dynasty (661–750). After ʿAlī’s death, the Shiʿah (“Party”; i.e., of ʿAlī) demanded th... |
0a9bdf55a2f8103dcb0f69355b5bef03 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam/Sunnism | Sunnism | Sunnism
In the 10th century a reaction began against the Muʿtazilah that culminated in the formulation and subsequent general acceptance of another set of theological propositions, which became Sunni, or “orthodox,” theology. The issues raised by these early schisms and the positions adopted by them enabled the Sunni o... |
3c0fc51f0228f8793c5bbd181b5d2382 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam/The-teachings-of-Ibn-al-Arabi | The teachings of Ibn al-ʿArabī | The teachings of Ibn al-ʿArabī
The account of the doctrines of Ibn al-ʿArabī (12th–13th centuries) belongs properly to the history of Islamic mysticism. Yet his impact on the subsequent development of the new wisdom was in many ways far greater than was that of al-Suhrawardī. This is true especially of his central doct... |
147dfb8fa9d9acb6b5467a58436ec32d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-arts/Dance-and-theatre | Dance and theatre | Dance and theatre
The performing arts have received comparatively little attention in the otherwise rich literature of the Islamic peoples. This is most probably a result of the suspicions entertained by some orthodox Muslim scholars concerning the propriety of dance and theatre. Because this applies particularly in re... |
f67ae0d6801969bf148dc89484d29652 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-arts/Early-period-the-Umayyad-and-Abbasid-dynasties | Early period: the Umayyad and ʿAbbāsid dynasties | Early period: the Umayyad and ʿAbbāsid dynasties
Of all the recognizable periods of Islamic art, this is by far the most difficult one to explain properly, even though it is quite well documented. There are two reasons for this difficulty. On the one hand, it was a formative period, a time when new forms were created t... |
919076703143b9270029d05afb796b71 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-arts/Imagery | Imagery | Imagery
In all forms of poetry and in most types of prose, writers shared a common fund of imagery that was gradually refined and enlarged in the course of time. The main source of imagery was the Qurʾān, its figures and utterances often divested of their sacred significance. Thus, the beautiful Joseph (sura 12) is a f... |
957d283bdbf31407a2aa8c0dde696a94 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-arts/Islamic-literatures-and-the-West | Islamic literatures and the West | Islamic literatures and the West
Small fragments of Arabic literature have long been known in the West. There were cultural interrelations between Muslim Spain (which, like the Indus Valley, became part of the Muslim empire after 711) and its Christian neighbours, and this meant that many philosophical and scientific w... |
9245f1b42f54a006e619fa81a5829d93 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-arts/Mongol-Iran-Il-Khanid-and-Timurid-periods | Mongol Iran: Il-Khanid and Timurid periods | Mongol Iran: Il-Khanid and Timurid periods
Seen from the vantage point of contemporary or later chronicles, the 13th century in Iran was a period of destructive wars and invasions. Such cities as Balkh, Nīshāpūr, and Rayy, which had been centres of Islamic culture for nearly six centuries, were eradicated as the Mongol... |
d9a2ad10cd21685badb6a0aab0f1f2ad | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-arts/Ottoman-art | Ottoman art | Ottoman art
The Ottomans were originally only one of the small Turkmen principalities (beyliks) that sprang up in Anatolia about 1300, after the collapse of Seljuq rule. In many ways, all the beyliks shared the same culture, but it was the extraordinary political and social attributes of the Ottomans that led them even... |
c6e4d52a179725c5abb94577fef681bc | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-arts/Poetry-of-Fuzuli-of-Baghdad | Poetry of Fuzuli of Baghdad | Poetry of Fuzuli of Baghdad
Much greater than most of these minor poets, however, was a writer living outside the capital, Fuzuli of Baghdad (died 1556), who wrote in Arabic, Persian, and Azeri Turkish. Apart from his lyrics, his Turkish mas̄navī on the traditional subject of the lovers Majnūn and Laylā is admirable. F... |
edc378e365156f5caf96eacd60ad7fe8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-arts/Safavid-art | Ṣafavid art | Ṣafavid art
The Ṣafavid dynasty was founded by Ismāʿīl I (ruled 1501–24). The art of this dynasty was especially noteworthy during the reigns of Ṭahmāsp I (1524–76) and ʿAbbās I (1588–1629). This phase of the Ṣafavid period also marked the last significant development of Islamic art in Iran, for after the middle of th... |
f82c6a527e2b171515757237a44c1655 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-arts/The-Abbasids | The ʿAbbāsids | The ʿAbbāsids
It was not until the ʿAbbāsids assumed power in 750, settling in Baghdad, that the golden age of Arabic literature began. The influx of foreign elements added new colour to cultural and literary life. Hellenistic thought and the influence of the ancient cultures of the Middle East, for example, contribute... |
c657cd4adc415c0a087ab918feaf3588 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-arts/The-mystical-poem | The mystical poem | The mystical poem
Whereas the mystical thought stemming from Iran had formerly been written in Arabic, writers from the 11th century onward turned to Persian. Along with works of pious edification and theoretical discussions, what was to be one of the most common types of Persian literature came into existence: the mys... |
10713b2f3463f27a856dc3e8e57dec4c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-arts/Western-Islamic-art-Moorish | Western Islamic art: Moorish | Western Islamic art: Moorish
The 11th to 13th centuries were not peaceful in the Maghrib. Amazigh (Berber) dynasties overthrew each other in Morocco and the Iberian Peninsula. The Christian Reconquista gradually diminished Muslim holdings in Spain and Portugal, and Tunisia was ruined during the Hilālī invasion when Bed... |
0a9a433a17088818807d82216e424090 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-bath | Islāmic bath | Islāmic bath
Islāmic bath, Arabic Ḥammān, public bathing establishment developed in countries under Islāmic rule that reflects the fusion of a primitive Eastern bath tradition and the elaborate Roman bathing process. A typical bath house consists of a series of rooms, each varying in temperature according to the heigh... |
45f9dde666077e53f11d1b352903e30a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-fundamentalism | Islamic fundamentalism | Islamic fundamentalism
Because the term fundamentalism is Christian in origin, because it carries negative connotations, and because its use in an Islamic context emphasizes the religious roots of the phenomenon while neglecting the nationalistic and social grievances that underlie it, many scholars prefer to call…
Isl... |
18246fd33704b5e4b14d7a7166018808 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-Group | Islamic Group | Islamic Group
…EIJ was largely overshadowed by al-Jamāʿah al-Islāmiyyah, which waged a far-bloodier campaign inside Egypt, killing numerous officials, civilians, and foreign tourists.
…however, including EIJ and the Islamic Group, continued to resort to terrorism against political leaders, secularist writers, Copts, an... |
dba63438b628a5d81c027e71251f9258 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-National-Front | Islamic National Front | Islamic National Front
…of the party, renamed the Islamic National Front (NIF). Turābī methodically charted the Brotherhood and the NIF on a course of action designed to seize control of the Sudanese government despite the Muslim fundamentalists’ lack of popularity with the majority of the Sudanese people. Tightly disc... |
8b0c15b6409aef32e572ef42fb9f71d7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ismailite | Ismāʿīliyyah | Ismāʿīliyyah
Ismāʿīliyyah, sect of Shiʿah Islam that was most active as a religiopolitical movement in the 9th–13th century through its constituent movements—the Fāṭimids, the Qarāmiṭah (Qarmatians), and the Nīzarīs. In the early 21st century it was the second largest of the three Shiʿah communities in Islam, after th... |
73e7e3c2b72ebed01a1466347b771760 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Isnt-It-Romantic | Isn’t It Romantic | Isn’t It Romantic
…revised and expanded, 1977) and Isn’t It Romantic (1981), which explore women’s attitudes toward marriage and society’s expectations of women. In The Heidi Chronicles a successful art historian discovers that her independent life choices have alienated her from men as well as women. The Sisters Rosen... |
f107a6bfa3e3fea5e8af2030f9dc726b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Isnt-Life-Wonderful | Isn’t Life Wonderful? | Isn’t Life Wonderful?
…feature was the independent semidocumentary Isn’t Life Wonderful? (1925), which was shot on location in Germany and is thought to have influenced both the “street” films of the German director G.W. Pabst and the post-World War II Italian Neorealist movement.
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ea5f481b7bebb5599d3e5a47ebc709fd | https://www.britannica.com/topic/isolating-language | Isolating language | Isolating language
Isolating language, a language in which each word form consists typically of a single morpheme. Examples are Classical Chinese (to a far greater extent than the modern Chinese languages) and Vietnamese. An isolating language tends also to be an analytic language (q.v.), so that the terms isolating ... |
7f7440587ffdf9e37c746314b785244d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Israel-Why | Israel, Why | Israel, Why
Lanzmann’s first film, Israel, Why—a collection of in-depth interviews that offer a glimpse of the state 25 years after its establishment—was released in 1973. That film was the stepping-stone to Shoah, his most-acclaimed work. After Israel, Why was released, the Foreign Ministry in Israel asked him to crea... |
68e1ec25618b6a25c34a39cd2fb44836 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/It-Catches-My-Heart-in-Its-Hands | It Catches My Heart in Its Hands | It Catches My Heart in Its Hands
…1963, the year he published It Catches My Heart in Its Hands—a collection of poetry about alcoholics, prostitutes, losing gamblers, and down-and-out people—Bukowski had a loyal following. Notable later poetry collections include Mockingbird Wish Me Luck (1972), Love Is a Dog from Hell ... |
6f0d07f096d1c3e39393b822072c07f8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/It-Happened-One-Night-film-by-Capra | It Happened One Night | It Happened One Night
Capra’s “golden period” began with It Happened One Night (1934), the first motion picture to win an Academy Award in five major categories: best picture, best actor, best actress, best director, and best adapted screenplay. The making of this enduring romantic comedy about a runaway heiress (Claud... |
36165098e27e2c207b7f649affc2478d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Italian-Campaign | Italian Campaign | Italian Campaign
From Sicily, the Allies had a wide choice of directions for their next offensive. Calabria, the “toe” of Italy, was the nearest and most obvious possible destination, and the “shin” was also vulnerable; and the “heel” was also very attractive. The two…
The Allies’ northward advance up the Italian penin... |
470e3935c3b7999d5a3e9f66015fd637 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Italian-language | Italian language | Italian language
Italian language, Italian Italiano, Romance language spoken by some 66,000,000 persons, the vast majority of whom live in Italy (including Sicily and Sardinia). It is the official language of Italy, San Marino, and (together with Latin) Vatican City. Italian is also (with German, French, and Romansh) ... |
a4d91f86cb89f9f506d5f454807575f8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Italian-Mannerism | Italian Mannerism | Italian Mannerism
The first reaction against Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Andrea del Sarto occurred in Florence between 1515 and 1524, during which time the painters Giovanni Battista (called Rosso Fiorentino) and Jacopo Carrucci Pontormo
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81ada7c71b531172d1e49ac8a09dbfe0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Italian-people | Italian | Italian
Italians cannot be typified by any one physical characteristic, a fact that may be explained by the past domination of parts of the peninsula by different peoples. The Etruscans in Tuscany and Umbria and the Greeks in the south preceded the Romans, who “Latinized” the…
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f2ed047afbcf6a954554f4c2350ae792 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Italian-Symphony | Italian Symphony | Italian Symphony
Italian Symphony, byname of Symphony No. 4 in A Major, Op. 90, orchestral work by German composer Felix Mendelssohn, so named because it was intended to evoke the sights and sounds of Italy. Its final movement, which is among the most strongly dramatic music the composer ever wrote, even uses the rhyt... |
df355131eaaf0220151dabbe80b99cb2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ITAR-TASS | ITAR-TASS | ITAR-TASS
ITAR-TASS, abbreviation ofInformatsionnye Telegrafnoye Agentstvto Rossii–Telegrafnoe Agentstvo Sovetskovo Soyuza, (Russian: “Information Telegraph Agency of Russia–Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union”), Russian news agency formed in 1992 after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. ITAR reports on domesti... |
630e418fb3a1d9afac0d68fa9808e398 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Its-a-Mad-Mad-Mad-Mad-World | It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World | It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World
It’s a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World, American screwball comedy film, released in 1963, that featured an all-star cast of comedic actors directed by Stanley Kramer, who was known primarily for his dramas dealing with controversial topics.
The dying words of a career thief (played by Jimmy Du... |
448f63d363af55525c2eed85c40be0c1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Its-Impossible-to-Learn-to-Plow-by-Reading-Books | It’s Impossible to Learn to Plow by Reading Books | It’s Impossible to Learn to Plow by Reading Books
…of his first feature film, It’s Impossible to Learn to Plow by Reading Books (1988). His second film, Slacker (1991), is a narrative-free piece that meanders across mostly unconnected vignettes featuring Austin bohemians over the course of a single day. It was a film-f... |
73c88832b425640894fd235a2f6b8bb1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ITT-Corporation | ITT Corporation | ITT Corporation
ITT Corporation, also called (until 1983) International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation, , former American telecommunications company that grew into a successful conglomerate corporation before its breakup in 1995.
ITT was founded in 1920 by Sosthenes Behn and his brother Hernand Behn as a holding c... |
88752ce38530b4064b147569424a2b9c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Itza | Itzá | Itzá
…invasion of Yucatán by the Itzá, a tribe that showed strong Toltec features. Quetzalcóatl’s calendar name was Ce Acatl (One Reed). The belief that he would return from the east in a One Reed year led the Aztec sovereign Montezuma II to regard the Spanish conqueror Hernán Cortés and his…
…chi (“mouths”), chen (“we... |
1ac3537b0711b5ecaf903c88481ec67b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/iuno | Iuno | Iuno
…the Roman housefather and the iuno, or juno, of the housemother were worshiped. These certainly were not the souls of the married pair, as is clear both from their names and from the fact that in no early document is there mention of the genius or iuno of a dead…
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ec511b777ac6e4ba6a8bef0e252c360c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ivanhoe-film-by-Thorpe | Ivanhoe | Ivanhoe
In Ivanhoe (1952) her character and Elizabeth Taylor’s compete for the affections of the titular Saxon knight. Fontaine appeared as the elder sister of a mental patient in the 1962 adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Tender Is the Night and as a terrorized schoolteacher in the…
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dc687f7b494b6588e70f4dd2839f43f0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ixion-Greek-mythology | Ixion | Ixion
Ixion, in Greek legend, son either of the god Ares or of Phlegyas, king of the Lapiths in Thessaly. He murdered his father-in-law and could find no one to purify him until Zeus did so and admitted him as a guest to Olympus. Ixion abused his pardon by trying to seduce Zeus’s wife, Hera. Zeus substituted for her a... |
7bea94d75964e816bda57d9355795f05 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/J-Edgar-Hoover-on-the-FBI-1984379 | J. Edgar Hoover on the FBI | J. Edgar Hoover on the FBI
J. Edgar Hoover, director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from 1924 to 1972, is remembered for transforming the “Bureau” into a professional and effective investigative police force but also for using its power against those seen as political subversives. In an article on the FBI... |
3dd3d7e252d79fb62901f51f2f46c087 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/J-Edgar-Hoover-on-the-FBI-1984379/Co-operative-Services | Co-operative Services | Co-operative Services
On Nov. 24, 1932, the FBI laboratory was established to provide scientific crime detection facilities to authorized law enforcement agencies. Services of the FBI laboratory are available cost-free to state and municipal law enforcement agencies, as well as to other government agencies. Its technic... |
f6299388991acc427eb1ebdb8f6fc2b6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jack-Maggs | Jack Maggs | Jack Maggs
…Life of Tristan Smith (1994), Jack Maggs (1997), and True History of the Kelly Gang (2000; film 2019), a fictional account of the Australian outlaw Ned Kelly. My Life as a Fake (2003) and Theft (2006) explore issues of authenticity in literature and art. His Illegal Self (2008)
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bc8bac04b54a523296ab4b20af82781c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jacksonian-Democracy | Jacksonian Democracy | Jacksonian Democracy
Nevertheless, American politics became increasingly democratic during the 1820s and ’30s. Local and state offices that had earlier been appointive became elective. Suffrage was expanded as property and other restrictions on voting were reduced or abandoned in most states.…
The election of 1828 is c... |
fd69a3b8f171773d9a9fbef24dfb54da | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jacksons-Dilemma | Jackson’s Dilemma | Jackson’s Dilemma
Murdoch’s last novel, Jackson’s Dilemma (1995), was not well received; some critics attributed the novel’s flaws to the Alzheimer’s disease with which she had been diagnosed in 1994. Murdoch’s husband, the novelist John Bayley, chronicled her struggle with the disease in his memoir, Elegy for Iris (19... |
70e65cd6fb46e9e53bd220477eb1d5f5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/jade-gemstone | Jade | Jade
Jade, either of two tough, compact, typically green gemstones that take a high polish. Both minerals have been carved into jewelry, ornaments, small sculptures, and utilitarian objects from earliest recorded times. The more highly prized of the two jadestones is jadeite; the other is nephrite.
Jadeite and nephrit... |
dff6b4a6be833f82be550a20f16c6fc3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jadidist | Jadidist | Jadidist
…the reform movement known as Jādid temporarily found an outlet for its political aspirations in the Muslim Group in the Duma. With the new electoral law of 1907, however, nearly all Muslims lost their representation in the house. Many of their leaders subsequently emigrated to Turkey, encouraged by the Young…... |
f4b9c30a2926fcb94d0b8a7abc1fe896 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jagiellon-dynasty | Jagiellon dynasty | Jagiellon dynasty
Jagiellon dynasty, family of monarchs of Poland-Lithuania, Bohemia, and Hungary that became one of the most powerful in east central Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. The dynasty was founded by Jogaila, the grand duke of Lithuania, who married Queen Jadwiga of Poland in 1386, converted to Christ... |
5fdb3a3135dd398a107ac1ad4dd407a2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/jagirdar-system | Jāgīrdār system | Jāgīrdār system
Jāgīrdār system, form of land tenancy developed in India during the time of Muslim rule (beginning in the early 13th century) in which the collection of the revenues of an estate and the power of governing it were bestowed on an official of the state. The term was derived by combining two Persian words... |
5bd79ac25754a1b4f274531043020565 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/jaguar-cult | Jaguar cult | Jaguar cult
…usually was a hybrid between jaguar and human infant, often crying or snarling with open mouth. This “were-jaguar” is the hallmark of Olmec art, and it was the unity of objects in this style that first suggested to scholars that they were dealing with a new and previously unknown civilization.…
…old men of... |
1e24212bfc6b248e5a29647c3832578e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/jahiliyah | Jāhiliyyah | Jāhiliyyah
Jāhiliyyah, in Islam, the period preceding the revelation of the Qurʾān to the Prophet Muhammad. In Arabic the word means “ignorance,” or “barbarism,” and indicates a negative Muslim evaluation of pre-Islamic life and culture in Arabia as compared to the teachings and practices of Islam. The term has a posi... |
8b785864ffc95e149a18dddd52b3f2ae | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jahrbuch-fur-Philosophie-und-phanomenologische-Forschung | Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung | Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung
…in the publication of the Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung (1913–30), a phenomenological yearbook with Husserl as its main editor, the preface of which defined phenomenology in terms of a return to intuition (Anschauung) and to the essent... |
6d0ffbaab0db6354e825e1e5e290ac60 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jalayirid | Jalāyirid | Jalāyirid
Jalāyirid, Mongol tribe that supported the Il-Khan Hülegü’s rise to power and eventually provided the successors to the Il-Khan dynasty as rulers of Iraq and Azerbaijan. A Jalāyirid dynasty made its capital at Baghdad (1336–1432).
Ḥasan Buzurg, founder of the dynasty, had served as governor of Anatolia (Rūm... |
ffc30b6cd9ff980a506c610bc669b0f2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/James-and-the-Giant-Peach | James and the Giant Peach | James and the Giant Peach
James and the Giant Peach (1961; film 1996), written for his own children, was a popular success, as was Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964), which was made into the films Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (1971) and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005).…
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953950bac68644f7fc623c3be88e2b87 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/James-Walker-American-attorney | James Walker | James Walker
A white lawyer, James Walker, finally agreed to take the case in December 1891. Martinet did not consider any of the Black lawyers in New Orleans competent to raise a constitutional question, since, as he explained, they practiced almost entirely in the police courts.
…Martinet, and the local attorney, Jam... |
663f65a60be896a44ffdf8b7799f94b1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jan-and-Dean | Jan and Dean | Jan and Dean
As Jan and Dean, Jan Berry (b. April 3, 1941, Los Angeles, California, U.S.—d. March 26, 2004, Los Angeles) and Dean Torrence (b. March 10, 1941, Los Angeles) gave voice to surf music with distinctive falsetto harmonies, especially on “Surf City” (1963). It was the Beach…
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beb5f1889ed53eddfb4cc2cd4f70500b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Janata-Dal-Secular | Janata Dal (Secular) | Janata Dal (Secular)
Janata Dal (Secular), JD(S) English People’s Party (Secular), regional political party primarily in Karnataka state, southern India. It also has a presence in adjoining Kerala state and in national politics.
The party, formed in 1999, had its origins in the Janata (People’s) Party, founded in 1977... |
ed4816dac005299ba1459f156d678a97 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Japan-Airlines | Japan Airlines | Japan Airlines
Japan Airlines (JAL), (Japanese: Nihon Kōkū) in fullJapan Airlines International Co., Ltd., Japanese airline that became one of the largest air carriers in the world. Founded in 1951, it was originally a private company. It was reorganized in 1953 as a semigovernmental public corporation and was privati... |
8072955eecd38827446ca01066fbf7cf | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Japan-Railways-Group | Japan Railways Group | Japan Railways Group
Japan Railways Group, Japanese Nihon (or Nippon) Tetsudō Gurūpu, byname JR Group, formerly Japanese National Railways, principal rail network of Japan, consisting of 12 corporations created by the privatization of the government-owned Japanese National Railways (JNR) in 1987.
The first railroad in... |
a0d11011a1640116af3eb02dd42f020e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Japanese-American-internment-in-pictures-2146743 | Japanese American internment in pictures | Japanese American internment in pictures
On February 19, 1942, Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, giving the U.S. military the authority to exclude any persons from designated areas. Although the word Japanese did not appear in the order, it was clear that Japanese Americans were the focus of the ... |
0072e39dc6574afa80b17da320d96aae | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Japanese-baseball-leagues | Japanese baseball leagues | Japanese baseball leagues
Japanese baseball leagues, professional baseball leagues in Japan. Baseball was introduced to Japan in the 1870s by teachers from the United States, and, by the end of the century, it had become a national sport. The first professional leagues were organized in 1936, but the current league st... |
437e6c5a964ad1e86959b443f18329c2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Japanese-by-Spring | Japanese by Spring | Japanese by Spring
…sequel The Terrible Threes (1989), Japanese by Spring (1993), Juice! (2011), and Conjugating Hindi (2018). He also wrote numerous volumes of poetry and collections of essays, the latter of which included Barack Obama and the Jim Crow Media (2010) and Going Too Far: Essays About America’s Nervous Bre... |
11f1b3f0e85b446747dbd4de2f58e5f5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Japanese-Civil-Code | Japanese Civil Code | Japanese Civil Code
Japanese Civil Code, Japanese Mimpō, body of private law adopted in 1896 that, with post-World War II modifications, remains in effect in present-day Japan. The code was the result of various movements for modernization following the Meiji Restoration of 1868. A legal code was required that would f... |
c42e4223198ae150771055628aeea09c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Japanese-language/Grammatical-structure | Grammatical structure | Grammatical structure
The first major part-of-speech division in Japanese falls between those elements that express concrete concepts (e.g., nouns, verbs, adjectives) and those that express relational concepts (particles and suffixal auxiliary-like elements). The former elements may stand alone, constituting one-word s... |
3a560ca720a46a59eb8038f3378ffef6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Japanese-law | Japanese law | Japanese law
Japanese law, the law as it has developed in Japan as a consequence of a meld of two cultural and legal traditions, one indigenous Japanese, the other Western. Before Japan’s isolation from the West was ended in the mid-19th century, Japanese law developed independently of Western influences. Conciliatio... |
3f5312c663a754e786fba646e90245f3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Japanese-people | Japanese | Japanese
The Japanese people constitute the overwhelming majority of the population. They are ethnically closely akin to the other peoples of eastern Asia. During the Edo (Tokugawa) period (1603–1867), there was a social division of the populace into four classes—warrior, farmer, craftsman, and merchant—with a peer cla... |
f3a06ce1739048517350d23eeed5c069 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Japanese-philosophy | Japanese philosophy | Japanese philosophy
Japanese philosophy, intellectual discourse developed by Japanese thinkers, scholars, and political and religious leaders who creatively combined indigenous philosophical and religious traditions with key concepts adopted and assimilated from nonnative traditions—first from greater East Asia and th... |
5eb0e54b4620658749a2fd10bc308423 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jason-Greek-mythology | Jason | Jason
Jason, in Greek mythology, leader of the Argonauts and son of Aeson, king of Iolcos in Thessaly. His father’s half-brother Pelias seized Iolcos, and thus for safety Jason was sent away to the Centaur Chiron. Returning as a young man, Jason was promised his inheritance if he fetched the Golden Fleece for Pelias, ... |
c23a4f753aaf57eccb3832527d8995c6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Java-man | Java man | Java man
Java man, extinct hominin (member of the human lineage) known from fossil remains found on the island of Java, Indonesia. A skullcap and femur (thighbone) discovered by the Dutch anatomist and geologist Eugène Dubois in the early 1890s were the first known fossils of the species Homo erectus.
Dubois traveled ... |
a49c31f0652a78eb725ddac7fc36fee7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Javanese-language | Javanese language | Javanese language
Javanese language, member of the Western, or Indonesian, branch of the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) language family, spoken as a native language by more than 68 million persons living primarily on the island of Java. The largest of the Austronesian languages in number of speakers, Javanese has s... |
53924890d7d90caadfea6d46181afe40 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Javanese-people | Javanese | Javanese
Javanese, Indonesian Orang Jawa, largest ethnic group in Indonesia, concentrated on the island of Java and numbering about 85 million in the early 21st century. The Javanese language belongs to the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) family. Islam is the predominant religion, though Hindu traditions of an earlie... |
fe9330c7a06fce98bca51fbb6a8feb8d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jedburgh-project | Jedburgh project | Jedburgh project
…selected to participate in the Jedburgh project, an Allied program that brought together American, Belgian, British, Dutch, and French special forces personnel to conduct small unit operations in occupied Europe. In July 1944 he dropped into occupied France as commander of a three-man Jedburgh team, a... |
9d20e5a6f4b1eb4efae44c6db5ca74af | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jesus-Christ-Superstar-rock-opera-by-Lloyd-Webber-and-Rice | Jesus Christ Superstar | Jesus Christ Superstar
In Jesus Christ Superstar (1971) the covering of the orchestra pit, the permanent amplification of instruments, and the use of voices entirely dependent on microphones amounts to a replacement of the illusion of theatre in any traditional sense with the actuality of a modern recording studio…
Tha... |
b3ffdc6b32b79dd932232c34977c5c2b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jesus-prayer | Jesus Prayer | Jesus Prayer
Jesus Prayer, also called Prayer of the Heart, in Eastern Christianity, a mental invocation of the name of Jesus Christ, considered most efficacious when repeated continuously. The most widely accepted form of the prayer is “Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on me.” It reflects the biblical idea t... |
defdbdc8ca93ef97d003b6ad95a6c876 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jew-religious-adherent | Jew | Jew
…in Islamic thought, those religionists—Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians, as well as the imprecisely defined group referred to as Sabians—who are possessors of divine books (i.e., the Torah, the Gospel, and the Avesta), as distinguished from those whose religions are not based on divine revelations.
|
aa9c4a860e6c134a88031fe50516e5d3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jewish-Fighting-Organization | Jewish Fighting Organization | Jewish Fighting Organization
A newly formed group, the Jewish Fighting Organization (Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa; ŻOB), slowly took effective control of the ghetto.
…his view and created the Jewish Fighting Organization (Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa; ŻOB) under the leadership of Anielewicz. Zuckerman became one of his t... |
1810714514bf4167d371c6c5fd65866a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jewish-Museum-Berlin | Jewish Museum Berlin | Jewish Museum Berlin
Jewish Museum Berlin, German Jüdisches Museum Berlin, museum in Berlin showcasing German Jewish cultural history and works of art. The Jewish Museum is among Germany’s most visited museums and commemorates the history of German Jews.
The original Jewish Museum existed from 1933 until 1938, when it... |
ef970a344551bf3e111ceb0cacd11d09 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/JFK | JFK | JFK
…viewing the Oliver Stone movie JFK (1991) increased belief in a conspiracy to assassinate Kennedy and decreased belief in the official account that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone. A further outcome was that, compared with people who were about to view the movie, those who had seen it expressed less…
…touchstone for... |
3d1eaa12f66d9839c8e59dfb8db3ec92 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jibril | Jibrīl | Jibrīl
Jibrīl, also spelled Jabrāʾīl or Jibreel, in Islam, the archangel who acts as intermediary between God and humans and as bearer of revelation to the prophets, most notably to Muhammad. In biblical literature Gabriel is the counterpart to Jibrīl.
Muhammad was not initially aware that Gabriel was his intermediary... |
149dc3a418d0ce20797bb2cdc596201c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jimmy-Kimmel-Live | Jimmy Kimmel Live! | Jimmy Kimmel Live!
…launched its own late-night comedy, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, which began airing after Nightline in 2003. The Fox network, which commenced operation in 1986, also tried a late-night talk show, The Late Show (Fox, 1987), which briefly starred Joan Rivers and then introduced Arsenio Hall, TV’s first African... |
5d53ca8d704faed4adbf8ed1ea30a5bb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jin-Mao-Tower | Jin Mao Tower | Jin Mao Tower
Jin Mao Tower, mixed-use skyscraper in Shanghai, China. Designed by the American architectural firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, of Chicago, Illinois, it has 88 stories and reaches a height of 1,380 feet (420.5 metres). At the time of its official opening in January 1999, it was one of the tallest buil... |
4c182ff9d335545a6943d84093e1e34e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jingu | Jingū | Jingū
Jingū, also spelled Jingō, in full Jingū Kōgō, also called Okinagatarashi-hime No Mikoto, (born 170? ce, Japan—died 269?, Japan), semilegendary empress-regent of Japan who is said to have established Japanese hegemony over Korea.
According to the traditional records of ancient Japan, Jingū was the wife of Chūai,... |
a7b039585b7e6d3a5740226df70a0d33 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jitterbug-Perfume | Jitterbug Perfume | Jitterbug Perfume
…Still Life with Woodpecker (1980); Jitterbug Perfume (1984), which centres on a medieval king who lives for 1,000 years before becoming a janitor in Albert Einstein’s laboratory; Skinny Legs and All (1990), a fantastical novel that follows five inanimate objects on a journey to Jerusalem while explor... |
ab8fcf560765fa9dc4ffa231e11068fe | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jocelyn-poem-by-Lamartine | Jocelyn | Jocelyn
…it appeared in 1836 as Jocelyn. It is the story of a young man who intended to take up the religious life but instead, when cast out of the seminary by the Revolution, falls in love with a young girl; recalled to the order by his dying bishop, he renounces…
|
865d88d4cebe599f42f0de772e47f9fe | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jocko-Henderson-1688361 | Jocko Henderson | Jocko Henderson
For seven years beginning in the mid-1950s, Douglas (“Jocko”) Henderson commuted daily between Philadelphia, where he broadcast on WDAS, and New York City, where his two-hour late-evening Rocket Ship Show on WLIB was a particularly wild ride. “Hey, mommio, hey, daddio,” he announced, “this is your spac... |
0feec88953039c617a4093d82c07b363 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jodo | Jōdo | Jōdo
Jōdo, (Japanese: Way to the Pure Land), devotional sect of Japanese Buddhism stressing faith in the Buddha Amida and heavenly reward. See Pure Land Buddhism.
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4ac592951b3a523a49e332504fc0ae0e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jodrell-Bank-Observatory | Jodrell Bank Observatory | Jodrell Bank Observatory
Jodrell Bank Observatory, formerly Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories or Jodrell Bank Experimental Station, location of one of the world’s largest fully steerable radio telescopes, which has a reflector that measures 76 metres (250 feet) in diameter. The telescope is located with other smal... |
960e956db3be1f781765c3e0b5c6f8d0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Joe-Turners-Come-and-Gone | Joe Turner's Come and Gone | Joe Turner's Come and Gone
Joe Turner’s Come and Gone, play in two acts by August Wilson, performed in 1986 and published in 1988. Set in 1911, it is the third in Wilson’s projected series of plays depicting African American life in each decade of the 20th century.
The play is set in a Pittsburgh boardinghouse whose i... |
e3946bcbc8ceadedbdcf79e81f3939fa | https://www.britannica.com/topic/John-Birch-Society | John Birch Society | John Birch Society
John Birch Society, private organization founded in the United States on Dec. 9, 1958, by Robert H.W. Welch, Jr. (1899–1985), a retired Boston candy manufacturer, for the purpose of combating communism and promoting various ultraconservative causes. The name derives from John Birch, an American Bapt... |
8ffb6dea92666f6530c7eaa06057ba55 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/John-F-Kennedy-Profile-in-Courage-Award | John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award | John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award
…Peace Prize in 1975, the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award in 2001, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People’s (NAACP) Spingarn Medal in 2002. In 2011 he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom. His memoirs are Walking with the Wind (1998; co... |
35a2ef5e921d2457b85c6732c29f4b8e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Johnny-Guitar | Johnny Guitar | Johnny Guitar
…project, the perverse Freudian western Johnny Guitar (1954), which some film historians have seen as a commentary on the Joseph McCarthy era of anticommunist hysteria. Shot in highly saturated Trucolor and awash in the sort of hand-wringing melodrama that became Ray’s calling card, Johnny Guitar featured... |
64f7484bd29d00916b74c3f687f9dab3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/joint-applications-development | Joint applications development | Joint applications development
…developers and users, such as joint applications development (JAD), have been introduced by some firms. Sometimes RAD and life-cycle development are combined: a prototype is produced to determine user requirements during the initial system analysis stage, after which life-cycle developme... |
fcd233fb9776e17f657246917d35f319 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/joker | Joker | Joker
…the choice of the term joker for the extra card introduced into American euchre in the 1860s to act as the “best bower,” or topmost trump; bower is from German Bauer, literally “farmer” but also meaning “jack.” Euchre is therefore the game for which the joker was invented—the joker being,…
Standard decks normall... |
5c151df068b462dba1f1a2c1f3da901d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jord | Jörd | Jörd
Jörd, (Old Norse: “Earth”, ) also called Fjörgyn, or Hlódyn, in Norse mythology, a giantess, mother of the deity Thor and mistress of the god Odin. In the late pre-Christian era she was believed to have had a husband of the same name, perhaps indicating her transformation into a masculine personality. Her name is... |
2798436c393133e0a763cfa719364b16 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Joseph-and-the-Amazing-Technicolor-Dreamcoat | Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat | Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat
Their first notable venture was Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat (1968), a pop oratorio for children that earned worldwide popularity in a later full-length version. It was followed by the rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar (1971; film 1973 and TV special 2018), a... |
56b3d9b6acd341165ded49e3dc621847 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jota-aragonesa | Jota aragonesa | Jota aragonesa
…the capriccio brillante on the Jota aragonesa (1845; “Aragonese Jota”) and Summer Night in Madrid (1848). Between 1852 and 1854 he was again abroad, mostly in Paris, until the outbreak of the Crimean War drove him home again. He then wrote his highly entertaining Zapiski (Memoirs; first published in St.... |
4a9593e34a6144f16dc956b39b35a18c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/journal-accounting | Journal | Journal
A journal contains the daily transactions (sales, purchases, and so on), and the ledger contains the record of individual accounts. The daily records from the journals are entered in the ledgers. Each month, as a general rule, an income statement and a balance sheet are prepared…
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04f53fa8a0957d5c4c2618674b1280de | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Journey-American-rock-group | Journey | Journey
Journey, Kansas, the Alan Parsons Project, Queen, Steely Dan, Styx, and Supertramp and the Canadian band Rush. “Arty” 1970s and ’80s British pop rock artists such as
…Rolie and Schon, who formed Journey. Influenced in part by the philosophy of Sri Chinmoy, Carlos Santana continued excursions into jazz-rock with... |
1646d3e3c4060655e802d1f649e292f3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/journeyman | Journeyman | Journeyman
…years, an apprentice became a journeyman, i.e., a craftsman who could work for one or another master and was paid with wages for his labour. A journeyman who could provide proof of his technical competence (the “masterpiece”) might rise in the guild to the status of a master, whereupon he…
… (of highest acc... |
c7605748492d2a49f38d67ddf741fe5a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Joyeuse-Entree-royal-visitation | Joyeuse Entrée | Joyeuse Entrée
Joyeuse Entrée, (French: “Joyous Entry”), during the European Middle Ages and the ancien régime, the ceremonial first visit of a prince to his country, traditionally the occasion for the granting or confirming of privileges.
Most famous is the charter of liberties, confirmed on Jan. 3, 1356, and called... |
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