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Morphological flaring activity predictors: testing and improving
I. Kontogiannis\textsuperscript{1}, S.-H. Park\textsuperscript{2}, J. A. Guerra\textsuperscript{2} and M. K. Georgoulis\textsuperscript{1}
\textsuperscript{1} Research center for Astronomy and Applied Mathematics, Academy of Athens, Soranou Efesiou Str. 4 Athens, GR-11527, Greece
\textsuperscript{2} School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
Abstract
Efficient prediction of solar flares depends on quantities that parameterize the eruptive capability of flare hotspots, solar active regions. Several such quantities have been proposed in the literature, based mostly on magnetograms and/or white light observations. Two of them are the Ising energy and the sum of the total horizontal magnetic gradient. The former has been developed from line-of-sight magnetograms while the latter further utilizes sunspot detections and characteristics, and is derived from continuum images. Aiming to include these parameters in an automated prediction scheme, we test their applicability on regular photospheric magnetic field observations provided by the Helioseismic Magnetic Imager (HMI) instrument onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). We test their efficiency as predictors of flaring activity on a representative sample of active regions and investigate possible modifications. We find that both quantities are efficient flare predictors, achieving more significant probabilities than the unsigned magnetic flux, while their efficiency may improve with appropriate modifications. This study has received partial support by the EU Horizon 2020 FLARECAST Project (Grant Agreement No. 640216)
Extraction of morphological parameters
Sum of the Horizontal Magnetic Gradient, $G_S$
- Introduced by \textit{Korsós et al. (2014, 2015)} and \textit{Korsós & Erdélyi (2016)}.
- Heliophysical Observatory, Debrecen database: sunspot numbers, umbral/penumbral areas, positions, etc (\url{http://lenyi.solarobs.csik.mta.hu/en/databases/SOHO/ Baranyi et al. 2016}).
$$G_S = \left| \sum_{i,j} B_{p,i}A_{p,i} - B_{n,i}A_{n,i} \right| d_{i,j}$$
$B_p$ ($B_n$) the mean magnetic field of the positive (negative) umbrae and $A_p$ ($A_n$) the corresponding area.
- Continuum images: extraction of umbral and penumbral areas (\textit{Györy 1998}).
- LOS magnetograms: to correspond each umbral area $A$ to a mean magnetic field $<B>$.
- $<B> = f(A)$ is fitted to produce the calibration relation: $<B> = f(A) = K_1 \ln(A) + K_2$ (\textit{Fig. 2}). For HMI data: $K_1 = 163 \text{ G/MSH}$ and $K_2 = 842.16 \text{ G}$. These values are used to convert umbral areas to mean magnetic field.
- Umbral areas are determined following \textit{Padinhatteeri et al. (2016)}, which is based on threshold values of intensity and magnetic flux density for umbral and penumbral area (see \textit{Fig. 1a, b} and \textit{c}).
Ising Energy calculations
- Introduced by \textit{Ahmed et al. 2010} to describe the interaction of opposite polarity elements of an active region.
- A line-of-sight magnetogram is used.
- Low absolute value pixels (less than 100 G) are eliminated (set to 0). $E_{\text{ising}}$ is calculated via
$$E = \sum_{i,j} \frac{S_i S_j}{d^2}$$
$S = +1 (-1)$ for a positive (negative) pixel and $d$ the distance between pairs of opposite polarity pixels (\textit{Fig. 3a}).
We introduce:
- $E_{\text{ising,part}}$, calculated for the pairs of opposite polarity partitions (\textit{Fig. 3b}), produced using a partitioning scheme (\textit{Barnes et al. 2005}). Thresholds on minimum magnetic flux density (100 G), minimum area (40 pixel) and minimum enclosed magnetic flux (5-10$^{19}$ Mx).
- $E_{\text{ising,spot}}$, i.e. the Ising energy for the opposite polarity umbrae detected for the calculation of $G_S$ (\textit{Fig. 3c}).
Results
Four parameters are tested for their predictive potential:
- The Sum of the Horizontal Magnetic Gradient, $G_S$
- The Ising energy of the original magnetogram, $E_{\text{ising}}$
- The Ising energy of the partitioned magnetogram, $E_{\text{ising,part}}$
- The Ising energy of the sunspot distribution, $E_{\text{ising,spot}}$
Initial testing (\textit{Fig. 4}) on time series of HMI Active Region Patches (SHARP) data (\textit{Bohra et al. 2014}).
Representative sample of 9454 SHARP data: 336 randomly selected days between September 2012 and May 2016, 6 h cadence.
The associated flaring activity within 24 h was inferred from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) flare catalogue (\url{http://www.swpc.noaa.gov}).
Bayesian inference of the predictive capability of the four parameters, against that of the total unsigned magnetic flux:
$$P = \frac{F + 1}{N + 2} \quad \delta p = \sqrt{\frac{p(1-p)}{N+3}}$$
$N$ and $F$ are the numbers of all and flaring AR respectively, with a property value higher than a threshold (\textit{Fig. 7}).
Conclusions
- AR with high flare productivity statistically exhibit higher values of $G_S$, $E_{\text{ising}}$, $E_{\text{ising,part}}$, $E_{\text{ising,spot}}$. For $G_S$ and $E_{\text{ising,spot}}$ this difference is more than one order of magnitude (\textit{Fig. 4}).
- These parameters also show potential in distinguishing between flare-quiet and flare-productive phases of AR evolution (\textit{Fig. 4, upper row}).
- All four parameters show a better predictive potential than the total unsigned magnetic flux (\textit{Fig. 5}). Hence, they are worth considering in automated prediction schemes.
- The sum of the horizontal gradient seems to be a somewhat better forecaster for this sample (\textit{Fig. 5}).
- Ising energy becomes significantly more effective as a flare predictor when magnetic partitions or the umbral areas are considered as the interacting elements ($E_{\text{ising,part}}$, $E_{\text{ising,spot}}$) (\textit{Fig. 5}).
References
Ahmed, M., Kontogiannis, R., Colak, T., et al. 2010, \textit{Ito Comput.}, 26, 185.
Barnes, G., Györy, L., & Ludmány, A., 2016, \textit{Sol. Phys.}, 291, 3081
Barnes, G., Longcope, D. W., & Leka, K. D. 2005, \textit{ApJ}, 629, 561
Bohra, M. G., Sun, X., Hoeksema, J. T., et al. 2014, \textit{Sol. Phys.}, 289, 3549
Györy, L., 1998, \textit{Sol.Phys.}, 180, 109
Korsós, M.B., Baranyi, T., & Ludmány, A., 2014, \textit{ApJ}, 789, 107
Korsós M.B., Ludmány, A., Erdélyi, R., & Baranyi, T., 2015, \textit{ApJ}, 802, L21
Korsós, M.B., & Erdélyi, R., 2016, \textit{ApJ}, 823, 153
Padinhatteeri, S., Higgins, P.A., Bloomfield, S.D., & Gallagher, P.T., 2016, \textit{Sol. Phys.}, 211, 41 | <urn:uuid:316c8d34-f512-4fcc-9ee7-df350c5e70a5> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 6,533 |
RDleg. 1/1995 (modificado por Ley 3/2012) Redacción a 08/07/2012
Artículo 8. Forma del contrato
1. (…).
1. (…).
2. Deberán constar por escrito los contratos de trabajo cuando así lo exija una disposición legal y, en todo caso, los de prácticas y aprendizaje, los contratos a tiempo parcial, los contratos de trabajo a domicilio, los contratos para la realización de una obra o servicio determinado, así como los de los trabajadores contratados en España al servicio de empresas españolas en el extranjero. Igualmente constarán por escrito los contratos por tiempo determinado cuya duración sea superior a cuatro semanas. De no observarse tal exigencia, el contrato se presumirá celebrado a jornada completa y por tiempo indefinido, salvo prueba en contrario que acredite su naturaleza temporal o el carácter a tiempo parcial de los servicios.
2. Deberán constar por escrito los contratos de trabajo cuando así lo exija una disposición legal y, en todo caso, los de prácticas y para la formación y el aprendizaje, los contratos a tiempo parcial, fijos-discontinuos y de relevo, los contratos para la realización de una obra o servicio determinado, los de los trabajadores que trabajen a distancia y los contratados en España al servicio de empresas españolas en el extranjero. Igualmente constarán por escrito los contratos por tiempo determinado cuya duración sea superior a cuatro semanas. De no observarse tal exigencia, el contrato se presumirá celebrado por tiempo indefinido y a jornada completa, salvo prueba en contrario que acredite su naturaleza temporal o el carácter a tiempo parcial de los servicios.
RDleg. 1/1995 (modificado por Ley 3/2012) Redacción a 08/07/2012
Artículo 11. Contratos formativos
1. (...)
1. (...)
2. El contrato para la formación y el aprendizaje tendrá por objeto la cualificación profesional de los trabajadores en un régimen de alternancia de actividad laboral retribuida en una empresa con actividad formativa recibida en el marco del sistema de formación profesional para el empleo o del sistema educativo. El contrato para la formación y el aprendizaje se regirá por las siguientes reglas:
a) Se podrá celebrar con trabajadores mayores de dieciséis y menores de veinticinco años que carezcan de la cualificación profesional reconocida por el sistema de formación profesional para el empleo o del sistema educativo requerida para concertar un contrato en prácticas.
El límite máximo de edad no será de aplicación cuando el contrato se concierte con personas con discapacidad.
b) La duración mínima del contrato será de un año y la máxima de tres. No obstante, mediante convenio colectivo podrán establecerse distintas duraciones del contrato, en función de las necesidades organizativas o productivas de las empresas, sin que la duración mínima pueda ser inferior a seis meses ni la máxima superior a tres años.
2. El contrato para la formación y el aprendizaje tendrá por objeto la cualificación profesional de los trabajadores en un régimen de alternancia de actividad laboral retribuida en una empresa con actividad formativa recibida en el marco del sistema de formación profesional para el empleo o del sistema educativo. El contrato para la formación y el aprendizaje se regirá por las siguientes reglas:
a) Se podrá celebrar con trabajadores mayores de dieciséis y menores de veinticinco años que carezcan de la cualificación profesional reconocida por el sistema de formación profesional para el empleo o del sistema educativo requerida para concertar un contrato en prácticas. Se podrán acoger a esta modalidad contractual los trabajadores que cursen formación profesional del sistema educativo.
El límite máximo de edad no será de aplicación cuando el contrato se concierte con personas con discapacidad ni con los colectivos en situación de exclusión social previstos en la Ley 44/2007, de 13 de diciembre, para la regulación del régimen de las empresas de inserción, en los casos en que sean contratados por parte de empresas de inserción que estén cualificadas y activas en el registro administrativo correspondiente.
b) La duración mínima del contrato será de un año y la máxima de tres. No obstante, mediante convenio colectivo podrán establecerse distintas duraciones del contrato, en función de las necesidades organizativas o productivas de las empresas, sin que la duración mínima pueda ser inferior a seis meses ni la máxima superior a tres años.
En caso de que el contrato se hubiera
Las situaciones de incapacidad temporal, riesgo durante el embarazo, maternidad, adopción o acogimiento, riesgo durante la lactancia y paternidad interrumpirán el cómputo de la duración del contrato.
c) Expirada la duración del contrato para la formación y el aprendizaje, el trabajador no podrá ser contratado bajo esta modalidad por la misma o distinta empresa para la misma actividad laboral u ocupación objeto de la cualificación profesional asociada al contrato, pero sí para una distinta.
No se podrán celebrar contratos para la formación y el aprendizaje cuando el puesto de trabajo correspondiente al contrato haya sido desempeñado con anterioridad por el trabajador en la misma empresa por tiempo superior a doce meses.
d) El trabajador deberá recibir la formación inherente al contrato para la formación y el aprendizaje directamente en un centro formativo de la red a que se refiere la disposición adicional quinta de la Ley Orgánica 5/2002, de 19 de junio, de las Cualificaciones y de la Formación Profesional, previamente reconocido para ello por el Sistema Nacional de Empleo. No obstante, también podrá recibir dicha formación en la propia empresa cuando la misma dispusiera de las instalaciones y el personal adecuados a los efectos de la acreditación de la competencia o cualificación profesional a que se refiere el apartado e), sin perjuicio de la necesidad, en su caso, de la realización de periodos de formación complementarios en los centros de la red mencionada.
La actividad laboral desempeñada por el trabajador en la empresa deberá estar concertado por una duración inferior a la máxima legal o convencionalmente establecida, podrá prorrogarse mediante acuerdo de las partes, hasta por dos veces, sin que la duración de cada prórroga pueda ser inferior a seis meses y sin que la duración total del contrato pueda exceder de dicha duración máxima.
Las situaciones de incapacidad temporal, riesgo durante el embarazo, maternidad, adopción o acogimiento, riesgo durante la lactancia y paternidad interrumpirán el cómputo de la duración del contrato.
c) Expirada la duración del contrato para la formación y el aprendizaje, el trabajador no podrá ser contratado bajo esta modalidad por la misma o distinta empresa, salvo que la formación inherente al nuevo contrato tenga por objeto la obtención de distinta cualificación profesional.
No se podrán celebrar contratos para la formación y el aprendizaje cuando el puesto de trabajo correspondiente al contrato haya sido desempeñado con anterioridad por el trabajador en la misma empresa por tiempo superior a doce meses.
d) El trabajador deberá recibir la formación inherente al contrato para la formación y el aprendizaje directamente en un centro formativo de la red a que se refiere la disposición adicional quinta de la Ley Orgánica 5/2002, de 19 de junio, de las Cualificaciones y de la Formación Profesional, previamente reconocido para ello por el Sistema Nacional de Empleo. No obstante, también podrá recibir dicha formación en la propia empresa cuando la misma dispusiera de las instalaciones y el personal adecuados a los efectos de la acreditación de la competencia o cualificación profesional a que se refiere el apartado e), sin perjuicio de la necesidad, en su caso, de la realización de periodos de formación complementarios en los centros de la red mencionada.
La actividad laboral desempeñada por el trabajador en la empresa deberá estar relacionada con las actividades formativas.
Reglamentariamente se desarrollará el sistema de impartición y las características de la formación de los trabajadores en los centros formativos y en las empresas, así como su reconocimiento, en un régimen de alternancia con el trabajo efectivo para favorecer una mayor relación entre éste y la formación y el aprendizaje del trabajador. Las actividades formativas podrán incluir formación complementaria no referida al Catálogo Nacional de Cualificaciones Profesionales para adaptarse tanto a las necesidades de los trabajadores como de las empresas.
Asimismo serán objeto de desarrollo reglamentario los aspectos relacionados con la financiación de la actividad formativa.
e) La cualificación o competencia profesional adquirida a través del contrato para la formación y el aprendizaje será objeto de acreditación en los términos previstos en la Ley Orgánica 5/2002, de 19 de junio, de las Cualificaciones y de la Formación Profesional, y en su normativa de desarrollo. Conforme a lo establecido en dicha regulación, el trabajador podrá solicitar de la Administración pública competente la expedición del correspondiente certificado de profesionalidad, título de formación profesional o, en su caso, acreditación parcial acumulable.
f) El tiempo de trabajo efectivo, que habrá de ser compatible con el tiempo dedicado a las actividades formativas, no podrá ser superior al 75 por ciento, durante el primer año, o al 85 por ciento, durante el segundo y tercer año, de la jornada máxima prevista en el convenio colectivo o, en su defecto, a la jornada máxima legal. Los trabajadores no podrán realizar horas extraordinarias, salvo en el supuesto previsto en el artículo 35.3. Tampoco podrán realizar trabajos
relacionada con las actividades formativas. La impartición de esta formación deberá justificarse a la finalización del contrato.
Reglamentariamente se desarrollará el sistema de impartición y las características de la formación de los trabajadores en los centros formativos y en las empresas, así como su reconocimiento, en un régimen de alternancia con el trabajo efectivo para favorecer una mayor relación entre éste y la formación y el aprendizaje del trabajador. Las actividades formativas podrán incluir formación complementaria no referida al Catálogo Nacional de Cualificaciones Profesionales para adaptarse tanto a las necesidades de los trabajadores como de las empresas.
Asimismo serán objeto de desarrollo reglamentario los aspectos relacionados con la financiación de la actividad formativa.
e) La cualificación o competencia profesional adquirida a través del contrato para la formación y el aprendizaje será objeto de acreditación en los términos previstos en la Ley Orgánica 5/2002, de 19 de junio, de las Cualificaciones y de la Formación Profesional, y en su normativa de desarrollo. Conforme a lo establecido en dicha regulación, el trabajador podrá solicitar de la Administración pública competente la expedición del correspondiente certificado de profesionalidad, título de formación profesional o, en su caso, acreditación parcial acumulable.
f) El tiempo de trabajo efectivo, que habrá de ser compatible con el tiempo dedicado a las actividades formativas, no podrá ser superior al 75 por ciento, durante el primer año, o al 85 por ciento, durante el segundo y tercer año, de la jornada máxima prevista en el convenio colectivo o, en su defecto, a la jornada máxima legal. Los trabajadores no podrán realizar horas extraordinarias, salvo en el supuesto previsto en el artículo 35.3. Tampoco podrán realizar trabajos
nocturnos ni trabajo a turnos.
g) La retribución del trabajador contratado para la formación y el aprendizaje se fijará en proporción al tiempo de trabajo efectivo, de acuerdo con lo establecido en convenio colectivo.
En ningún caso, la retribución podrá ser inferior al salario mínimo interprofesional en proporción al tiempo de trabajo efectivo.
h) La acción protectora de la Seguridad Social del trabajador contratado para la formación y el aprendizaje comprenderá todas las contingencias, situaciones protegibles y prestaciones, incluido el desempleo. Asimismo, se tendrá derecho a la cobertura del Fondo de Garantía Salarial.
i) En el supuesto de que el trabajador continuase en la empresa al término del contrato se estará a lo establecido en el apartado 1, párrafo f), de este artículo.
3. (…)
nocturnos ni trabajo a turnos.
g) La retribución del trabajador contratado para la formación y el aprendizaje se fijará en proporción al tiempo de trabajo efectivo, de acuerdo con lo establecido en convenio colectivo.
En ningún caso, la retribución podrá ser inferior al salario mínimo interprofesional en proporción al tiempo de trabajo efectivo.
h) La acción protectora de la Seguridad Social del trabajador contratado para la formación y el aprendizaje comprenderá todas las contingencias, situaciones protegibles y prestaciones, incluido el desempleo. Asimismo, se tendrá derecho a la cobertura del Fondo de Garantía Salarial.
i) En el supuesto de que el trabajador continuase en la empresa al término del contrato se estará a lo establecido en el apartado 1, párrafo f), de este artículo.
3. (…)
RDleg. 1/1995 (modificado por Ley 3/2012) Redacción a 08/07/2012
Artículo 13. Contrato a distancia
1. Tendrá la consideración de trabajo a distancia aquél en que la prestación de la actividad laboral se realice de manera preponderante en el domicilio del trabajador o en el lugar libremente elegido por éste, de modo alternativo a su desarrollo presencial en el centro de trabajo de la empresa.
1. Tendrá la consideración de trabajo a distancia aquél en que la prestación de la actividad laboral se realice de manera preponderante en el domicilio del trabajador o en el lugar libremente elegido por éste, de modo alternativo a su desarrollo presencial en el centro de trabajo de la empresa.
2. El acuerdo por el que se establezca el trabajo a distancia se formalizará por escrito. Tanto si el acuerdo se estableciera en el contrato inicial como si fuera posterior, le serán de aplicación las reglas contenidas en el artículo 8.3 de esta Ley para la copia básica del contrato de trabajo.
3. Los trabajadores a distancia tendrán los mismos derechos que los que prestan sus servicios en el centro de trabajo de la empresa, salvo aquéllos que sean inherentes a la realización de la prestación laboral en el mismo de manera presencial. En especial, el trabajador a distancia tendrá derecho a percibir, como mínimo, la retribución total establecida conforme a su grupo profesional y funciones.
El empresario deberá establecer los medios necesarios para asegurar el acceso efectivo de estos trabajadores a la formación profesional continua, a fin de favorecer su promoción profesional. Asimismo, a fin de posibilitar la movilidad y promoción, deberá informar a los trabajadores a distancia de la existencia de puestos de trabajo vacantes para su desarrollo presencial en sus centros de trabajo.
4. Los trabajadores a distancia tienen derecho a una adecuada protección en materia de seguridad y salud resultando de aplicación, en todo caso, lo establecido en la Ley 31/1995, de 8 de noviembre, de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales, y su normativa de desarrollo.
2. El acuerdo por el que se establezca el trabajo a distancia se formalizará por escrito. Tanto si el acuerdo se estableciera en el contrato inicial como si fuera posterior, le serán de aplicación las reglas contenidas en el artículo 8.3 de esta Ley para la copia básica del contrato de trabajo.
3. Los trabajadores a distancia tendrán los mismos derechos que los que prestan sus servicios en el centro de trabajo de la empresa, salvo aquéllos que sean inherentes a la realización de la prestación laboral en el mismo de manera presencial. En especial, el trabajador a distancia tendrá derecho a percibir, como mínimo, la retribución total establecida conforme a su grupo profesional y funciones.
El empresario deberá establecer los medios necesarios para asegurar el acceso efectivo de estos trabajadores a la formación profesional para el empleo, a fin de favorecer su promoción profesional. Asimismo, a fin de posibilitar la movilidad y promoción, deberá informar a los trabajadores a distancia de la existencia de puestos de trabajo vacantes para su desarrollo presencial en sus centros de trabajo.
4. Los trabajadores a distancia tienen derecho a una adecuada protección en materia de seguridad y salud resultando de aplicación, en todo caso, lo establecido en la Ley 31/1995, de 8 de noviembre, de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales, y su normativa de desarrollo.
5. Los trabajadores a distancia podrán ejercer los derechos de representación colectiva conforme a lo previsto en la presente Ley. A estos efectos dichos trabajadores deberán estar adscritos a un centro de trabajo concreto de la empresa.
5. Los trabajadores a distancia podrán ejercer los derechos de representación colectiva conforme a lo previsto en la presente Ley. A estos efectos dichos trabajadores deberán estar adscritos a un centro de trabajo concreto de la empresa.
RDleg. 1/1995 (modificado por Ley 3/2012) Redacción a 08/07/2012
Artículo 16. Ingreso al trabajo
(…)
(…)
3. La actividad consistente en la contratación de trabajadores para cederlos temporalmente a otras empresas se realizará exclusivamente por empresas de trabajo temporal de acuerdo con su legislación específica. Asimismo podrán operar como agencias de colocación, siempre y cuando presenten una declaración responsable mediante la cual se manifieste que cumple con los requisitos establecidos en la Ley 56/2003, de 16 de diciembre, de Empleo, y su normativa de desarrollo al servicio público de empleo competente.
(...)
3. La actividad consistente en la contratación de trabajadores para cederlos temporalmente a otras empresas se realizará exclusivamente por empresas de trabajo temporal autorizadas de acuerdo con su legislación específica. Las empresas de trabajo temporal podrán, además, actuar como agencias de colocación cuando cuenten con la correspondiente autorización de acuerdo con lo establecido en la normativa aplicable.
(…)
RDleg. 1/1995 (modificado por Ley 3/2012) Redacción a 08/07/2012
Artículo 23. Promoción y formación profesional en el trabajo
1. El trabajador tendrá derecho:
1. El trabajador tendrá derecho:
a) Al disfrute de los permisos necesarios para concurrir a exámenes, así como a una preferencia a elegir turno de trabajo, si tal es el régimen instaurado en la empresa, cuando curse con regularidad estudios para la obtención de un título académico o profesional.
b) A la adaptación de la jornada ordinaria de trabajo para la asistencia a cursos de formación profesional.
c) A la concesión de los permisos oportunos de formación o perfeccionamiento profesional con reserva del puesto de trabajo.
d) A la formación necesaria para su adaptación a las modificaciones operadas en el puesto de trabajo. La misma correrá a cargo de la empresa, sin perjuicio de la posibilidad de obtener a tal efecto los créditos destinados a la formación. El tiempo destinado a la formación se considerará en todo caso tiempo de trabajo efectivo.
2. En la negociación colectiva se pactarán los términos del ejercicio de estos derechos, que se acomodarán a criterios y sistemas que garanticen la ausencia de discriminación directa o indirecta entre trabajadores de uno y otro sexo.
3. Los trabajadores con al menos un año de antigüedad en la empresa tienen derecho a un permiso retribuido de 20 horas anuales de formación vinculada al puesto de trabajo acumulables por un periodo de hasta tres años. La concreción del disfrute del permiso se fijará de mutuo acuerdo entre trabajador y empresario.
a) Al disfrute de los permisos necesarios para concurrir a exámenes, así como a una preferencia a elegir turno de trabajo, si tal es el régimen instaurado en la empresa, cuando curse con regularidad estudios para la obtención de un título académico o profesional.
b) A la adaptación de la jornada ordinaria de trabajo para la asistencia a cursos de formación profesional.
c) A la concesión de los permisos oportunos de formación o perfeccionamiento profesional con reserva del puesto de trabajo.
d) A la formación necesaria para su adaptación a las modificaciones operadas en el puesto de trabajo. La misma correrá a cargo de la empresa, sin perjuicio de la posibilidad de obtener a tal efecto los créditos destinados a la formación. El tiempo destinado a la formación se considerará en todo caso tiempo de trabajo efectivo.
2. En la negociación colectiva se pactarán los términos del ejercicio de estos derechos, que se acomodarán a criterios y sistemas que garanticen la ausencia de discriminación directa o indirecta entre trabajadores de uno y otro sexo.
3. Los trabajadores con al menos un año de antigüedad en la empresa tienen derecho a un permiso retribuido de veinte horas anuales de formación profesional para el empleo, vinculada a la actividad de la empresa, acumulables por un periodo de hasta cinco años. El derecho se entenderá cumplido en todo caso cuando el trabajador pueda realizar las acciones formativas dirigidas a la obtención de la formación profesional para el empleo en el marco de un plan de formación desarrollado por iniciativa empresarial o comprometido por la negociación colectiva. Sin perjuicio de lo
anterior, no podrá comprenderse en el derecho a que se refiere este apartado la formación que deba obligatoriamente impartir la empresa a su cargo conforme a lo previsto en otras leyes. En defecto de lo previsto en convenio colectivo, la concreción del modo de disfrute del permiso se fijará de mutuo acuerdo entre trabajador y empresario.
RDleg. 1/1995 (modificado por Ley 3/2012) Redacción a 08/07/2012
Artículo 33. El Fondo de Garantía Salarial
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8. En los contratos de carácter indefinido celebrados por empresas de menos de veinticinco trabajadores cuando el contrato se extinga por las causas previstas en los artículos 51 y 52 de esta Ley o en el artículo 64 de la Ley 22/2003, de 9 de julio, Concursal, una parte de la indemnización que corresponda al trabajador será objeto de resarcimiento al empresario por el Fondo de Garantía Salarial en una cantidad equivalente a ocho días de salario por año de servicio, prorrateándose por meses los períodos de tiempo inferiores al año. No será de aplicación el resarcimiento por el Fondo de Garantía Salarial en las extinciones que hayan sido declaradas como improcedentes, tanto en conciliación administrativa o judicial como mediante sentencia.
El cálculo del importe de este abono se realizará sobre las indemnizaciones ajustadas a los límites previstos en el apartado 2 de este artículo.
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8. En los contratos de carácter indefinido celebrados por empresas de menos de veinticinco trabajadores, cuando el contrato se extinga por las causas previstas en los artículos 51 y 52 de esta Ley o en el artículo 64 de la Ley 22/2003, de 9 de julio, Concursal, el Fondo de Garantía Salarial abonará al trabajador una parte de la indemnización en cantidad equivalente a ocho días de salario por año de servicio, prorrateándose por meses los periodos de tiempo inferiores al año. No responderá el Fondo de cuantía indemnizatoria alguna en los supuestos de decisiones extintivas improcedentes, estando a cargo del empresario, en tales casos, el pago íntegro de la indemnización.
El cálculo del importe de este abono se realizará sobre las indemnizaciones ajustadas a los límites previstos en el apartado 2 de este artículo.
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RDleg. 1/1995
(modificado por RDL 3/2012) Redacción a 12/02/2012
RDleg. 1/1995 (modificado por Ley 3/2012) Redacción a 08/07/2012
Artículo 34. Jornada
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2. Mediante convenio colectivo o, en su defecto, por acuerdo entre la empresa y los representantes de los trabajadores, se podrá establecer la distribución irregular de la jornada a lo largo del año. En defecto de pacto, la empresa podrá distribuir de manera irregular a lo largo del año el 5 por ciento de la jornada de trabajo.
Dicha distribución deberá respetar en todo caso los períodos mínimos de descanso diario y semanal previstos en la Ley.
(...)
8. El trabajador tendrá derecho a adaptar la duración y distribución de la jornada de trabajo para hacer efectivo su derecho a la conciliación de la vida personal, familiar y laboral en los términos que se establezcan en la negociación colectiva o en el acuerdo a que llegue con el empresario respetando, en su caso, lo previsto en aquélla.
2. Mediante convenio colectivo o, en su defecto, por acuerdo entre la empresa y los representantes de los trabajadores, se podrá establecer la distribución irregular de la jornada a lo largo del año. En defecto de pacto, la empresa podrá distribuir de manera irregular a lo largo del año el diez por ciento de la jornada de trabajo.
Dicha distribución deberá respetar en todo caso los períodos mínimos de descanso diario y semanal previstos en la Ley y el trabajador deberá conocer con un preaviso mínimo de cinco días el día y la hora de la prestación de trabajo resultante de aquella.
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8. El trabajador tendrá derecho a adaptar la duración y distribución de la jornada de trabajo para hacer efectivo su derecho a la conciliación de la vida personal, familiar y laboral en los términos que se establezcan en la negociación colectiva o en el acuerdo a que llegue con el empresario respetando, en su caso, lo previsto en aquélla.
A tal fin, se promoverá la utilización de la jornada continuada, el horario flexible u otros modos de organización del tiempo de trabajo y de los descansos que permitan la mayor compatibilidad entre el derecho a la conciliación de la vida personal, familiar y laboral de los trabajadores y la mejora de la productividad en las empresas.
RDleg. 1/1995 (modificado por Ley 3/2012) Redacción a 08/07/2012
Artículo 37. Descanso semanal, fiestas y permisos
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6. La concreción horaria y la determinación del período de disfrute del permiso de lactancia y de la reducción de jornada, previstos en los apartados 4 y 5 de este artículo, corresponderá al trabajador, dentro de su jornada ordinaria. Los convenios colectivos podrán establecer, no obstante, criterios para la concreción horaria de la reducción de jornada, en atención a los derechos de conciliación de la vida personal, familiar y laboral del trabajador y las necesidades productivas y organizativas de las empresas. El trabajador, salvo fuerza mayor, deberá preavisar al empresario con una antelación de quince días o la que se determine en el convenio colectivo aplicable, precisando la fecha en que iniciará y finalizará el permiso de lactancia o la reducción de jornada.
Las discrepancias surgidas entre empresario y trabajador sobre la concreción horaria y la determinación de los períodos de disfrute previstos en los apartados 4 y 5 de este artículo serán resueltas por la jurisdicción social a través del procedimiento establecido en el artículo 139 de la Ley 36/2011, de 10 de octubre, reguladora de la jurisdicción social.
7. La trabajadora víctima de violencia de género tendrá derecho, para hacer efectiva su protección o su derecho a la asistencia social integral, a la reducción de la jornada de trabajo con disminución proporcional del salario o a la reordenación del tiempo de trabajo, a través de la adaptación del horario, de la aplicación del horario flexible o de otras formas de ordenación del tiempo de trabajo que se utilicen en la empresa.
Estos derechos se podrán ejercitar en los
6. La concreción horaria y la determinación del período de disfrute del permiso de lactancia y de la reducción de jornada, previstos en los apartados 4 y 5 de este artículo, corresponderán al trabajador, dentro de su jornada ordinaria. No obstante, los convenios colectivos podrán establecer criterios para la concreción horaria de la reducción de jornada a que se refiere el apartado 5, en atención a los derechos de conciliación de la vida personal, familiar y laboral del trabajador y las necesidades productivas y organizativas de las empresas. El trabajador, salvo fuerza mayor, deberá preavisar al empresario con una antelación de quince días o la que se determine en el convenio colectivo aplicable, precisando la fecha en que iniciará y finalizará el permiso de lactancia o la reducción de jornada.
Las discrepancias surgidas entre empresario y trabajador sobre la concreción horaria y la determinación de los períodos de disfrute previstos en los apartados 4 y 5 de este artículo serán resueltas por la jurisdicción social a través del procedimiento establecido en el artículo 139 de la Ley 36/2011, de 10 de octubre, reguladora de la jurisdicción social.
7. Los trabajadores que tengan la consideración de víctimas de violencia de género o de víctimas del terrorismo tendrán derecho para hacer efectiva su protección o su derecho a la asistencia social integral, a la reducción de la jornada de trabajo con disminución proporcional del salario o a la reordenación del tiempo de trabajo, a través de la adaptación del horario, de la aplicación del horario flexible o de otras formas de ordenación del tiempo de trabajo que se utilicen en la empresa.
Estos derechos se podrán ejercitar en los términos que para estos supuestos concretos se establezcan en los convenios colectivos o en los acuerdos entre la empresa y los representantes de los trabajadores, o conforme al acuerdo entre la empresa y la trabajadora afectada. En su defecto, la concreción de estos derechos corresponderá a la trabajadora, siendo de aplicación las reglas establecidas en el apartado anterior, incluidas las relativas a la resolución de discrepancias.
términos que para estos supuestos concretos se establezcan en los convenios colectivos o en los acuerdos entre la empresa y los representantes de los trabajadores, o conforme al acuerdo entre la empresa y los trabajadores afectados. En su defecto, la concreción de estos derechos corresponderá a éstos, siendo de aplicación las reglas establecidas en el apartado anterior, incluidas las relativas a la resolución de discrepancias.
RDleg. 1/1995 (modificado por Ley 3/2012) Redacción a 08/07/2012
Artículo 40. Movilidad geográfica
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3.bis) La trabajadora víctima de violencia de género que se vea obligada a abandonar el puesto de trabajo en la localidad donde venía prestando sus servicios, para hacer efectiva su protección o su derecho a la asistencia social integral, tendrá derecho preferente a ocupar otro puesto de trabajo, del mismo grupo profesional o categoría equivalente, que la empresa tenga vacante en cualquier otro de sus centros de trabajo.
En tales supuestos, la empresa estará obligada a comunicar a la trabajadora las vacantes existentes en dicho momento o las que se pudieran producir en el futuro.
El traslado o el cambio de centro de trabajo tendrán una duración inicial de seis meses, durante los cuales la empresa tendrá la obligación de reservar el puesto de trabajo que anteriormente ocupaba la trabajadora.
Terminado este período, la trabajadora podrá optar entre el regreso a su puesto de trabajo anterior o la continuidad en el nuevo. En este último caso, decaerá la mencionada obligación de reserva.
3.bis) Los trabajadores que tengan la consideración de víctimas de violencia de género o de víctimas del terrorismo que se vean obligados a abandonar el puesto de trabajo en la localidad donde venían prestando sus servicios, para hacer efectiva su protección o su derecho a la asistencia social integral, tendrán derecho preferente a ocupar otro puesto de trabajo, del mismo grupo profesional o categoría equivalente, que la empresa tenga vacante en cualquier otro de sus centros de trabajo.
En tales supuestos, la empresa estará obligada a comunicar a los trabajadores las vacantes existentes en dicho momento o las que se pudieran producir en el futuro.
El traslado o el cambio de centro de trabajo tendrá una duración inicial de seis meses, durante los cuales la empresa tendrá la obligación de reservar el puesto de trabajo que anteriormente ocupaban los trabajadores.
Terminado este periodo, los trabajadores podrán optar entre el regreso a su puesto de trabajo anterior o la continuidad en el nuevo. En este último caso, decaerá la mencionada obligación de reserva.
3.ter. Para hacer efectivo su derecho de protección a la salud, los trabajadores con discapacidad que acrediten la necesidad de recibir fuera de su localidad un tratamiento de rehabilitación, físico o psicológico relacionado con su discapacidad, tendrán derecho preferente a ocupar otro puesto de trabajo, del mismo grupo profesional, que la empresa tuviera vacante en otro de sus centros de trabajo en una localidad en que sea más accesible dicho tratamiento, en los términos y condiciones establecidos en el apartado anterior para las trabajadoras
RDleg. 1/1995 (modificado por Ley 3/2012) Redacción a 08/07/2012
Artículo 47. Suspensión del contrato o reducción de jornada por causas económicas, técnicas, organizativas o de producción o derivadas de fuerza mayor
1. El empresario podrá suspender el contrato de trabajo por causas económicas, técnicas, organizativas o de producción.
1. El empresario podrá suspender el contrato de trabajo por causas económicas, técnicas, organizativas o de producción.
Se entiende que concurren causas económicas cuando de los resultados de la empresa se desprenda una situación económica negativa, en casos tales como la existencia de pérdidas actuales o previstas, o la disminución persistente de su nivel de ingresos ordinarios o ventas. En todo caso, se entenderá que la disminución es persistente si durante dos trimestres consecutivos el nivel de ingresos ordinarios o ventas de cada trimestre es inferior al registrado en el mismo trimestre del año anterior.
Se entiende que concurren causas técnicas cuando se produzcan cambios, entre otros, en el ámbito de los medios o instrumentos de producción; causas organizativas cuando se produzcan cambios, entre otros, en el ámbito de los sistemas y métodos de trabajo del personal o en el modo de organizar la producción y causas productivas cuando se produzcan cambios, entre otros, en la demanda de los productos o servicios que la empresa pretende colocar en el mercado.
El procedimiento, que será aplicable cualquiera que sea el número de trabajadores de la empresa y del número de afectados por la suspensión, se iniciará mediante comunicación a la autoridad laboral competente y la apertura simultánea de un periodo de consultas con los representantes legales de los trabajadores de duración no superior a quince días.
La autoridad laboral dará traslado de la comunicación empresarial a la entidad gestora de las prestaciones por desempleo y recabará informe preceptivo de la Inspección de Trabajo y Seguridad
El procedimiento, que será aplicable cualquiera que sea el número de trabajadores de la empresa y del número de afectados por la suspensión, se iniciará mediante comunicación a la autoridad laboral competente y la apertura simultánea de un periodo de consultas con los representantes legales de los trabajadores de duración no superior a quince días.
La autoridad laboral dará traslado de la comunicación empresarial a la entidad gestora de las prestaciones por desempleo y recabará informe preceptivo de la Inspección de Trabajo y Seguridad
Social sobre los extremos de dicha comunicación y sobre el desarrollo del período de consultas. El informe deberá ser evacuado en el improrrogable plazo de 15 días desde la notificación a la autoridad laboral de la finalización del período de consultas y quedará incorporado al procedimiento.
En los supuestos de ausencia de representación legal de los trabajadores en la empresa, éstos podrán atribuir su representación a una comisión designada conforme a lo dispuesto en el artículo 41.4.
Cuando el período de consultas finalice con acuerdo se presumirá que concurren las causas justificativas a que alude el párrafo primero y solo podrá ser impugnado ante la jurisdicción competente por la existencia de fraude, dolo, coacción o abuso de derecho en su conclusión.
También podrá ser impugnado el acuerdo por la autoridad laboral a petición de la entidad gestora de la prestación por desempleo cuando el acuerdo pudiera tener por objeto la obtención indebida de las prestaciones por parte de los trabajadores afectados por inexistencia de la causa motivadora de la situación legal de desempleo.
Tras la finalización del período de consultas el empresario notificará a los trabajadores y a la autoridad laboral su decisión sobre la suspensión. La autoridad laboral comunicará la decisión empresarial a la entidad gestora de la prestación de desempleo, fecha a partir del cual surtirá efectos la decisión empresarial sobre la suspensión de los contratos, salvo que en ella se contemple una posterior.
Social sobre los extremos de dicha comunicación y sobre el desarrollo del periodo de consultas. El informe deberá ser evacuado en el improrrogable plazo de quince días desde la notificación a la autoridad laboral de la finalización del periodo de consultas y quedará incorporado al procedimiento.
En los supuestos de ausencia de representación legal de los trabajadores en la empresa, éstos podrán atribuir su representación a una comisión designada conforme a lo dispuesto en el artículo 41.4.
Cuando el periodo de consultas finalice con acuerdo se presumirá que concurren las causas justificativas a que alude el párrafo primero y solo podrá ser impugnado ante la jurisdicción competente por la existencia de fraude, dolo, coacción o abuso de derecho en su conclusión.
El empresario y la representación de los trabajadores podrán acordar en cualquier momento la sustitución del periodo de consultas por el procedimiento de mediación o arbitraje que sea de aplicación en el ámbito de la empresa, que deberá desarrollarse dentro del plazo máximo señalado para dicho periodo.
Tras la finalización del periodo de consultas el empresario notificará a los trabajadores y a la autoridad laboral su decisión sobre la suspensión. La autoridad laboral comunicará la decisión empresarial a la entidad gestora de la prestación de desempleo, fecha a partir de la cual surtirá efectos la decisión empresarial sobre la suspensión de los contratos, salvo que en ella se contemple una posterior.
Contra las decisiones a que se refiere el presente apartado podrá reclamar el trabajador ante la jurisdicción social que declarará la medida justificada o injustificada.
Cuando la decisión empresarial afecte a un número de trabajadores igual o superior a los umbrales previstos en el apartado 1 del artículo 51 de esta Ley se podrá reclamar en conflicto colectivo, sin perjuicio de la acción individual. La interposición del conflicto colectivo paralizará la tramitación de las acciones individuales iniciadas, hasta su resolución.
2. La jornada de trabajo podrá reducirse por causas económicas, técnicas, organizativas o de producción con arreglo al procedimiento previsto en el apartado anterior. A estos efectos, se entenderá por reducción de jornada la disminución temporal de entre un 10 y un 70 por ciento de la jornada de trabajo computada sobre la base de una jornada diaria, semanal, mensual o anual. Durante el período de reducción de jornada no podrán realizarse horas extraordinarias salvo fuerza mayor.
3. Igualmente, el contrato de trabajo podrá ser suspendido por causa derivada
La decisión empresarial podrá ser impugnada por la autoridad laboral a petición de la entidad gestora de la prestación por desempleo cuando aquella pudiera tener por objeto la obtención indebida de las prestaciones por parte de los trabajadores afectados por inexistencia de la causa motivadora de la situación legal de desempleo.
Contra las decisiones a que se refiere el presente apartado podrá reclamar el trabajador ante la jurisdicción social que declarará la medida justificada o injustificada. En este último caso, la sentencia declarará la inmediata reanudación del contrato de trabajo y condenará al empresario al pago de los salarios dejados de percibir por el trabajador hasta la fecha de la reanudación del contrato o, en su caso, al abono de las diferencias que procedan respecto del importe recibido en concepto de prestaciones por desempleo durante el periodo de suspensión, sin perjuicio del reintegro que proceda realizar por el empresario del importe de dichas prestaciones a la entidad gestora del pago de las mismas. Cuando la decisión empresarial afecte a un número de trabajadores igual o superior a los umbrales previstos en el artículo 51.1 de esta Ley se podrá reclamar en conflicto colectivo, sin perjuicio de la acción individual. La interposición del conflicto colectivo paralizará la tramitación de las acciones individuales iniciadas, hasta su resolución.
2. La jornada de trabajo podrá reducirse por causas económicas, técnicas, organizativas o de producción con arreglo al procedimiento previsto en el apartado anterior. A estos efectos, se entenderá por reducción de jornada la disminución temporal de entre un 10 y un 70 por ciento de la jornada de trabajo computada sobre la base de una jornada diaria, semanal, mensual o anual. Durante el periodo de reducción de jornada no podrán realizarse horas extraordinarias salvo fuerza mayor.
3. Igualmente, el contrato de trabajo podrá ser suspendido por causa derivada
de fuerza mayor con arreglo al procedimiento establecido en el artículo 51.7 de esta Ley y normas reglamentarias de desarrollo.
4. Durante las suspensiones de contratos o las reducciones de jornada se promoverá el desarrollo de acciones formativas vinculadas a la actividad profesional de los trabajadores afectados cuyo objeto sea aumentar su polivalencia o incrementar su empleabilidad.
de fuerza mayor con arreglo al procedimiento establecido en el artículo 51.7 de esta Ley y normas reglamentarias de desarrollo.
4. Durante las suspensiones de contratos o las reducciones de jornada se promoverá el desarrollo de acciones formativas vinculadas a la actividad profesional de los trabajadores afectados cuyo objeto sea aumentar su polivalencia o incrementar su empleabilidad.
RDleg. 1/1995
(modificado por RDL 3/2012) Redacción a 12/02/2012
RDleg. 1/1995 (modificado por Ley 3/2012) Redacción a 08/07/2012
Artículo 51. Despido colectivo
1. A efectos de lo dispuesto en la presente Ley se entenderá por despido colectivo la extinción de contratos de trabajo fundada en causas económicas, técnicas, organizativas o de producción cuando, en un período de noventa días, la extinción afecte al menos a:
1. A efectos de lo dispuesto en la presente Ley se entenderá por despido colectivo la extinción de contratos de trabajo fundada en causas económicas, técnicas, organizativas o de producción cuando, en un período de noventa días, la extinción afecte al menos a:
a) Diez trabajadores, en las empresas que ocupen menos de cien trabajadores.
b) El 10 por ciento del número de trabajadores de la empresa en aquéllas que ocupen entre cien y trescientos trabajadores.
c) Treinta trabajadores en las empresas que ocupen más de trescientos trabajadores.
Se entiende que concurren causas económicas cuando de los resultados de la empresa se desprenda una situación económica negativa, en casos tales como la existencia de pérdidas actuales o previstas, o la disminución persistente de su nivel de ingresos o ventas. En todo caso, se entenderá que la disminución es persistente si se produce durante tres trimestres consecutivos.
Se entiende que concurren causas técnicas cuando se produzcan cambios, entre otros, en el ámbito de los medios o instrumentos de producción; causas organizativas cuando se produzcan cambios, entre otros, en el ámbito de los sistemas y métodos de trabajo del personal o en el modo de organizar la producción y causas productivas cuando se produzcan cambios, entre otros, en la demanda de los productos o servicios que la empresa pretende colocar en el mercado.
Se entenderá igualmente como despido colectivo la extinción de los contratos de trabajo que afecten a la totalidad de la
a) Diez trabajadores, en las empresas que ocupen menos de cien trabajadores.
b) El 10 por ciento del número de trabajadores de la empresa en aquéllas que ocupen entre cien y trescientos trabajadores.
c) Treinta trabajadores en las empresas que ocupen más de trescientos trabajadores.
Se entiende que concurren causas económicas cuando de los resultados de la empresa se desprenda una situación económica negativa, en casos tales como la existencia de pérdidas actuales o previstas, o la disminución persistente de su nivel de ingresos ordinarios o ventas. En todo caso, se entenderá que la disminución es persistente si durante tres trimestres consecutivos el nivel de ingresos ordinarios o ventas de cada trimestre es inferior al registrado en el mismo trimestre del año anterior.
Se entiende que concurren causas técnicas cuando se produzcan cambios, entre otros, en el ámbito de los medios o instrumentos de producción; causas organizativas cuando se produzcan cambios, entre otros, en el ámbito de los sistemas y métodos de trabajo del personal o en el modo de organizar la producción y causas productivas cuando se produzcan cambios, entre otros, en la demanda de los productos o servicios que la empresa pretende colocar en el mercado.
Se entenderá igualmente como despido colectivo la extinción de los contratos de trabajo que afecten a la totalidad de la plantilla de la empresa, siempre que el número de trabajadores afectados sea superior a cinco, cuando aquél se produzca como consecuencia de la cesación total de su actividad empresarial fundada en las mismas causas anteriormente señaladas.
Para el cómputo del número de extinciones de contratos a que se refiere el párrafo primero de este artículo, se tendrán en cuenta asimismo cualesquiera otras producidas en el período de referencia por iniciativa del empresario en virtud de otros motivos no inherentes a la persona del trabajador distintos de los previstos en el párrafo c) del apartado 1 del artículo 49 de esta Ley, siempre que su número sea, al menos, de cinco.
Cuando en períodos sucesivos de noventa días y con el objeto de eludir las previsiones contenidas en el presente artículo, la empresa realice extinciones de contratos al amparo de lo dispuesto en el artículo 52 c) de esta Ley en un número inferior a los umbrales señalados, y sin que concurran causas nuevas que justifiquen tal actuación, dichas nuevas extinciones se considerarán efectuadas en fraude de ley, y serán declaradas nulas y sin efecto.
2. El despido colectivo deberá ir precedido de un periodo de consultas con los representantes legales de los trabajadores de una duración no superior a treinta días naturales, o de quince en el caso de empresas de menos de cincuenta trabajadores. La consulta con los representantes legales de los trabajadores deberá versar, como mínimo, sobre las posibilidades de evitar o reducir los despidos colectivos y de atenuar sus consecuencias mediante el recurso a medidas sociales de acompañamiento, tales como medidas de recolocación o acciones de formación o reciclaje profesional para la mejora de la empleabilidad.
La comunicación de la apertura del período de consultas se realizará mediante escrito dirigido por el empresario a los representantes legales de los trabajadores, una copia del cual se plantilla de la empresa, siempre que el número de trabajadores afectados sea superior a cinco, cuando aquél se produzca como consecuencia de la cesación total de su actividad empresarial fundada en las mismas causas anteriormente señaladas.
Para el cómputo del número de extinciones de contratos a que se refiere el párrafo primero de este apartado, se tendrán en cuenta asimismo cualesquiera otras producidas en el período de referencia por iniciativa del empresario en virtud de otros motivos no inherentes a la persona del trabajador distintos de los previstos en el párrafo c) del apartado 1 del artículo 49 de esta Ley, siempre que su número sea, al menos, de cinco.
Cuando en períodos sucesivos de noventa días y con el objeto de eludir las previsiones contenidas en el presente artículo, la empresa realice extinciones de contratos al amparo de lo dispuesto en el artículo 52 c) de esta Ley en un número inferior a los umbrales señalados, y sin que concurran causas nuevas que justifiquen tal actuación, dichas nuevas extinciones se considerarán efectuadas en fraude de ley, y serán declaradas nulas y sin efecto.
2. El despido colectivo deberá ir precedido de un periodo de consultas con los representantes legales de los trabajadores de una duración no superior a treinta días naturales, o de quince en el caso de empresas de menos de cincuenta trabajadores. La consulta con los representantes legales de los trabajadores deberá versar, como mínimo, sobre las posibilidades de evitar o reducir los despidos colectivos y de atenuar sus consecuencias mediante el recurso a medidas sociales de acompañamiento, tales como medidas de recolocación o acciones de formación o reciclaje profesional para la mejora de la empleabilidad.
La comunicación de la apertura del período de consultas se realizará mediante escrito dirigido por el empresario a los representantes legales de los trabajadores, una copia del cual se hará llegar, junto con la comunicación, a la autoridad laboral. En dicho escrito se consignarán los siguientes extremos:
a) La especificación de las causas del despido colectivo conforme a lo establecido en el apartado 1.
b) Número y clasificación profesional de los trabajadores afectados por el despido.
c) Número y clasificación profesional de los trabajadores empleados habitualmente en el último año.
d) Periodo previsto para la realización de los despidos.
e) Criterios tenidos en cuenta para la designación de los trabajadores afectados por los despidos.
La referida comunicación deberá ir acompañada de una memoria explicativa de las causas del despido colectivo y de los restantes aspectos señalados en el párrafo anterior.
Recibida la comunicación, la autoridad laboral lo comunicará a la entidad gestora de las prestaciones por desempleo y recabará, con carácter preceptivo, informe de la Inspección de Trabajo y Seguridad Social sobre los extremos de la comunicación a que se refiere los párrafos anteriores y sobre el desarrollo del período de consultas. El informe deberá ser evacuado en el improrrogable plazo de 15 días desde la notificación a la autoridad laboral de la finalización del período de consultas y quedará incorporado al procedimiento.
La intervención como interlocutores ante la dirección de la empresa en el procedimiento de consultas corresponderá a las secciones sindicales cuando éstas así lo acuerden, siempre que tengan la representación mayoritaria en los comités de empresa o entre los hará llegar a la autoridad laboral. En dicho escrito se consignarán los siguientes extremos:
a) La especificación de las causas del despido colectivo conforme a lo establecido en el apartado 1.
b) Número y clasificación profesional de los trabajadores afectados por el despido.
c) Número y clasificación profesional de los trabajadores empleados habitualmente en el último año.
d) Periodo previsto para la realización de los despidos.
e) Criterios tenidos en cuenta para la designación de los trabajadores afectados por los despidos.
La referida comunicación deberá ir acompañada de una memoria explicativa de las causas del despido colectivo y de los restantes aspectos señalados en el párrafo anterior.
La comunicación a los representantes legales de los trabajadores y a la autoridad laboral deberá ir acompañada de toda la información necesaria para acreditar las causas motivadoras del despido colectivo en los términos que reglamentariamente se determinen.
Recibida la comunicación, la autoridad laboral dará traslado de la misma a la entidad gestora de las prestaciones por desempleo y recabará, con carácter preceptivo, informe de la Inspección de Trabajo y Seguridad Social sobre los extremos de la comunicación a que se refiere los párrafos anteriores y sobre el desarrollo del período de consultas. El informe deberá ser evacuado en el improrrogable plazo de 15 días desde la notificación a la autoridad laboral de la finalización del período de consultas y quedará incorporado al procedimiento.
La intervención como interlocutores ante la dirección de la empresa en el procedimiento de consultas corresponderá a las secciones sindicales cuando éstas así lo acuerden, siempre que tengan la representación mayoritaria en los comités de empresa o entre los delegados de personal.
En los supuestos de ausencia de representación legal de los trabajadores en la empresa, éstos podrán atribuir su representación para el período de consultas a una comisión designada conforme a lo dispuesto en el artículo 41.4.
Durante el periodo de consultas, las partes deberán negociar de buena fe, con vistas a la consecución de un acuerdo.
La autoridad laboral velará por la efectividad del periodo de consultas pudiendo remitir, en su caso, advertencias y recomendaciones a las partes que no supondrán, en ningún caso, la paralización ni la suspensión del procedimiento.
Transcurrido el período de consultas el empresario comunicará a la autoridad laboral el resultado del mismo. Si se hubiera alcanzado acuerdo, trasladará copia íntegra del mismo. En caso contrario, remitirá a los representantes de los trabajadores y a la autoridad laboral la decisión final de despido colectivo que haya adoptado y las condiciones del mismo.
3. Cuando la extinción afectase a más del 50 por 100 de los trabajadores, se dará
delegados de personal.
En los supuestos de ausencia de representación legal de los trabajadores en la empresa, éstos podrán atribuir su representación para el período de consultas a una comisión designada conforme a lo dispuesto en el artículo 41.4.
Durante el periodo de consultas, las partes deberán negociar de buena fe, con vistas a la consecución de un acuerdo.
El empresario y la representación de los trabajadores podrán acordar en cualquier momento la sustitución del período de consultas por el procedimiento de mediación o arbitraje que sea de aplicación en el ámbito de la empresa, que deberá desarrollarse dentro del plazo máximo señalado para dicho período.
La autoridad laboral velará por la efectividad del periodo de consultas pudiendo remitir, en su caso, advertencias y recomendaciones a las partes que no supondrán, en ningún caso, la paralización ni la suspensión del procedimiento. Igualmente y sin perjuicio de lo establecido en el párrafo anterior, la autoridad laboral podrá realizar durante el periodo de consultas, a petición conjunta de las partes, las actuaciones de mediación que resulten convenientes con el fin de buscar soluciones a los problemas planteados por el despido colectivo. Con la misma finalidad también podrá realizar funciones de asistencia a petición de cualquiera de las partes o por propia iniciativa.
Transcurrido el período de consultas el empresario comunicará a la autoridad laboral el resultado del mismo. Si se hubiera alcanzado acuerdo, trasladará copia íntegra del mismo. En caso contrario, remitirá a los representantes de los trabajadores y a la autoridad laboral la decisión final de despido colectivo que haya adoptado y las condiciones del mismo.
3. Cuando la extinción afectase a más del 50 por 100 de los trabajadores, se dará
cuenta por el empresario de la venta de los bienes de la empresa, excepto de aquellos que constituyen el tráfico normal de la misma, a los representantes legales de los trabajadores y, asimismo, a la autoridad competente.
4. Comunicada la decisión a los representantes de los trabajadores, el empresario notificará los despidos individualmente a los trabajadores afectados en los términos establecidos en el artículo 53.1 de esta Ley. Lo anterior no obstante, deberán haber transcurrido como mínimo 30 días entre la fecha de la comunicación de la apertura del periodo de consultas a la autoridad laboral y la fecha de efectos del despido.
5. Los representantes legales de los trabajadores tendrán prioridad de permanencia en la empresa en los supuestos a que se refiere este artículo. Mediante convenio colectivo o acuerdo alcanzado durante el periodo de consultas se podrán establecer prioridades de permanencia a favor de otros colectivos, tales como trabajadores con cargas familiares, mayores de determinada edad o personas con discapacidad.
6. La decisión empresarial podrá impugnarse a través de las acciones previstas para este despido. La interposición de la demanda por los representantes de los trabajadores paralizará la tramitación de las acciones individuales iniciadas, hasta la resolución de aquella.
La autoridad laboral podrá impugnar los acuerdos adoptados en el periodo de consultas cuando estime que estos se han alcanzado mediante fraude, dolo, coacción o abuso de derecho, así como cuando la entidad gestora de la prestación por desempleo hubiese informado que el acuerdo pudiera tener por objeto la obtención indebida de las prestaciones por parte de los trabajadores afectados por inexistencia de la causa motivadora de la situación legal de desempleo.
cuenta por el empresario de la venta de los bienes de la empresa, excepto de aquellos que constituyen el tráfico normal de la misma, a los representantes legales de los trabajadores y, asimismo, a la autoridad competente.
4. Comunicada la decisión a los representantes de los trabajadores, el empresario notificará los despidos individualmente a los trabajadores afectados lo que deberá realizar conforme a lo establecido en el artículo 53.1 de esta Ley. Lo anterior no obstante, deberán haber transcurrido como mínimo 30 días entre la fecha de la comunicación de la apertura del periodo de consultas a la autoridad laboral y la fecha de efectos del despido.
5. Los representantes legales de los trabajadores tendrán prioridad de permanencia en la empresa en los supuestos a que se refiere este artículo. Mediante convenio colectivo o acuerdo alcanzado durante el periodo de consultas se podrán establecer prioridades de permanencia a favor de otros colectivos, tales como trabajadores con cargas familiares, mayores de determinada edad o personas con discapacidad.
6. La decisión empresarial podrá impugnarse a través de las acciones previstas para este despido. La interposición de la demanda por los representantes de los trabajadores paralizará la tramitación de las acciones individuales iniciadas, hasta la resolución de aquella.
La autoridad laboral podrá impugnar los acuerdos adoptados en el periodo de consultas cuando estime que estos se han alcanzado mediante fraude, dolo, coacción o abuso de derecho, a efectos de su posible declaración de nulidad, así como cuando la entidad gestora de las prestaciones por desempleo hubiese informado de que la decisión extintiva empresarial pudiera tener por objeto la obtención indebida de las prestaciones por parte de los trabajadores afectados por inexistencia de la causa motivadora
7. La existencia de fuerza mayor, como causa motivadora de la extinción de los contratos de trabajo, deberá ser constatada por la autoridad laboral, cualquiera que sea el número de los trabajadores afectados, previo procedimiento tramitado conforme a lo dispuesto en este apartado.
El expediente se iniciará mediante solicitud de la empresa, acompañada de los medios de prueba que estime necesarios y simultánea comunicación a los representantes legales de los trabajadores, quienes ostentarán la condición de parte interesada en la totalidad de la tramitación del expediente.
La resolución de la autoridad laboral se dictará, previas las actuaciones e informes indispensables, en el plazo de cinco días desde la solicitud, y surtirá efectos desde la fecha del hecho causante de la fuerza mayor.
La autoridad laboral que constate la fuerza mayor podrá acordar que la totalidad o una parte de la indemnización que corresponda a los trabajadores afectados por la extinción de sus contratos sea satisfecha por el Fondo de Garantía Salarial, sin perjuicio del derecho de éste a resarcirse del empresario.
8. Las obligaciones de información y documentación previstas en el presente artículo se aplicarán con independencia de que la decisión relativa a los despidos colectivos haya sido tomada por el empresario o por la empresa que ejerza el control sobre él. Cualquier justificación del empresario basada en el hecho de que la empresa que tomó la decisión no
de la situación legal de desempleo.
7. La existencia de fuerza mayor, como causa motivadora de la extinción de los contratos de trabajo, deberá ser constatada por la autoridad laboral, cualquiera que sea el número de los trabajadores afectados, previo procedimiento tramitado conforme a lo dispuesto en este apartado y en sus disposiciones de desarrollo reglamentario.
El procedimiento se iniciará mediante solicitud de la empresa, acompañada de los medios de prueba que estime necesarios y simultánea comunicación a los representantes legales de los trabajadores, quienes ostentarán la condición de parte interesada en la totalidad de la tramitación del procedimiento.
La resolución de la autoridad laboral se dictará, previas las actuaciones e informes indispensables, en el plazo de cinco días desde la solicitud, y deberá limitarse, en su caso, a constatar la existencia de la fuerza mayor alegada por la empresa, correspondiendo a esta la decisión sobre la extinción de los contratos que surtirá efectos desde la fecha del hecho causante de la fuerza mayor. La empresa deberá dar traslado de dicha decisión a los representantes de los trabajadores y a la autoridad laboral.
La autoridad laboral que constate la fuerza mayor podrá acordar que la totalidad o una parte de la indemnización que corresponda a los trabajadores afectados por la extinción de sus contratos sea satisfecha por el Fondo de Garantía Salarial, sin perjuicio del derecho de éste a resarcirse del empresario.
8. Las obligaciones de información y documentación previstas en el presente artículo se aplicarán con independencia de que la decisión relativa a los despidos colectivos haya sido tomada por el empresario o por la empresa que ejerza el control sobre él. Cualquier justificación del empresario basada en el hecho de que la empresa que tomó la decisión no
le ha facilitado la información necesaria no podrá ser tomada en consideración a tal efecto.
9. Cuando se trate de procedimientos de despidos colectivos de empresas no incursas en procedimiento concursal, que incluyan trabajadores con cincuenta y cinco o más años de edad que no tuvieren la condición de mutualistas el 1 de enero de 1967, existirá la obligación de abonar las cuotas destinadas a la financiación de un convenio especial respecto de los trabajadores anteriormente señalados en los términos previstos en la Ley General de la Seguridad Social.
10. La empresa que lleve a cabo un despido colectivo que afecte a más de cincuenta trabajadores deberá ofrecer a los trabajadores afectados un plan de recolocación externa a través de empresas de recolocación autorizadas. Dicho plan, diseñado para un periodo mínimo de 6 meses, deberá incluir medidas de formación y orientación profesional, atención personalizada al trabajador afectado y búsqueda activa de empleo. En todo caso, lo anterior no será de aplicación en las empresas que se hubieran sometido a un procedimiento concursal. El coste de la elaboración e implantación de dicho plan no recaerá en ningún caso sobre los trabajadores.
El incumplimiento de la obligación establecida en este apartado o de las medidas sociales de acompañamiento asumidas por el empresario, podrá dar lugar a la reclamación de su cumplimiento por parte de los trabajadores, sin perjuicio de las responsabilidades administrativas que procedan por el incumplimiento.
11. Las empresas que realicen despidos colectivos de acuerdo con lo establecido
le ha facilitado la información necesaria no podrá ser tomada en consideración a tal efecto.
9. Cuando se trate de procedimientos de despidos colectivos de empresas no incursas en procedimiento concursal, que incluyan trabajadores con cincuenta y cinco o más años de edad que no tuvieren la condición de mutualistas el 1 de enero de 1967, existirá la obligación de abonar las cuotas destinadas a la financiación de un convenio especial respecto de los trabajadores anteriormente señalados en los términos previstos en la Ley General de la Seguridad Social.
10. La empresa que lleve a cabo un despido colectivo que afecte a más de cincuenta trabajadores deberá ofrecer a los trabajadores afectados un plan de recolocación externa a través de empresas de recolocación autorizadas. Dicho plan, diseñado para un periodo mínimo de 6 meses, deberá incluir medidas de formación y orientación profesional, atención personalizada al trabajador afectado y búsqueda activa de empleo. En todo caso, lo anterior no será de aplicación en las empresas que se hubieran sometido a un procedimiento concursal. El coste de la elaboración e implantación de dicho plan no recaerá en ningún caso sobre los trabajadores.
La autoridad laboral, a través del servicio público de empleo competente, verificará la acreditación del cumplimiento de esta obligación y, en su caso, requerirá a la empresa para que proceda a su cumplimiento.
Sin perjuicio de lo establecido en el párrafo anterior y de las responsabilidades administrativas correspondientes, el incumplimiento de la obligación establecida en este apartado o de las medidas sociales de acompañamiento asumidas por el empresario, podrá dar lugar a la reclamación de su cumplimiento por parte de los trabajadores.
11. Las empresas que realicen despidos colectivos de acuerdo con lo establecido
en este artículo, y que incluyan a trabajadores de 50 o más años de edad, deberán efectuar una aportación económica al Tesoro Público de acuerdo con lo establecido legalmente.
en este artículo, y que incluyan a trabajadores de 50 o más años de edad, deberán efectuar una aportación económica al Tesoro Público de acuerdo con lo establecido legalmente.
RDleg. 1/1995
(modificado por RDL 3/2012) Redacción a 12/02/2012
RDleg. 1/1995 (modificado por Ley 3/2012) Redacción a 08/07/2012
Artículo 52. Extinción del contrato por causas objetivas
El contrato podrá extinguirse:
El contrato podrá extinguirse:
a) (...)
b) Por falta de adaptación del trabajador a las modificaciones técnicas operadas en su puesto de trabajo, cuando dichos cambios sean razonables. Previamente el empresario deberá ofrecer al trabajador un curso dirigido a facilitar la adaptación a las modificaciones operadas. Durante la formación, el contrato de trabajo quedará en suspenso y el empresario abonará al trabajador el salario medio que viniera percibiendo. La extinción no podrá ser acordada por el empresario hasta que hayan transcurrido, como mínimo, dos meses desde que se introdujo la modificación o desde que finalizó la formación dirigida a la adaptación.
c) (...)
d) Por faltas de asistencia al trabajo, aún justificadas pero intermitentes, que alcancen el 20% de las jornadas hábiles en dos meses consecutivos, o el 25% en cuatro meses discontinuos dentro de un periodo de doce meses.
No se computarán como faltas de asistencia, a los efectos del párrafo anterior, las ausencias debidas a huelga legal por el tiempo de duración de la misma, el ejercicio de actividades de representación legal de los trabajadores, accidente de trabajo, maternidad, riesgo durante el embarazo y la lactancia, enfermedades causadas por embarazo, parto o lactancia, paternidad, licencias y vacaciones, enfermedad o accidente no laboral cuando la baja haya sido acordada por los servicios sanitarios oficiales y tenga una duración de más de veinte días consecutivos, ni las motivadas por la situación física o psicológica derivada de a) (...)
b) Por falta de adaptación del trabajador a las modificaciones técnicas operadas en su puesto de trabajo, cuando dichos cambios sean razonables. Previamente el empresario deberá ofrecer al trabajador un curso dirigido a facilitar la adaptación a las modificaciones operadas. El tiempo destinado a la formación se considerará en todo caso tiempo de trabajo efectivo y el empresario abonará al trabajador el salario medio que viniera percibiendo. La extinción no podrá ser acordada por el empresario hasta que hayan transcurrido, como mínimo, dos meses desde que se introdujo la modificación o desde que finalizó la formación dirigida a la adaptación.
c) (...)
d) Por faltas de asistencia al trabajo, aún justificadas pero intermitentes, que alcancen el 20% de las jornadas hábiles en dos meses consecutivos siempre que el total de faltas de asistencia en los doce meses anteriores alcance el cinco por ciento de las jornadas hábiles, o el 25% en cuatro meses discontinuos dentro de un periodo de doce meses.
No se computarán como faltas de asistencia, a los efectos del párrafo anterior, las ausencias debidas a huelga legal por el tiempo de duración de la misma, el ejercicio de actividades de representación legal de los trabajadores, accidente de trabajo, maternidad, riesgo durante el embarazo y la lactancia, enfermedades causadas por embarazo, parto o lactancia, paternidad, licencias y vacaciones, enfermedad o accidente no laboral cuando la baja haya sido acordada por los servicios sanitarios oficiales y tenga una duración de más de veinte días consecutivos, ni las motivadas por la situación física o psicológica derivada de violencia de género, acreditada por los servicios sociales de atención o servicios de Salud, según proceda.
e) En el caso de contratos por tiempo indefinido concertados directamente por las Administraciones públicas o por entidades sin ánimo de lucro para la ejecución de planes y programas públicos determinados, sin dotación económica estable y financiados mediante consignaciones presupuestarias o extrapresupuestarias anuales consecuencia de ingresos externos de carácter finalista, por la insuficiencia de la correspondiente consignación para el mantenimiento del contrato de trabajo de que se trate.
violencia de género, acreditada por los servicios sociales de atención o servicios de Salud, según proceda.
Tampoco se computarán las ausencias que obedezcan a un tratamiento médico de cáncer o enfermedad grave.
e) En el caso de contratos por tiempo indefinido concertados directamente por entidades sin ánimo de lucro para la ejecución de planes y programas públicos determinados, sin dotación económica estable y financiados por las Administraciones Públicas mediante consignaciones presupuestarias o extrapresupuestarias anuales consecuencia de ingresos externos de carácter finalista, por la insuficiencia de la correspondiente consignación para el mantenimiento del contrato de trabajo de que se trate.
Cuando la extinción afecte a un número de trabajadores igual o superior al establecido en el artículo 51.1 de esta Ley se deberá seguir el procedimiento previsto en dicho artículo.
RDleg. 1/1995
(modificado por RDL 3/2012) Redacción a 12/02/2012
RDleg. 1/1995 (modificado por Ley 3/2012) Redacción a 08/07/2012
Artículo 56. Despido improcedente
1. Cuando el despido sea declarado improcedente, el empresario, en el plazo de cinco días desde la notificación de la sentencia, podrá optar entre la readmisión del trabajador o el abono de una indemnización equivalente a treinta y tres días de salario por año de servicio, prorrateándose por meses los períodos de tiempo inferiores a un año, hasta un máximo de veinticuatro mensualidades.
1. Cuando el despido sea declarado improcedente, el empresario, en el plazo de cinco días desde la notificación de la sentencia, podrá optar entre la readmisión del trabajador o el abono de una indemnización equivalente a treinta y tres días de salario por año de servicio, prorrateándose por meses los períodos de tiempo inferiores a un año, hasta un máximo de veinticuatro mensualidades.
El abono de la indemnización determinará la extinción del contrato de trabajo, que se entenderá producida en la fecha del cese efectivo en el trabajo.
2. En caso de que se opte por la readmisión, el trabajador tendrá derecho a los salarios de tramitación. Estos equivaldrán a una cantidad igual a la suma de los salarios dejados de percibir desde la fecha de despido hasta la notificación de la sentencia que declarase la improcedencia o hasta que hubiera encontrado otro empleo, si tal colocación fuera anterior a dicha sentencia y se probase por el empresario lo percibido, para su descuento de los salarios de tramitación.
3. (...)
4. Si el despedido fuera un representante legal de los trabajadores o un delegado sindical, la opción corresponderá siempre a éste. De no efectuar la opción, se entenderá que lo hace por la readmisión. Cuando la opción, expresa o presunta, sea en favor de la readmisión, ésta será obligada. Tanto si opta por la indemnización como si lo hace por la readmisión, tendrá derecho a los salarios de tramitación a los que se refiere el apartado 2.
La opción por la indemnización determinará la extinción del contrato de trabajo, que se entenderá producida en la fecha del cese efectivo en el trabajo.
2. En caso de que se opte por la readmisión, el trabajador tendrá derecho a los salarios de tramitación. Estos equivaldrán a una cantidad igual a la suma de los salarios dejados de percibir desde la fecha de despido hasta la notificación de la sentencia que declarase la improcedencia o hasta que hubiera encontrado otro empleo, si tal colocación fuera anterior a dicha sentencia y se probase por el empresario lo percibido, para su descuento de los salarios de tramitación.
3. (...)
4. Si el despedido fuera un representante legal de los trabajadores o un delegado sindical, la opción corresponderá siempre a éste. De no efectuar la opción, se entenderá que lo hace por la readmisión. Cuando la opción, expresa o presunta, sea en favor de la readmisión, ésta será obligada. Tanto si opta por la indemnización como si lo hace por la readmisión, tendrá derecho a los salarios de tramitación a los que se refiere el apartado 2.
RDleg. 1/1995 (modificado por Ley 3/2012) Redacción a 08/07/2012
Artículo 82. Concepto y eficacia
(…)
(…)
3. Los convenios colectivos regulados por esta Ley obligan a todos los empresarios y trabajadores incluidos dentro de su ámbito de aplicación y durante todo el tiempo de su vigencia.
Sin perjuicio de lo anterior, cuando concurran causas económicas, técnicas, organizativas o de producción, por acuerdo entre la empresa y los representantes de los trabajadores legitimados para negociar un convenio colectivo conforme a lo previsto en el artículo 87.1, se podrá proceder, previo desarrollo de un periodo de consultas en los términos del artículo 41.4, a inaplicar en la empresa las condiciones de trabajo previstas en el convenio colectivo aplicable, sea este de sector o de empresa, que afecten a las siguientes materias:
a) Jornada de trabajo.
b) Horario y la distribución del tiempo de trabajo.
c) Régimen de trabajo a turnos.
d) Sistema de remuneración y cuantía salarial.
e) Sistema de trabajo y rendimiento.
f) Funciones, cuando excedan de los límites que para la movilidad funcional prevé el artículo 39 de esta Ley.
g) Mejoras voluntarias de la acción protectora de la Seguridad Social.
Se entiende que concurren causas económicas cuando de los resultados de la empresa se desprenda una situación económica negativa, en casos tales como la existencia de pérdidas actuales o previstas, o la disminución persistente de su nivel de ingresos o ventas. En todo caso, se entenderá que la disminución es persistente si se produce durante dos trimestres consecutivos.
3. Los convenios colectivos regulados por esta Ley obligan a todos los empresarios y trabajadores incluidos dentro de su ámbito de aplicación y durante todo el tiempo de su vigencia.
Sin perjuicio de lo anterior, cuando concurran causas económicas, técnicas, organizativas o de producción, por acuerdo entre la empresa y los representantes de los trabajadores legitimados para negociar un convenio colectivo conforme a lo previsto en el artículo 87.1, se podrá proceder, previo desarrollo de un periodo de consultas en los términos del artículo 41.4, a inaplicar en la empresa las condiciones de trabajo previstas en el convenio colectivo aplicable, sea este de sector o de empresa, que afecten a las siguientes materias:
a) Jornada de trabajo.
b) Horario y la distribución del tiempo de trabajo.
c) Régimen de trabajo a turnos.
d) Sistema de remuneración y cuantía salarial.
e) Sistema de trabajo y rendimiento.
f) Funciones, cuando excedan de los límites que para la movilidad funcional prevé el artículo 39 de esta Ley.
g) Mejoras voluntarias de la acción protectora de la Seguridad Social.
Se entiende que concurren causas económicas cuando de los resultados de la empresa se desprenda una situación económica negativa, en casos tales como la existencia de pérdidas actuales o previstas, o la disminución persistente de su nivel de ingresos ordinarios o ventas. En todo caso, se entenderá que la disminución es persistente si durante dos trimestres consecutivos el nivel de
Se entiende que concurren causas técnicas cuando se produzcan cambios, entre otros, en el ámbito de los medios o instrumentos de producción; causas organizativas cuando se produzcan cambios, entre otros, en el ámbito de los sistemas y métodos de trabajo del personal o en el modo de organizar la producción y causas productivas cuando se produzcan cambios, entre otros, en la demanda de los productos o servicios que la empresa pretende colocar en el mercado.
En los supuestos de ausencia de representación legal de los trabajadores en la empresa, éstos podrán atribuir su representación a una comisión designada conforme a lo dispuesto en el artículo 41.4.
Cuando el periodo de consultas finalice con acuerdo se presumirá que concurren las causas justificativas a que alude el párrafo segundo, y sólo podrá ser impugnado ante la jurisdicción social por la existencia de fraude, dolo, coacción o abuso de derecho en su conclusión. El acuerdo deberá determinar con exactitud las nuevas condiciones de trabajo aplicables en la empresa y su duración, que no podrá prologarse más allá del momento en que resulte aplicable un nuevo convenio en dicha empresa.
Asimismo, el acuerdo deberá ser notificado a la comisión paritaria del convenio colectivo y a la autoridad laboral.
En caso de desacuerdo durante el periodo de consultas cualquiera de las partes podrá someter la discrepancia a la Comisión paritaria del convenio que dispondrá de un plazo máximo de siete días para pronunciarse, a contar desde que la discrepancia fuera planteada.
ingresos ordinarios o ventas de cada trimestre es inferior al registrado en el mismo trimestre del año anterior.
Se entiende que concurren causas técnicas cuando se produzcan cambios, entre otros, en el ámbito de los medios o instrumentos de producción; causas organizativas cuando se produzcan cambios, entre otros, en el ámbito de los sistemas y métodos de trabajo del personal o en el modo de organizar la producción, y causas productivas cuando se produzcan cambios, entre otros, en la demanda de los productos o servicios que la empresa pretende colocar en el mercado.
En los supuestos de ausencia de representación legal de los trabajadores en la empresa, éstos podrán atribuir su representación a una comisión designada conforme a lo dispuesto en el artículo 41.4.
Cuando el periodo de consultas finalice con acuerdo se presumirá que concurren las causas justificativas a que alude el párrafo segundo, y sólo podrá ser impugnado ante la jurisdicción social por la existencia de fraude, dolo, coacción o abuso de derecho en su conclusión. El acuerdo deberá determinar con exactitud las nuevas condiciones de trabajo aplicables en la empresa y su duración, que no podrá prolongarse más allá del momento en que resulte aplicable un nuevo convenio en dicha empresa. El acuerdo de inaplicación no podrá dar lugar al incumplimiento de las obligaciones establecidas en convenio relativas a la eliminación de las discriminaciones por razones de género o de las que estuvieran previstas, en su caso, en el Plan de Igualdad aplicable en la empresa. Asimismo, el acuerdo deberá ser notificado a la comisión paritaria del convenio colectivo.
En caso de desacuerdo durante el periodo de consultas cualquiera de las partes podrá someter la discrepancia a la comisión del convenio que dispondrá de un plazo máximo de siete días para pronunciarse, a contar desde que la discrepancia le fuera planteada. Cuando
Cuando ésta no alcanzara un acuerdo, las partes podrán recurrir a los procedimientos que deben establecerse en los acuerdos interprofesionales de ámbito estatal o autonómico, previstos en el artículo 83 de la presente Ley, para solventar de manera efectiva las discrepancias surgidas en la negociación de los acuerdos a que se refiere este apartado, incluido el compromiso previo de someter las discrepancias a un arbitraje vinculante, en cuyo caso el laudo arbitral tendrá la misma eficacia que los acuerdos en periodo de consultas y sólo será recurrible conforme al procedimiento y en base a los motivos establecidos en el artículo 91.
Cuando el periodo de consultas finalice sin acuerdo y las partes no se hubieran sometido a los procedimientos mencionados a los que se refiere el párrafo anterior o estos no hubieran solucionado la discrepancia, cualquiera de las partes podrá someter la solución de las discrepancias a la Comisión Consultiva Nacional de Convenios Colectivos cuando la inaplicación de las condiciones de trabajo afectase a centros de trabajo de la empresa situados en el territorio de más de una comunidad autónoma, o a los órganos correspondientes de las comunidades autónomas en los demás casos. La decisión de estos órganos, que podrá ser adoptada en su propio seno o por un árbitro designado al efecto por ellos mismos, habrá de dictarse en plazo no superior a veinticinco días a contar desde la fecha del sometimiento del conflicto ante dichos órganos. Tal decisión tendrá la eficacia de los acuerdos alcanzados en periodo de consultas y sólo será recurrible conforme al procedimiento y en base a los motivos establecidos en el artículo 91.
no se hubiera solicitado la intervención de la comisión o ésta no hubiera alcanzado un acuerdo, las partes deberán recurrir a los procedimientos que se hayan establecido en los acuerdos interprofesionales de ámbito estatal o autonómico, previstos en el artículo 83 de la presente ley, para solventar de manera efectiva las discrepancias surgidas en la negociación de los acuerdos a que se refiere este apartado, incluido el compromiso previo de someter las discrepancias a un arbitraje vinculante, en cuyo caso el laudo arbitral tendrá la misma eficacia que los acuerdos en periodo de consultas y sólo será recurrible conforme al procedimiento y en base a los motivos establecidos en el artículo 91.
Cuando el periodo de consultas finalice sin acuerdo y no fueran aplicables los procedimientos a los que se refiere el párrafo anterior o estos no hubieran solucionado la discrepancia, cualquiera de las partes podrá someter la solución de la misma a la Comisión Consultiva Nacional de Convenios Colectivos cuando la inaplicación de las condiciones de trabajo afectase a centros de trabajo de la empresa situados en el territorio de más de una comunidad autónoma, o a los órganos correspondientes de las comunidades autónomas en los demás casos. La decisión de estos órganos, que podrá ser adoptada en su propio seno o por un árbitro designado al efecto por ellos mismos con las debidas garantías para asegurar su imparcialidad, habrá de dictarse en plazo no superior a veinticinco días a contar desde la fecha del sometimiento del conflicto ante dichos órganos. Tal decisión tendrá la eficacia de los acuerdos alcanzados en periodo de consultas y sólo será recurrible conforme al procedimiento y en base a los motivos establecidos en el artículo 91.
El resultado de los procedimientos a que se refieren los párrafos anteriores que haya finalizado con la inaplicación de condiciones de trabajo deberá ser comunicado a la autoridad laboral a los
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Artículo 84. Concurrencia
1. Un convenio colectivo, durante su vigencia, no podrá ser afectado por lo dispuesto en convenios de ámbito distinto salvo pacto en contrario, negociado conforme a lo dispuesto en el apartado 2 del artículo 83, y salvo lo previsto en el apartado siguiente.
1. Un convenio colectivo, durante su vigencia, no podrá ser afectado por lo dispuesto en convenios de ámbito distinto salvo pacto en contrario, negociado conforme a lo dispuesto en el apartado 2 del artículo 83, y salvo lo previsto en el apartado siguiente.
2. La regulación de las condiciones establecidas en un convenio de empresa tendrá prioridad aplicativa respecto del convenio sectorial estatal, autonómico o de ámbito inferior en las siguientes materias:
a) La cuantía del salario base y de los complementos salariales, incluidos los vinculados a la situación y resultados de la empresa.
b) El abono o la compensación de las horas extraordinarias y la retribución específica del trabajo a turnos.
c) El horario y la distribución del tiempo de trabajo, el régimen de trabajo a turnos y la planificación anual de las vacaciones.
d) La adaptación al ámbito de la empresa del sistema de clasificación profesional de los trabajadores.
e) La adaptación de los aspectos de las modalidades de contratación que se atribuyen por la presente Ley a los convenios de empresa.
f) Las medidas para favorecer la conciliación entre la vida laboral, familiar y personal.
g) Aquellas otras que dispongan los acuerdos y convenios colectivos a que se refiere el artículo 83.2.
Igual prioridad aplicativa tendrán en estas materias los convenios colectivos para un grupo de empresas o una pluralidad de empresas vinculadas por razones organizativas o productivas y
2. La regulación de las condiciones establecidas en un convenio de empresa, que podrá negociarse en cualquier momento de la vigencia de convenios colectivos de ámbito superior, tendrá prioridad aplicativa respecto del convenio sectorial estatal, autonómico o de ámbito inferior en las siguientes materias:
a) La cuantía del salario base y de los complementos salariales, incluidos los vinculados a la situación y resultados de la empresa.
b) El abono o la compensación de las horas extraordinarias y la retribución específica del trabajo a turnos.
c) El horario y la distribución del tiempo de trabajo, el régimen de trabajo a turnos y la planificación anual de las vacaciones.
d) La adaptación al ámbito de la empresa del sistema de clasificación profesional de los trabajadores.
e) La adaptación de los aspectos de las modalidades de contratación que se atribuyen por la presente Ley a los convenios de empresa.
f) Las medidas para favorecer la conciliación entre la vida laboral, familiar y personal.
g) Aquellas otras que dispongan los acuerdos y convenios colectivos a que se refiere el artículo 83.2.
Igual prioridad aplicativa tendrán en estas materias los convenios colectivos para un grupo de empresas o una pluralidad de empresas vinculadas por razones organizativas o productivas y nominativamente identificadas a que se refiere el artículo 87.1.
Los acuerdos y convenios colectivos a que se refiere el artículo 83.2 no podrán disponer de la prioridad aplicativa prevista en este apartado.
nominativamente identificadas a que se refiere el artículo 87.1.
Los acuerdos y convenios colectivos a que se refiere el artículo 83.2 no podrán disponer de la prioridad aplicativa prevista en este apartado.
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Artículo 85. Contenido
(…)
(…)
3. Sin perjuicio de la libertad de contratación a que se refiere el párrafo anterior, los convenios colectivos habrán de expresar como contenido mínimo lo siguiente:
a) Determinación de las partes que los conciertan.
b) Ámbito personal, funcional, territorial y temporal.
c) Procedimientos para solventar de manera efectiva las discrepancias que puedan surgir para la no aplicación de las condiciones de trabajo a que se refiere el artículo 82.3, adaptando, en su caso, los procedimientos que se establezcan a este respecto en los acuerdos interprofesionales de ámbito estatal o autonómico conforme a lo dispuesto en tales artículos.
d) Forma y condiciones de denuncia del convenio, así como plazo mínimo para dicha denuncia antes de finalizar su vigencia.
e) Designación de una comisión paritaria de la representación de las partes negociadoras para entender de aquellas cuestiones establecidas en la ley y de cuantas otras le sean atribuidas, así como establecimiento de los procedimientos y plazos de actuación de esta comisión, incluido el sometimiento de las discrepancias producidas en su seno a los sistemas no judiciales de solución de conflictos establecidos mediante los acuerdos interprofesionales de ámbito estatal o autonómico previstos en el artículo 83.
(…)
3. Sin perjuicio de la libertad de contratación a que se refiere el párrafo anterior, los convenios colectivos habrán de expresar como contenido mínimo lo siguiente:
a) Determinación de las partes que los conciertan.
b) Ámbito personal, funcional, territorial y temporal.
c) Procedimientos para solventar de manera efectiva las discrepancias que puedan surgir para la no aplicación de las condiciones de trabajo a que se refiere el artículo 82.3, adaptando, en su caso, los procedimientos que se establezcan a este respecto en los acuerdos interprofesionales de ámbito estatal o autonómico conforme a lo dispuesto en tal artículo.
d) Forma y condiciones de denuncia del convenio, así como plazo mínimo para dicha denuncia antes de finalizar su vigencia.
e) Designación de una comisión paritaria de la representación de las partes negociadoras para entender de aquellas cuestiones establecidas en la ley y de cuantas otras le sean atribuidas, así como establecimiento de los procedimientos y plazos de actuación de esta comisión, incluido el sometimiento de las discrepancias producidas en su seno a los sistemas no judiciales de solución de conflictos establecidos mediante los acuerdos interprofesionales de ámbito estatal o autonómico previstos en el artículo 83.
(…)
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Artículo 86. Vigencia
2. (...)
2. (...)
3. La vigencia de un convenio colectivo, una vez denunciado y concluida la duración pactada, se producirá en los términos que se hubiesen establecido en el propio convenio.
Durante las negociaciones para la renovación de un convenio colectivo, en defecto de pacto, se mantendrá su vigencia, si bien las cláusulas convencionales por las que se hubiera renunciado a la huelga durante la vigencia de un convenio decaerán a partir de su denuncia. Las partes podrán adoptar acuerdos parciales para la modificación de alguno o algunos de sus contenidos prorrogados con el fin de adaptarlos a las condiciones en las que, tras la terminación de la vigencia pactada, se desarrolle la actividad en el sector o en la empresa. Estos acuerdos tendrán la vigencia que las partes determinen.
Mediante los acuerdos interprofesionales de ámbito estatal o autonómico, previstos en el artículo 83, se deberán establecer procedimientos de aplicación general y directa para solventar de manera efectiva las discrepancias existentes tras el transcurso del procedimiento de negociación sin alcanzarse un acuerdo, incluido el compromiso previo de someter las discrepancias a un arbitraje, en cuyo caso el laudo arbitral tendrá la misma eficacia jurídica que los convenios colectivos y sólo será recurrible conforme al procedimiento y en base a los motivos establecidos en el artículo 91. Dichos acuerdos interprofesionales deberán especificar los criterios y procedimientos de desarrollo del arbitraje, expresando en particular para el caso de imposibilidad de acuerdo en el seno de la comisión negociadora el carácter obligatorio o voluntario del sometimiento al
3. La vigencia de un convenio colectivo, una vez denunciado y concluida la duración pactada, se producirá en los términos que se hubiesen establecido en el propio convenio.
Durante las negociaciones para la renovación de un convenio colectivo, en defecto de pacto, se mantendrá su vigencia, si bien las cláusulas convencionales por las que se hubiera renunciado a la huelga durante la vigencia de un convenio decaerán a partir de su denuncia. Las partes podrán adoptar acuerdos parciales para la modificación de alguno o algunos de sus contenidos prorrogados con el fin de adaptarlos a las condiciones en las que, tras la terminación de la vigencia pactada, se desarrolle la actividad en el sector o en la empresa. Estos acuerdos tendrán la vigencia que las partes determinen.
Mediante los acuerdos interprofesionales de ámbito estatal o autonómico, previstos en el artículo 83, se deberán establecer procedimientos de aplicación general y directa para solventar de manera efectiva las discrepancias existentes tras el transcurso del procedimiento de negociación sin alcanzarse un acuerdo, incluido el compromiso previo de someter las discrepancias a un arbitraje, en cuyo caso el laudo arbitral tendrá la misma eficacia jurídica que los convenios colectivos y sólo será recurrible conforme al procedimiento y en base a los motivos establecidos en el artículo 91. Dichos acuerdos interprofesionales deberán especificar los criterios y procedimientos de desarrollo del arbitraje, expresando en particular para el caso de imposibilidad de acuerdo en el seno de la comisión negociadora el carácter obligatorio o voluntario del sometimiento al procedimiento arbitral por las partes; en defecto de pacto específico sobre el carácter obligatorio o voluntario del sometimiento al procedimiento arbitral, se entenderá que el arbitraje tiene carácter obligatorio.
Transcurridos dos años desde la denuncia del convenio colectivo sin que se haya acordado un nuevo convenio o dictado un laudo arbitral, aquél perderá, salvo pacto en contrario, vigencia y se aplicará, si lo hubiere, el convenio colectivo de ámbito superior que fuera de aplicación.
4. (...)
procedimiento arbitral por las partes; en defecto de pacto específico sobre el carácter obligatorio o voluntario del sometimiento al procedimiento arbitral, se entenderá que el arbitraje tiene carácter obligatorio.
Transcurrido un año desde la denuncia del convenio colectivo sin que se haya acordado un nuevo convenio o dictado un laudo arbitral, aquél perderá, salvo pacto en contrario, vigencia y se aplicará, si lo hubiere, el convenio colectivo de ámbito superior que fuera de aplicación.
4. (...)
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Artículo 90. Validez
2. (…)
2. (…)
3. En el plazo máximo de diez días desde la presentación del convenio en el registro se dispondrá por la autoridad laboral su publicación obligatoria y gratuita en el Boletín Oficial del Estado o, en función del ámbito territorial del mismo, en el Boletín Oficial de la Comunidad Autónoma o en el Boletín Oficial de la provincia correspondiente. (…)
3. En el plazo máximo de veinte días desde la presentación del convenio en el registro se dispondrá por la autoridad laboral su publicación obligatoria y gratuita en el Boletín Oficial del Estado o, en función del ámbito territorial del mismo, en el Boletín Oficial de la Comunidad Autónoma o en el Boletín Oficial de la provincia correspondiente. (…)
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Disposición Adicional Décima. Cláusulas de los convenios colectivos referidas al cumplimiento de la edad ordinaria de jubilación
En los convenios colectivos podrán establecerse cláusulas que posibiliten la extinción del contrato de trabajo por el cumplimiento por parte del trabajador de la edad ordinaria de jubilación fijada en la normativa de Seguridad Social, siempre que se cumplan los siguiente requisitos:
Se entenderán nulas y sin efecto las cláusulas de los convenios colectivos que posibiliten la extinción del contrato de trabajo por el cumplimiento por parte del trabajador de la edad ordinaria de jubilación fijada en la normativa de Seguridad Social, cualquiera que sea la extensión y alcance de dichas cláusulas.
a) Esta medida deberá vincularse a objetivos coherentes con la política de empleo expresados en el convenio colectivo, tales como la mejora de la estabilidad en el empleo, la transformación de contratos temporales en indefinidos, el sostenimiento del empleo, la contratación de nuevos trabajadores o cualesquiera otras que se dirijan a favorecer la calidad del empleo.
b) El trabajador afectado por la extinción del contrato de trabajo deberá tener cubierto el periodo mínimo de cotización que le permita aplicar un porcentaje de un 80 por ciento a la base reguladora para el cálculo de la cuantía de la pensión, y cumplir los demás requisitos exigidos por la legislación de Seguridad Social para tener derecho a la pensión de jubilación en su modalidad contributiva.
Se habilita al Gobierno para demorar, por razones de política económica, la entrada en vigor de la modificación prevista en esta disposición adicional.
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Disposición Adicional Decimonovena. Contratos para la formación y el aprendizaje
1. (…)
1. (…)
2. El límite de edad y de duración para los contratos para la formación y el aprendizaje establecidos en las letras a) y b) del art. 11.2, no será de aplicación cuando se suscriban en el marco de las acciones y medidas establecidos en la letra d) del art. 25.1 de la Ley 56/2003, de 16 de diciembre, de Empleo.
(…)
2. El límite de edad y de duración para los contratos para la formación y el aprendizaje establecidos en las letras a) y b) del art. 11.2, no será de aplicación cuando se suscriban en el marco de las acciones y medidas establecidos en la letra d) del art. 25.1 de la Ley 56/2003, de 16 de diciembre, de Empleo. Asimismo, en estos contratos las situaciones de incapacidad temporal, riesgo durante el embarazo, maternidad, adopción o acogimiento, riesgo durante la lactancia y paternidad no interrumpirán el cómputo de la duración del contrato.
(…)
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Disposición Adicional Vigésima
Disposición adicional vigésima. Aplicación del despido por causas económicas, técnicas, organizativas o de producción en el Sector Público.
El despido por causas económicas, técnicas, organizativas o de producción del personal laboral al servicio de los entes, organismos y entidades que forman parte del sector público de acuerdo con el artículo 3.1 del texto refundido de la Ley de Contratos del Sector Público, aprobado por el Real Decreto Legislativo 3/2011, de 14 de noviembre, se efectuará conforme a lo dispuesto en los artículos 51 y 52.c) del Estatuto de los Trabajadores y sus normas de desarrollo y en el marco de los mecanismos preventivos y correctivos regulados en la normativa de estabilidad presupuestaria y sostenibilidad financiera de las Administraciones Públicas.
A efectos de las causas de estos despidos en las Administraciones Públicas a que se refiere el artículo 3.1 del texto refundido de la Ley de Contratos del Sector Público, se entenderá que concurren causas económicas cuando se produzca en las mismas una situación de insuficiencia presupuestaria sobrevenida y persistente para la financiación de los servicios públicos correspondientes. En todo caso, se entenderá que la insuficiencia presupuestaria es persistente si se produce durante tres trimestres consecutivos. Se entenderá que concurren causas técnicas, cuando se produzcan cambios, entre otros, en el ámbito de los medios o instrumentos de la prestación del servicio público de que se trate y causas organizativas, cuando se produzcan cambios, entre otros, en el ámbito de los sistemas y métodos de trabajo del personal adscrito al servicio público.
El despido por causas económicas, técnicas, organizativas o de producción del personal laboral al servicio de los entes, organismos y entidades que forman parte del sector público de acuerdo con el artículo 3.1 del texto refundido de la Ley de Contratos del Sector Público, aprobado por el Real Decreto Legislativo 3/2011, de 14 de noviembre, se efectuará conforme a lo dispuesto en los artículos 51 y 52.c) del Estatuto de los Trabajadores y sus normas de desarrollo y en el marco de los mecanismos preventivos y correctivos regulados en la normativa de estabilidad presupuestaria y sostenibilidad financiera de las Administraciones Públicas.
A efectos de las causas de estos despidos en las Administraciones Públicas, entendiendo como tales, a los entes, organismos y entidades a que se refiere el artículo 3.2 del texto refundido de la Ley de Contratos del Sector Público, se entenderá que concurren causas económicas cuando se produzca en las mismas una situación de insuficiencia presupuestaria sobrevenida y persistente para la financiación de los servicios públicos correspondientes. En todo caso, se entenderá que la insuficiencia presupuestaria es persistente si se produce durante tres trimestres consecutivos. Se entenderá que concurren causas técnicas, cuando se produzcan cambios, entre otros, en el ámbito de los medios o instrumentos de la prestación del servicio público de que se trate y causas organizativas, cuando se produzcan cambios, entre otros, en el ámbito de los sistemas y métodos de trabajo del personal adscrito al servicio público.
Tendrá prioridad de permanencia el personal laboral fijo que hubiera adquirido esta condición, de acuerdo con los principios de igualdad, mérito y capacidad, a través de un procedimiento selectivo de ingreso convocado al efecto, cuando así lo establezcan los entes, organismos y entidades a que se refiere el párrafo anterior.
Disposición Final Segunda. Consejo de Relaciones Laborales y de Negociación Colectiva
1. Se crea el Consejo de Relaciones Laborales y de Negociación Colectiva como órgano colegiado de consulta y asesoramiento, adscrito al Ministerio de Trabajo e Inmigración, de carácter tripartito y paritario e integrado por representantes de la Administración General del Estado, así como de las organizaciones empresariales y sindicales más representativas.
2. El Consejo de Relaciones Laborales y de Negociación Colectiva desarrollará las siguientes funciones:
a) Conocer anualmente el programa de actuación en materia de relaciones laborales a desarrollar por el Ministerio de Trabajo e Inmigración.
b) Las funciones de relación entre el Ministerio de Trabajo e Inmigración y la Fundación Servicio Interconfederal de Mediación y Arbitraje, que, en todo caso, mantendrá su carácter bipartito según lo establecido en el IV Acuerdo de Solución Extrajudicial de Conflictos del 10 de febrero de 2009 o los que lo sustituyan.
c) El asesoramiento y consulta en las cuestiones referentes al planteamiento y determinación de los ámbitos funcionales de los convenios colectivos y el dictamen preceptivo en el procedimiento administrativo de extensión de convenios colectivos, en los términos establecidos reglamentariamente.
d) La elaboración de un informe anual sobre negociación colectiva, salarios y competitividad, a partir del análisis y estudio de la información estadística disponible y de los indicadores públicos sobre los datos y previsiones de la actividad económica general y sectorial, a nivel nacional y de Comunidad Autónoma, utilizando información
RDleg. 1/1995 (modificado por Ley 3/2012) Redacción a 08/07/2012
Disposición Final Segunda. Comisión Consultiva Nacional de Convenios Colectivos
1. La Comisión Consultiva Nacional de Convenios Colectivos, como órgano colegiado, adscrito al Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad Social, de carácter tripartito y paritario e integrado por representantes de la Administración General del Estado, así como de las organizaciones empresariales y sindicales más representativas, tendrá las siguientes funciones:
a) El asesoramiento y consulta sobre el ámbito funcional de los convenios colectivos y sobre el convenio colectivo de aplicación a una empresa, así como la consulta en el supuesto de extensión de un convenio colectivo regulado en el artículo 92 de esta Ley.
comparable con la de otros países, particularmente de la Unión Europea.
e) El estudio, información y elaboración de documentación sobre la negociación colectiva, así como la difusión de la misma, mediante un Observatorio de la Negociación Colectiva, integrado en el propio Consejo de Relaciones Laborales y de Negociación Colectiva, y que desarrollará, entre otros, los siguientes cometidos:
1.º La realización y el mantenimiento de un Mapa de la Negociación Colectiva, que refleje de forma sistemática, ordenada y detallada la totalidad de convenios colectivos existentes en España, con la finalidad de obtener información útil y actualizada, de acceso público, sobre su vigencia y efectos.
2.º La realización de informes anuales, de carácter general o sectorial, sobre la situación de la negociación colectiva en España desde una perspectiva jurídica y económica que, sin perjuicio de la autonomía colectiva, puedan resultar de utilidad para los interlocutores sociales para determinar los contenidos de la negociación colectiva.
f) Cualesquiera otras que le sean atribuidas mediante norma con rango legal o reglamentario.
3. Con anterioridad al 31 de diciembre de 2011 y previa consulta y negociación con las organizaciones empresariales y sindicales más representativas, el Gobierno adoptará las disposiciones reglamentarias necesarias para regular la constitución, organización y funcionamiento del Consejo de Relaciones Laborales y de Negociación Colectiva.
b) El estudio, información y elaboración de documentación sobre la negociación colectiva, así como la difusión de la misma mediante el Observatorio de la Negociación Colectiva.
c) La intervención en los procedimientos de solución de discrepancias en los casos de desacuerdo en el periodo de consultas para la inaplicación de las condiciones de trabajo establecidas en los convenios colectivos de acuerdo con el artículo 82.3 de esta Ley.
2. Reglamentariamente se establecerá la composición y organización de la Comisión Consultiva Nacional de Convenios Colectivos, así como sus procedimientos de actuación y las medidas de apoyo para el desarrollo de las funciones de la Dirección General de Empleo del Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad Social.
3. El funcionamiento y las decisiones de la Comisión Consultiva Nacional de Convenios Colectivos se entenderán siempre sin perjuicio de las atribuciones que correspondan a la jurisdicción y la autoridad laboral en los términos establecidos por las leyes. | <urn:uuid:01eb8082-c00f-482f-9ea5-24ebc4f85dc9> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 106,945 |
Infekčné ochorenia sprevádzané exantémom
MUDr. Klára Martinásková, PhD. 1 , MUDr. Karolína Vorčáková, PhD. 2
1Dermatovenerologické oddelenie FNsP J. A. Reimana, Prešov
2Dermatovenerologická klinika UNM a JLF UK, Martin
Mnohé infekčné ochorenia sú sprevádzané exantémom a sú často diagnostickým problémom v praxi dermatológa aj lekárov prvého kontaktu. Sú spôsobené vírusmi aj baktériami a často sa mylne považujú za exantém liekového pôvodu. V mnohých prípadoch sú primárnym prejavom a pri správnej diagnostike nás vedú k správnej liečbe. Spoznanie exantému infekčnej etiológie je v praxi veľmi dôležité. Vzhľadom na rozsiahlosť problematiky uvádzame aktuálny pohľad na infekčné ochorenia sprevádzané exantémom v našich endemických podmienkach po zohľadnení epidemiologických faktorov, sezónnosti, kontagiozity aj vakcinácie.
Kľúčové slová: exantém, vírusové ochorenia, infekčné exantémy, klinická manifestácia, diagnostika, prevencia.
Infectious exanthematic diseases
Several infectious exanthematic diseases are common diagnostic challenge in practice of dermatologists and primary care physicians. Infectious exanthemas are caused by viruses and bacterial agents and frequently are missed detected as medical evaluation. Infectious eruptions may be the first manifestation of disorder and prompt diagnosis may dictate correct treatment. Recognition of infectious exanthema is very important in practice of physicians. Because of wide problematic of these exanthemas we present actually infectious exanthemas according endemic reason, situation of epidemiology, contagiousness and vaccinations.
Key words: exanthema, viral disease, infectious exanthema, clinical manifestation, diagnostics, prevention.
Pediatr. prax, 2014, 15(1): 18–23
Úvod
Infekčné ochorenia prevádzané exan-
témom sú v dermatologickej praxi časté. Majú dôležité miesto v diferenciálnej diagnostike, ktorá je jednou z najťažších. V mnohých prípadoch je kožný prejav hlavným príznakom infekčného ochorenia. Aj keď väčšina exantémových ochorení má benígny priebeh a spontánne ustúpi bez liečby, v niektorých prípadoch závažné infekčné ochorenia majú primárne kožné prejavy.
V nasledujúcej kapitole by sme chceli poukázať na aktuálne infekčné ochorenia sprevádzané exantémom. V súčasnosti je nutné zohľadniť aj aktuálne antigénne zmeny vlastností vírusov, ich životný cyklus, vakcináciu a kontangiozitu prejavov. Je pravdou, že klasické detské infekčné ochorenia sa už takmer nevyskytujú vďaka vakcinácii. Ich spoznanie je však dôležité, vzhľadom na migráciu obyvateľstva, turizmus a možnosť nákazy z okolitých krajín, kde stúpa počet nevak- cinovaných jedincov a opakovane stúpa možnosť výskytu klasických infekčných exantémov. Objavujú sa však aj exantémy s takzvaným fakultatívnym výskytom, ktoré môžu a nemusia sprevádzať infekcie (tabuľka 1). Rovnako v diferenciálnej diagnostike je treba myslieť aj na závažné infekcie v rámci hypersenzitívnych syndrómov a aj koinfekcie a overlap syndrómy. Vzhľadom na rozsiahlosť problematiky sa budeme zaoberať niektorými klasickými aj aktuálnymi infekčnými
Tabuľka 1. Prehľad základných infekčných exantémových prejavov (modifikované podľa Schulmana, Schlossberga, 1982)
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ochoreniami sprevádzanými exantémom u detí aj dospelých. Prehľad vírusových exantémov prinášame v tabuľke 2.
Definícia exantému
Exantémom nazývame akútne, náhle zmeny na koži, spravidla symetrické, často generalizované. Obdobné zmeny na slizniciach sa nazývajú enantém.
V objektívom náleze hodnotíme klinickú manifestáciu a typ exantému. Podľa charakteru rozoznávame:
makulopapulózne exantémy – makuly alebo papuly rôznej veľkosti, ktoré diferencujeme na:
– skarlatíniformné exantémy (morfy veľkosti do 1 mm)
– rubeoliformné exantémy (morfy veľkosti 1 – 3 mm)
– morbiliformné exantémy (morfy veľkosti 3 – 5 mm);
hemoragické (petechie, sufúzie);
vezikulózne – vezikulopapulózne – vezikulokrustózne, pri ktorých sa tvoria vezikuly, pustuly a zasychajú do krúst;
papulózne.
Prehľad infekčných exantémových ochorení
Exantema subitum
Exantema subitum (roseola infantum) je primárnym exantémom, herpesvírus 6 (HHV6) a herpesvírus 7 (HHV7 ), pri ktorom je dôležitým vzťah medzi teplotou a vznikom ochorenia. Klinicky manifestované ochorenie sa prejavuje iba u jedného z troch infikovaných. Po 10-dňovom inkubačnom čase nasleduje predovšetkým u dojčiat a malých detí do troch rokov trojdňové obdobie vysokých teplôt (do 40 °C), najčastejšie bez kožných prejavov ochorenia. Exantému predchádza nastrieknutie slizníc, periorbitálne edémy a hematúria. Po znížení teploty sa na krku a hrudníku, neskôr na ramenách, tvári a na nohách zjavuje viac-menej diskrétny makulopapulózny exantém ružovej farby veľkosti mince, ktorý môže zriedkavo prejsť do vezikúl. Exantém sprevádza lymfadenitída lymfatického systému okcipitálnej oblasti a krku. Exantém po 1 − 2 dňoch ustupuje bez deskvamácie a bez prechodných pigmentácií.
Komplikáciami ochorenia sú febrilné kŕče, postihnutie centrálneho nervového systému vo forme encefalitídy, ďalej hepatitída, resp. vznik radikálnych zmien hematologického obrazu; pozorujú sa zriedkavo. Často sa však zisťuje leu-
Tabuľka 2. Prehľad vírusových exantémov (voľne spracované podľa Sterlinga, 2004)
kopénia a relatívna lymfopénia. U imunodeficitných pacientov často dochádza k reaktivácii HHV-6 s multiorgánovým vírusovým postihnutím. V súvislosti s reaktiváciou HHV-6 sa hovorí aj o liekmi (alopurinol, sulfasalazín) vyvolanom hypersenzitívnom syndróme, ktorý vyúsťuje až do exfoliatívnej dermatitídy. Infekcia HHV-6 sa môže niekedy dávať do súvislosti so sclerosis multiplex, syndroma Guillian-Barré, lymfoproliferatívnymi ochoreniami, pityriasis rosea. Primárna infekcia HHV-7 je zväčša asymptomatická, môže však prebiehať rovnako pod klinickým obrazom roseoly – roseola infantum alebo pityriasis rosea.
Rubeola
Vírus rubeoly je rozšírený na celom svete. Z čeľade Togaviridae ide o jediný humánny vírus, ostatné rody vyvolávajú vírusové infekcie u cicavcov a hmyzu. Najvyšší výskyt ochorení možno zaznamenať na jar u detí a mladých dospelých. Infekcia sa prenáša kvapôčkovým aerosólom z nazofaryngálneho sekrétu. Pacienti sú najinfekčnejší v priebehu prvých štyroch dní od vzniku klinických prejavov ochorenia − rubeoliformného exantému, ktorý má makulo-papulózny – stredne škvrnitý charakter, zväčša bez prodromálnych príznakov. U adolescentov a mladých dospelých sa však môžu vyskytovať teploty, malátnosť, bolesti hlavy, bolesti hrdla a fotosenzitívna konjunktivitída s krvácaním do spojovkového vaku. Exantém sa začína motýľovito na tvári, retroaurikulárne a je rýchlo viditeľný na trupe a na končatinách. Na končatinách je exantém často pomerne diskrétny. Počas prodromálneho štádia a prvý deň exantému je prítomný aj enantém vo forme tzv. Forschheimerovho príznaku – na mäkkom podnebí ústnej dutiny sa tvoria nevýrazné červené makuly alebo petechie. Súčasne dochádza k zväčšeniu okcipitálnych, retroaurikulárnych a krčných lymfatických uzlín. Pri tomto type lymfadenitídy nenastáva kolikvácia, a teda ani fistulácia infikovaných lymfatických uzlín. Viditeľné a palpačne dobre
Obrázok 1A a 1B. Postvakcinačný syndróm po Trimovax vakcinácii (15-mesačné dieťa). (Všetky foto sú z pracoviska autorky).
dostupné sú prejavy lymfadenitídy na processus mastoideus (Theodorova žľaza). Pozoruje sa aj zväčšená slezina. U dospelých môže rubeola prebiehať ako latentné alebo inaparentné infekčné ochorenie (5). Ako komplikácia ochorenia sa zriedkavo pozoruje trombocytopénia s prejavmi trombocytopenickej purpury, raritne vyúsťujúca až do hemoragického syndrómu. Rovnako veľmi zriedkavá je vírusová encefalitída. U adolescentov a dospelých sa ako komplikácia rubeoly nezriedka pozoruje artritída. Primárna vírusová infekcia je vážnou komplikáciou gravidity. Až v 90 % prípadov dochádza v prvých 11 týždňoch tehotnosti k viacorgánovému poškodeniu plodu. Všeobecne platí, že čím skôr dôjde k infikovaniu gravidnej ženy, tým je nebezpečenstvo embryopatie väčšie. Poškodenie srdca a očí je najčastejšie počas prvých 6 týždňov, hluchota a mentálna retardácia s mikrocefáliou nastávajú
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19
19
Obrázok 2A, 2B, 2C. Hand-foot-mouth disease (5-ročné dievča)
v priebehu 16 týždňov gravidity komplikovanej infekciou u matky vyvolanej vírusom rubeoly a životunebezpečných a ďalšie prežívanie limitujúcich komplikácií (napr. trombocytopenická purpura s postihnutím pečene a kostnej drene a pod. (2). Na prevenciu rubeoly sa úspešne používa vakcinácia už v 1. – 2. roku života. U každej ženy vo fertilnom veku je potrebné vyšetriť titer protilátok proti vírusu rubeoly.
Erythema infectiosum
Erythema infectiosum (rubeoliformný exantém), častá infekcia u detí označovaná ako piata choroba alebo erythema infectiosum. Charakterizuje sa ako infekčné ochorenie s netypickou prodromálnou fázou, po ktorej nasleduje typický erytém (rash) líc (u dospelých chýba) imponujúci ako následok plesnutia dlaňou. Exantém nastupuje po prodromálnom štádiu po inkubačnej dobe 4 – 21 dní. Makulózny exantém je prítomný zvyčajne na extenzoroch končatín, má tendenciu ku generalizácii. Postihuje najčastejšie deti školského veku, ale môže sa vyskytovať aj u dospelých. Exantém neustupuje po podávaní steroidov ani antihistaminík, má mi-
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Obrázok 3. Toxický šokový syndróm (TSS) u dospelej pacientky
grujúci charakter. V priebehu dňa mení intenzitu. Rovnako sa zvýrazňuje aj po pobyte v teple, na slnku, alebo po okúpaní. Ustupuje do 10 až 14 dní. Kĺbová symptomatológia je u detí raritná. Je potrebné zdôrazniť sezónnosť s výskytom jar – jeseň, ako aj častý výskyt v kolektívoch, možný aj v malých epidémiách. Pri ochorení u gravidnej ženy sa môže vyskytovať anémia plodu, abort a hydrops fetalis (14). Transplacentárny prenos infekcie sa opisuje asi v 25 %, V porovnaní s rubeolou pri ochorení v gravidite sú následky na plod v menšom percente.
Predpokladá sa, že parvovírus B19 sa môže podieľať na etiopatogenéze niektorých autoimunitných ochorení, ako je reumatoidná artritída, systémový lupus erythematodes a iné ochorenia spojivového tkaniva (systémová skleróza, sklerodermia, dermatomyozitída).
Papular-purpuric gloves and socks syndróm
Papular-purpuric gloves and socks syndróm je akútna akrálna dermatitída rúk, zápästí, lakťov a nôh, ktorá sa vyskytuje predovšetkým u dospelých. Koža na uvedených predilekčných miestach je inflamovaná, edematózna s purpurou, raritne až s petechiami a tvorbou papúl. Dermatologickú symptomatológiu často sprevádza katarálny zápal ústnej dutiny, teplota a malátnosť. Napriek tomu, že vo viacerých prípadoch tohto syndrómu sa vyvolávateľa nepodarilo identifikovať, do súvislosti s ochorením (ako možný spúšťací faktor) sa najčastejšie dáva parvovírus B19, vírus morbíl, vírus hepatitídy B a cytomegalovírus (1,15).
Morbilli
Vyvolávateľom osýpok (Morbilli) je RNA Morbillivirus patriaci do čeľade Paramyxoviridae. Čeľaď Paramyxoviridae zahrňuje množstvo vírusov rozšírených po celom svete, ktoré vyvolá- vajú infekčné vírusové ochorenia u ľudí a zvierat (11). Exantém morbíl vzniká v dôsledku virémie. Vírusová infekcia sa z človeka na človeka prenáša kvapôčkovým aerosolom v katarálnom štádiu ochorenia, ktorý pochádza z horných dýchacích ciest, teda ešte pred disemináciou infekcie v ľudskom organizme. Kontagiozita ochorenia je veľmi vysoká, podľa literárnych údajov až 90 % (5). Ochorenie je typické pre detský vek. Po objavení sa exantému vyvoláva vírus morbíl depresiu T-bunkami sprostredkovanej imunity. Za takýchto podmienok sa ľudský organizmus stáva vnímavejším na rôzne infekcie, napr. na M. tuberculosis. Po prekonaní infekcie zostáva imunita do konca života.
Katarálne prodromálne štádium sa prejavuje vysokou teplotou (40 °C), malátnosťou, prejavmi rinitídy, faryngitídy, tracheitídy so suchým kašľom a konjunktivitídy s nastrieknutými spojovkami a svetloplachosťou. Typický je „uplakaný výzor dieťaťa". Na 2. – 3. deň infekcie sa na bukálnej sliznici oproti stoličkám zjavujú bodkovité biele škvrny s červeným lemom, ktoré trvajú len 1 – 2 dni − tzv. Koplikove škvrny. Exantematické štádium sa prejavuje enantémom, morbiliformným exantémom, ktorý môže byť pri závažnom priebehu hemoragický. Dochádza aj k druhému vzostupu teploty. Exantém sa začína na tvári, za ušami postupuje na krk trup a nakoniec na končatiny. Počas celého 8-dňového priebehu morbíl je celkový zdravotný stav pacienta značne alterovaný (5). Komplikáciami u malých detí sú najčastejšie baktériové zápaly stredoušia, zápaly prinosových dutín. Obávanou komplikáciou morbíl je encefalitída a subakútna sklerotizujúcu panencefalitída, ďalej bronchopneumónia a ťažké infekcie (tuberkulóza a pod.). Extenzívna bulózna erupcia kožných prejavov morbíl môže vyústiť do Stevensovho-Johnsonovho syndrómu a epidermálnej nekrolýzy. Niekedy môže nastať rýchly letálny priebeh morbíl za vzniku celkovej toxémie, a obehového zlyhania. Po prekonaní ochorenia zostáva celoživotná imunita. Diagnóza sa stanovuje podľa klinického obrazu ochorenia, sérologických vyšetrení, ale aj diagnostickými metodikami molekulárnej biológie, napr. metodikou PCR (2). V liečbe a prevencii je veľmi dôležitý pokoj na posteli, symptomatická liečba. Komplikované stavy sa hospitalizujú aj izolujú na infekčných oddeleniach, podávajú sa lieky na znižovanie teploty. Špecifická liečba neexistuje. Antibiotiká sa ordinujú iba pri sekundárnych baktériových komplikáciách. Prevenciou je ochranné očkovanie (aktívna imunizácia už od 15. mesiaca života), ktoré sa ako pravidelné
očkovanie v rámci povinného očkovania začalo na našom území od roku 1969. Najskôr sa využívala samostatná očkovacia látka, neskôr trojzložková vakcína spolu s očkovacou látkou proti rubeole (ružienke) a parotitíde (mumpsu). V súčasnosti sa očkujú deti od 15. mesiaca veku trojzložkovou vakcínou, ktorá obsahuje živé, oslabené kmene vírusov osýpok, rubeoly a parotitídy. Vakcinálne vírusy nevyvolávajú ochorenie, iba stimulujú imunitný systém k tvorbe protilátkovej odpovede a vytvoreniu imunologickej pamäte. Preočkovanie druhou dávkou sa realizuje v 11. roku veku. Riadne realizované očkovanie chráni jedinca dlhodobo pred ochorením. Treba pamätať na to, že medzi 8. a 12. dňom po očkovaní sa asi u tretiny očkovaných objaví fyziologická postvakcinačná reakcia – postvakcinačný syndróm sprevádzaný zvýšenou teplotou, zápalom hrdla, spojoviek a asi u 7 – 10 % očkovancov aj vyrážka najmä na tvári aj na hrudníku. Tento postvakcinačný syndróm nie je nákazlivý, vymizne spontánne, bez následkov. Vakcinálne vírusy nie sú infekčné a neprenášajú sa na vnímavých ľudí.
Šarlach
Šarlach (scarlatina) je febrilným ochorením, pri ktorom je exantém primárnym kožným prejavom. Je jedným z najčastejších akútnych infekčných ochorení, ktoré je sprevádzané angínou, skarlatiniformným exantémom a neskôr ošupovaním kože. V etiológii ochorenia Streptococcus pyogenes A/beta-hemolytický streptokok (GABHS) produkuje erytrogénny toxín v niekoľkých antigénnych typoch. Stafylokoky produkujúce erytrogénny toxín môžu vyvolať „stafylokokový šarlach". Zdrojom nákazy je jedinec nielen so šarlachovou infekciou. Nákaza sa šíri vzdušnou cestou (kvapôčkovou infekciou) aj priamym stykom. Vstupnou bránou infekcie je aj poranená koža. Inkubačná doba trvá 2 až 4 dni, ale môže byť aj kratšia do 12 hodín. Diagnostika sa opiera o klinicky zistenú angínu a drobný folikulárny exantém v podbrušku, inguinách, na vnútornej strane stehien a v axilách. Koža je na pohmat drsná. Exantém nie je prítomný na tvári, kde dominuje len erytém s periorálnym výbledom (Filatovov príznak). Exantém môže mať až petechiálny charakter v kožných ryhách (Pastiauove linky). V dutine ústnej je prítomný enantém, na podnebí petechie a malinový jazyk. V ústnych kútikoch sú prítomné bolestivé ragády. Na koži okolo nechtového lôžka aj na ušných lalokoch môžeme pozorovať belavé papulky (Šrámkov príznak). Najobávanejšou komplikáciou šarlachu je reumatická horúčka a glomerulonefritída. Pri správnej diagnostike a začatí liečby Penicilínom V v priebehu prvých 9 dní od vzniku tonzilofaryngitídy uvedeným komplikáciám predídeme.
Toxický šokový syndróm
Toxický šokový syndróm (TSS ) – stafylokokový syndróm toxického šoku je akútnym febrilným ochorením, ktoré charakterizuje skarlatiniformný exantém až erytrodermia. Tieto príznaky vyvoláva stafylokoková infekcia kmeňa Staphylococcus aureus (St. aureus). Väčšina kmeňov, ktoré boli izolované u postihnutých, patria k fágovej skupine I alebo III a okrem toxínu TSST-1 boli zistené aj nové toxíny, ktoré sa správajú ako superantigény, čo má za následok poškodenie tkaniva. Novšie zistenia poukazujú na pôvodcu St. aureus so superantigénmi vo forme exotoxínov, ale aj Streptococcus pyogenes s exotoxínmi. Začiatkom 90. rokov sa objavovali správy o TSS u žien používajúcich menštruačné tampóny, ktoré slúžili ako vhodná kultivačná pôda pre St. aureus a pre pomnoženie toxínov. Kožné ochorenie môže mať rôznu expresivitu. Často je mylne určené ako exantémové ochorenie vírusového pôvodu s miernym priebehom, inokedy sa prejavuje vysokou teplotou, zvracaním, hnačkami, myalgiami, trombocytopéniou, hypotenziou, skarlatiniformným exantémom s hyperémiou slizníc aj deskvamáciou kože prstov, chodidiel aj dlaní 1 až 3 týždne od začiatku ochorenia. Väčšina pacientov má postihnutých viac ako 3 orgány. Ochorenie postihuje deti aj dospelých, zriedkavejšie je u nižších vekových kategórií v detskom veku. Diagnostické kritériá toxického šokového syndrómu:
skarlatiniformný exantém,
vysoká teplota nad 38,9 °C,
pokles krvného tlaku,
silná bolesť svalov,
4 alebo viac z nasledujúcich príznakov (vracanie alebo hnačka),
hyperémia slizníc,
poruchy CNS,
zvýšené hodnoty kreatinínu, urey, pečeňových aminotransferáz,
následné ošupovanie kože.
Komplikáciami sú baktériová endokarditída, Oslerove uzlíky aj trieskovité podnechtové hemorágie ako pri septikémii. Diferenciálne diagnosticky treba odlíšiť niektoré príznaky purpury, meningokokcémiu, Kawasakiho chorobu, toxickú epidermálnu nekrolýzu a ďalšie exantémové ochorenia. Najprínosnejším diagnostickým znakom je mikrobiologické vyšetrenie aj hemokultúra.
APEC syndróm
APEC syndróm je unilaterálny laterotorakálny exantém (ULE), ktorý opísal Bodemer a Prost (4) u 18 detí žijúcich v blízkosti Paríža. V priebehu roka bola táto diagnóza preklasifikovaná na asymetrický periflexurálny exantém detí (APEC). Podobné ochorenie ako tzv. lokálny erytém s regionálnou lymfadenitídou uvádzajú aj ďalší ako nový lokálny erytém u detí. Diskutuje sa o multifaktorovej etiológii ochorenia. Hoci infekčný pôvod ochorenia nebol dosiaľ jednoznačne potvrdený, vo vzťahu k APEC sa uvažuje o týchto agensoch: parvovírus B19, EBV, CMV, HSV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8, pikcornavírus, adenovírus, enterovírus, vírus hepatitídy B, borélie, vírusy Coxsackie, riketsie, mykoplazmy a pod. (12). Opísaný však bol aj výskyt APEC u dieťaťa s akútnou lymfoblastickou leukémiou.
Klinický obraz ochorenia sa vyvíja pomaly, progreduje postupne niekoľko dní až tri týždne. Kožné prejavy sú variabilné. Asymetricky, na jednej polovici tela, najčastejšie na vnútornej strane ramena, v ingvíne, na vnútornej strane stehna a na laterálnej strane hrudníka sa spočiatku tvoria skupiny ružových papúl s vyblednutým periférnym lemom, ďalej viac-menej ostro ohraničené ložiská ekzémového charakteru, urtikariálne, vezikulózne a purpurické ložiská postupne zasahujúce veľké plochy a nadobúdajúce anulárny charakter, v okolí s intaktnou kože. Lézie nezriedka svrbia. V druhej fáze vývoja klinického obrazu ochorenia kožné lézie diseminujú aj na kontralaterálnu stranu tela pacienta, ale zachovávajú si asymetriu. Zriedkavo postihujú aj tvár, ruky a nohy. Enantémy neboli dosiaľ opísané. Ochorenie môže byť sprevádzané miernou gastrointestinálnou symptomatológiou, katarálnou faryngitídou a regionálnou lymfadenitídou, subfebrilitami (12). Laboratórne parametre nevykazujú výraznejšie odchýlky. Liečba ochorenia je symptomatická. Vo väčšine prípadov si však ochorenie nevyžaduje špecifickú terapiu. V akútnom štádiu progresie ochorenia sa odporúča zachovať pokoj na posteli.
Hand, foot and mouth disease
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) sa pokladá za vysoko kontagiózne infekčné ochorenie vyvolané enterovírusmi. Ochorenie sa primárne vyskytuje predovšetkým u malých detí v letných mesiacoch s klinickým obrazom vezikulóznej stomatitídy s tvorbou skalených vezikúl na dlaniach a stupajach (Clementz a Mancini, 2000). Predpokladaný je prenos enterovírusovej infekcie cestou orofekálneho kontaktu a cez respiračný trakt nazofaryngálnym www.solen.sk
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sekrétom alebo sekrétom respiračného systému, predovšetkým v miestach detských centier (9).
Charakteristika vyvolávateľa a epidemio lógia: od pacientov s HFMD boli počas epidémií postupne izolované vírusy – vírus Coxsackie A (CAV) – typ 4 , 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 16, 24; vírus Coxsackie B (CBV) – typ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; humánny enterovírus (HEV) typ 71. Syndróm HMFD bol prvýkrát opísaný Robinsonom a jeho spolupracovníkmi v roku 1958. V roku 1974 Schmidt a kol., ako prví opísali HFMD s ťažkým priebehom s postihnutím CNS (s meningoencefalitídou a „polio-like" paralytickým ochorením) vyvolané enterovírusmi E 71. Potom boli opísané epidémie HFMD s podobne závažnými komplikáciami v Austrálii (Kennett a kol., 1974), vo Švédsku (3). V poslednom období sú v rámci epidémií HFMD so stovkami infikovaných pacientov opisované prípady s letálnym koncom v krajinách východnej Ázie (Malajzia, Sarawak, Singapur, Taiwan) (6, 9, 10). Najčastejšou príčinou smrti týchto detí mladších ako 4 roky je vírusová encefalitída a meningoencefalitída, intersticiálna pneumónia a myokarditída. Ako sme už uviedli, najčastejšie bývajú postihnuté deti predškolského veku. Ojedinele bývajú postihnutí aj dospelí. Ochorenie sa vyskytuje aj u nás vo zvýšenom počte približne raz za 4 roky. Klinický obraz vezikulóznych zmien v dutine ústnej, na dlaniach aj chodidlách s postihnutím menších detí v predškolskom veku, upozorňuje na toto exantematické ochorenie. V krajinách východnej Ázie sa do roku 1997 prípady HFMD vyvolané ľudským enterovírusom HEV 71 vyskytovali záchvatovito v atakoch. Išlo o epidémie v Sarawaku (6, 9) na Malajskom polostrove. V poslednom období sa predpokladá, že v patogenéze predovšetkým závažných a životunebezpečných foriem HFMD alebo foriem ochorení s letálnym koncom plní dôležitú úlohu koincidencia dvoch vírusových infekcií súčasne. V tomto zmysle sa za najdôležitejšiu pokladá koincidencia humánneho enterovírusu HEV 71 a podtriedy B adenovírusu (6).
Klinický obraz HFMD možno opísať ako infekčné ochorenie, pri ktorom po inkubačnom čase 3 – 5 dní sa objavuje vezikulózna stomatitída, výsev pľuzgierikov na dlaniach, chodidlách, ale aj na gluteách a kolenách. Celkový stav pacientov nie je pri tejto forme HFMD alterovaný. Kožné a sliznicové zmeny sa vyhoja v priebehu 7 – 10 dní (8). Atypická forma HFMD sa prejavuje tou istou klinickou syptomatológiou ako klasická HFMD, ale ulcerácie v ústnej dutine môžu absentovať. Na druhej strane možno pri atypickej HFMD pozorovať v ústnej dutine prejavy herpan-
Pediatria pre prax
| 2014; 15(1) | www.solen.sk gíny s ulceráciami, ale bez klinicky manifestnej dermatologickej syptomatológie ochorenia (10). V prípadoch s ťažkým priebehom až letálnym koncom sa za kritické obdobie pokladá 3. – 4. deň trvania klinickej symptomatológie (9). Vracanie je dôležitým príznakom upozorňujúcim na postihnutie centrálneho nervového systému vo forme začínajúcej intrakraniálnej hypertenzie v dôsledku encefalitídy zadného mozgu. Veľmi závažná je aj symptomatológia kardiopulmonálneho zlyhania vznikajúca pri intersticiálnej pneumonitíde a myokarditíde. Pri obidvoch formách HFMD sa môžu pozorovať aj rozsiahle zmeny na nechtoch vo forme rozsiahlej nechtovej dystrofie. Liečba HFMD nie je špecifická (8). Pri liečbe mukokutánnych lézií sa používajú lokálne dezinficienciá a pri sekundárnej bakteriálnej infekcii aj antibiotiká alebo chemoterapeutiká podávané podľa izolovaných bakteriálnych kmeňov a ich citlivosti na antibiotiká (5).
Gianottiho-Crostiho syndróm
Pre Gianottiho-Crostiho syndróm je charakteristický priamy vzťah k vírusovej infekcii. V etiologickej súvislosti so vznikom syndrómu sa uvádzajú tieto vírusy: najčastejšie vírus hepatitídy B (HBV) a EBV menej často vírus Coxsackie A16, B4, B5, CMV, echovírus 7, 9, poliovírus, vírus parainfluenzy, parvovírus B19, HIV (7). Ochorenie najčastejšie postihuje deti vo veku od 6 mesiacov až 12 rokov. Môže sa však vyskytovať aj u dospelých.
Klinický obraz ochorenia: v priebehu 3 – 4 dní dochádza k erupcii svrbiacich asymetrických, najskôr nevýrazných červených papúl veľkosti 5 – 10 mm v priemere, spočiatku lokalizovaných na stehnách a gluteách, neskôr na extenzorových častiach ramien a napokon na tvári. Postupne s časom pribúda imflamácia s vezikuláciou lézií až vznikom purpury. Exantém ustupuje v priebehu 2 až 8 týždňov, pričom v pôvodných miestach lézií môže pretrvávať mierna deskvamácia. Liečba nekomplikovaného Gianottiho-Crostiho syndrómu je nešpecifická. Pruritus kože zmierňujú emolienciá.
Herpetické infekcie kože
Skupinu herpetických infekcií kože predstavujú prevažne okrem uvedených makulopapulóznych lézií vezikulózne exantémy (herpes simplex, varicella-zoster), pri ktorých je kožný prejav v priamej súvislosti s vírusovou infekciou. Vzhľadom na rozsah problematiky si táto skupina vyžaduje samostatne vyčlenenú kapitolu v nasledujúcich referenciách pri zohľadnení jednotlivých vekových kategórií.
Petechiálne a purpurické exantémy
Petechiálne a purpurické exantémy veľmi často znamenajú fulminantný priebeh infekcií baktériových aj vírusových, najčastejšie sa prejavujú fulminantnou purpurou na koži a môžu mať fatálny priebeh. Najzávažnejší priebeh je pri meningokokovej sepse (10 – 50 %) (2) invazívnymi kmeňmi meningokokov, pri ktorých rýchle nastupujú krvácavé prejavy na koži manifestované petechiami a sufúziami. Veľmi dôležité je rýchle stanovenie diagnózy, začiatočná liečba a okamžitý transport do špecializovaného zariadenia, kde má pacient zabezpečenú resuscitačnú liečbu. Je potrebné upozorniť, že uvedené kožné prejavy sú možné aj pri enterovírusových meningitídach, alebo meningitídach spôsobených Haemophilus influenzae alebo Streptococcus pneumoniae. Rovnako treba myslieť aj na importované nákazy hemoragickej horúčky alebo riketsiových infekcií. Petechiálny výsev môže byť aj dôsledkom nepriameho imunologického účinku rôznych infekčných agensov, ktoré vyvolávajú trombocytopéniu. Najznámejšia je trombocytopénia pri postihnutí rubeolou. Klinické prejavy Schönlein-Henochovej purpury sú časté v dôsledku nešpecifických infektov s prejavmi hemoragického exantému v symetrickej lokalizácii na extenzoroch dolných končatín a v gluteálnej oblasti. V priebehu mykoplazmatických infekcií u malých detí a dojčiat môžeme pozorovať postinfekčnú kokardovú purpuru, Seidelmayerov syndróm s nápadnými kokardovými hemorágiami hlavne na tvári, končatinách aj stehnách.
Diagnostika
V diagnostike exantémových ochorení nejasnej etiológie je nevyhnutným predpokladom úspešnej liečby včasná a správne určená diagnóza. Zvážiť klinický stav pacienta – urgentnosť riešenia problematiky, zhodnotenie potenciálnej infekciozity, je nevyhnutná aj okamžitá antibakteriálna liečba v prípade akútnych stavov.
Diagnostika exantémového ochorenia sa zakladá na:
zhodnotení klinického obrazu a celkového stavu pacienta,
dôkladnej anamnéze,
laboratórnej diagnostike,
zhodnotení všetkých uvedených faktorov.
Anamnéza v hodnotení vírusového exan-
témového ochorenia je základom diagnostiky.
Zvláštny význam má epidemiologická anamné- za, ktorá sa zameriava na zistenie:
výskyt v okolí infikovaného jedinca (kolektívne zariadenia, škôlky, školy, zahraničné pobyty);
zdroja nákazy;
cesty prenosu ochorenia (vzdušná cesta, priamy kontakt a pod.);
sezónnosť výskytu (pre určité exantémy je typický výskyt v letných mesiacoch;
enterovírusové ochorenia, parvovírusové ochorenia – jar, jeseň);
pravdepodobnej inkubačnej doby. Z ďalších anamnestických údajov sú dôležité
údaje o:
vakcinácii;
užívaní liekov;
informácie o stave imunitného systému, prípadne inej liečbe vrátane steroidnej liečby, chemoterapie, špecializovanej inej terapie.
Pri objektívnom vyšetrení si na prvom mieste treba uvedomiť vek pacienta, pretože určité exantémové ochorenia zvyčajne postihujú alebo sú typické pre určitý vek – napr. výskyt enterovírusových ochorení, APEC syndróm, Gianotti-Crostiho syndróm sa vyskytujú častejšie v batolivom a predškolskom veku. Parvovírusové ochorenia sú častejšie u väčších detí alebo u dospelých. V objektívom náleze hodnotíme klinickú manifestáciu a typ exantému (13).
Pri hodnotení exantému pre stanovenie správnej diagnózy je dôležité určiť:
primárnu kožnú léziu;
lokalizáciu exantému;
šírenie exantému a progresiu ochorenia;
časovú súvislosť (začiatok exantému a jeho vzťah k teplote a ostatným celkovým príznakom);
zmeny na slizniciach dutiny ústnej, spojovkách, genitáliách;
ostatnú orgánovú symptomatológiu (celkový stav pacienta, bolesti hlavy, kĺbov a pod.) Aj keď väčšina exantémových ochorení má benígny priebeh, dôležité je pozorovanie klinických prejavov v rámci diferenciácie exantémov, pretože niektoré potenciálne fatálne prebiehajúce ochorenia majú primárne kožné prejavy (2).
Laboratórna diagnostika je zameraná na dôkaz etiologického agens a ostatné pomoc- né laboratórne vyšetrenia. Laboratórna diagnostika etiologického agens je vykonávaná podľa suponovaného ochorenia a špecifická pre každý typ exantému. Má svoju dynamiku aj špecializovaný prístup podľa toho, aký infekt predpokladáme. Laboratórna diagnostika využíva v súčasnosti rýchle metodiky, ktoré je nutné aj správne hodnotiť spolu s klinickým obrazom. Pri baktériových infekciách je mikrobiogická diagnostika nevyhnutná spolu s ostatnými laboratórnymi vyšetreniami. Vyšetrenia mikroskopické, mikrobiologické, kultivačné, aj molekulové metodiky (PCR), aj napriek širokému spektru a súčasným pokrokom nenahradia dôslednú anamnézu, fyzikálne vyšetrenie a pozorovanie pacienta.
Záver
Diferenciálna diagnostika exantémových ochorení je veľmi náročná. Väčšina exantémových ochorení nie je len samostatným prejavom na koži, ale sa spája aj so symptomatológiou, ktorú vyvoláva infekčný agens, či je to už teplota, artralgie, gastrointestinálne ťažkosti alebo iné systémové postihnutie. Je nutné myslieť aj na ochorenia, ktoré môžu byť importované aj v rámci Európy (osýpky u neočkovaných, rubeola). Prevencia v zmysle vakcinácií je preto veľmi dôležitá. Okrem viacerých vyvolávateľov infektu, overlap syndrómov sa môžu objaviť aj klasické infekcie s komplikáciami najmä u imunosuprimovaných jedincov, ktorých vďaka novším postupom v rôznych oblastiach medicíny pribúda (biologiká, systémová supresívna liečba, pacienti po transplantáciách a podobne). Systémové komplikácie sa vyskytujú pri viacerých primárnych exantémových infekciách (myokarditídy, meningoencefalitídy, respiračné alebo hematologické komplikácie).
Včasná diagnostika a správna liečba je založená na správnom spoznaní ochorenia a vyžaduje interdisciplinárny prístup (lekárov prvého kontaktu, dermatológa, pediatra aj infektológa).
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8. Faulkner CF, Godbolt AM, DeAmbrosis B, Triscott J. Hand, foot and mouth disease in an immunocompromised adult treated with aciclovir. Australian J Dermatol 2003; 44: 203–206.
9. Chan LG, Parashar UD, Lye MS, Ong FGL, Zaki SR, Alexander J P. Deaths of children during outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease in Sarawak, Malaysia: clinical and pathological characteristics of the disease. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 678–683.
10. Chong C-Y, Chan K-P, Shah VA, Ng WYM, Lau G, Teo TES, Lai SH, Ling AE. Hand, foot and mouth disease in Singapore: a comparison of fatal and non-fatal cases. Acta Paediatr 2003; 92: 1163–1169.
11. Lamb RA, Kolakofsky D. Paramyxoviridae: The virus and their replication: 689–724. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM. Fundamental virology. 4th. ed., Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams &Wilkins 2001: 1395 s.
12. Mancini AJ, Bodemer Ch. Viral infections: 1059–1092. In: Schachner L, Hansen RC. Pediatric Dermatology. 3rd. Ed, Edinburgh, Mosby comp 2003: 1340 s.
13. Martinásková K. Novšie vírusové exantémy, komplexný pohľad na problematiku. Českoslov dermatol 2008: 83 (44): 177–185.
14. Peterlana D, Puccetti A, Corrocher R, Lunardi C. Serologic and molecular detection of human Parvovirus B19 infection. Clinica Chimica Acta 2006; 11: 161–163.
15. Velez A, Fernandez-de-la-Puebla R, Moreno JC. Second case of papular-pruritic gloves-socks syndrome related to hepatitis B infection. Br J Dermatol 2001; 145: 515–516.
Článok je prevzatý z Dermatol. prax, 2013, 7(2–3): 83–88.
MUDr. Klára Martinásková PhD.
Dermatovenerologické oddelenie FNsP
J. A. Reimana
Hollého 14, 080 01 Prešov email@example.com
www.solen.sk
| 2014; 15(1) |
Pediatria pre prax
23
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INDICAÇÃO Nº 11/2.022 DE 17/03/2022
DO VEREADOR.: JORGE LUÍZ CORNÉLIO.
Assunto.: AQUISIÇÃO DE SUPORTE ESPECÍFICO PARA O TRANSPORTE DE MERENDA ESCOLAR NO CARRO DA COZINHA PILOTO DE NOSSO MUNICÍPIO.
INDICO, ao Executivo Municipal, que estude a viabilidade de se adquirir suporte específico para o transporte de merenda dentro do veículo o qual faz a entrega até as escolas de nosso Município, para que as panelas e os suportes de comidas não tenham contato com o papelão dentro do veículo.
Sala das Sessões “JOÃO PEREIRA DA SILVA”.
ALVINLÂNDIA/SP, 17 DE MARÇO DE 2.022.
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Meeting Minutes
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Convergence des besoins
qui respectent les normes et standards internationaux qui respectent les normes et standards internationaux
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projets d’éditions de corpus projets d éditions de corpus
Sources au cœur du projet carnets,
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muséales de bibliothèques numériques et d’éditions savantes en ligne muséales, de bibliothèques numériques et d éditions savantes en ligne
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ISSN: 2300-2697, Vol. 63, pp 71-81
doi:10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILSHS.63.71
© 2015 SciPress Ltd., Switzerland
The Effect of Earnings Management on Liquidity Criteria and Lack of Liquidity Stock
Mohammad Hossein Vadiei Nowghabi 1 , Ali Shirazd 2 , Shaban Mohammadi 3 Alireza Khorshidi 4
1 Associate Professor Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran 2 Ph.D student Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran 3 M.A student in accounting, Hakim Nezami University, Quchan, Iran 4 M.A student in accounting, Iran E-mail address: email@example.com
Keywords: Accrual-based earnings management, the actual management profit, stock liquidity.
ABSTRACT. Liquidity criteria that investors in making portfolio investments are involved. Among the factors that could affect liquidity, earnings management. Earnings management can accrualbased earnings management aspects and management of real benefit to be evaluated; Therefore, the aim of this study is to estimate the accrual-based earnings management and gain real management and its effects on liquidity of companies listed on the Stock Exchange in Tehran. The sample consisted of 78 companies for the period 2008 to 2012. We used multivariate regression model based on panel data is performed. Our results show that research hypotheses are tested between accrual-based earnings management positive and significant relationship with the lack of liquidity, and the liquidity and significant negative relationship. As well as the actual management of nonprofit with a positive and significant relationship between stock liquidity, and the liquidity is insignificant and there is a negative relationship.
1. INTRODUCTION
In general, two types of response to the data may occur in the market: the first reaction, the effect of price information on securities, and the market response to volume. The work on indicators of "liquidity" appears [1]. In general, liquidity is the ease of buying and selling a product without a significant change in its price. One of the characteristics of an ideal efficient market and lack of liquidity due to high transaction costs and, therefore, can be a measure of the efficiency of market liquidity, particularly in terms of the information presented. As providing useful information in order to investigate the factors influencing apply. With increased liquidity, transaction costs will drop dramatically. Liquidity also plays an important role in the price discovery process. The concept of fledgling markets such as market liquidity in Iran is very important. The results of research in the field of liquidity in the securities market is Iran, show that investors illiquidity risk in their decisions in terms of their intensity. after investigating the factors affecting the liquidity of the utmost importance. Among the factors that could affect liquidity, earnings management. As the company's earnings management in selecting accounting policies to achieve some specific goals defined administrator. Recognize the benefits of it can be stated that the researchers have shown that earnings management is usually transparent to investors. The interests of a firm may use earnings management through greater disclosure and litigation costs are expected to be neutral, therefore, the identification of existence and the continuation of the company's management in favor of the validity reduced. ability to raise capital subsequent to weaken and destroy the favorable conditions. In this study, we examine the effect of earnings management on liquidity and lack of liquidity of the stocks examined.
SciPress applies the CC-BY 4.0 license to works we publish: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
,
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Liquidity as the ability to buy and sell the required quantity of securities at market prices and in a short time period is defined. This feature is valuable so on equal terms, securities with higher liquidity than securities with lower liquidity, higher price will be [8]. Liquidity is the ability to convert to cash quickly and without reducing the price of a financial instrument. Liquidity is the ability to trade a financial instrument at a price (market price) and in large volumes without disrupting the market provides. Once considered an asset that an investor can be liquidated without causing a change in the market price, a lot of it is not traded. Therefore, liquidity risk can be defined transaction at a price equivalent to the price of the previous transaction. Liquidity is an important criterion in the market. In addition, the market price movements are slow and the gap between bid and offer prices close to zero. Overall, earnings management is possible in two ways: earnings management billing based on actual profit figures. In the first case management through discretionary accruals accounting figures in accordance with the objectives desired to make deals. In the second case, management has made some operational decisions, in other words the real thing to the actual management activity earns profit on their desired change. The overall management of the profit follows:
A) Manipulate real activities
B) Manipulation of discretionary accruals.
The definition of the actual management of interest: [11] in their study stated that earnings management can include the actual activities. This type of earnings management through changes in operational activities aimed at misleading the stakeholders. cash manipulation of real activity and in some cases the impact accruals. The definition of accrual-based earnings management: Because of the flexibility of generally accepted accounting principles, management uses various methods adopted, is trying to say in accruals. Regarding the quality of information management can increase profits by reporting confidential information. The difference between the motivations of managers and shareholders, may force managers to use flexibility generally accepted accounting principles, profit managed to win and therefore reported earnings to be diverted [7]. one of the characteristics of efficient markets and not ideal, high transaction costs and thus liquidity. Accounting is a source of information that can provide relevant information and reliable, less inefficiency and information, thereby improving liquidity conditions and market shares are more effective. It can be used as a measure of liquidity of stock market performance, particularly in terms of the information and forms in order to investigate the factors influencing the useful information to be used [1].Increased liquidity could further divide the financial risk of the portfolio by reducing the cost of overestimating Investors in their trading decisions and increase sales of their stock, which ultimately leads to an increase in the company. The concept of liquidity in nascent markets like the market is far more important. The results are in stock liquidity in the securities market is Iran, suggest that investor's illiquidity risk in their decisions in terms of their intensity. Among the factors that could affect liquidity, earnings management [12]. As the company's earnings management in selecting accounting policies to achieve some specific goals defined administrator. Therefore, evaluating the factors affecting Liquidity called earnings management in the real commitment in this regard is of great importance. In this study, we sought to examine the effect of earnings management on stock liquidity and illiquidity are stock. The elements of intellectual capital and its components, and models comments have been presented by the scientists. It seems that the intellectual capital literature review, most existing models have attempted to three components of intellectual capital with some common features to consider: Human Capital: Human capital is a combination of knowledge, skills, innovation ability, the ability of employees to perform their duties, values, culture and philosophy of the company. Human capital and intellectual capital essential foundation for the realization of the intellectual capital inhibits definition [2]. Capital structure is everything when employees go home remain in the company [3]. Customer funds: customer funds as a bridge and catalyst activity is intellectual capital [9].The main requirements for determining the market value and thus become the intellectual capital of the company's business performance. Customer capital is one of the main components of intellectual capital is the value of marketing and communication channels with leaders of industry and trade, it is. New definitions of capital assets related to customer relationships have developed, including knowledge of the company with customers, competitors, suppliers and governmental factors [2].
3. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
According to theoretical principles mentioned hypotheses can be expressed as follows:
1. The accrual-based earnings management, and has a significant negative impact on stock liquidity.
2. Real-profit management and significant negative impact on stock liquidity. In this study, two hypotheses with two criteria are liquidity and illiquidity review.
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The study population consisted of all companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange since the beginning of 2008 until the end of 2012. During this period they also retained his membership on the stock exchange. Because of the disparate nature of some community members to submit samples taken following restrictions: Companies that since 2008 have been accepted in exchange. Financial year ended 29 March. Company shares trade gap is not more than 100 days. Required data exchange databases are available databases, Company financial period has not changed. Finally, 78 companies for the period 2008 to 2012 have been selected. In this study, data collection takes place in two stages. Firstly, to develop theoretical foundations of research, the library and the second phase of data collection tool documentation or the use of forms and databases is mining. Actual and historical data used in this study is that the Tehran Stock Exchange website, company financial statements and the text will be extracted from the database.
4.1. The research model and how to obtain the variables
Based on previous research and theoretical basis of the following regression to assess the relationship between earnings management and administration of real benefit accruals based on the following:
```
Pzr
```
Of days with zero output (pzr): To calculate the proportion of days with zero return, should the number of days with zero efficiency for a particular stock on the number of days since the company's stock is traded on it are divided, which is calculated way or another.
AM: accrual-based earnings management
```
RM: actual management profit Lnmve: natural logarithm value of ordinary shares at end of period NT: number of shares traded per year Cum: Cumulative returns the last six months
```
```
ln($volume)
```
```
ln($volume)
```
The average value of the rial trading ln ($ volume): Data for this measure by dividing the total daily value of transactions in the company and the company deal comes days.
4.2. Independent variables
Accrual-based earnings management: Because of the flexibility of generally accepted accounting principles, management uses various methods adopted, is trying to say in accruals. Quality of information management practices can reduce profits due to earnings manipulation. Management benefit accruals-based measure of discretionary accruals is used. To estimate discretionary accruals from the regression model used in both of the remaining regression equation (ε) represents the accrual is optional: Jones modified model: Model 4:
```
TAccrt / Assetst-1 = α + β0 1 / Assetst-1 + β1 (ΔSalest - ΔRECit) / Assetst-1 + Β2 PPEt / Assetst-1 + β3 ROAt-1 + β4 SGt + εt
```
Model 4, the modified Jones model by [3] and then: TAccrt / Assets t-1: the difference between profit before extraordinary items and cash flow from operating activities in the current period. Assetst-1: Total assets at the beginning of the financial period. Δsale: changes in sales. ΔRec: Changes in receivables. PPE: Property, machinery and equipment. ROA: Net income divided by total assets, and SG: growth is now on sale.
```
TAccrt /Assetst-1 = α + β0 1/Assetst-1 + β1 (ΔSalest – ΔRECit) /Assetst-1 + β2 PPEt/Assetst-1 + β3 ROAt-1 + β4 SGt + εt
```
Kothari and his colleagues have developed a model that was similar but modified Jones model in which the rate of return on assets was used. In their study they found that the model results are stronger than the Jones. Their model was as follows [9]: Model 5:
4.3. Real-profit management
Management practices that are associated with ordinary commercial activities, and in conjunction with the primary aim to meet certain income thresholds, are performed [10]. measuring actual profit management. In this research, including research [10] and [2] to measure the level of real activity manipulation of three criteria unusual level of operating cash flow, level of abnormal production costs and the level of discretionary spending is unusual. To measure these three criteria used by the regression model and all of the remaining regression (ε) indicates an abnormal level variables are estimated:
Model 6:
```
CFOit/Assets I, t-1=K1t(1/ Assets I,t-1 ( +K2t(Salesit /Assets I,t-1(+K3t(∆Salesit /Assets I,t-1 ( +εit
```
CFOit: operating cash flow in period t.
Model 7:
```
PROUDit/Assets I, t-1=K1t(1/Assets I, t-1 ( +K2t(Salesit/Assets I, t- ( +K3t(Salesit / Assets I, t-1 (
```
+K
4t
(Sales
I, t-1
I, t-1
it
PROUDit: production costs in period t shows the total cost of an item is sold and changes in inventory.
/ Assets ( +ε
Model 8:
DiscExpit/Assets I, t-1=K1t(1/Assets I, t-1 (+K2t(Sales I, t-1/Assets I, t-1 )+εit
DiscExpit: optional costs in period t are the sum of the cost of advertising, general sales and administrative costs of the organization. Get real benefit for variable management, the remaining three equations, regression (ε) of high standard and variable management together to achieve real profits [5].
4.4. Dependent variable:
Liquidity: liquidity as the ability to buy and sell the required quantity of securities at market prices and in a short time period is defined. This feature is valuable so on equal terms, securities with higher liquidity than securities with lower liquidity will be more expensive. [4]. Days with zero efficiency ratios (pzr): theoretical foundations provided liquidity index and it was used. In their view, if the value of the information signal does not exceed the value of the transaction costs, market participants do not buy or sell is zero, so returns. Therefore, the higher the level of transaction costs, provide more daily returns zero. To calculate the efficiency ratio to zero days, zero should yield the number of days for a particular stock on the number of days since the company's stock is traded on it are divided, which is calculated way or another. This ratio is more indicative of the lack of liquidity is more relevant to its shares. Icon of days with zero returns for stock i. Zrd is the equivalent of a day if it returns of stock i is zero, otherwise zero. the number of trading days of the stock i in the financial year. Benchmark average monetary value of transactions (lnvolume): This measures the trading liquidity of the trading volume and sightseeing. These measures are defined as volume or quantity of shares when calculated per unit and are often an indication of the depth of liquidity. The criteria related to higher volumes, and higher liquidity.
4.5. Control variables
lnmve: natural logarithm value of ordinary shares at the end of the period. Nt: number of shares traded per year. Cum: Cumulative returns the last six months. The model for the fruiting rate assets in year t-1 is.
5. DATA ANALYSIS
Central tendency and dispersion is provided in Table 1. The difference between minimum and maximum data indicates scope for the use of variables. The appropriate amount represents the standard deviation data integrity of the sample is appropriate. The mean and median are few variables reflect their enjoyment of a normal distribution.
Table 1: Descriptive statistics of central tendency and dispersion
| standard deviation | | minimum | | maximum | | Middle | | Average | | variable symbol | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 7/71000 | | 7/7777 | | 7/7077 | | 7/7077 | | 7/7700 | | PZR | Criterion Lack liquidity |
| 0/0717 | | -1/2771 | | 00/1070 | | -7/1020 | | -7/7700 | | RM | | |
| | 0/0010 | | -2/2700 | | 1/7270 | | 7/0700 | | 7/1701 | | AM1 | Accrual-based earnings management (Jones) |
| 7/7770 | | -2/2012 | | 0/7027 | | 7/7071 | | 7/7200 | | AM2 | | |
| | 10010 | | 277 | | 000717 | | 0700 | | 00771/01 | | NT | Number of shares in |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | transaction |
| 0/2171 | | 00/1770 | | 07/1021 | | 01/7107 | | 07/1110 | | LnMv | | |
| | 0/0707 | | 00/0020 | | 00/0712 | | 07/7000 | | 00/7017 | | Volume | Liquidity criteria |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Ln | |
| 7/7211 | | 7/7777 | | 2/2001 | | 7/1777 | | 7/1710 | | Cum | | |
5.1. Test assumptions.
Due to the use of combined data analysis model to evaluate the data from this study in the first stage of this research will be discussed. The question that comes to an estimate using panel data is a must from which the panel or classic method used. F-Limer first test to determine the data we used classical or panel. If you choose the second stage of the selection panel data either way the decision should be fixed or random, usually Hausman test is used for that purpose. For each hypothesis and research model of this type of data in Table 2 below:
Table 2: The type of data for this research hypotheses and models
| hypotheses | F test |
|---|---|
| The first hypothesis (Jones model and a measure of liquidity) | Panel method |
| The first hypothesis (model Kothari and a measure of liquidity) | Panel method |
| The first hypothesis (Jones model and liquidity criteria | Panel method |
| The first hypothesis (model Kothari and liquidity criteria) | Panel method |
| The second hypothesis (the actual management of earnings and a measure of liquidity) | Panel method |
In the regression analysis is more to performance regression assumptions are examined. Check consistency error variance components to investigate heterogeneity of variance in the data panel, Wald test, adjusted by Green has been used. The results in Table 3 below.
Table 3: Check consistency error variance components
| Assumptions (models) | | Null hypothesis | | Statistics 2 | | p-value | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | The first hypothesis (Jones | | Harmony | | 5.7e+33 | | 0.000 | H 0 Passes (there |
| | model and a measure of | | variance | | | | | |
| | liquidity) | | (ANOVA | | | | | is a variance |
| | | | inconsistency | | | | | heterogeneity) |
| | | | exists) | | | | | |
| The first hypothesis (model Kothari and a measure of liquidity) | | Harmony variance (ANOVA inconsistency exists) | | 07/71 | | 0.000 | | |
| | The first hypothesis (Jones | | Harmony | | 4.3e+33 | | 70777 | H 0 Passes (there |
| | model and a measure of | | variance | | | | | |
| | liquidity) | | (ANOVA | | | | | is a variance |
| | | | inconsistency | | | | | heterogeneity) |
| | | | exists) | | | | | |
| The first hypothesis (model Kothari and a measure of liquidity) | | Harmony variance (ANOVA inconsistency exists) | | 2.9e+30 | | 70777 | | |
| | The second hypothesis | | Harmony | | 2.0e+34 | | 70777 | H 0 Passes (there |
| | (theactual management of | | variance | | | | | |
| | earnings and a measure of | | (ANOVA | | | | | is a variance |
| | liquidity) | | inconsistency | | | | | heterogeneity) |
| | | | exists) | | | | | |
| The second hypothesis (theactual management of earnings and a measure of liquidity( | | Harmony variance (ANOVA inconsistency exists) | | 8.3e+32 | | 70777 | | |
As you can see in Figure 3 and 4 for every 2 model used in this study because the probability is less than 0.05, Therefore, the null hypothesis that the variance homogeneity and heterogeneity of variance is rejected. To fix the inconsistency of the variance in estimates used white correction. The correlation between the components of error to analyze the relationship between error components Valdryj test is used. The value of this statistic for each model is presented in Table 4.
Table 4: The correlation between the components of the error
| Assumptions (models) | | p-value | | Null hypothesis | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | The first hypothesis | | 7/7771 | | There is no correlation | The null hypothesis is |
| | (Jones model and a | | | | | rejected |
| | measure of liquidity) | | | | | |
| The first hypothesis (model Kothari and a measure of liquidity) | | 7/7771 | | There is no correlation | | |
| | The first hypothesis | | 7/1107 | | There is no correlation | The null hypothesis is |
| | (Jones model and a | | | | | confirmed. |
| | measure of liquidity) | | | | | |
| The first hypothesis (model Kothari and a measure of liquidity) | | 7/1011 | | There is no correlation | | |
| | The second hypothesis | | 7/777 | | There is no correlation | The null hypothesis is |
| | (theactual management | | | | | rejected |
| | of earnings and a | | | | | |
| | measure of liquidity) | | | | | |
| The second hypothesis (the actual management of earnings and a measure of liquidity) | | 7/1002 | | There is no correlation | | |
The lack of alignment between variables to examine the lack of alignment between the variables of Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) is used to estimate the variables presented in the table with the results indicate a lack of co-linearity between models.
Table 5: The lack of alignment between the variables
| The first hypothesis | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Accrual-based earnings management based on modified Jones model and a measure of liquidity) | | | | |
| VIF | P-value | T statistic | Variable factor | Variable |
| - | 7/771 | 0/10 | 7/0217 | Source width |
| 0/70 | 7/777 | 7/20 | 7/7101 | Management commitment |
| | | | | profit (adjusted Jones |
| | | | | model) |
| 0/70 | 7/007 | -0/00 | -7/7777 | Natural logarithm value of |
| | | | | ordinary shares at end of |
| | | | | period |
| 0/70 | 7/707 | -0/27 | -7/77777 | NT |
| 0/70 | 7/001 | 7/12 | 7/7711 | Cum |
| 7/777 | | | | Probability of F statistics |
| 70/01 | | | | F statistic |
| 7/0170 | | | | Adjusted coefficient of |
| | | | | determinationR2 |
As in Table 5 is an observation, a significant level of earnings management variables obligations (0.000) and coefficient (0.0397) is. As a result, the first hypothesis at a significance level of 95% is approved. This means that the variable accrual-based earnings management has a direct correlation with the lack of liquidity is variable, It means that the accrual-based earnings management level in a company is most likely the lack of liquidity also increased. Our results are similar to most studies. [1,2] in their study concluded that by increasing the level of accrual-based earnings management, the probability of increased stock liquidity.
Table 6: Consequently, the first hypothesis
| The first hypothesis | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Accrual-based earnings management model and a measure of liquidity Kunar) | | | | |
| VIF | P-value | T statistic | Variable factor | Variable |
| - | 7/777 | 0/10 | 7/0770 | Source width |
| 0/70 | 7/777 | 0/07 | 7/7710 | Accrual earnings |
| | | | | management (Kothari) |
| 0/70 | 7/000 | -0/01 | -7/7721 | Natural logarithm value of |
| | | | | ordinary shares at end of |
| | | | | period |
| 0/70 | 7/777 | -2/77 | -7/77770 | NT |
| 0/70 | 7/77 | 7/77 | 7/7772 | Cum |
| 7/777 | | | | Probability of F statistics |
| 01/01 | | | | F statistic |
| | | | | Adjusted coefficient of |
| | | | | determinationR2 |
As in Table 6 can be seen, a significant level variable gain management commitment (0.000) and coefficient (0.0497) is. As a result, the first hypothesis based on accrual-based earnings management Kothari is measured at a significance level of 95% is approved. This means that the variable accrual-based earnings management has a direct correlation with the lack of liquidity is variable, namely the level of accrual-based earnings management in a company is most likely increases the lack of liquidity. Our results are similar to most studies. [1,2] in their study concluded that by increasing the level of accrual-based earnings management, the probability of increased stock liquidity.
Table 7: Measuring stock liquidity
| VIF | P-value | T statistic | Variable factor |
|---|---|---|---|
| - | 7/777 | 00/00 | 01/7000 |
| 0/70 | 7/702 | -0/71 | -7/0720 |
| 0/70 | 7/711 | 0/00 | 7/7010 |
| 0/70 | 7/777 | 7/00 | 7/77770 |
| 0/70 | 7/770 | -1/10 | -7/1717 |
| 7/777 | | | |
| 07/00 | | | |
| 7/1720 | | | |
As the image (7) is observed, the significant level of accrual earnings management variables (0.015) and coefficient (-0.1451) is. As a result, the first hypothesis that accrual-based earnings management based on modified Jones and stock liquidity Based on ln ($ volume) that a stock is a measure of liquidity is measured, At a significance level of 95% is approved. This means that the variable accrual-based earnings management has a significant correlation with the liquidity is variable; It means that the accrual-based earnings management level in a company, the greater the risk of reduced liquidity. Our results are similar to most studies. [1,2] in their study concluded that increasing the accrual-based earnings management level, the possibility of reduced stock liquidity.
Table 8: The first hypothesis: Accrual-based earnings management based on Kothari and liquidity criteria
| VIF | P-value | T statistic | Variable factor |
|---|---|---|---|
| - | 7/777 | 00/07 | 07/7001 |
| 0/70 | 7/700 | -0/70 | -7/007 |
| 0/70 | 7/071 | 0/70 | 7/7011 |
| 0/70 | 7/777 | 7/20 | 7/77770 |
| 0/70 | 7/770 | -1/71 | -7/7070 |
| 7/777 | | | |
| 02/00 | | | |
| 7/1721 | | | |
As in Table 8, a significant level of accrual earnings management variables (0.016) and coefficient (-0.244) is. As a result, the first hypothesis that accrual-based earnings management based on modified Jones and stock liquidity Based on ln ($ volume) that a stock is a measure of liquidity is measured, at a significance level of 95 percent approval will be, will become. This means that the variable accrual-based earnings management has a significant correlation with variable liquidity, i.e. the level of accrual-based earnings management in a company is more likely to reduce liquidity. Our results are similar to most studies. [1,2] in their study concluded that increasing the accrual-based earnings management level, the possibility of reduced stock liquidity.
Table 9: The second hypothesis (the actual management of earnings and a measure of liquidity)
| The second hypothesis (the actual management of earnings and a measure of liquidity) | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VIF | P-value | T statistic | Variable factor | Variable |
| - | 7/770 | 1/02 | 7/0717 | Source width |
| 0/71 | 7/707 | 0/00 | 7/7007 | Actual management |
| | | | | profit |
| 0/70 | 7/717 | -0/00 | -7/7700 | Natural logarithm value |
| | | | | of ordinary shares at end |
| | | | | of period |
| 0/71 | 7/700 | -0/02 | -7/7777770 | NT |
| 0/70 | -7/072 | -7/11 | -7/7720 | Cum |
| 7/7707 | | | | Probability of F statistics |
| 7/02 | | | | F statistic |
| 7/7071 | | | | Adjusted coefficient of |
| | | | | determination R2 |
As in Table 9 can be seen, the actual management of a significant variable interest (0.010) and coefficient (0.0170) is. As a result, the second hypothesis at a significance level of 95% is approved. This means that the actual management variable interest has a direct correlation with the lack of liquidity is variable, i.e. the actual management of a company's profits over the likelihood of increased lack of liquidity. Our results are similar to most studies. [1,2] in their study concluded that by increasing the level of accrual-based earnings management, the probability of increased stock liquidity.
Table 10: The second hypothesis (the actual management of earnings and a measure of liquidity)
| VIF | P-value | T statistic | Variable factor |
|---|---|---|---|
| - | 7/777 | 00/07 | 01/7102 |
| 0/71 | 7/077 | -7/70 | -7/7007 |
| 0/70 | 7/007 | 0/21 | 7/7000 |
| 0/71 | 7/777 | 7/77 | 7/77770 |
| 0/70 | 7/770 | -1/00 | -7/7702 |
| 7/777 | | | |
| 07/10 | | | |
As in Table 10 can be seen, the actual management of a significant variable interest (0.640) and coefficient (-0.0174) is. The second hypothesis is that stock liquidity Based on ln ($ volume) that a stock is a measure of liquidity measure, which rejected at a significance level of 95%. This means that the actual management of the variable associated with the variable liquidity is insignificant and reverse.
6. CONCLUSION
One of the characteristics of the ideal efficient market, no transaction costs, and therefore high liquidity; Therefore, it can be a measure of the efficiency of market liquidity, particularly in terms of the information presented. And widely used in the examination of the factors used to present information [1]. With increased liquidity, transaction costs will drop dramatically. Liquidity also plays an important role in the price discovery process. The concept of fledgling markets such as market liquidity in Iran is very important. The results of research in the field of liquidity in the securities market is Iran, shows that investors lack of liquidity risk in their decisions in terms of their intensity. after investigating the factors affecting the liquidity of the utmost importance. Among the factors that could affect liquidity, earnings management. As the company's earnings management in selecting accounting policies to achieve some specific goals defined administrator. The effect of accrual-based earnings management and gain real management on liquidity and lack of liquidity stocks were examined. Our results suggest that the accrual-based earnings management by the lack of liquidity of a significant relationship, and there is a significant inverse relationship with stock liquidity. The benefit of the actual management of a significant relationship with the lack of stock liquidity, and the liquidity and there is an inverse relationship insignificant. Finally, it is suggested that other criteria should be used to measure stock liquidity and earnings management. The study also suggested that industry be investigated separately in Tehran Stock Exchange.
References
[1] Chung, K. Elder, J, Kim, J., (2008), "Corporate Governance and Liquidity", journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis.
[0] Cohen D. A., Zarowin P. (2008)."Accrual- Based and Real Earnings Management activities around Seasoned Equity Offerings". working paper, Available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1081939.
[1] Dechow, P. M., Sloan, R. G., and Sweeney, A. P.(1995). Detecting earnings management Accounting Review, 70: 193-225.
[7] Dye R. Earnings management in an overlapping generations model. Journal of Accounting Research 1988; 26:195-235.
[2] García, J.M,and G.Beatriz andF. Penalva. (2012). Accounting conservatism and the limits to earnings management http://ssrn.com/abstract=2165694.
[0] Goss, Barry A. (2008). "Debt, Risk and Liquidity in Futures Markets", Routledge, New York0
[7] Healy, P. M., and Wahlen, J. M.(1999). A review of the earnings management literat and its implications for standard setting. Accounting Horizons, 13: 365-3830
[8] Jones, J. J. (1991). Earnings management during import relief investigations. Journal of Accounting Research 29 (2): 193-228.
[9] Kothari, S.P., A.J. Leone, and C.E. Wasley.(2005). Performance matched discretional accruals measures. Journal of Accounting and Economics 39: 163-197.
[10] Roychowdhury,S.(2006). Management of earnings through the manipulation of rea activities thataffect cash flow from operations. Journal of Accounting and Economics 42 (3): 335-370.
[11] Schipper, K. (1989). Commentary on earnings management. Accounting Horizons, 3: 91- 12.
[12] Zang, A. Y.(2012). Evidence on the trade-off between real activities manipulation and accrual based earnings management.The Accounting Review87 (2): 675-703. | <urn:uuid:762114ba-30a4-4be4-be93-8be837a51a9a> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 32,868 |
Fa bordavázas épület hőátbocsátási tényező számítása
Hantos Zoltán, Karácsonyi Zsolt*
2006. szeptember 1-én hazánkban is életbe lépett az új épületenergetikai szabályozás. A számítási eljárás során az épület valamennyi külső és fűtetlen tértől elválasztó szerkezetét külön-külön méretezni kell hőtechnikai szempontok szerint. A térelhatároló szerkezetek hőátbocsátó képességének a rendeletben előírt határérték alatt kell maradnia. A hőátbocsátó képesség jellemzésére a hőátbocsátási tényezőt használjuk. A hőátbocsátási tényező értékének meghatározását két, párhuzamosan érvényes szabvány írja elő. Az egyik az MSZ-04-140-2:1991, a másik az EN ISO 6946. A magyar és az uniós számítási módszer eredményeit hasonlítjuk össze egy fa bordavázas, könnyűszerkezetes épület külső térelhatároló szerkezetein keresztül. Cikksorozatunk első részében a külső falakat vizsgáljuk.
Kulcsszavak: Hőátbocsátási tényező, Könnyűszerkezetes épületek, Szabványharmonizáció
Calculation of the thermal transmittance of a wood-frame housing system
As of the 1st of September, 2006 a new building regulation is in effect in Hungary. According to this regulation, all elements that separate interior and exterior spaces are to be designed for thermal isolation individually. The thermal transmittance of each structure has to remain under a prescribed limit value. Two methods the one described in the Hungarian Standard MSZ-04-140-2:1991 and the Europand Standard EN ISO 6946 are equally valid for calculating these values. The purpose of this article is to compare these two standards in the case of a wood-frame housing system. In the first part of our article series, the external walls are examined.
Keywords: Thermal transmittance, Wood-frame housing, Harmonisation of standards
Bevezetés
A fa bordavázas, könnyűszerkezetes épület külső falszerkezete réteges felépítésű. A külső falaktól elvárt különböző funkciókat különböző anyagok biztosítják. A tehervise-lést a fa bordaelemek, a hőszigetelést a bordaközököbe beépített hőszigetelő-anyag, illetve a homlokzati hőszigetelő-rendszer, a légzárást és állagvédelmet a borítólemezek, illetve a beépített párazáró fólia végzi. A meruvítés a borítólemezek és az alkalmazott kötőelemek feladata. A fal hőszigetelő képességének meghatározásánál nem hagyható figyelmet kívül, hogy a falfelület egyes pontjain két – jól elkülöníthető – rétegrend alakul ki: a bordákon, illetve a bordaközökben értelmezett rétegrendek (1. ábra). A két rétegrend aránya a felület mentén jelentős: egy általános épület esetén nagyjából 20% bordafelülettel, és 80% bordaköz-felülettel lehet számolni. Ezeket az arányokat könnyen beláthatjuk, ha megnézzük a 2. ábrán látható két falpanel-vázlatot. A 2,75 x 5,00 méteres falszakasz nyílások nélkül 16:84 arányú borda-bordaköz felülettel rendelkezik, míg ugyanez a fal két 100/120-as ablaknyílással már 28:72 értéket vesz fel.
Az ilyen (különböző rétegrendű szakaszokból álló) falfelületek hőátbocsátási tényezőjének meghatározásához mindkét szabvány ad iránymutatást. Számításaink készítésekor a két módszer, illetve az eredmények összehasonlítását tűztük ki célul.
Dolgozatunkkal fel szeretnénk hívni a figyelmet arra is, hogy a könnyűszerkezetes épületek szerkezeteinek hőátbocsátási tényezője a bordák jelenléte miatt magasabb (tehát rosszabb), mint a legtöbb könnyűszerkezetes katalógusban található, rendszerint bordaközre számított érték.
* Hantos Zoltán doktorandusz hallgató, NyME Építéstan Intézet
Karácsonyi Zsolt doktorandusz hallgató, NyME Műszaki Mechanika és Tartószerkezetek Intézet
1. ábra – Fa-bordavázas épület külső falszerkezetének felépítése, rétegrendje
Teljes felület: 13,75 m²
Bordafelület: 2,20 m² (16%)
Hőszig.felület: 11,55 m² (84%)
a.
Teljes felület: 11,35 m²
Bordafelület: 3,21 m² (28%)
Hőszig.felület: 8,14 m² (72%)
b.
2. ábra – A borda- és hőszigetelés felületek eloszlása a külső falakon, általános nyílások nélküli (a) és két ablakot tartalmazó (b) falszakasz esetében
A hőátbocsátási tényező meghatározása az MSZ-04-140-2:1991 szerint
Alkalmazott jelölések:
\( k \) – hőátbocsátási tényező (W / m²K)
\( A_{f\%},4 \) – bordafelület (%)
\( A_{f\%},3 \) – hőszigetelt felület (%)
\( R \) – hővezetési ellenállás (m²K / W)
\( R_I \) – súlyozott hővezetési ellenállás – felső érték (m²K / W)
\( R_{II} \) – súlyozott hővezetési ellenállás – alsó érték (m²K / W)
\( R_i \) – hőszigetelő rétegek hővezetési ellenállása (i=1,2,3,4) (m²K / W)
\( \sum R_4 \) – bordánál számított teljes hővezetési ellenállás (m²K / W)
\( \sum R_3 \) – hősz.-nél számított teljes hővezetési ellenállás (m²K / W)
\( \alpha_i, \alpha_e \) – hőátadási tényezők (táblázatból vett értékek) (m²K / W)
\( \lambda_i \) – hőszigetelő rétegek hővezetési tényezője (i=1,2,3,4) (W / mK)
\( \lambda_{lbe} \) – hőszigetelő rétegek módosított hővezetési tényezője (W / mK)
\( \kappa \) – korrektíós tényező (MSZ-04-140-2:1991)
A hőátbocsátási tényező számítása:
\[
k = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{\alpha_i} + R + \frac{1}{\alpha_e}}
\]
Hővezetési ellenállás számítása:
\[
R = \frac{R_I + 2R_{II}}{3}
\]
Súlyozott hővezetési ellenállás felső értékének számítása:
\[
R_I = \frac{1}{\sum R_4 + \sum R_3}
\]
Súlyozott hővezetési ellenállás alsó értékének számítása:
\[
R_{II} = R_1 + R_2 + ... + \frac{1}{R_4} + \frac{A_{f\%},3}{R_3}
\]
Az egyes rétegek hővezetési tényezői (1. ábra):
\[
\begin{align*}
\lambda_1 &= 0,04 \text{ W / mK} \\
\lambda_2 &= 0,30 \text{ W / mK} \\
\lambda_3 &= 0,04 \text{ W / mK} \\
\lambda_4 &= 0,13 \text{ W / mK}
\end{align*}
\]
A hőszigetelő réteg hővezetési tényezőjének helyesbítése a beépítési feltételek függvényében:
- homlokzati ásványgyapot szigetelés, amire rávakolnak (MSZ-04-140-2:1991):
\[
\lambda_{lbe} = \lambda_1(1 + \kappa) = 0,04(1 + 0,3) = 0,052
\]
- táblás ásványgyapot szigetelés, amit függőlegesen építenek be (MSZ-04-140-2:1991):
\[
\lambda_{3be} = \lambda_3(1 + \kappa) = 0,04(1 + 0,15) = 0,046
\]
Az egyes rétegek hővezetési ellenállásának a számítása:
\[
\begin{align*}
R_1 &= \frac{d_1}{\lambda_{lbe}} = \frac{0,05}{0,052} = 0,962 \\
R_2 &= \frac{d_2}{\lambda_2} = \frac{0,015}{0,3} = 0,05 \\
R_3 &= \frac{d_3}{\lambda_{3be}} = \frac{0,12}{0,046} = 2,609 \\
R_4 &= \frac{d_4}{\lambda_4} = \frac{0,12}{0,13} = 0,923
\end{align*}
\]
A bordánál és a hőszigetelésnél számított teljes hővezetési ellenállás számítása:
\[
\begin{align*}
\sum R_4 &= R_1 + R_2 + R_4 + R_2 = 1,985 \\
\sum R_3 &= R_1 + R_2 + R_3 + R_2 = 3,671
\end{align*}
\]
A fentieket behelyettesítve a [3]-as és [4]-es képletekbe:
\[
R_I = \frac{1}{\sum R_4 + \sum R_3} = \frac{1}{0,2 + 0,8} = 3,138
\]
\[ R_{II} = R_1 + R_2 + \frac{I}{A_{\text{felület},4}} + \frac{A_{\text{felület},3}}{R_4} + R_2 = 0,962 + 0,05 + \frac{1}{0,2} + \frac{0,8}{0,923} + 0,05 = 2,973 + 2,609 \]
\[ R_1 \text{ és } R_{II} \text{ értéket a [2] képletbe behelyettesítve:} \]
\[ R = \frac{R_j + 2R_{II}}{3} = \frac{3,138 + 2 \cdot 2,973}{3} = 3,028 \]
A fenti eredményt behelyettesítve a [1] képletbe:
\[ k = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{\alpha_i} + R + \frac{1}{\alpha_e}} = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{8} + 3,028 + \frac{1}{24}} = 0,31 \]
A régi számítási eljárással egy általános rétegrendű (1.ábra) fa bordavázás, könnyűszerkezetes falszerkezet hőátbocsátási tényezője: \( k = 0,31 \text{ W / m}^2\text{K} \) értékre adódik.
**A hőátbocsátási tényező meghatározása az EN ISO 6946 szerint**
Az alkalmazott jelölések:
- \( A_{\text{felület},4} \) – bordafelület (%)
- \( A_{\text{felület},3} \) – hőszigetelt felület (%)
- \( R_T \) – hővezetési ellenállás (m²K / W)
- \( R'_T \) – súlyozott hővezetési ellenállás – felső érték (m²K / W)
- \( R''_T \) – súlyozott hővezetési ellenállás – alsó érték (m²K / W)
- \( R_i \) – hőszigetelő rétegek hővezetési ellenállása (i=1,2,3,4) (m²K / W)
- \( R_{Si} \) – belső felületi ellenállás (táblázatból vett érték) (m²K / W)
- \( R_{Se} \) – külső felületi ellenállás (táblázatból vett érték) (m²K / W)
- \( \sum R_4 \) – bordánál számított teljes hővezetési ellenállás (m²K / W)
- \( \sum R_3 \) – hősz.-nél számított teljes hővezetési ellenállás (m²K / W)
- \( U \) – hőátbocsátási tényező (W / m²K)
- \( \Delta U_g \) – hőátbocsátási korrekciós tényező,
- \( \Delta U_f \) – hőátbocsátási korrekciós tényező,
- \( \lambda_i \) – hőszigetelő rétegek hővezetési tényezője (i=1,2,3,4) (W / mK)
A hőátbocsátási tényező számítása:
\[ U = \frac{1}{R_T} + \Delta U_g + \Delta U_f \quad [7] \]
A hővezetési ellenállás számítása:
\[ R_T = \frac{R'_T + R''_T}{2} \quad [8] \]
A súlyozott hővezetési ellenállás felső értékének számítása:
\[ R'_T = \frac{1}{\sum R_4 + \sum R_3} \quad [9] \]
Súlyozott hővezetési ellenállás alsó értékének számítása:
\[ R''_T = R_{Si} + R_j + R_2 + ... + \frac{1}{A_{\text{felület},4} + A_{\text{felület},3}} + ... + R_n + R_{Se} \quad [10] \]
Az egyes rétegek hővezetési tényezőjének a felvétele:
- \( \lambda_1 = 0,04 \text{ W / mK} \)
- \( \lambda_2 = 0,30 \text{ W / mK} \)
- \( \lambda_3 = 0,04 \text{ W / mK} \)
- \( \lambda_4 = 0,13 \text{ W / mK} \)
Az egyes rétegek hővezetési ellenállásának a számítása:
\[ R_1 = \frac{d_1}{\lambda_1} = \frac{0,05}{0,04} = 1,25 \text{ m}^2\text{K / W} \]
\[ R_2 = \frac{d_2}{\lambda_2} = \frac{0,015}{0,3} = 0,05 \text{ m}^2\text{K / W} \]
\[ R_3 = \frac{d_3}{\lambda_3} = \frac{0,12}{0,04} = 3,00 \text{ m}^2\text{K / W} \]
\[ R_4 = \frac{d_4}{\lambda_4} = \frac{0,12}{0,13} = 0,923 \text{ m}^2\text{K / W} \]
A bordánál és a hőszigetelésnél számított teljes hővezetési ellenállás számítása:
\[ \sum R_4 = R_{si} + R_1 + R_2 + R_4 + R_2 + R_{se} = \\
= 0,1 + 1,25 + 0,05 + 0,923 + 0,05 + 0,04 = 2,413 \]
\[ \sum R_3 = R_{si} + R_1 + R_2 + R_3 + R_2 + R_{se} = \\
= 0,1 + 1,25 + 0,05 + 3,00 + 0,05 + 0,04 = 4,490 \]
Behelyettesítés a [9]-es és [10]-es képletekbe:
\[ R'_T = \frac{1}{\sum A_{\%sl,4}} + \frac{A_{\%sl,3}}{\sum R_3} = \frac{1}{\frac{0,2}{2,413} + \frac{0,8}{4,490}} = 3,831 \]
\[ R''_T = R_{si} + R_1 + R_2 + \frac{I}{R_4} + \frac{A_{\%sl,4}}{R_4} + \frac{A_{\%sl,3}}{R_3} \]
\[ R_2 + R_{se} = 0,1 + 1,25 + 0,05 + \\
+ \frac{1}{\frac{0,2}{0,923} + \frac{0,8}{3,00}} + 0,05 + 0,04 = 3,559 \]
A fenti eredményeket a [8]-as képletbe helyettesítve:
\[ R_T = \frac{R'_T + R''_T}{2} = \frac{3,831 + 3,559}{2} = 3,695 \]
A hőátbocsátási tényező ezek után a [7] szerint számítható:
\[ U = \frac{1}{R_T} + \Delta U_g + \Delta U_f = \frac{1}{3,695} + 0,01 + 0,032 = 0,31 \]
A új, EU szabvány szerinti számítási eljárással egy általános rétegrendű fa bordavázás, könnyűszerkezetes falszerkezet (1. ábra) hőátbocsátási tényezője: \( U = 0,31 (\text{W} / \text{m}^2 \text{K}) \) értékre adódik.
**Az eredmények összehasonlítása**
Az EN ISO szabvány szerinti számítás eredménye adja a magasabb értéket, de az eltérés mindössze 3%-os. A két, érvényben lévő szabvány számítási menete a főbb pontokban megegyezik. Eltérés a korrekciós tényezők figyelembevételében és a borda-bordaköz felületek súlyozásának számításában van. A korrekciós tényezőket mindkét szabvány esetében a hőszigetelő rétegekre kell alkalmazni, azok beépítési, szerelhetőségi tulajdonságai miatt. Általánosságban elmondható, hogy a fa bordaváz kitöltésére használatos szálas hőszigetelő anyagoknak alacsony a test-sűrűsége, így a függőleges beépítés után roskadásra hajlamosak. A magyar szabvány ezt a jelenséget egyértelműen figyelembe veszi, míg az európai szabvány eleve csökkentett hővezetési tényező (ún. deklarált hővezetési tényező) használatát irja elő a gyártók számára, ami azután tervezési értékként használható. A végeredmény tekintetében a különbségek nem jelentősek.
**Összefoglalás**
Számításaink során meghatároztuk egy – ma Magyarországon általános – fa bordavázás épület külső falszerkezetének hőátbocsátási tényezőjét a még érvényes magyar, és a már érvényes európai szabvány szerint. A számlolásnál figyelembe vettük, hogy egy átlagos külső falszerkezet esetén a falfelület 20%-a bordaváz, és csupán 80%-a a hőszigetelő anyaggal kitöltött bordaköz. A két számítási módszer eredményei között nincs nagyságrendi eltérés. Ez azzal magyarázható, hogy néhány részletet kivéve a két módszer alapelvei megegyeznek. Cikksorozatunk következő részében a borított gerenda zárófödémmel foglalkozunk.
**Felhasznált irodalom:**
1. MSZ-04-140-2:1991. **Épületek és épület-határoló szerkezetek hőtechnikai számításai, hőtechnikai méretezés.**
2. EN ISO 6946:1999. **Hővezetési ellenállás és épületelemelek. Hővezetési ellenállás és hőátbocsátás.** Általános számítási módszerek | <urn:uuid:973cd477-909d-44cc-829b-6544f311d0ad> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hun_Latn/train | finepdfs | hun_Latn | 12,489 |
Can Corporate Monitorships Improve Corporate Compliance?
Cristie Ford* and David Hess**
I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 680
II. THE PAST AND PRESENT OF MONITORSHIPS .................................................. 682
A. Current Use of Monitorships .................................................................................. 682
B. Forerunners to Corporate Monitorships ................................................................. 683
1. Mobs, Prisons, and Private Inspector Generals .................................................. 683
2. Corporations and Monitors .................................................................................. 684
a. The Securities and Exchange Commission .................................................... 684
b. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General ........ 686
c. Department of Justice ....................................................................................... 686
III. HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CORPORATE ETHICS AND COMPLIANCE PROGRAMS .................................................................................................................. 689
A. A Brief History of Compliance Programs: From Controls to Corporate Culture .... 689
B. The Development of Compliance Professionals ..................................................... 692
C. Summary of Monitorships and Compliance Programs .......................................... 694
IV. UNDERSTANDING CORPORATE MONITORSHIPS .............................................. 695
A. Negotiating the Terms of the Settlement Agreement ............................................. 697
1. Settle or Prosecute? Policy Debates Behind Settlement Agreements .............. 697
2. Power and Participation in the Negotiation Process .......................................... 701
3. Corporate Rehabilitation and the Duties of Corporate Monitors ..................... 703
4. The Scope of the Monitorship ............................................................................. 707
5. Monitor Independence ......................................................................................... 709
B. Selecting the Monitor ............................................................................................... 711
* Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, University of British Columbia.
** Assistant Professor, Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan. This research was supported by a grant from the TMX Group, Toronto, Canada. We thank Sam Cole for his outstanding research assistance on this project.
I. INTRODUCTION
The use of corporate monitorships as part of settlement agreements with the Department of Justice (DOJ) and Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) is now a common feature of corporate crime enforcement.\(^1\) These agencies have placed monitors in such well-known corporations as America Online, Bank of New York, Boeing, KPMG, and Monsanto. The monitor’s role is to ensure that the corporation meets the terms of its settlement agreement, such as a deferred prosecution agreement (DPA),\(^2\) which typically requires that the corporation end its wrongful practices and develop and implement an improved compliance program to prevent future violations.\(^3\)
Some argue that settlement agreements with monitorships are a “stroke of genius,” since the government can achieve all it wants out of a conviction (e.g., admission of guilt by the company and the implementation of reforms) without the
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1. For an overview of the use of settlements, see generally Brandon L. Garrett, *Structural Reform Prosecution*, 93 VA. L. REV. 853, 856 (2007); Benjamin M. Greenblum, Note, *What Happens to a Prosecution Deferred? Judicial Oversight of Corporate Deferred Prosecution Agreements*, 105 COLUM. L. REV. 1863 (2005); Jennifer O’Hare, *The Use of the Corporate Monitor in SEC Enforcement Actions*, 1 BROOK. J. CORP. FIN. & COM. L. 89 (2006); Leonard Orland, *The Transformation of Corporate Criminal Law*, 1 BROOK. J. CORP. FIN. & COM. L. 45 (2006).
2. For the purposes of this Article, our reference to DPAs refers to both deferred prosecution agreements and nonprosecution agreements.
3. Orland, *supra* note 1, at 72.
costs of a complete investigation and trial; critics abound. Some argue that the terms of these settlement agreements are too lenient and corporations should be criminally convicted for their actions. Others take the opposite view and argue that these agreements are too punitive and that monitors have the potential to run amok over corporations. Critics also claim conflicts of interest have led to the selection of monitors based on personal or political connections rather than competency. Members of Congress have noted these controversies and have taken action, including a hearing by the House Judiciary Committee and the proposal of two bills to regulate the use of monitors. In response, the DOJ attempted to stave off legislative interference by issuing new guidelines on the use of monitors.
Missing from this debate, however, is research into the critically important question of whether or not monitorships actually achieve their intended goals. This Article takes a first step toward addressing that question and focuses on the basic issue of whether settlement agreements with corporate monitors actually work to improve corporate behavior going forward. That is, can monitorships be justified on the basis of improving a corporation’s development and implementation of an effective compliance program? Also, if monitorships are falling short of these goals, are there reforms that can be implemented to improve their performance? Thus, the goal of this Article is to provide an initial exploration into how monitorships actually work in practice. To do
4. Interview with Jan Handzlik, Partner, Howrey, Los Angeles, California, CORP. CRIME REP., Sept. 10, 2007, at 12, 12–13. In SEC settlement agreements, the party typically does not admit guilt. See Baker Hughes Subsidiary Pleads Guilty to Three Felony Charges in Criminal Action Filed by Department of Justice, Litigation Release No. 20,094, 90 SEC Docket 1369 (Apr. 26, 2007), available at http://www.sec.gov/litigation/litreleases/2007/lr20094.htm (stating that “[w]ithout admitting or denying the allegations in the complaint, Baker Hughes has consented to the entry of a final judgment”).
5. See Crime Without Conviction: The Rise of Deferred and Non Prosecution Agreements, CORP. CRIME REP., Dec. 28, 2005 [hereinafter Crime Without Conviction], available at http://www.corporatericreporter.com/deferredreport.htm (profiling cases of deferred prosecution and nonprosecution agreements).
6. See O’Hare, supra note 1, at 90 (noting the possible consequences of a corporate monitor’s interference with a company’s operations).
7. See infra note 154 and accompanying text (noting the controversy resulting from the selection of former U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft as a corporate monitor).
8. Deferred Prosecution: Should Corporate Settlement Agreements Be Without Guidelines? Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Commercial and Admin. Law of the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 110th Cong. (2008), available at http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/hear_031108_2.html.
9. See infra note 155 (citing two proposed congressional bills).
10. See infra note text accompanying notes 156–58 (discussing the DOJ guidelines and monitor selection process).
11. Exceptions of academic research focused specifically on corporate monitors include O’Hare, supra note 1, and Vikramaditya Khanna & Timothy L. Dickinson, The Corporate Monitor: The New Corporate Czar, 105 MICH. L. REV. 1713 (2007). O’Hare, however, focuses on only on one example—Richard Breedeen’s mentorship at WorldCom. See O’Hare, supra note 1. Khanna and Dickinson focus primarily on a theoretical analysis of when mentorships should be used instead of financial penalties and whether or not monitors should have duties to the corporation. See Khanna & Dickinson, supra. Other research has focused on the issue of whether the government is abusing its power in reaching settlement agreements (e.g., by requiring corporations to waive attorney-client privilege). See Earl J. Silbert & Demme Doufekias Joannou, Under Pressure to Catch the Crooks: The Impact of Corporate Privilege Waivers on the Adversarial System, 43 AM. CRIM. L. REV. 1225 (2006) (arguing that a waiver “inappropriately endangers the adversarial process”).
this, our analysis is based in significant part on our interviews with individuals directly involved in the monitorship process, including corporate monitors, regulators, and compliance consultants.\textsuperscript{12}
This Article proceeds by first providing a brief description of monitorships as currently used. Part II also provides a discussion of the use of similar monitor-type arrangements in other settings that have influenced the current use of monitorships. Part III then shows the evolution of corporate compliance programs over time, which have gone from a focus on technical compliance with specific issues to broader programs that are integrated into the corporation’s culture and business operations. This is an important discussion, since monitorships are intended to ensure that corporations have implemented an effective compliance program. Part IV provides an analysis of monitorships in practice. Based on interviews with those involved in monitorships and on secondary data, we investigate the entire monitorship process including the scope of the monitor’s duties under the agreement, the selection of the individual to serve as monitor, how the monitor conducts his work in practice, and finally, what occurs after the monitorship ends. In general, we find that the cumulative result of decisions made with respect to each of those issues during the process leads to monitorships that are significantly less ambitious than government pronouncements behind them, and are at risk of not achieving their goals on any consistent basis. Part V then provides recommendations for reforms to help ensure that monitorships are crafted to meet the challenges at hand in any specific case and to create a process to allow them to improve over time based on experience.
II. THE PAST AND PRESENT OF MONITORSHIPS
A. Current Use of Monitorships
The use of corporate monitorships as currently structured is relatively new. The DOJ has imposed at least 44 monitorships as part of settlement agreements with corporations, almost all of which date from 2003 or later\textsuperscript{13}—the post-Enron, post-Sarbanes Oxley Act era. The SEC has often participated with the DOJ in its monitorships,\textsuperscript{14} along with using them on their own.\textsuperscript{15} As discussed further below, the SEC has a longer history with monitorships that has evolved over time. Although
\textsuperscript{12} See infra Part IV (analyzing monitorships in practice).
\textsuperscript{13} Our count of the number of DOJ monitorships comes from the DOJ’s letter to the House Committee on the Judiciary. The letter listed 41 monitorships, with all but three of those occurring in 2003 or later. Letter to John Conyers Jr., Chairman of the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, from Brian A. Benczowski, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General 5 (May 15, 2008) (copy on file with authors). The DOJ noted in the letter that this may not be a complete list. Id. at 2. Since the letter, and as of the time this Article was originally drafted, the DOJ has entered three additional monitorships. See infra note 175 and accompanying text (discussing the cases of AGA Medical, Faro Technologies, and Wilbrox).
\textsuperscript{14} See SCHNITZER STEEL INDUSTRIES DEFERRED PROSECUTION AGREEMENT 8–9 (2006), available at http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/pdf/deferredprosecution/Schnitzer061016.pdf; Schnitzer Steel Industries, Inc., Exchange Act Release No. 54,606, 89 SEC Docket 302 (Oct. 16, 2006), available at http://www.sec.gov/litigation/admin/2006/34-54606.pdf (order instituting cease-and-desist proceeding).
\textsuperscript{15} See Delta & Pine Land Co., Exchange Act Release No. 56,138, 91 SEC Docket 371 (July 25, 2007), available at http://www.sec.gov/litigation/admin/2007/34-56138.pdf (order instituting cease-and-desist proceedings).
different terminology is used to describe the monitorship\textsuperscript{16} and there is variation in the details of the monitor’s duties, they all have the same basic structure. This basic structure is that the corporation is to retain at its own expense a monitor to oversee its compliance with the settlement agreement and its implementation of required reforms, such as an improved compliance program.\textsuperscript{17} Over a period usually between 18 and 36 months, the monitor will continue to review the corporation’s implementation of the reforms and report back to the relevant government agents on the corporation’s progress.
In the Parts that follow, we will provide more detail on the use of monitorships in theory and in practice. This Part, however, provides a brief history of monitorships and how they have evolved over time in their use in corporations and other organizations. This history helps provide a lens through which to view the current use of monitorships.
\textit{B. Forerunners to Corporate Monitorships}
\textit{1. Mobs, Prisons, and Private Inspector Generals}
Corporate monitorships have a direct history in public law litigation and in labor union corruption cases brought under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO).\textsuperscript{18} Public law litigation refers to lawsuits filed against such public institutions as schools, prisons, police and fire departments, and mental health facilities, where the plaintiffs seek court involvement in restructuring the organizations involved and monitoring of the implementation process.\textsuperscript{19} To monitor a consent decree, the court appoints an independent third party to oversee the defendant’s implementation efforts. The third party—such as a referee, monitor, or special master—could be assigned different powers ranging from simply reporting back to the court on the defendant’s performance to making adjudicative decisions.\textsuperscript{20} In certain cases, such as with prisons, the court-appointed trustees have experience in other prison trusteeships and can possibly work multiple trusteeships at the same time.\textsuperscript{21}
In addition to cases involving public institutions, monitors were imposed in DOJ lawsuits against labor unions under RICO that were resolved with consent decrees.\textsuperscript{22} These monitors served as trustees that were charged with attempting to reform unions that were under the control of organized crime.\textsuperscript{23} The trusteeships varied considerably
\begin{itemize}
\item[16.] In some cases the monitor is referred to as an “independent consultant” or “independent examiner,” for example.
\item[17.] \textit{See infra} Part IV.A.3 (discussing the monitor’s role in corporate rehabilitation).
\item[18.] Garret, \textit{supra} note 1, at 857, 869–74.
\item[19.] For a general review of public law litigation, see generally Charles F. Sabel & William H. Simon, \textit{Destabilization Rights: How Public Law Litigation Succeeds}, 117 HARV. L. REV. 1015, 1021–53 (2004). \textit{See also} Susan P. Sturm, \textit{A Normative Theory of Public Law Remedies}, 79 GEO. L.J. 1355 (1991) (discussing “the remedial process in public law litigation”).
\item[20.] Lloyd C. Anderson, \textit{Implementation of Consent Decrees in Structural Reform Litigation}, 1986 U. ILL. L. REV. 725, 732–35, 746–49 (distinguishing between the powers of a monitor and a special master).
\item[21.] James B. Jacobs, \textit{MOBSTERS, UNIONS, AND FEDS} 246 (2006).
\item[22.] \textit{Id.} at 142.
\item[23.] \textit{Id.} at 154–60.
\end{itemize}
in terms of how they operated and the powers granted to the trustees.\textsuperscript{24} In some cases, the trustees had powers equivalent to the union's officers, including the power to negotiate contracts and initiate strikes.\textsuperscript{25} In other cases, the trustees did not even have the power to remove corrupt union members.\textsuperscript{26} The duration of the trusteeship could be indefinite or for a fixed term as short as 18 months.\textsuperscript{27}
The trustees—who were almost always ex-prosecutors\textsuperscript{28}—had to develop reform strategies on their own, since they did not issue public reports and had very little, if any, contact with each other.\textsuperscript{29} Thus, trustees were largely unable to learn from the successes and failures of others.\textsuperscript{30} Overall, some of these cases were successful, but others were not.\textsuperscript{31} They were influential, however, as many of the monitors we interviewed believed that the idea for monitorships came from union trusteeships.
The Independent Private Sector Inspectors General (IPSIG) model is similar. These monitors got their start in the 1990s helping New York City ensure that companies contracting with the city were not engaging in fraud, overbilling, or other violations of law.\textsuperscript{32} The individuals were placed with contractors to oversee their billing practices, ensure the completion of work, and other practices. One offshoot of IPSIG is the International Association of Independent Private Sector Inspectors General (IAIPSIG), which seeks to promote the use, integrity, and professionalism of Independent Inspector Generals.\textsuperscript{33}
\section*{2. Corporations and Monitors}
\subsection*{a. The Securities and Exchange Commission}
The SEC has used court-ordered receiverships as part of its civil enforcement suits since at least the 1960s.\textsuperscript{34} The receiverships initially served as a traditional asset preservation role, ensuring that the assets of the corporation were not subject to misappropriation or waste by management.\textsuperscript{35} Over time, SEC receiverships evolved to serve the goal of ensuring the corporation would comply with securities laws in the future.\textsuperscript{36} Although receiverships were used for solvent, ongoing corporations, as
\begin{itemize}
\item[24.] \textit{Id.}
\item[25.] James B. Jacobs et al., \textit{The RICO Trusteeship After Twenty Years: A Progress Report}, 19 LAB. LAW. 419, 427–28 (2004).
\item[26.] \textit{Id.} at 428 n.49.
\item[27.] \textit{Id.} at 426–27.
\item[28.] \textit{Id.} at 424.
\item[29.] \textit{Id.} at 433–34.
\item[30.] Jacobs, \textit{supra} note 25, at 434.
\item[31.] \textit{Id.} at 452; see also JACOBS, \textit{supra} note 21, at 242–45 (providing a list of the trusteeships and a review of whether or not each was successful).
\item[32.] James B. Jacobs & Ronald Goldstock, \textit{Monitors & IPSIGS: Emergence of a New Criminal Justice Role}, 43 CRIM. L. BULL. 217, 219 (2007).
\item[33.] About International Association of Independent Private Sector Inspectors General, http://www.iaipsig.org/about.html (last visited Jan. 20, 2009).
\item[34.] See James R. Farrand, \textit{Ancillary Remedies in SEC Civil Enforcement Suits}, 89 HARV. L. REV. 1779, 1786 (1976) (noting several cases in the 1960s utilizing receivership orders).
\item[35.] \textit{Id.} at 1787.
\item[36.] \textit{Id.} at 1787–88; Comment, \textit{Equitable Remedies in SEC Enforcement Actions}, 123 U. PA. L. REV.
\end{itemize}
opposed to receiverships in bankruptcy, the receiver was an officer of the court with duties to the "receivership estate." These duties made it difficult for the receiver to carry on the business in an entrepreneurial fashion.\textsuperscript{37} In addition, the presence of a receiver often gave the company a poor reputation among its various stakeholders.\textsuperscript{38} Both factors harmed the ongoing business of the company.\textsuperscript{39}
In cases where a receivership was viewed as unnecessary, but there were willful violations of securities laws, SEC settlement decrees included the appointment of independent directors (with or without a change in management),\textsuperscript{40} a "special counsel," or an "advisor."\textsuperscript{41} The appointment of independent directors was a way to have the benefits of a receivership, but limit the drawbacks associated with excessive negative publicity and receivers' obligations to act as officers of the court.\textsuperscript{42} Special counsel were typically attorneys given broad investigative and other powers.\textsuperscript{43} It was not uncommon for special counsel to be used simultaneously with court-appointed directors.\textsuperscript{44} The special counsel typically conducted an investigation and filed a report with the SEC and the court,\textsuperscript{45} but in some cases they had the power to bring suits on behalf of the shareholders based on their investigations.\textsuperscript{46} Advisors, on the other hand, had no power to act independently of the board and were often experts who only provided advice in specific areas (e.g., auditing).\textsuperscript{47} Corporations agreed to "special counsels" or advisors because it was a more attractive option than the alternative of a receivership.\textsuperscript{48} Associated with these agreements could be the requirement to adopt certain practices and internal controls designed to prevent the future recurrence of the securities violation at hand.\textsuperscript{49}
This approach was popular with the SEC prior to 1984, when the agency had very limited authority to impose civil penalties. Thus, the SEC relied on "remedial undertakings[.] such as procedural reforms and independent monitors, to enforce compliance with the securities laws."\textsuperscript{50} Although the SEC continued to use this
\textsuperscript{37} Equitable Remedies, supra note 36, at 1201–02.
\textsuperscript{38} Id. at 1202.
\textsuperscript{39} Id. (noting the harm to investor and consumer confidence).
\textsuperscript{40} Id. at 1205. The court-appointed directors typically could not be voted out by the shareholders during a specified time period and would only be liable to the shareholders for gross negligence. Id. at 1206.
\textsuperscript{41} Farrand, supra note 34, at 1793–94.
\textsuperscript{42} Equitable Remedies, supra note 36, at 1206.
\textsuperscript{43} Farrand, supra note 34, at 1794.
\textsuperscript{44} Equitable Remedies, supra note 36, at 1208.
\textsuperscript{45} Arthur F. Mathews, Recent Trends in SEC Requested Ancillary Relief in SEC Level Injunctive Actions, 31 BUS. LAW. 1323, 1329 (1976).
\textsuperscript{46} Equitable Remedies, supra note 36, at 1208–09.
\textsuperscript{47} Farrand, supra note 34, at 1794.
\textsuperscript{48} Id. at 1794–95; Mathews, supra note 45, at 1326. In other situations, the SEC would ask the court to appoint an independent director. Mathews, supra note 45, at 1326–28.
\textsuperscript{49} See Equitable Remedies, supra note 36, at 1196–99 (discussing past instances of SEC-mandated corporate policies).
\textsuperscript{50} Stephen M. Cutler, Director, Division of Enforcement, U.S. Sec. and Exch. Comm'n., Address at the 24th Annual Ray Garrett Jr. Corporate & Securities Law Institute (Apr. 29, 2004), available at http://www.sec.gov/news/speech/spch042904smc.htm.
approach to some degree, after 1984 monitorships received less attention until they enjoyed renewed popularity in the post-Enron era, in parallel with their adoption by the DOJ.
b. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General
Starting in the 1990s, the Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General began using Corporate Integrity Agreements (CIAs) as a way to resolve claims related to False Claims Act investigations (e.g., overbilling the government’s Medicare program). What began as a loose copy of other self-disclosure programs (e.g., the Defense Industry Initiative) is now a formalized process with corporations agreeing to over 500 CIAs in the last few years. A CIA requires the corporation to implement improved internal controls and a compliance program, appoint a compliance officer, conduct employee training, and potentially fulfill other requirements as well. In addition, CIAs typically require an Independent Review Organization (IRO) to evaluate the compliance program. Companies compete for the IRO business. For example, PricewaterhouseCoopers claims to have served as an IRO for more than 50 companies.
c. Department of Justice
In addition to DPAs, corporate monitorships have been used as a term in a court-ordered probation after a criminal conviction or guilty plea. Although the idea of probation for organizations had existed for some time, the 1991 Organizational Sentencing Guidelines (the Guidelines) were the first governmental approval of probation for rehabilitation purposes (previously, probation was limited to ensuring corporations pay fines or restitution). Under the Guidelines, courts were required to
51. Credit Suisse First Boston Corp., Securities Act Release No. 7498, Exchange Act Release No. 39,595, 66 SEC Docket 807 (Jan. 29, 1998) (order instituting a public administrative and cease-and-desist proceeding); Smith Barney, Inc., Exchange Act Release No. 39,118, 65 SEC Docket 1121 (Sept. 23, 1997) (order instituting administrative proceedings). In addition to the SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) and its predecessor organizations—the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)—began making more frequent use of monitorships starting in the early 1990s. Examples include settlements involving Nikko Securities, NYSE, Inc., Exchange Hearing Panel Decision 93-104 (July 26, 1993), and Nomura Securities, NYSE, Inc., Exchange Hearing Panel Decision 95-138 (Oct. 25, 1995).
52. See Cristie L. Ford, Toward a New Model for Securities Law Enforcement, 57 ADMIN L. REV. 757, 797 n.134 (2005) (noting the history of the SEC’s use of independent review).
53. See infra notes 81–85 and accompanying text (describing the Defense Industry Initiative).
54. See Dept. of Health & Human Serv’s., Office of Inspector Gen., Corporate Integrity Agreements, http://www.oig.hhs.gov/fraud/cias.asp (last visited Jan. 26, 2009) [hereinafter Corporate Integrity Agreements] (describing the CIA process and system). For a list of Corporate Integrity Agreements and links to the texts of the agreements, see Dept. of Health & Human Servs., Office of Inspector Gen. Corporate Integrity Agreements Documents List, http://www.oig.hhs.gov/fraud/cia/cia_list.asp (last visited Jan. 26, 2009).
55. Corporate Integrity Agreements, supra note 54.
56. PwC ADVISORY PHARM. & LIFE SCIENCES INDUST. GROUP, HOW CAN PHARMACEUTICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES COMPANIES EFFECTIVELY MEET THE CHALLENGES OF NEGOTIATING AND IMPLEMENTING A CORPORATE INTEGRITY AGREEMENT (2008).
57. William S. Lofquist, Organizational Probation and the U.S. Sentencing Commission, 525 ANNALS
order probation if the organization had more than 50 employees and did not have an effective compliance program in place.\textsuperscript{58} As part of a probation order, courts were allowed to require corporations to report on the implementation of the program, and to have a special probation officer monitor compliance based on a records review or employee interviews.\textsuperscript{59} After the 2004 amendments, the Guidelines state that even if a corporation has a compliance program, a court “shall” order a term of probation “if such sentence is necessary to ensure that changes are made within the organization to reduce the likelihood of future criminal conduct . . . .”\textsuperscript{60}
Commentators’ early criticisms and endorsements of corporate probation mirror the current debate about corporate monitorships. Critics questioned the ability of judges to effectively implement and monitor the requirements in a probation order.\textsuperscript{61} With respect to an early draft of the original sentencing guidelines, one commentator suggested that Senate confirmation hearings on federal judges must now assess those judges’ abilities to run major corporations, since that was what the guidelines would now require.\textsuperscript{62} Gruner, for example, argued instead for a probation system under which a corporation proposed a compliance program to the court, which upon approval became part of the probation terms, to be monitored by some form of probation officer.\textsuperscript{63} Gruner argued that this approach had several advantages, including shifting the burden to corporations, the ability to tailor the program to the corporation’s specific needs, greater legitimacy of the program within the corporation because it was internally developed and not externally imposed, encouraging innovation in compliance programs due to involvement of corporation personnel, and general buy-in by executives.\textsuperscript{64} Gruner’s arguments can easily be used to support the current use of corporate monitorships.
\textsuperscript{58} Loquist, \textit{Organizational Probation}, supra note 57, at 162; Christopher A. Wray, Note, \textit{Corporate Probation Under the New Organizational Sentencing Guidelines}, 101 \textit{YALE L.J.} 2017, 2028 (1992) (detailing factors in assessing effectiveness).
\textsuperscript{59} Loquist, \textit{Organizational Probation}, supra note 57, at 162.
\textsuperscript{60} U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL § 8D1.1(a)(6) (2004). In addition, the company may be required to develop an effective compliance and ethics program. \textit{Id.} § 8D1.4(c)(1). The commentary states: ‘To assess the efficacy of a compliance and ethics program submitted by the organization, the court may employ appropriate experts who shall be afforded access to all material possessed by the organization that is necessary for a comprehensive assessment of the proposed program.’ \textit{Id.} § 8D1.4 cmt. 1. If the organization repeatedly violates the terms of probation, the Sentencing Guidelines specifically grant the court power to appoint a special master or trustee to ensure compliance with the court orders. \textit{Id.} § 8F1.1 cmt. 1.
\textsuperscript{61} Richard Gruner, \textit{To Let the Punishment Fit the Organization: Sanctioning Corporate Offenders Through Corporate Probation}, 16 AM. J. CRIM. L. 1, 73–74 (1988) (questioning courts’ institutional competence to carry out such orders and comparing it to their ability, or lack thereof, to affect change in public bureaucracies).
\textsuperscript{62} Wray, supra note 58, at 2018 (quoting Victoria Toensing, \textit{Corporations on Probation: Sentenced to Fail}, LEGAL TIMES, Feb. 12, 1990, at 21).
\textsuperscript{63} Gruner, supra note 61, at 83–84 (proposing a self-regulation and probation combination).
\textsuperscript{64} \textit{Id.} at 84.
One example of a probation order that employed a monitor involved Consolidated Edison (Con Ed). In 1994, Con Ed pled guilty to environmental law violations related to the failure to disclose a potential asbestos leak to the public, and the judge sentenced the company to the maximum fine and three years' probation with a corporate monitor.\textsuperscript{65} In sentencing the corporation, the judge specifically stated that Con Ed had a culture that discouraged reporting bad news, and that culture intimidated people who otherwise would have reported the presence of asbestos from making such a report.\textsuperscript{66} The monitor was charged with ensuring that Con Ed was adopting and implementing an effective compliance program.\textsuperscript{67} An initial report by the monitor stated that several months into the monitorship, Con Ed continued to use intimidation to prevent employees from reporting violations.\textsuperscript{68} The monitor also stated that even if the corporation sincerely attempted to implement its new proposed control system, it would have no effect unless the corporation also worked to reform its "insular" and "destructive" corporate culture.\textsuperscript{69} At the end of the three-year probation, however, the judge stated that Con Ed had made significant improvements in implementing a compliance program and the company credited the change to the guidance of the monitor.\textsuperscript{70} The monitor, however, had expressed some reservations just a few months before the probation ended, stating in a report that "[m]anagers a rung or two below the officer level have expressed a fear of speaking up. Many employees said their fears will intensify once the probation ends."\textsuperscript{71} He turned out to be correct since, just a few months after the monitorship ended, the company again failed to notify the public in a timely manner of potential harm due to toxic chemicals,\textsuperscript{72} and was later placed under
\textsuperscript{65} Michael B. Gerrard & Deborah Goldberg, \textit{Corporate Probation: The Con Edison Sentence}, N.Y.L.J., May 26, 1995, at 3. Con Ed pled guilty to violating the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act by failing to notify the public of the release of asbestos in a steam pipe explosion. \textit{Id}. The Sentencing Guidelines did not apply to this case because the incidents occurred in 1989, which was before the effective date of the 1991 Sentencing Guidelines.
\textsuperscript{66} \textit{Id}. The judge stated:
One of the things I found disturbing here was the sense that there were people at Con Edison, who testified at the trial, who clearly knew and who should have been jumping up and down saying, there is asbestos here, we know it. It was obvious they didn't say it because they were intimidated from saying it, because they didn't think that was the corporate culture . . . I do think there was a sense here, at certain levels within this company, that you had better not tell the bad news.
\textit{Id}.
\textsuperscript{67} \textit{Id}.
\textsuperscript{68} Don van Natta Jr., \textit{Con Ed Cited in Intimidation of Employees}, N.Y. \textit{Times}, Dec. 19, 1995, at B1.
\textsuperscript{69} \textit{Id}.
\textsuperscript{70} David W. Dunlap, \textit{Memories of the 89 Blast Linger in Gramercy Park}, N.Y. \textit{Times}, July 21, 2007, at B4.
\textsuperscript{71} Russell Mokhiber, \textit{Reddy Kilowatt: On Probation}, MULTINATIONAL MONITOR, Oct. 1997, at 7, 8.
\textsuperscript{72} Kevin Flynn, \textit{Con Ed to Pay $2 Million to Rescuers Exposed to PCBs at Fire}, N.Y. \textit{Times}, Nov. 20, 1999, at B2 (stating that the company agreed to pay approximately $2 million to firefighters and emergency workers exposed to toxic chemicals at the company's plant and reporting official claims that the company's delay in reporting the chemicals caused exposure to more people); David M. Herszenhorn, \textit{Con Edison Taken to Task Over PCBs}, N.Y. \textit{Times}, Sept. 20, 1998, at 45 (noting that the company delayed for over a week in notifying the fire department of possible exposure to toxic chemicals at a fire in one of its buildings).
the supervision of another monitor.\textsuperscript{73}
III. HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CORPORATE ETHICS AND COMPLIANCE PROGRAMS
This brief historical overview suggests that, ultimately, monitorships are attempts to ensure that the organization has policies and procedures in place that will help prevent future misconduct. For corporations, those policies and procedures make up the organization’s ethics and compliance programs. The formalization of compliance programs and the development of compliance professionals evolved over a period of several decades, and today’s programs are characterized by an integrated and multi-factor approach to corporate compliance. This evolution is important because, as discussed in Parts IV and V below, corporate monitorships often seem to be operating on an older view of compliance—one that is focused on technical compliance as opposed to a more holistic, organizational culture-based approach.
A. A Brief History of Compliance Programs: From Controls to Corporate Culture
An early influence in the development and adoption of compliance programs were the antitrust criminal prosecutions in the heavy electrical equipment industry in the 1960s.\textsuperscript{74} During one prosecution, General Electric attempted to use its compliance program as a defense against the criminal charges.\textsuperscript{75} Although General Electric was unsuccessful, that attempt spurred widespread adoption of antitrust compliance programs. Eventually, regulators indicated they would take adoption of such programs into account when attempting to determine if a violation was “inadvertent” as opposed to intentional.\textsuperscript{76}
A second major catalyst for the development and adoption of compliance programs was the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (FCPA).\textsuperscript{77} In addition to prohibiting corporations from making corrupt payments to government officials,\textsuperscript{78} the FCPA requires corporations to implement accounting practices and internal controls that are designed to ensure that the company is not making corrupt payments.\textsuperscript{79} This spurred widespread adoption of codes of conduct and compliance programs by multinational corporations.\textsuperscript{80}
Third, in the 1980s\textsuperscript{81} due to concerns about corruption in the defense industry, and based on the recommendations of a commission appointed by the President, the
\textsuperscript{73} Metro News Briefs: Con Edison Accepts U.S. Safety Monitor, N.Y. TIMES, Apr. 19, 2000, at B8.
\textsuperscript{74} Harvey L. Pitt & Karl A. Groskaufmanis, Minimizing Corporate Civil and Criminal Liability: A Second Look at Corporate Codes of Conduct, 78 GEO. L.J. 1559, 1578 (1990).
\textsuperscript{75} Id. at 1580–81.
\textsuperscript{76} Id. at 1581–82.
\textsuperscript{77} Id. at 1582.
\textsuperscript{78} Marika Maris & Erika Singer, Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, 43 AM. CRIM. L. REV. 575, 578, 582–90 (2006).
\textsuperscript{79} Id. at 579–81.
\textsuperscript{80} Pitt & Groskaufmanis, supra note 74, at 1585–86.
\textsuperscript{81} Also in the 1980s, Congress passed the Insider Trading and Securities Fraud Enforcement Act of 1988, which required broker-dealers and investment advisors to adopt policies and procedures to prevent the misuse of material, nonpublic information. Id. at 1590–91.
Defense Industry Initiative (DII) was created.\textsuperscript{82} The DII was an attempt at self-regulation that encouraged defense contractors to adopt a code of ethics, to provide training on the code to all employees, and to create a “free and open atmosphere” within the organization for employees to report instances of fraud.\textsuperscript{83} Participation in the DII was voluntary, but the Department of Defense encouraged participation by indicating that it would consider a corporation’s compliance program as a mitigating factor in any debarment decisions.\textsuperscript{84} To receive preferential treatment, corporations were expected to self-disclose the violation and cooperate with the Department of Defense in its investigation.\textsuperscript{85}
Finally, the most important influence occurred in 1991 when the United States Sentencing Commission followed the lead of the DII and amended the Federal Sentencing Guidelines to provide a mitigated sentence for corporations convicted of a crime if they were able to demonstrate that they had attempted to prevent the misconduct by having an “effective” compliance program in place.\textsuperscript{86} The Organizational Sentencing Guidelines established seven basic requirements for an effective program, including the adoption of standards and procedures to prevent criminal conduct, appropriate oversight of the program by high-level personnel, communication of the requirements to all employees, and monitoring and updating the program as needed.\textsuperscript{87}
The Guidelines pushed compliance programs out of the defense industry, beyond limited issues such as antitrust and the FCPA, and into the mainstream.\textsuperscript{88} This spurred the significantly increased use of Ethics and Compliance Officers, industry associations to support the work of compliance professionals, and education programs put on by such groups as the Practising Law Institute.\textsuperscript{89} The adoption of compliance programs consistent with the Guidelines continued to grow when in 1996, in the case of \textit{In re Caremark International Inc. Derivative Litigation}, the Delaware Court of Chancery indicated that directors’ fiduciary duties may require the board to take advantage of the potential for a mitigated sentence under the Guidelines by adopting a compliance program.\textsuperscript{90} Further incentives to adopt and improve compliance programs came in
\textsuperscript{82} See generally Nancy B. Kurland, \textit{The Defense Industry Initiative: Ethics, Self-Regulation, and Accountability}, 12 J. BUS. ETHICS 137 (1993) (detailing the formation of DII); see also Defense Industry Initiative, http://www.dii.org (last visited Jan. 26, 2009) (describing the organization and its purpose).
\textsuperscript{83} Kurland, \textit{supra} note 82, at 138.
\textsuperscript{84} Pitt & Groskaufmanis, \textit{supra} note 74, at 1595.
\textsuperscript{85} Christopher A. Wray & Robert K. Hur, \textit{Corporate Criminal Prosecution in a Post-Enron World: The Thompson Memo in Theory and Practice}, 43 AM. CRIM. L. REV. 1095, 1115–16 (2006).
\textsuperscript{86} Diana E. Murphy, \textit{The Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations: A Decade of Promoting Compliance and Ethics}, 87 IOWA L. REV. 697, 702–03 (2002).
\textsuperscript{87} \textit{Id.} at 703–04.
\textsuperscript{88} See David Hess et al., \textit{The 2004 Amendments to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines and Their Implicit Call for a Symbiotic Integration of Business Ethics}, 11 FORDHAM J. CORP. & FIN. L. 725, 731 (2006) (stating that compliance programs became a standard practice after the Guidelines went into effect).
\textsuperscript{89} See U.S. SENTENCING COMM., REPORT OF THE AD HOC ADVISORY GROUP ON THE ORGANIZATIONAL SENTENCING GUIDELINES 29–30 (2003), available at http://www.ussc.gov/corp/advgprpt/advgprppt.htm (discussing the growth of the Ethics Officer Association and the spread of the compliance education programs after the Guidelines went into effect).
\textsuperscript{90} \textit{In re Caremark Int’l Inc. Derivative Litig.}, 698 A.2d 959, 961 (Del. Ch. 1996). The holding in \textit{Caremark} was supported by the Delaware Supreme Court in \textit{Stone v. Ritter}, 911 A.2d 362 (Del. 2006). For a
1999, when the DOJ officially stated that it would take into account the adequacy of a corporation’s compliance program when deciding whether to prosecute a corporation, as opposed to just prosecuting any individuals involved in the criminal activity.\textsuperscript{91} Likewise, in 2001, the SEC issued what is commonly known as the Seaboard Report. The Seaboard Report indicated that it would be more lenient in its enforcement response for corporations that had effective compliance programs in place and cooperated with the SEC in its investigation.\textsuperscript{92}
During this time, academics and industry professionals worked at developing a better understanding of what makes a compliance program effective. One of the most influential insights was Harvard Business School Professor Lynn Sharp Paine’s distinction between compliance-based programs and integrity-based programs.\textsuperscript{93} Both
\textsuperscript{91} See Murphy, \textit{supra} note 86, at 712 (noting that the Deputy Attorney General listed the existence and adequacy of a compliance program as a factor for prosecutors to consider when deciding whether to charge a corporation). This policy was found in the Memorandum from Eric H. Holder, Jr., Deputy Attorney Gen., U.S. Dep’t of Justice, to All Component Heads and U.S. Attorneys (June 16, 1999) [hereinafter Holder Memo], available at http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/fraud/docs/reports/1999/chargingcorps.html. The Holder Memo was updated by Memorandum from Larry D. Thompson, Deputy Attorney Gen., U.S. Dep’t of Justice, to All Component Heads and U.S. Attorneys (Jan. 20, 2003) [hereinafter the Thompson Memo], available at http://www.usdoj.gov/dag/crt/corporate\_guidelines.htm, and then by Memorandum from Paul J. McNulty, Deputy Attorney Gen., U.S. Dep’t of Justice, to All Component Heads and U.S. Attorneys (Dec. 12, 2006) [hereinafter McNulty Memo], available at http://www.usdoj.gov/dag/speeches/2006/mcnulty\_memo.pdf. Most recently, and occurring after the original drafting of this Article, the McNulty Memo was revised and committed to the United States Attorney’s Manual. Press Release, Dept. of Justice, Justice Department Revises Charging Guidelines for Prosecuting Corporate Fraud (Aug. 28, 2008), available at http://www.usdoj.gov/opg/pr/2008/August/08-odag-757.html.
The major revisions relate mostly to changes in the consideration of waiver of attorney-client privilege, but also provide that “that prosecutors may not consider whether a corporation has sanctioned or retained culpable employees in evaluating whether to assign cooperation credit to the corporation.” \textit{Id}. For purposes of this paper, we retain our original language of referring to these charging guidelines as the McNulty Memo, as the DOJ monitorships we discuss in this paper almost all occurred under the Thompson or McNulty Memos.
\textsuperscript{92} Report of Investigation Pursuant to Section 21(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Commission Statement on the Relationship of Cooperation to Agency Enforcement Divisions, Exchange Act Release No. 44,969, 76 SEC Docket 220 (October 23, 2001), available at http://www.sec.gov/litigation/investreport/34-44969.htm; see also Barry W. Rashkover, Reforming Corporations Through Prosecution: Perspectives from an SEC Enforcement Lawyer, 89 CORNELL L. REV. 535, 539–40 (2004) (discussing the Seaboard Report from the perspective of SEC enforcement). Other government agencies also promote the use of compliance programs. For example, the Department of Health and Human Services provides guidance on the requirements of a compliance program in the healthcare industry. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., Office of Inspector Gen., Compliance Guidance, http://oig.hhs.gov/fraud/complianceguidance.asp (last visited Feb. 26, 2009) (providing a variety of documents on compliance guidance for different types of healthcare organizations).
Most recently, as of December 2007, companies that have contracts with the federal government that are over $5 million in value and have a duration of over 120 days are required to have a code of ethics and a compliance program. Sheri Qualters, Contractor Crackdown Gets Tougher, N.Y.L.J., Apr. 28, 2008, at 8.
\textsuperscript{93} Lynn Sharp Paine, \textit{Managing for Organizational Integrity}, HARV. BUS. REV., Mar.–Apr. 1994, at 106, 110–11 (noting that compliance is “rooted in avoiding legal sanctions” but integrity is based on self-governance according to “guiding principles”).
applied to compliance programs, but Paine referred to a compliance-based approach as focusing primarily on deterrence through punishment for rule violations, while an integrity-based program focused on developing appropriate organizational values and empowering employees to act upon those values.\textsuperscript{94} Empirical studies show that the most effective compliance programs have elements of each approach, but that the integrity-based aspects must dominate.\textsuperscript{95}
Implementing an integrity-based program requires understanding the organization’s culture.\textsuperscript{96} The importance of managing an organization’s culture to ensure the effectiveness of a compliance program gained significant traction when the Sentencing Commission formalized it as part of the Organizational Sentencing Guidelines in 2004. The amended Guidelines refer to a corporation’s “compliance and ethics program” and describe an effective program as one designed to “prevent and detect criminal conduct” and to “promote an organizational culture that encourages ethical conduct and a commitment to compliance with the law.”\textsuperscript{97}
\textit{B. The Development of Compliance Professionals}
The increased importance of compliance programs has led to the development of compliance professionals. This development is supported by several nonprofit organizations and networks devoted to compliance professionals.\textsuperscript{98} The Society of Corporate Compliance and Ethics has recently started offering a one-day exam (and associated training programs) that allow an individual to become a certified compliance and ethics professional.\textsuperscript{99} Some universities are also starting to offer certificate programs in compliance.\textsuperscript{100}
Despite the development of a compliance profession, there remains wide variation
\textsuperscript{94} \textit{Id.} For an overview and discussion of empirical studies showing the greater effectiveness of integrity-based approaches, see David Hess, \textit{A Business Ethics Perspective on Sarbanes-Oxley and the Organizational Sentencing Guidelines}, 105 MICH. L. REV. 1781, 1791–94 (2007) (stating that “whereas a compliance-based program focuses on teaching employees the laws and rules they must comply with, an integrity-based program focuses on integrating ethics into employees’ decision making and inspiring them to live up to the company’s ethical ideals”).
\textsuperscript{95} Hess, \textit{supra} note 94, at 1792–94 (citing one study showing that integrity-based programs are more effective, and another finding that, when using both elements, the compliance aspect should not be overemphasized).
\textsuperscript{96} \textit{See id.} at 1792 (noting that the program “focuses on integrating ethics into employees’ decision-making and inspiring them to live up to the company’s ethical ideals”); Paine, \textit{supra} note 93, at 112 (listing company culture as a factor to consider).
\textsuperscript{97} U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL § 8B2.1(a) (2004).
\textsuperscript{98} These include the Ethics and Compliance Officers Association, http://www.theecoa.org (last visited Jan. 29, 2009), the Ethics Resource Center, http://www.ethics.org (last visited Jan. 29, 2009), the Open Compliance and Ethics Group, http://www.oceg.org (last visited Jan. 29, 2009), the Society of Corporate Compliance and Ethics, http://www.corporatecompliance.org (last visited Jan. 29, 2009), and the Health Care Compliance Association, http://www.hcca-info.org (last visited Jan. 29, 2009).
\textsuperscript{99} \textit{See} Society of Corporate Compliance and Ethics, \textit{supra} note 98.
\textsuperscript{100} These programs include: George Washington University’s Graduate Certificate in Healthcare Corporate Compliance, http://nearyou.gwu.edu/hcc/ (last visited Jan. 29, 2009), Florida Gulf Coast University’s Compliance Specialist Graduate Certificate, http://cps.fgcu.edu/JS/CS/index.html (last visited Jan. 29, 2009), and Hamline University School of Law’s Health Care Compliance Certification Program, http://law.hamline.edu/health/corporate_compliance_certificate_program.html (last visited Jan. 29, 2009).
in corporations' general approach to their compliance programs. For example, there is no uniformity when it comes to whom the organization selects to be in charge of the compliance program. A recent survey found that the person with responsibility for the compliance program had the word "compliance" in their title (e.g., chief compliance officer) in only 40% of the companies that responded.\footnote{101} Other corporate executives in charge of their companies' compliance programs include someone in the general counsel's office, the controller, or a vice president of internal audit.\footnote{102} Accordingly, the background of the person in charge of the compliance program can also vary. A 2000 survey found that only 29% of compliance officers in the United States had a law degree.\footnote{103} This reflects the evolution of the role, which seems to be moving away from being viewed as a field for simply "legal technicians."\footnote{104} The approach to managing a compliance program can vary significantly between chief ethics and compliance officers (CECOs) who are lawyers by training and CECOs who come from a management background. For example, one survey found that legally trained CECOs believed that the most important root causes of misconduct were employee ignorance of legal requirements and corporate policies.\footnote{105} CECOs from a management background, however, listed the most important causes as factors related to a corporation's culture, such as lack of leadership on ethics and management pressure to meet goals and performance expectations.\footnote{106}
The individuals in charge of compliance programs typically report directly to the CEO or general counsel, but a smaller percentage report to the chief financial officer or the audit committee of the board of directors.\footnote{107} Even though the individual in charge of the compliance program does not report directly to the board, under the Guidelines they should have access to the board if needed,\footnote{108} and it appears that most do.\footnote{109}
\begin{itemize}
\item[101.] Melissa Klein Aguilar, \textit{CW Survey Shows Lack of CCO Standards}, \textit{COMPLIANCE WK.}, June 2008, at 18–19. Larger companies are more likely to have a chief compliance officer. This survey was an online survey of the readership of \textit{Compliance Week} conducted during March 2008 with 284 usable respondents. The respondents were from corporations of a wide range of sizes and industries. The raw data is on file with the authors.
\item[102.] \textit{Id.}
\item[103.] James Weber & Dana Fortun, \textit{Ethics and Compliance Officer Profile: Survey, Comparison and Recommendations}, 110 \textit{BUS. \& SOC. REV.} 97, 99, 105 (2005).
\item[104.] Caron Carlson, \textit{The Evolution of the Modern CCO}, \textit{COMPLIANCE WK.}, Mar. 2008, at 1, 40 (quoting the comments of Scott Mitchell, the CEO of a nonprofit organization for compliance professionals).
\item[105.] GARY E. EDWARDS \& ROBERT REID, \textit{CHALLENGES FACING CORPORATE ETHICS AND COMPLIANCE PROGRAMS: A RESEARCH REPORT FROM ETHOS INTERNATIONAL} 10–11 (2007), available at http://www.ethosinternational.net/files/689\_file\_PDF\_EthosResearchReport2007.pdf.
\item[106.] \textit{Id.}
\item[107.] Aguilar, \textit{supra} note 101, at 19. The \textit{Compliance Week} survey found that 35% report to the CEO, 21% to the general counsel, and 13% to the board (or more likely, the audit committee of the board). \textit{Id.} A 2007 survey by the Ethics and Compliance Officers Association found that 32% report to the CEO, 41% to the general counsel, and 7% to the board. \textit{Id.} at 18. A third study, conducted by the Conference Board in 2005 with 225 respondents, found similar results, with 31% of executives in charge of compliance reporting to the CEO, and 37% to the general counsel. RONALD E. BERENBEIM, \textit{CONFERENCE BOARD RESEARCH REPORT: UNIVERSAL CONDUCT: AN ETHICS AND COMPLIANCE BENCHMARKING SURVEY} 10–11 (2006).
\item[108.] U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL § 8B2.1(b)(2) (2004).
\item[109.] BERENBEIM, \textit{supra} note 107, at 11 (finding that for publicly traded U.S. corporations only five percent of executives in charge of compliance had no contact with the board, and that 46% communicate with the board in some manner on a quarterly basis).
\end{itemize}
Some, however, argue that this is not sufficient and that the board should have direct control over the compliance officer (e.g., hiring, compensating, terminating).\textsuperscript{110} These commentators argue that this control is necessary because ethics and compliance officers “do not have sufficient power, status [or] authority”\textsuperscript{111} to do their jobs appropriately, which is further harmed by an inherent conflict of interest resulting from the compliance officer being accountable only to top management.\textsuperscript{112} For example, one former chief compliance officer stated, “[a]s a chief compliance officer, the stances you have to take are sometimes in opposition to the direction the company may otherwise be inclined to go. That requires lots of intestinal fortitude.”\textsuperscript{113} Others in the field claim that compliance officers have been forced out of their jobs when they refused orders from top management to stop an investigation, for example.\textsuperscript{114} Complaints that compliance officers face pressures to not start an investigation or to close it before completion appear to be fairly common.\textsuperscript{115}
C. Summary of Monitorships and Compliance Programs
Over the last few decades there has been tremendous growth in the importance of corporate compliance and ethics programs in criminal and civil liability. Although compliance programs started out focused on specific issues, best practices now suggest that a single program should encompass the near entirety of a firm’s efforts at compliance with laws and regulations.\textsuperscript{116} This development has not been without controversy, however. Critics argue that corporations use compliance programs as “window dressing” to create merely the appearance of a commitment to compliance,
\textsuperscript{110} See W. Michael Hoffman & Mark Rowe, \textit{The Ethics Officer as Agent of the Board: Leveraging Ethical Governance Capability in the Post-Enron Corporation}, 112 \textit{BUS. \& SOC. REV.} 553 (2007) (arguing that the ethics officer should be an agent of the board of directors); W. Michael Hoffman et al., \textit{An Investigation of Ethics Officer Independence}, 78 \textit{J. BUS. ETHICS} 87 (2008) (arguing ethics officers should be allowed greater independence from company management and instead report directly to the board of directors); see also SCOTT A RONEY ET AL., \textit{LEADING CORPORATE INTEGRITY: DEFINING THE ROLE OF THE CHIEF ETHICS AND COMPLIANCE OFFICER (CECO)} 20–21, 36 (2007), available at http://www.ethics.org/ceco (registration required) (stating that it is appropriate to have the CECO report to either the Board of Directors or the CEO, but that the Board should have authority over hiring and firing decisions).
\textsuperscript{111} Hoffman \& Rowe, \textit{supra} note 110, at 560.
\textsuperscript{112} \textit{Id.} at 556–57.
\textsuperscript{113} Carlson, \textit{supra} note 104, at 1, 40.
\textsuperscript{114} \textit{Id.} at 41.
\textsuperscript{115} In a published interview, a well-known compliance consultant stated, “[U]nfortunately and sadly, I’m aware of a number of cases where compliance officers seek to become the diligent, independent professionals they are supposed to be to protect the company from misconduct, and are told by senior management to cool it.” \textit{Interview with Win Swenson, Partner, Compliance Systems Legal Group, Senior Advisor, Integrity Interactive Corp., CORP. CRIME REP.}, Jan. 9, 2006, at 13.
Evidence from surveys is beginning to support this anecdotal evidence. One survey of compliance and ethics officers—with 127 respondents—found that 33% of Compliance and Ethics Officers had received pressure from corporate officers to not investigate alleged misconduct, and over half (51%) had received such pressure from other managers. Edwards \& Reid, \textit{supra} note 105, at 9. One in ten CECOs reported that they received such pressure from other managers frequently. \textit{Id.} These compliance ethics officers also felt that their quality of investigations into wrongdoing suffered due to a general pressure to achieve the objective of closing cases quickly. \textit{Id.} at 7–8.
\textsuperscript{116} See Open Compliance \& Ethics Group, Foundation Guidelines: Red Book 7–13 (2008).
which may still provide the corporation the benefits of a mitigated sentence if the need arises.\textsuperscript{117} These are “paper programs,” where corporations adopt policies and procedures on paper but do not embed them into their actual operations.\textsuperscript{118} In response, and in recognition of the value of an integrity-based approach,\textsuperscript{119} current thinking expects compliance programs to consider an organization’s culture as well, and enforcement agents look for evidence of a “compliance attitude” in corporations.\textsuperscript{120}
During the same time period, monitorships appeared in a variety of corporate and noncorporate settings. The overarching goal of a monitorship is to ensure that the organization in question has been “reformed,” so that it would exhibit better legal compliance in the future. Thus, whether the monitor takes significant control over the organization or simply audits the changes management made, the goal is to improve the compliance program (using the term broadly) of the organization. As fully described in the next Part, monitorships in practice do not seem to be keeping up with the evolution of the compliance profession. This is in large part explained by the background of the monitors selected. Perhaps drawing from the experience of trustees in the union RICO suits, monitors are primarily former prosecutors and attorneys with similar training, who may not have the right skills and approach for the task at hand.\textsuperscript{121} Exacerbating the problem are additional factors, which were also behind the inconsistent success rate of trustees in union RICO suits,\textsuperscript{122} such as lack of information sharing between monitors and the failure of the government to conduct systematic performance evaluations for the purpose of improving future monitorships.\textsuperscript{123} The SEC, which started on a different monitorship trajectory, now appears to be developing practices consistent with the DOJ, and in fact often conducts joint monitorships with the DOJ. The next Part the DOJ and SEC monitorships’ current path. Following this path was not necessarily a conscious choice, but a result of various decisions along the way that create a significant gap between the potential of monitorships in theory and monitorships in practice.
IV. UNDERSTANDING CORPORATE MONITORSHIPS
Breaking monitorships down into a process involving a series of discrete decision stages helps us to think about how they function in practice. The first stage in the
\textsuperscript{117} See generally Kimberly D. Krawiec, Cosmetic Compliance and the Failure of Negotiated Governance, 81 WASH. U. L.Q. 487 (2003) (arguing that compliance programs lead to costly compliance structures and “under-deterrence of misconduct”); William S. Laufer, Corporate Liability, Risk Shifting, and the Paradox of Compliance, 52 VAND. L. REV. 1343 (1999) [hereinafter Laufer, Corporate Liability] (arguing that compliance programs encourage moral hazards within the firm); William S. Laufer, Corporate Prosecution, Cooperation, and the Trading of Favors, 87 IOWA L. REV. 643, 648–49, 657–63 (2002) [hereinafter Laufer, Corporate Prosecution] (discussing the use of reverse whistleblowing to displace blame for criminal misconduct).
\textsuperscript{118} Interview with Win Swenson, Partner, Compliance Systems Legal Group, Warwick, Rhode Island, CORP. CRIME REP., Apr. 26, 2004, at 10, 16 [hereinafter Win Swenson Interview II].
\textsuperscript{119} See supra note 94 and accompanying text (describing an integrity-based approach).
\textsuperscript{120} Rashkover, supra note 92, at 539.
\textsuperscript{121} See infra Part IV.B.2 (noting that the personal qualities of monitors ultimately determines the success of the monitorship).
\textsuperscript{122} Jacobs, supra note 21, at 246–47.
\textsuperscript{123} See infra Part IV.D.
process is negotiating the terms of the monitorship, which also includes the decision by the government to agree to a settlement. During this process, the parties determine whether or not a monitor is required and, if so, the duties and powers of the monitor. Second, the parties select the monitor through the process defined in the agreement. Third, the monitor begins his work, including developing a work plan, analyzing the needs of the organization, overseeing the implementation of a compliance program, and evaluating the effectiveness of that program. Finally, the monitorship comes to an end with a determination by the monitor and the government that the company has satisfactorily completed the terms of the agreement.
Decisions by the parties at each stage in this process have a significant impact on the subsequent stages and ultimately determine whether or not the monitorship is successful in terms of improving corporate compliance and preventing future violations of law. In order to better see these relationships, this Part presents our analysis of the interview data through the stages of this process. This analysis is based principally on interviews with individuals directly involved in the monitorship process. To collect our primary data, we conducted 20 telephone interviews in the summer of 2008. Almost half of our interviews were with individuals who have served as corporate monitors for the DOJ and/or the SEC. The rest of the interviews were with monitors in some of the noncorporate contexts described above, compliance consultants, and regulators in both the United States and Canada. We spoke with interviewees not only about their direct experience, but also their broader views on monitorships, and those broader views are also reflected here. Our secondary data includes public statements made by monitors, compliance officers at companies that underwent a monitorship, public officials, and attorneys involved in the negotiation of settlement agreements.\(^{124}\) Our analysis also includes a review of the settlement agreements and the few cases in which monitorship reports were made publicly available.\(^{125}\)
Our study is limited by the fact that we were only able to speak to a subset of monitors and regulators, and not to any corporate officials directly involved in a monitorship.\(^{126}\) Although these monitors and regulators described a range of different experiences in many ways, our findings could still be unrepresentative if those choosing to participate in our study had significantly different experiences from those that chose not to participate. We have also put aside some important differences between the civil and criminal contexts in order to keep the scope of this paper focused on monitorships as a whole. While this limits the specificity of our findings, it allows
\(^{124}\) These public statements include articles these individuals have written, their public presentations at conferences and in “webinars,” and interviews with them conducted by others that were published.
\(^{125}\) As discussed below, monitor reports are typically not made public. Multiple Freedom of Information Act requests, to the SEC in 2006 and 2008, to obtain copies of monitorship reports and other relevant documents were declined, generally on the basis that disclosure would interfere with ongoing enforcement activities.
\(^{126}\) Our sample was selected by contacting all individuals who have served as monitors of whom we were aware, as well as corporations involved in monitorships, representatives of nonprofit organizations dedicated to corporate compliance, and representatives of several United States and Canadian civil and criminal regulators. In addition, although we were able to interview a number of regulators, officials from certain key government bodies were unwilling to contribute to our study. Our observations about the policies and motivations of these specific organizations had to be drawn from publicly available policy documents and interviews with external individuals.
us to focus on significant and otherwise underappreciated commonalities between these models. Even with these limitations, however, we believe our insights and points of caution are instructive for the use of corporate monitorships in all situations. These findings point to potential problems that should be examined by any government agency that uses monitorships, and should be further investigated and tested by future researchers.
A. Negotiating the Terms of the Settlement Agreement
The settlement agreement establishes the terms of the monitorship. The monitors we interviewed all placed great importance on conducting their monitorships within the bounds of the agreement. Thus, clearly defining the goals of the monitorship and establishing the duties of the monitor are highly important for ensuring that the monitorship is successful and that success can ultimately be determined by some objective standard. Although flexibility in the implementation of monitorships is one of their virtues as a policy tool, there is a difference between flexibility—which can be carefully designed—and vagueness, which is a failure to specify key components or terms. If the terms of the monitorship are too vague, different monitors may interpret similar terms quite differently based on their background and approach to monitorships. In this section, we first look at the foundational issue of why the government might enter into settlement agreements. The policy goals behind that decision should be reflected in the stated goals of the monitorship agreement. In this section we also discuss the factors that go into decisions about the duties and independence of the monitor.
1. Settle or Prosecute? Policy Debates Behind Settlement Agreements
In the criminal context, the first decision a prosecutor must make is whether to indict the corporation, agree to a settlement (with or without a monitor), or prosecute only individuals and not seek punishment for the corporation. Of course, there will be times when imposing sanctions on genuinely “bad apple” individuals is all that is needed. The SEC’s Framework for Cooperation and the McNulty Memo\textsuperscript{127} factors also suggest that there may be times when a corporation’s cooperation is so complete that no enforcement action needs to be taken, even where a violation existed. The recent increase in the use of settlement agreements has not been without controversy, and also has reinvigorated the familiar debate about whether a corporation should be held criminally liable for the actions of its employees in any circumstance.\textsuperscript{128}
This paper’s specific concern is whether, assuming that some action against a
\textsuperscript{127} McNulty Memo, \textit{supra} note 91.
\textsuperscript{128} For those using the rise of settlement agreements to argue against broad corporate criminal liability standards, see, e.g., John S. Baker Jr., \textit{Reforming Corporations Through Threats of Federal Prosecution}, 89 \textit{CORNELL L. REV.} 310, 337 (2004) (stating that vastly increasing the number of federal crimes does not address corporate reform); Preet Bharara, \textit{Corporations Cry Uncle and Their Employees Cry Foul: Rethinking Prosecutorial Pressure on Corporate Defendants}, 44 \textit{AM. CRIM. L. REV.} 53, 56 (2007) (citing the potential for government excess in prosecution of corporate entities); Richard A. Epstein, \textit{The Deferred Prosecution Racket}, \textit{WALL ST. J.}, Nov. 28, 2006, at A14 (arguing that the Deferred Prosecution Agreements do not serve the public interest).
corporation is called for, settlement agreements with monitorships provide sufficient benefits to justify their use. As stated earlier, some view these settlement agreements as a “stroke of genius,” as the “government is able to get everything out of a deferred prosecution agreement that it can get out of an actual trial.”\textsuperscript{129} The government can save the costs of an investigation and trial by having the corporation admit wrongdoing (for DOJ settlements, but usually not for SEC settlements). In addition, the corporation agrees to terms that are equivalent to corporate probation.\textsuperscript{130} While some celebrate this trend, some of our interviewees worried about the “sword of Damocles” that hangs over the corporation’s head in the criminal context, even when the company enters into a DPA. On the other side of the debate, some argue that these settlements are letting corporations escape accountability\textsuperscript{131} and perhaps even encouraging corporations to engage in riskier behavior and push the limits of the law.\textsuperscript{132}
Not all cases are appropriate for settlement agreements with monitorships.\textsuperscript{133} One civil-side regulator interviewee told us that only a small portion of the enforcement cases it pursues every year result in monitorships. Trying to determine the cases that are appropriate is the challenge faced by prosecutors and other government regulators. On the criminal side, the McNulty Memo provides guidance on the factors prosecutors should consider when conducting an investigation and deciding whether to charge a corporation.\textsuperscript{134} With respect to nonprosecution agreements, the Memo only specifically mentions the factor of voluntary cooperation.\textsuperscript{135} However, the factors related to the prosecution decision clearly impact the settlement decision as well. On that front, the Memo identifies key factors such as “the pervasiveness of the wrongdoing” and the “corporation’s history of similar conduct.”\textsuperscript{136} The Memo does not tell the prosecutor how to weigh those different factors against each other, though it does state that in some cases one factor, such as the nature and seriousness of the offense, may “warrant prosecution regardless of the other factors.”\textsuperscript{137}
For some of the regulators we interviewed, the presence of these factors related to widespread wrongdoing within the organization were what made a case appropriate for a monitorship. For example, one regulator stated that monitorships were most appropriate where:
[An organization] has engaged in violative conduct. That violative conduct has not been corrected, or we don’t have enough assurance that it’s been corrected, so the conduct or the problem might be ongoing. . . . The source of
\textsuperscript{129}. Interview with Jan Handzlik, \textit{supra} note 4, at 12–13.
\textsuperscript{130}. \textit{Id.}
\textsuperscript{131}. \textit{Crime Without Conviction}, \textit{supra} note 5, at 3–10 (referring to DPAs as resulting in “crime without conviction”).
\textsuperscript{132}. Eric Lichtblau, \textit{In Justice Shift, Corporate Deals Replace Trials}, N.Y. \textit{Times}, Apr. 9, 2008, at 1.
\textsuperscript{133}. In this section, we consider settlement agreements with and without monitorships together. Below, we consider the issue of whether or not a monitor is needed as part of a settlement agreement.
\textsuperscript{134}. McNulty Memo, \textit{supra} note 91, at 4 (stating that the factors listed in the memo should be used by prosecutors when “conducting an investigation, determining whether to bring charges, and negotiating plea agreements”).
\textsuperscript{135}. \textit{Id.} at 7–8.
\textsuperscript{136}. \textit{Id.} at 4.
\textsuperscript{137}. \textit{Id.} at 5. In addition, the Memo cautions that the nine factors it lists are “not a complete or exhaustive list.” \textit{Id.}
the problem is at the firm level, it’s not just an isolated bad apple.\textsuperscript{138}
Thus, although many monitorships involve cases of intentional wrongdoing for which individuals, including senior corporate officers, are often sanctioned, it is important to recognize that individual wrongdoing is often difficult to separate from organizational wrongdoing. Likewise, it is difficult to conceive of many situations that call for a monitorship, but for no individual responsibility. At some point, however, the organization must be deemed \textit{too} rotten to be entitled to a DPA monitorship and must face prosecution. As one regulator interviewee suggested:
If we came to the conclusion that they were rotten to the core, you need to indict. That’s still the correct result for the worst of the worst. Monitors for those middle cases persuade prosecutors that there have been lapses but that they are committed to rectifying these wrongs, including terminating responsible people and instituting new control mechanisms.
These comments are basically consistent with our prior arguments that “worst actor” (but not utterly corrupt) corporations are those whose conduct was most appropriate for a monitorship.\textsuperscript{139} For those who would argue that corporations with widespread wrongdoing cannot be reformed and therefore indictment is necessary, some of the union trusteeships may suggest that even deeply corrupt organizations can be reformed through monitorships (bearing in mind that the scope of the successful union trusteeships seems to be beyond the intended scope of most current corporate monitorships).\textsuperscript{140} The challenge facing prosecutors is identifying appropriate cases for monitorships. The prosecutor must be able to distinguish between truly egregious conduct that calls for prosecution; those “middle cases” where the conduct was sufficiently wrongful and pervasive to justify the costs and intrusions of a monitor; and the lesser cases where such costs are not justified.
Another factor from the McNulty Memo that may outweigh the others and tip the scales in favor of a settlement relates to “collateral consequences,” or harm to the stakeholders of the corporation.\textsuperscript{141} The fall of Arthur Andersen is regularly cited as a spectacularly bad outcome that demonstrates the need for settlement agreements to protect innocent employees and shareholders and to keep viable business entities functioning.\textsuperscript{142} Siemens is a corporation that could potentially benefit from this
\textsuperscript{138} Uncited quotations in this Article come from our confidential interviews with monitors and others.
\textsuperscript{139} Ford, \textit{supra} note 52, at 764 (defining “worst actors” as firms/corporations facing serious allegations of intentional wrongdoing, where the degree of harm is significant; firms/corporations that are potentially recidivists and for whom there is reason to believe that pervasive cultural or ethical problems persist, but not firms/corporations that are utterly criminal enterprises); David Hess & Cristie Ford, \textit{Corporate Corruption and Reform Undertakings: A New Approach to an Old Problem}, 41 CORNELL INT’L L.J. 307, 333–35 (2008) (providing examples of companies that may classify as worst actors); see also Christopher Stone, \textit{The Place of Enterprise Liability in the Control of Corporate Conduct}, 90 YALE L.J. 1, 28 (1980) (describing “that group of firms, impossible to identify in advance, whose behavior in the face of realistically achievable penalty levels will remain inadequately modified”).
\textsuperscript{140} See \textit{supra} text accompanying note 31.
\textsuperscript{141} McNulty Memo, \textit{supra} note 91, at 4.
\textsuperscript{142} See Lichtblau, \textit{supra} note 132, at 1 (noting that the indictment of Arthur Andersen—as opposed to reaching a settlement—resulted in the company being shut down and forced 28,000 employees out of work).
reasoning.\textsuperscript{143} Siemens, a German company that is also listed on the New York Stock Exchange,\textsuperscript{144} appears to have engaged in egregious violations of the FCPA; and such corrupt payments seem to have been deeply ingrained into that organization’s business practices.\textsuperscript{145} One compliance consultant we interviewed suggested that Siemens would be the “perfect case” for a monitorship on the basis that, even though this was clearly an organization that needed significant help in reforming itself, an indictment that forced it out of business would have a tremendous and negative impact. In spite of the importance of this factor, however, it is clear that concerns about collateral consequences are not the only rationale behind monitorships.\textsuperscript{146} Indeed, monitorships are regularly imposed on midsize corporations and firms, and there is precedent for imposing a monitorship on small, family owned businesses as well.\textsuperscript{147} The government’s reasons for imposing a monitorship on a small firm—including one with a tight relationship between ownership and control—could be many: the cost of litigation and the possibility that litigation might fail, the hope that more concentrated oversight and education could help the firm become compliant, or simply the desire not to destroy the firm if other options are still available.\textsuperscript{148}
\textsuperscript{143} Since the original drafting of this Article, Siemens reached a plea agreement with the DOJ in which it admitted to violating the FCPA and agreed to pay the largest fines recorded for FCPA violations. Eric Lichtblau & Carter Doughtery, \textit{Bribery Case Will Cost Siemens $1.6 Billion}, N.Y. TIMES, Dec. 16, 2008, at B8. Under the agreement, Siemens was allowed to continue to bid for U.S. government contracts, \textit{id.}, and accepted a monitor for a period of four years. Press Release, Dept. of Justice, Siemens AG and Three Subsidiaries Plead Guilty to Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Violations and Agree to Pay $450 Million in Combined Criminal Fines (Dec. 15, 2008), \textit{available at} http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2008/December/08-crm-1105.html.
\textsuperscript{144} William J. Holstein, \textit{A Few Bad Apples, and Everybody’s Sauce}, N.Y. TIMES, May 1, 2006, § 3, at 10.
\textsuperscript{145} Carter Doughtery, \textit{Ex-Manager Tells of Bribery at Siemens}, N.Y. TIMES, May 27, 2008, at C4 (reporting the testimony of a former manager describing the “intricate system of slush funds and bribery at the company” and noting that internal investigators have identified over $2 billion in suspicious payments).
\textsuperscript{146} In fact, in announcing the settlement agreement with Siemens, the DOJ did not mention collateral consequences as a reason for not seeking an indictment that would bar the company from bidding for government contracts, but only Siemens’ extensive cooperation in bringing to light the FCPA violations and efforts to reform itself. Press Release, Dept. of Justice, Transcript of Press Conference Announcing Siemens AG and Three Subsidiaries Plead Guilty to Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Violations (Dec. 15, 2008), \textit{available at} http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2008/December/08-opa-1112.html.
\textsuperscript{147} See, e.g., Union Securities Ltd., 2006 BCSECCOM 220 (Apr. 18, 2006) (Can.) (settlement agreement), \textit{available at} http://www.bpsc.bc.ca/comdoc.nsf/65de6f2d8e4d9b50872568ac0070c25c/4190e073ce5f10883882571540067da1/e?FILE/2006%20BCSECCOM%20220.pdf.
\textsuperscript{148} For these organizations, the line between individual and corporation starts to blur. Several monitors we spoke with believed that a monitorship would not be successful in that situation, because the individual wrongdoers could not be extricated from their positions without effectively destroying the firm as well, and reform was not possible with the wrongdoers still in leadership positions. In contrast, we posit that these small firms may be especially good forums for monitorships.
In another context, Darren Sinclair and Neil Gunningham have pointed out that many small and medium-sized enterprises operate at the margins of profitability and cannot afford to devote many resources to such issues as compliance. Also, they often lack expertise and awareness, and in the absence of an acute enforcement event they may not integrate compliance priorities into their business processes. \textsc{Neil Gunningham & Darren Sinclair, Leaders & Laggards: Next-Generation Environmental Regulation} 13–40 (2002). These small and medium-sized enterprises may in fact be exactly the right candidates for some form of monitorship (perhaps modified to accommodate their humbler resources), because these may be the firms that can benefit the most from some assistance and education at a crucial
If any overarching generalization is possible about what cases are appropriate for settlement agreements involving monitorships, it would be that some sort of balancing test is called for. The misconduct in question should have a systemic, organization-wide component, but the misconduct cannot be so pervasive that the corporation is an utterly criminal organization. Problems should be serious enough to justify the cost of a monitorship, but the corporation cannot be irredeemable. The subject firm or corporation can be “too big to fail,” or small enough to learn and reform itself, or somewhere in between. Because monitorships can be a viable option in such a range of situations, they can become a convenient middle-of-the-road choice (or nonchoice) for a prosecutor. In fact, one monitor we interviewed thought that monitorships were becoming a “fall-back position” for prosecutors. That is, monitorships are being imposed on corporations without clear thought by the prosecutor as to whether or not they are appropriate for the case at hand. The perception that monitorships are being used in a “one size fits all” manner may adversely affect their perceived legitimacy and therefore their chances of long-term success.
2. Power and Participation in the Negotiation Process
Once the government has decided to enter a settlement agreement, the parties must negotiate the exact terms of the agreement.\footnote{149} Many have noted that prosecutors have significant power over corporations in this context. The government has a bargaining advantage because it has the option of pursuing criminal charges, and a criminal conviction can have a significant negative effect on a company (some even refer to it as a “death sentence”).\footnote{150} In addition, if an executive has already pled guilty, then the corporation knows it has little to no defense.\footnote{151} Some argue that prosecutors have abused this power. Professor Epstein goes so far as to argue that “DPAs no longer serve the public interest. The agreements often read like the confessions of a Stalinist purge trial, as battered corporations recant their past sins and submit to punishments wildly in excess of any underlying offense.”\footnote{152} Complaints receiving significant media attention include settlement terms not directly related to the underlying offense\footnote{153} and conflicts of interest within the DOJ relating to the monitor selection process.\footnote{154}
\footnote{149}{In general, there is room to negotiate the terms of the settlement agreement. However, at least one regulator we interviewed periodically imposes monitorship terms, using a boilerplate agreement, for smaller matters in lieu of conducting a formal investigation. The regulator also uses monitorships, the terms of which can be negotiated, in settlement of formal investigations.}
\footnote{150}{Lynneley Browning, \textit{Justice Department Is Reviewing Corporate Prosecution Guidelines}, N.Y. TIMES, Sept. 13, 2006, at 3.}
\footnote{151}{\textit{Interview with David Pitofsky, Partner, Goodwin Proctor LLP, New York, New York}, CORP. CRIME REP., Nov. 28, 2005, at 46 [hereinafter \textit{Interview with David Pitofsky}].}
\footnote{152}{Epstein, \textit{supra} note 128.}
\footnote{153}{For example, the Bristol-Myers Squibb agreement included the requirement that the company endow a chair in ethics at the Seton Hall Law School. Joan McPhee, \textit{Deferred Prosecution Agreements: Ray of Hope or Guilty Plea by Another Name?}, 30 CHAMPION 12, 14 (2006) (providing examples of settlement terms that are not directly related to the underlying offense).}
\footnote{154}{Lichtblau, \textit{supra} note 132 (describing the controversy surrounding a U.S. attorney’s selection of former Attorney General John Ashcroft to serve as a monitor in case that could earn Ashcroft’s consulting firm over $50 million).}
response, there have been calls for greater legislative and court control over monitorships.\textsuperscript{155}
This public criticism has created some changes that attempt to restrict U.S. Attorneys’ discretion. In May 2008, the DOJ issued guidelines that prohibit a settlement agreement from requiring a corporation to make payments to any organization that was not a victim of the criminal activity.\textsuperscript{156} In March 2008, the DOJ issued guidelines for the selection of monitors.\textsuperscript{157} To reduce the potential for conflicts of interest in the selection of the monitor, the guidelines require the use of committees to make selection decisions, and require final approval by the Office of the Deputy Attorney General.\textsuperscript{158}
Although public criticism has affected some aspects of monitorship negotiations, the parties at the bargaining table have not changed. Noticeably absent are any parties other than the government and the corporation, including investors, employees, or community representatives.\textsuperscript{159} Khanna and Dickinson observe that corporate monitorships share features with proposals by others that would require corporations to include on their boards professional, independent directors elected by institutional investors.\textsuperscript{160} This suggests that the shareholders of the corporation may have an interest in having a say in the terms of the agreement or the selection of the monitor.\textsuperscript{161} One corporate defense attorney and former prosecutor stated, “I think part of the frustration of people who question the government’s use of deferred prosecution agreements is that the process does not include parties that may take a contrary view.”\textsuperscript{162} Also frustrating to these other parties is the fact that an unknown number of deferred and nonprosecution agreements are not made public. This prevents these stakeholders from having a more complete understanding of how the DOJ is handling corporate crime.
Only one of our interviewees told us that the prosecutors negotiating the terms of the monitorship had considered involving a major shareholder in the process. The decision was ultimately made not to involve that shareholder, apparently out of concerns that the shareholder was more interested in finding fault than reforming the
\textsuperscript{155}. There have been two bills proposed in the 110th Congress to regulate deferred prosecution agreements and corporate monitors: The Accountability in Deferred Prosecution Act of 2008, H.R. 6492, 110th Cong. (2008), and H.R. 5086, 110th Cong. (2008).
\textsuperscript{156}. Memorandum from Mark Filip, Deputy Attorney Gen., U.S. Dept. of Justice, to Heads of Dept. Components, U.S. Attorneys, Memorandum for Holders of the United States Attorney’s Manual (May 18, 2008) (copy on file with authors); UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S MANUAL § 9-16.325 (2008), Plea Agreements, Deferred Prosecution Agreements, Non-Prosecution Agreements and “Extraordinary Restitution,” available at http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usam/title9/16mcrm.htm#9-16.320.
\textsuperscript{157}. Memorandum from Craig S. Morford, Acting Deputy Attorney Gen., U.S. Dept’t of Justice, to Heads of Dep’t. Components, U.S. Attorneys (Mar. 7, 2008) [hereinafter Morford Memo], available at http://www.usdoj.gov/dag/morford-useofmonitorsmemo-03072008.pdf.
\textsuperscript{158}. \textit{Id.} at 3.
\textsuperscript{159}. \textit{Interview with David Pitafsky}, supra note 151.
\textsuperscript{160}. Khanna & Dickinson, \textit{supra} note 11, at 1741.
\textsuperscript{161}. See \textit{id.} at 1742 (stating that “[p]erhaps institutional investors could have some greater, explicit voice in this process by, for example, being consulted by the government agency before appointing a monitor”).
\textsuperscript{162}. \textit{Interview with David Pitafsky}, supra note 151.
corporation. The concern mirrors a parallel concern discussed further below\textsuperscript{163} about making monitors’ final reports to the U.S. Attorney available to the public. In both situations, the advantages of opening the process to a wider group of stakeholders may be outweighed by the potential chilling effect on the corporation’s complete participation in the negotiations and the monitorship process.
Overall, there is considerable inequality of bargaining power at the negotiating table. Not only do corporations not have a better alternative to settlement that would give them a credible threat of leaving the negotiation table, but corporations may even be afraid to push back against government demands for fear of being perceived as not genuinely contrite or willing to correct their problems. While many corporations surely enter into monitorships with a sincere desire to fix problems and regain their ethical footing, their immediate goal is to mitigate: to resolve the matter without a criminal indictment and at the least possible cost.
\textit{3. Corporate Rehabilitation and the Duties of Corporate Monitors}
By contrast to the corporation’s immediate goal, the government’s priorities may be wide-ranging, and can include providing appropriate restitution where necessary, administering a level of deterrence that is deemed appropriate in the circumstances, and putting the corporation on the path to reform. The 2006 McNulty Memo states that the decision of whether to prosecute a company or settle should ensure that the goals of criminal law—including punishment, deterrence, and rehabilitation—are sufficiently satisfied.\textsuperscript{164} The 2008 Morford Memo states that monitorships should not be used “to further punitive goals.”\textsuperscript{165} Taken together, this means that monitorships can serve as a reform measure and as a deterrent. As discussed earlier, several commentators challenge the idea that monitorships are effective specific or general deterrents.\textsuperscript{166} One compliance consultant we interviewed, however, suggested that monitorships could be a truly “scary deterrent” because, although shareholders may not be too concerned with fines, the presence of a monitor can create a troubling level of uncertainty that lasts throughout the monitorship. Many of our interviewees also observed that “nobody wants a monitor,” effectively because of the disruption they represent to business operations.
In this paper, our primary concern is with the potential for corporate rehabilitation under a monitorship. The desire to spur meaningful reform is implicated at every stage of the settlement process. The factors behind a prosecutor’s decision to enter into a settlement agreement reflect the same concerns, and also should have an impact on the terms of the settlement agreement and the scope of the monitorship.
A key factor in the settlement determination under the McNulty Memo is the “the existence and adequacy of the corporation’s . . . compliance program.”\textsuperscript{167} In at least one case, the government has turned to compliance consultants to help evaluate this factor. The U.S. Attorney in Western Pennsylvania hired Compliance Systems Legal
\begin{itemize}
\item \textsuperscript{163} See infra Part IV.C.4.
\item \textsuperscript{164} McNulty Memo, supra note 91, at 5.
\item \textsuperscript{165} Morford Memo, supra note 157, at 2
\item \textsuperscript{166} See Crime Without Conviction, supra note 5.
\item \textsuperscript{167} McNulty Memo, supra note 91, at 4.
\end{itemize}
Group to investigate Mellon Bank’s compliance program as part of the U.S. Attorney’s consideration of the McNulty Memo factors.\textsuperscript{168} Although Mellon Bank avoided criminal prosecution for the destruction of tax documents, the DOJ found its compliance program to be deficient, and its settlement agreement required the company to improve its compliance and ethics program and pay for a monitor to oversee the implementation of the program.\textsuperscript{169} In a different case, prosecutors found a clearly inadequate compliance program. Faro Technologies, which admitted in its settlement agreement to violating the FCPA, did not even address issues related to the FCPA in its compliance program or training even though it regularly conducted business in China, which put it at high risk for making corrupt payments.\textsuperscript{170} In both cases, the settlement agreement addressed these compliance-program inadequacies and required improvement.
In addition to the compliance program, prosecutors are also instructed to consider a “company’s compliance attitude”\textsuperscript{171} or, in other words, the corporation’s culture. The McNulty Memo requires prosecutors to look for a “corporate culture that encouraged, or at least condoned, such conduct, regardless of any compliance programs.”\textsuperscript{172} Likewise, in securities enforcement, the Seaboard Report tells enforcement lawyers to ask: “How did the misconduct arise? Is it the result of pressure placed on employees to achieve specific results, or a tone of lawlessness set by those in control of the company?”\textsuperscript{173} Through these inquiries, the government is trying to determine if a small group of rogue employees (“bad apples”) who went against the grain of the rest of the corporation committed the wrongful acts, or if corporate leadership had created a culture that rewarded and encouraged the wrongful acts in spite of having a compliance program that purported to prohibit such behavior (a “bad barrel”). If the investigation shows that a root cause of the problem is a “bad barrel,” then any settlement agreement sought by prosecutors should seek to address that problem. Accordingly, a monitor’s duties should typically serve those ends.
Focusing specifically on the DOJ, according to the recent Morford Memo, monitorships are typically used to ensure the company has “effectively implemented ethics and compliance programs to address and reduce the risk of recurrence of the corporation’s misconduct.”\textsuperscript{174} Most monitorships in place as of the publication of the Morford Memo in March 2008 are consistent with the guidelines set out in that memo.
\textsuperscript{168} At the time, the Thompson Memo was in effect. \textit{See Letter from Mary Beth Buchanan, U.S. Attorney, to W. Thomas McGough, Jr., Esq., Reed Smith, LLP; Efrem Grail, Esq., Reed Smith, LLP; & Michael Bleier, Esq., Special Counsel to the Chairman, Mellon Bank, N.A. (Aug. 14, 2006) [hereinafter Mellon Bank], available at http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/pdf/deferredprosecution/Mellon060817.pdf} (requiring Mellon Bank to reimburse the government for costs related to hiring Compliance Systems Legal Group); \textit{Win Swenson Interview II}, supra note 118, at 10, 15.
\textsuperscript{169} Mellon Bank, \textit{supra} note 168.
\textsuperscript{170} Letter from Mark F. Mendelsohn, Deputy Chief, Fraud Section, Criminal Div., U.S. Dep’t. of Justice, to Gregory S. Bruch, Esq., Wilkie Farr & Gallagher, LLP, at app. A, ¶¶ 6–7 (June 3, 2008) [hereinafter Faro Technologies] (on file with author).
\textsuperscript{171} Rashkover, \textit{supra} note 92, at 539.
\textsuperscript{172} McNulty Memo, \textit{supra} note 91, at 6.
\textsuperscript{173} \textit{Report of Investigation Pursuant to Section 21(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934}, \textit{supra} note 92, at 2.
\textsuperscript{174} Morford Memo, \textit{supra} note 157, at 5.
The large majority of the monitors are charged with ensuring compliance with the settlement agreement, reviewing the compliance program related to the offence, recommending changes to existing compliance processes, and then reviewing the effectiveness of the implementation of those changes. In addition, in slightly under half the agreements, the monitor is charged with monitoring the company’s compliance with applicable federal laws. Interestingly, however, almost without exception, McNulty Memo-style language about a corporation’s compliance “attitude” or “culture” does not appear in the agreements.
In the nine months since the Morford Memo, as of this writing, three additional monitorships have been imposed on companies through settlement agreements with the DOJ for violations of the FCPA. All three cases were handled by the DOJ’s Fraud Section and they use almost identical language for establishing the procedure for selecting the monitor and the duties of the monitor. With respect to compliance programs, the monitors are required to oversee the implementation of a compliance program, ensure that the program is “appropriately designed,” and conduct annual follow-up reviews of the program.\textsuperscript{175} The agreements also state that the monitor should take “such steps as are necessary to develop an understanding of the facts and circumstances surrounding any violation that may have occurred.”\textsuperscript{176} That broad language allows for significant interpretation, which may or may not include matters related to a corporation’s culture. Two of these agreements, however, qualify that language in that they specifically state that the monitors should not conduct their own investigations into past FCPA violations at these companies (and therefore may have to rely only on information provided to them by the corporation).\textsuperscript{177} There is no indication why these monitorships (all agreed to within a few weeks of each other) were treated differently.\textsuperscript{178}
Although the agreements (either pre- or post-Morford) do not address the issue of
\textsuperscript{175} Faro Technologies, \textit{supra} note 170, app. C, ¶ 5; Deferred Prosecution Agreement, United States v. AGA Med. Corp., No. CR08-172JMR, Attachment D, ¶ 6 (D. Minn. June 2, 2008) [hereinafter AGA Medical] (on file with author); Deferred Prosecution Agreement, United States v. Willbros Group, Inc., Crim. No. H-08-287 (S.D. Tex. May 14, 2008) [hereinafter Willbros] (on file with author). In addition, in all three cases, before the monitor conducts a review, the Monitor is required to develop a written work plan and make that plan available to the company and the U.S. Attorney’s office for comment.
\textsuperscript{176} Faro Technologies, \textit{supra} note 170, app. C, ¶ 5(e)(i); AGA Medical, \textit{supra} note 175, at Attachment D, ¶ 6(e)(i); Willbros, \textit{supra} note 175, Attachment D, ¶ 7(e)(i).
\textsuperscript{177} The agreements state that “the parties do not intend that the monitor will conduct his or her own inquiry into those historical events.” AGA Medical, \textit{supra} note 175, at Attachment D, ¶ 6(e)(i); Willbros, \textit{supra} note 175, Attachment D, ¶ 7(e)(i). This language apparently comes from the Morford Memo, where it states that the “monitor’s mandate is not to investigate historical misconduct.” Morford Memo, \textit{supra} note 157, at 6. However, the memo goes on to state that such knowledge may be necessary to “inform a monitor’s evaluation of the effectiveness of the corporation’s compliance with the agreement.” \textit{Id.}
\textsuperscript{178} Clearly, the monitor’s role is to ensure the company has an effective compliance program going forward and not to attempt to discover undisclosed wrongdoing that had occurred. Gaining an understanding of why and how the wrongdoing occurred, however, would in most cases seem to be essential information in diagnosing what went wrong and then ensuring that the corporation implements an appropriate compliance program.
It is unclear how (if at all) the qualifying language would impact a monitor’s ability to conduct those activities or the monitor’s perceptions of his or her powers. As discussed below, there is a need for collecting data on how such terms impact the monitorship, and a need for greater explanation of the expected role of the monitor, which would also help explain the inclusion or exclusion of such terms in the agreement.
corporate culture in so many words, in some cases the government appears to view certain negotiated terms as addressing those issues. For example, in Bristol-Myers Squibb’s DPA, the U.S. Attorney who negotiated the agreement specifically stated that Bristol-Myers Squibb’s culture “greatly contributed to the criminal conduct.”\textsuperscript{179} Employees in the company regularly used fraudulent means to hit aggressive sales and earnings targets between 2000 and 2001.\textsuperscript{180} The company engaged in similar conduct in the early 1990s and implemented controls to reduce that behavior, but corporate culture overrode those controls and the wrongful behavior reached new heights.\textsuperscript{181} In an attempt to correct these cultural problems, the U.S. Attorney did not specifically charge the monitor with investigating the culture issues and making recommendations—though the monitor did have the power to “to take any steps he believe[d] [were] necessary to comply with the terms of this Agreement”—but included certain structural reforms in the DPA. For example, the DPA required quarterly meetings between senior managers and the independent auditors, to help foster a culture of disclosure.\textsuperscript{182} In addition, the DPA required the CEO and CFO to make certain reports on transactions to the board, the monitor, and the company’s chief compliance officer.\textsuperscript{183} Finally, the DPA required the company to implement a training program.\textsuperscript{184} In explaining the need for these requirements, the U.S. Attorney who negotiated the DPA stated: “[m]any of the remedial measures in the deferred prosecution agreement—the top-level structural and governance changes, the reporting by senior management, and the training and education programs for key financial and legal personnel—are designed to spread knowledge and responsibility for doing the right thing throughout the Bristol-Myers organization.”\textsuperscript{185}
These kinds of comments demonstrate a desire on the part of the U.S. Attorney to change the organization’s culture. Leaving aside, for now, questions about whether these negotiated terms are sufficient on their own to effect positive change to corporate ethical culture, the initial problem is that although the monitor is charged with overseeing the implementation and effectiveness of required compliance measures, the monitor’s exact role in this process is unclear.\textsuperscript{186} The terms of the agreement could
\textsuperscript{179} Christopher J. Christie & Robert M. Hanna, \textit{A Push Down the Road of Good Corporate Citizenship: The Deferred Prosecution Agreement Between the U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.}, 43 AM. CRIM. L. REV. 1043, 1051, 1056 (2006) (stating that the company had a “disturbing corporate culture that favored secrecy over openness”).
\textsuperscript{180} \textit{Id.}
\textsuperscript{181} \textit{Id.} at 1057–58.
\textsuperscript{182} \textit{Id.} at 1050–51.
\textsuperscript{183} \textit{Id.} at 1057–58.
\textsuperscript{184} Christie & Hanna, \textit{supra} note 179, at 1057–58
\textsuperscript{185} \textit{Id.} (“A top-down commitment to honor and integrity, coupled with an educated and empowered workforce, undoubtedly will help Bristol-Myers demonstrate its commitment to exemplary corporate conduct during and after the two-year term of the deferred prosecution agreement.”).
\textsuperscript{186} It may be that the retention contract between the corporation and the monitor, or some other documents that are not publicly available, contain more specific expectations than that contained in the settlement agreement. We are not aware of any case in which a contract has been entered into between the monitor and the government, or of any other particular documents that might govern the situation, so the corporation-monitor contract would be the logical place for any additional detail.
The monitor contract in the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey was made publicly available. If this contract is representative of other corporation-monitor contracts, then these contracts do not
allow the monitor to take on only an auditor role and simply check what the company has done, or the monitor could become a team member pushing and assisting with cultural change.\textsuperscript{187}
\textit{4. The Scope of the Monitorship}
Along with variation in the duties of monitors, there has been variation in the scope of monitorships. These issues are clearly intertwined with the duties of monitors discussed in the previous section, but in this section we try to add some clarity to the variations—both intentional and unintentional—around what role the monitor is expected to play.
The Morford Memo recognizes that the monitor’s role must be appropriately designed and states:
Neither the corporation nor the public benefits from employing a monitor whose role is too narrowly defined (and, therefore, prevents the monitor from effectively evaluating the reforms intended by the parties) or too broadly defined (and, therefore, results in the monitor engaging in activities that fail to facilitate the corporation’s implementation of the reforms intended by the parties).\textsuperscript{188}
The monitor’s role should vary based on the circumstances and should be designed to allow the monitor to carry out her duties appropriately, without being overly intrusive. Based on the settlement agreements (including SEC agreements), we place the monitorships along a spectrum using four general categories, which from smallest scope to largest scope are: Advisor, Auditor, Associate, and Autocrat.
In its most modest version, the monitor may simply serve an Advisor role. For example, although the DOJ listed Aaron Marcu as a monitor for Aurora Foods in its letter to the House Judiciary Committee,\textsuperscript{189} the settlement agreement appears to give the monitor very limited powers. According to the agreement, the monitor is referred to as an “outside consultant” that is to be hired “to advise Aurora regarding an appropriate compliance program.”\textsuperscript{190} The company is also required to “implement[] the recommendations made by that outside consultant.”\textsuperscript{191} The agreement further specifies that certain individuals must oversee the implementation of the compliance program, including an individual appointed as a compliance officer and a newly appointed
\textsuperscript{187} See infra notes 189–202 and accompanying text (setting out different possible roles for the monitor).
\textsuperscript{188} Morford Memo, \textit{supra} note 157.
\textsuperscript{189} Letter from Brian A. Benczowski, Principal Deputy Assistant Gen., to John Conyers Jr., Chairman, House Comm. on the Judiciary (May 15, 2008) (copy on file with authors).
\textsuperscript{190} Letter from Andrew J. Corenney, Assistant U.S. Attorney, to John T. Montgomery, Esq., Ropes & Gray 3 (Jan. 22, 2001) (Aurora Foods, Inc. Nonprosecution Agreement) [hereinafter Aurora Foods], available at http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/pd/deferredprosecution/Aurora010122.pdf.
\textsuperscript{191} Id.
independent director to serve on the audit committee.\textsuperscript{192}
At the other extreme—the Autocrat—monitors are given significant powers. The primary example is the appointment of Richard Breeden as the monitor for WorldCom following an SEC request for ancillary relief from the court. Initially, Mr. Breeden was appointed to ensure that the company did not destroy evidence, and to review compensation payments to ensure that the company was not using excessive officer compensation as a form of “looting.”\textsuperscript{193} In a later consent decree, the monitor’s powers were expanded to include reviewing and making recommendations on the company’s entire corporate governance structure, including its compliance program.\textsuperscript{194} This resulted in Mr. Breeden issuing a 147-page report that included far-reaching recommendations on such controversial matters as shareholder nomination of directors, and a ban on the use of stock options for compensating corporate officers.\textsuperscript{195} Mr. Breeden also played a role in selecting and removing certain members of the board of directors, and determining to which potential acquirer the company should be sold.\textsuperscript{196}
Another example of the Autocrat Monitor is the DPA for the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ). In that agreement, the monitor had full access to all documents and information held by UMDNJ and at the monitor’s “discretion” could investigate any allegation of wrongdoing.\textsuperscript{197} In addition to reviewing and making recommendations on UMDNJ’s compliance program, the monitor had the “authority to require UMDNJ to take any steps he or she believe[d] [were] necessary for UMDNJ to comply with the terms of this [a]greement” and was required to “[e]nsure UMDNJ’s compliance with applicable federal and state laws.”\textsuperscript{198} During the course of the monitorship, the monitor, Herbert J. Stern, a former federal prosecutor and judge, filed reports alleging wrongdoing by various doctors and a dean, which led to employment terminations.\textsuperscript{199} The monitor employed various law and auditing firms to assist in his work, and after six months on the job submitted a bill for $5.8 million, which drew criticism because that figure was higher than the amount that UMDNJ had allegedly overbilled Medicaid.\textsuperscript{200}
In the middle are the Auditor and Associate roles. The Auditor assumes a role of assuring the DOJ that the corporation is doing what it says it is doing in terms of implementing internal controls and a new compliance program. The Auditor also may
\textsuperscript{192} \textit{Id.}
\textsuperscript{193} Jennifer O’Hare, \textit{The Use of the Corporate Monitor in SEC Enforcement Actions}, 1 \textit{BROOK. J. CORP. FIN. \& COM. L.} 89, 94–96 (2006).
\textsuperscript{194} \textit{Id.} at 98.
\textsuperscript{195} \textit{Id.} at 99.
\textsuperscript{196} \textit{Id.} at 101–02.
\textsuperscript{197} UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY OF NEW JERSEY DEFERRED PROSECUTION AGREEMENT 2 (2005) [hereinafter UMDNJ], available at http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/pdf/deferredprosecution/UMDNJ051229.pdf.
\textsuperscript{198} \textit{Id.} at 3. In addition, the monitor was required to select the candidates for the board to consider for the positions of General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer. \textit{Id.} at 4.
\textsuperscript{199} Tina Kelley, \textit{Dismissed Dean Accused of Breaching Ethics}, N.Y. \textit{TIMES}, June 6, 2006, at B4; David Kocieniewski, \textit{Medical School Fires 2 Doctors in Wake of a Monitor Report}, N.Y. \textit{TIMES}, Nov. 17, 2006, at B7.
\textsuperscript{200} David Kocieniewski, \textit{Cost of Inquiry at University of New Jersey Draws Criticism}, N.Y. \textit{TIMES}, Aug. 9, 2006, at B1.
make recommendations for improvements where necessary. The Associate, on the other hand, conducts the work of an Auditor, but also functions more fully as a partner with the compliance officer, board of directors, or other relevant corporate officials. For each of these roles, the settlement agreement typically states that the monitor will evaluate the company’s compliance with the settlement agreement, review the company’s compliance program and make recommendations for improvement, oversee implementation of the recommended changes, conduct follow-up evaluations of the compliance program (e.g., annually for the next two years), and file reports with the company and the DOJ on the company’s progress.\footnote{201} As discussed below, the monitor’s adoption of either the Auditor or Associate role has less to do with the written terms of the agreement and more to do with the monitor’s chosen approach.\footnote{202}
\textit{5. Monitor Independence}
Although the Morford Memo states that a monitor is “by definition” independent of the company and the government,\footnote{203} sometimes the decision is made that a fully independent monitor is not necessary. Our research indicates that both civil and criminal-side regulators are willing to consider monitorship structures of varying degrees of independence, depending on the perceived needs of the case,\footnote{204} with less independent monitors typically serving an “advising” role.\footnote{205} One civil-side regulator we spoke with described a spectrum, with certification by a firm’s in-house counsel or internal audit department on one end, review by a firm’s outside counsel in the middle of the spectrum, and a fully independent review by a third party at the far end. According to this regulator, certifications or internal compliance audits are generally considered to be adequate where the conduct in question is less serious and/or the review can be fairly easily verified on objective bases.
Where the conduct is especially serious, the judgments required are subjective, and the regulator is not satisfied with the steps the firm has taken so far, the regulator is more likely to insist on retaining a wholly independent monitor.\footnote{206} This regulatory
\begin{itemize}
\item \textit{See} Willbros, \textit{supra} note 175, at attachment D ¶ 7; \textit{see also} Deferred Prosecution Agreement at 10, United States v. Computer Assocs. Int’l, Inc., No. 04-837 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 22, 2004) [hereinafter Computer Associates], available at http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/pdf/deferredprosecution/ComputerAssoc.pdf (providing that defendant Computer Associates International Inc. will establish a Compliance Committee of the Board of Directors and “enhanced corporate governance procedures” under the DPA).
\item \textit{See infra} Part V.A.
\item Morford Memo, \textit{supra} note 157, at 4–5.
\item On the criminal side, see Deferred Prosecution Agreement at 9–10, U.S. v. Ingersoll-Rand Co., No. 1:07cr00294 (Nov. 14, 2007), available at http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/pdf/deferredprosecution/Ingersoll071114.pdf (stating that the company has hired an outside consultant and not listing any independence requirements for that consultant).
\item \textit{See supra} notes 189–92 and accompanying text (describing the Advisor role).
\item This regulator stated, in part:
\begin{quote}
It depends on the seriousness of the conduct and the scope of harm. So, sometimes you might have what I’d call an “easy fix,” and in this case we might just require the firm’s in-house compliance department to conduct a review or audit, and then to certify that changes have been made. . . . Maybe we would have the firm’s outside counsel do it instead sometimes. At the other end of the spectrum is the “big fix,” where we might require the firm to hire an independent consultant. As a term of the settlement, that independent consultant would be precluded from
\end{quote}
\end{itemize}
staffer pointed out that the first thing a firm often does when it gets into trouble with a regulator is to retain outside counsel or an accountant to conduct an internal review. Where credible outside counsel has already done substantial work on the problem, it can be burdensome and largely pointless to require the firm, as a term of a settlement, to bring another party in to redo the same work. For example, as soon as the DOJ started investigating Bristol-Myers Squibb, the company hired Frederick Lacey, a former U.S. Attorney and federal judge, to review the company’s compliance program and internal controls as an independent advisor.\textsuperscript{207} A year later, in a settlement agreement with the SEC, the company agreed to retain Lacey as an independent advisor.\textsuperscript{208} The following year Lacey became an independent monitor for the company under the DPA with the DOJ.\textsuperscript{209} Although Lacey had earlier been retained by the company, this apparently did not affect his independence since he later recommended that the company terminate the employment of the CEO that had hired him.\textsuperscript{210}
A civil-side regulator interviewee also told us that staffers recognize that a multiyear ban on subsequent business relationships between monitor and firm can be a burdensome requirement for all involved—the consultant as well as the firm. As a result, that regulator no longer automatically requires this as a condition of every monitorship. There may be other factors that constrain independence—for example, if the decision is made that the monitor must have extensive experience in the industry, or must have specialized expertise, there may be a limited number of potential monitors that are qualified and willing to take on the engagement. In those situations, a monitor’s prior business relationships with a subject firm may not necessarily be a disqualifier. The appropriate question is whether the level of independence is sufficient, not whether it is complete. As one regulator we interviewed described it:
There were enough questions about the management and the firm that we weren’t just going to rely on their representations. We wanted somebody independent of the firm to verify. So we wanted a more formal auditor relationship and the sufficient independence of that was satisfied. Basically if you’re independent enough to be their financial auditor then that was sufficient for this engagement. It didn’t have to be somebody brand new. . . . [T]he context with their industry experience was an important factor for us.
For those involved in the process, the degree of independence was not a central concern. Both regulators and monitors told us that, ultimately, monitors’ own professional reputation and integrity were what made them behave responsibly in the role and avoid being captured.\textsuperscript{211}
\textsuperscript{207} Christie & Hanna, \textit{supra} note 179, at 1054. Lacey had previously served as an independent administrator in the DOJ consent decree with the Teamsters union in the late 1980s and early 1990s. JACOBS, \textit{supra} note 21, at 205–07.
\textsuperscript{208} News Release, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Bristol-Myers Squibb Statement on SEC Settlement (Aug. 4, 2004), available at http://investor.bms.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=106664&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=600607&highlight=.
\textsuperscript{209} Christie & Hanna, \textit{supra} note 179, at 1054.
\textsuperscript{210} Stephanie Saul, \textit{A Corporate Nanny Turns Assertive}, N.Y. TIMES, Sept. 19, 2006, at C1.
\textsuperscript{211} We discuss independence below. See infra notes 216–18 and accompanying text.
B. Selecting the Monitor
1. Selection Process
Monitors are selected through a variety of methods. In most cases the DOJ selects the monitor, often after “consultation” with the company,\textsuperscript{212} or the DOJ and the company select a monitor who is “mutually agreed upon.”\textsuperscript{213} In other situations, the company selects a monitor and the government retains a veto right.\textsuperscript{214} In at least one case the court chose the monitor from a selection of three candidates agreed to by the corporation and the government.\textsuperscript{215} The monitors we spoke to were selected through several of these options.
The Morford Memo approves of the use of any of these methods, though—reflecting the memo’s origins in the scandal surrounding John Ashcroft’s appointment as a monitor by a U.S. Attorney’s office—the government’s final selection cannot be made solely by the U.S. Attorney, but must be through an ad hoc committee, and final approval must be given by the Deputy Attorney General.\textsuperscript{216} In the three cases since that memo, however, the DOJ has used the veto method of selection.\textsuperscript{217} The debate about monitor selection methods has even reached Congress, as one proposed bill seeks to require the DOJ to use an open competition for monitorships.\textsuperscript{218}
Significantly, the monitor is typically selected after the settlement agreement has been negotiated and signed. This takes the identity of the monitor out of the initial settlement negotiations. It puts the company in the interesting position of agreeing to a contract, one essential element of which remains undetermined.
During a selection process where the company is afforded some significant voice in the process, it is not uncommon for potential monitors to make a presentation to the
\textsuperscript{212} See Stryker Orthopedics Nonprosecution Agreement ¶ 13 (2005), available at http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/pdf/deferredprosecution/Stryker051025.pdf.
\textsuperscript{213} See Deferred Prosecution Agreement, U.S. v. Am. Online, Inc., No. 1:04 M 1133 (E.D. Va. Dec. 14, 2004) [hereinafter America Online], available at http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/pdf/deferredprosecution/AOL041214.pdf; see also Aurora Foods, supra note 190; Deferred Prosecution Agreement at 12, U.S. v. Baker Hughes Inc., No. H-07-130 (S.D. Tex. Apr. 11, 2007) [hereinafter Baker Hughes], available at http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/pdf/deferredprosecution/BHughes070411.pdf (both requiring a “mutually acceptable” monitor).
\textsuperscript{214} Faro Technologies, supra note 170, app. C, ¶ 12 (stating that the “Department retains the right, in its sole discretion, to accept or reject any Monitor proposed by FARO pursuant to the Agreement”).
\textsuperscript{215} See Computer Associates, supra note 201, at 14–15.
\textsuperscript{216} Morford Memo, supra note 157, at 3.
\textsuperscript{217} Faro Technologies, supra note 170, app. C, ¶ 2; AGA Medical, supra note 175, attachment D, ¶ 2; Willbros, supra note 175, attachment D, ¶ 3. One of our interviewees suggested that the DOJ had been moving away from the veto approach toward language that requires a “mutually acceptable” monitor, because the “mutually acceptable” language gives the Department more control over the selection. These three cases go against the trend the interviewee identified, but they are all from the Fraud Section. Thus, it is difficult to say if future DPAs from outside the Fraud Section will follow the lead of the Fraud Section or the trend our interviewee identified.
\textsuperscript{218} The Accountability in Deferred Prosecution Act of 2008, H.R. 6492, 110th Cong. § 5 (2008), available at http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?c110:1:/temp/c110ZYiifU:. This Bill would require the Attorney General to establish a national list of potential monitors and establish rules for their selection that further the goal of creating “an open, public, and competitive process for the selection of such monitors.” Id. § 5(e).
company. This interview process gives the company the opportunity to determine whether a particular monitor has the personality, skills, and experience necessary to provide value to the company, as well to achieve the government’s objectives. Our research does not answer the question of whether the DOJ also interviews potential candidates, although none of our interviewees told us that they had been so interviewed. However, at least one monitor we spoke with was aware of instances in which the government had exercised its “veto” power and rejected a company’s choice of monitor, either because of a perceived conflict of interest or because the proposed monitor was not thought to have the necessary qualifications. The next section turns to the qualifications of those monitors.
2. Monitors’ Background and Experience
There are several common traits among monitors. One common trait, especially on the criminal side, is the lack of experience in conducting a monitorship. Many monitors seem to have been retained for only a single engagement. If the government continues its use of monitorships, then experienced monitors may become more common. For example, Timothy Dickinson served as the monitor for Monsanto and was recently selected as the “independent consultant” for Delta & Pine in a settlement with the SEC.\textsuperscript{219} George Stamboulidis served as the monitor for Merrill Lynch and Bank of New York. In addition, he serves as a “private monitor” for other companies, which presumably also gives him valuable experience as a monitor. He estimates that he spends 70% of his day as a monitor in some form.\textsuperscript{220} On the civil side, for a fairly small community of lawyers, SEC or FINRA monitorships and corporate internal investigations more generally form a substantial part of their practice.
On the other hand, some fear that the selection process will often not favor experienced monitors. For example, one observer had the following perception of the selection process (though others we spoke to disagreed):
Typically an Assistant U.S. Attorney or an Assistant District Attorney will leave to go into private practice; a case will come up in the office where they’ll decide to do a deferred prosecution agreement. Somebody will call the guy who’s left and say “Hey Charlie would you like to do this?” And he says “Sure.” Looking for business, it’s sort of like being a prosecutor again, sounds interesting and so he does it. That’s how he gets appointed; somebody knows him, he’s a friend. And that may be the only one he does for his entire
\textsuperscript{219} See \textit{Deferred Prosecution: Should Corporate Settlement Agreements be Without Guidelines?}: Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Commercial and Admin. Law, H. Comm. On the Judiciary, U.S. House of Representatives, 110th Cong. 2 (Mar. 11, 2008) (testimony of Timothy L. Dickinson), available at http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/pdf/Dickinson080311.pdf (stating that he serves as an independent consultant for Delta and Pine Land Company); Delta & Pine Land Company and Turk Deltapine, Inc., Securities Exchange Act Release No. 56138, 91 SEC Docket 371, at 5 (2007), available at http://www.sec.gov/litigation/admin/2007/34-56138.pdf (requiring Delta and Pine Land Company to hire an “independent consultant” to review the companies compliance program and internal controls as they relate to the FCPA); Letter from Brian A. Benczowski, \textit{supra} note 189, at 5 (listing Dickinson as a monitor for Monsanto).
\textsuperscript{220} Interview with George A. Stamboulidis, Partner, Baker Hostetler, New York, New York, CORP. CRIME REP., Sept. 18, 2006, at 11.
A second common trait is that monitors are typically former prosecutors or other government employees. From the list of 40 monitors submitted by the DOJ to the House Judiciary Committee on May 15, 2008, 30 were former government employees, including 23 former prosecutors.\textsuperscript{221} A separate review of 25 monitorships found that “at least 17 were ex-federal prosecutors,” and others included former federal judges, “a former SEC Chairman and an ex-SEC general counsel.”\textsuperscript{222} The monitors we interviewed viewed their backgrounds as a positive and highlighted their prosecutorial experience and their presumed professional judgment as the most likely reasons for their selection. A number of them also thought that their experience on “both sides”—i.e., as prosecutors and also representing companies on white collar crime matters—equipped them to be monitors. One monitor stated, “I used my professional experience and training as a prosecutor and also as a defense attorney. You have to wear both hats, see things from different perspectives.” Another described key skills as “[l]earning how to investigate and quote-unquote prosecute, tempering that with an understanding gained as a defense lawyer about the mitigating and absolute defenses against certain conduct, and overlaying that, appreciating that you have competing interests.”
Several people we interviewed raised concerns about the government selecting ex-prosecutors as monitors. However, the typical case may not be the selection of a former superior, as in the selection of John Ashcroft, or some other conflict of interest, but the DOJ selecting someone they know, trust, and are comfortable working with. This may result in a prosecutor selecting a former colleague to be a monitor, as suggested in the quote above. In addition, the company itself may select an ex-prosecutor in an attempt to win the trust of the government and signal their willingness to comply with the settlement agreement. One monitor stated:
I think the reason that you see so many people who do this who have recently been in the government is really because they have a credibility component and an independence component from the perspective of the regulator who has to approve them. . . . [I]f you are the company looking to retain somebody, you want to have somebody the regulator is going to view as a credible force . . . . [Y]ou sort of only have one shot at it and you want a household name about whose integrity no one is going to call in to question . . . .
Another monitor said:
I think the comfort level that the government might have in the monitor is important not only to the government but the more credibility the monitor has with the government the better off the company can be too because if the company has a monitor who has done an effective job and has made recommendations that are going to be received and accepted by the government, that’s good for all concerned.
In addition to their prosecutorial or regulatory experience, monitors commonly
\textsuperscript{221} Eric Lichtblau & Kitty Bennett, \textit{30 Former Officials Become Corporate Monitors}, N.Y. Times, May 23, 2008, at A23.
\textsuperscript{222} Sue Reisinger, \textit{Someone to Watch over Me}, Corp. Couns., Oct. 2007, at 100, 103–04.
assumed that they were selected for their knowledge of the substantive law related to the wrongdoing in question, and their experience in that industry or with similar corporations. When asked whether compliance program professionals\textsuperscript{223} could be effective monitors, many of the monitors we interviewed were skeptical. The primary basis of that skepticism was the view that compliance management professionals do not have the necessary “legal expertise.” In general, the monitors were not concerned that they themselves did not have experience in corporate compliance or similar managerial positions. As one monitor pointed out:
[L]awyers do this type of work all the time, they’re used to bringing in the necessary experts to assist their role, so if the monitor needs a compensation specialist they can always bring one in. Lawyers know how to bring in people to augment their work.
Not surprisingly, compliance consultants we interviewed raised concerns about the heavy use of ex-prosecutors and similar attorneys as monitors. Their primary concerns related to these monitors’ lack of experience in implementing and evaluating compliance programs in a way that takes into account how those programs are embedded in the corporation’s culture. Although a lawyer experienced with the FCPA, for example, can provide necessary expertise on policies the company needs to adopt to avoid violating the law (e.g., what risks to be aware of, what types of payments are not defensible), that expertise may be insufficient to ensure that the corporation’s employees actually comply with those policies. This is where issues related to a corporation’s culture (e.g., incentives, social norms) are important for understanding future compliance. Thus, the changes implemented may not be sufficient to have a long-term impact on the corporation.
To illustrate these concerns, one consultant brought up the old joke of a person dropping her keys in the middle of the street but looking for the lost keys at the side of the road by a street lamp. When asked why she was looking there, she responds, “Because that’s where the light is.” As applied here, it means that monitors without experience in establishing compliance programs will rely on what they do know,\textsuperscript{224} or, as discussed further below,\textsuperscript{225} will rely on indicators that are easy to measure but may be misleading.
Although monitors may bring in teams of professionals with the skills and experience that the monitor lacks, this may not reassure all compliance consultants. First, the monitor may not understand the relevant professional experience he or she lacks. In a published interview, a member of the original commission that worked on the 1991 Organizational Sentencing Guidelines criticized high-profile monitors, stating that they “lack background or, frankly, interest in understanding the substantial body of compliance best practices.”\textsuperscript{226} Second, as one compliance consultant pointed out, the
\textsuperscript{223} See \textit{supra} Part III.B (describing compliance professionals).
\textsuperscript{224} See \textit{supra} notes 105–06 and accompanying text (describing the difference between compliance officers with management backgrounds and legal backgrounds in their beliefs on the root cause of organizational misconduct).
\textsuperscript{225} See \textit{infra} notes 236–37 and accompanying text (discussing how lack of knowledge about company culture can cause a misleading interpretation of data).
\textsuperscript{226} \textit{Win Swenson Interview II}, \textit{supra} note 118, at 10, 16.
corporation must pay the bill to bring in these other parties even though it has little or no control over who the monitor hires and how many billable hours they can charge. To the extent that the monitor must learn on the job and bring in outsiders as part of this learning process, corporate officers may come to resent the process. This can impact the monitorship’s legitimacy and its chances for long-term success. This is perhaps especially true if a monitor is selected simply for his or her name recognition, which is done presumably to add credibility.
If, as the Morford Memo states, one of the key roles of the monitor is to ensure that the company adopts an effective compliance program,\textsuperscript{227} then experience with compliance programs from a managerial perspective would seem to be an essential qualification for most monitorships. As a former prosecutor interviewee stated:
One of the reasons why the deferred prosecution agreements require a monitor to be put in place is that the prosecutor’s office has no experience or skills to analyze whether a company is reforming its internal governance practices. That’s just not something that prosecutors do. Instead, they need to find someone who does understand corporate forms and operations, and has the time and resources to monitor the company’s progress.
This statement, which is uncontroversial, seems inconsistent with the decision to consistently choose individuals with only prosecutorial or technical legal expertise with respect to compliance programs.
\textit{C. Conducting the Monitorship}
In the course of a monitorship, the monitor develops a work plan, conducts his investigation, advises the organization as to what changes are required, evaluates the implementation and effectiveness of those changes, and produces a report containing his evaluation and recommendations. Over the next two years or so, the monitor is often required to conduct annual follow-up evaluations with formal written reports. In this section, we take a closer look at how monitors conduct these activities.
\textit{1. Developing and Implementing a Work Plan}
A monitorship typically begins with the development of a work plan. The work plan sets out who the monitor will interview, what documents she will review, and the other work of the monitor and her team. Significantly, in many cases the work plan is developed after the settlement agreement has been finalized and the monitor appointed, often by the monitor herself on a rolling basis. In other cases the work plan is negotiated with the company and the government. One interviewee had the impression that negotiated work plans, developed in advance of the start of the monitorship, were becoming more commonplace.
The negotiation of a work plan has occurred both formally and informally. The settlement agreement itself can require the joint development of the plan. For example, in the Baker Hughes DPA, the agreement specified a process under which the monitor submitted a work plan to both the company and the DOJ for their comments before the
\textsuperscript{227} Morford Memo, \textit{supra} note 157, at 5.
project began.\textsuperscript{228} All three of the monitorships entered into since the Morford Memo have required that the monitor submit a work plan to both the company and the DOJ for comment.\textsuperscript{229} In other cases, monitors reported taking the initiative and calling a meeting with the company and DOJ to ensure everyone had a clear understanding of expectations. Finally, the company may take the initiative. One monitor stated that as part of his presentation to the company during the company’s selection process, he described the work plan he would implement.
In developing a work plan, the monitors we spoke to told us they generally used the settlement agreement to establish the bounds of their investigation, and stated they would not take on tasks that would go outside their duties as stated in the agreement. The terms of the agreement, however, may contain substantial room for interpretation by the monitor.
One area open to interpretation is whether and how to investigate the corporation’s culture. As stated earlier, settlement agreements do not contain language explicitly charging the monitor to provide recommendations on managing a corporation’s culture, but some monitors recognize the importance of corporate culture and assume responsibility for making recommendations on those issues. For example, the monitor in the AOL case, James Robinson, and two colleagues who worked on the monitorship with him, published an article describing their views on how a monitor should conduct his work.\textsuperscript{230} In the article, they state that the AOL DPA tasked the monitor with a “mandate to review and monitor a compliance culture as it relates to business practices and revenue recognition.”\textsuperscript{231} The paragraph cited by Robinson as giving the monitor this mandate states that the monitor shall review “the effectiveness” of AOL’s “internal control measures,” “training related to these internal control measures,” AOL’s “sign-off and approval procedures,” and the “corporate code of conduct.”\textsuperscript{232} One of our interviewees (a monitor operating under a comparable mandate) expressed a similar view, and perceived a similar link between compliance program policies and procedures and the corporation’s culture:
I wasn’t appointed to change the corporate culture at [the company]. That said, the broad topics that I was there to examine and report on went deeply into the culture and required me to sort of make observations about the culture and about how it influenced the compliance of the company, and as a consequence, at least, my perception was dealing on almost a daily basis with questions of corporate culture.
Although it is unclear from Robinson’s article what these monitors did to examine or review their company’s “compliance culture,” their direct discussion of culture suggests a distinctly different approach from some other monitors. For example, when
\textsuperscript{228} Baker Hughes, \textit{supra} note 213, at 14–15, ¶ 10.
\textsuperscript{229} Faro Technologies, \textit{supra} note 170, app. C, ¶ 5(e); AGA Medical, \textit{supra} note 175, attachment D, ¶ 6(e); Willbros, \textit{supra} note 175, attachment D, ¶ 7(e).
\textsuperscript{230} James K. Robinson et al., \textit{Deferred Prosecutions and the Independent Monitor}, 2 INT’L J. DISCLOSURE & GOVERNANCE 325 (2005).
\textsuperscript{231} \textit{Id.} at 337. The authors contrast the America Online DPA mandate with that of the Monsanto DPA, which was focused on a compliance program related to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. \textit{Id.} at 336–37.
\textsuperscript{232} America Online, \textit{supra} note 213, at 6, ¶ 13.
one monitor we interviewed was asked about reviewing the company’s culture, the monitor told us, in effect, that it was hard to even know what the term meant. The monitor observed that he could objectively look at processes and procedures, but that if he wanted to be able to measure results it would be difficult to even determine how to measure corporate culture. That monitor speculated that some other monitorships might be concerned with corporate culture, but that his monitorship was intended to be limited. Interestingly, the settlement agreement that monitor was working under charged the monitor with essentially the same duties as the AOL monitor, focused around reviewing new internal controls.
Even among those monitors who consider themselves to be engaging with issues of corporate culture, it is unclear whether their use of the term matches the use of the term by compliance professionals. In his article, the AOL monitor used the phrase “compliance culture” but he did not specifically discuss how, if at all, his team attempted to measure the corporation’s culture. That monitor’s approach may or may not be consistent with current best practices from the perspective of compliance professionals. For example, a common term in settlement agreements requires the company to implement some form of anonymous hotline to allow employees to report wrongdoing.\(^{233}\) If the monitor views her task very narrowly, then she will simply ensure that the hotline has been implemented, that it is being monitored (perhaps by someone who reports to the audit committee), and that employees are made aware of the hotline through training. Although reviewing policies and procedures can ensure the hotline has been implemented, it tells the company very little about its effectiveness. For example, many employees refuse to report significant wrongdoing to hotlines due to a belief that the organization will do nothing to correct the problem and a fear of retaliation, even if the hotline is anonymous.\(^{234}\) Unless the monitor has a sense of the organization’s culture and the pressures and social norms related to reporting wrongdoing, the monitor will not know whether the hotline is an effective tool.
Likewise, reflecting the comment made earlier about looking for keys under the lamp post because that is where the light is,\(^{235}\) a monitor who is not a compliance professional may misconstrue information coming in about the corporation’s culture. For example, in a published interview, one attorney who later served as a monitor stated that the fact that a company’s hotline was rarely used by employees—and when it was used it was for minor, personal matters—provided evidence of a positive corporate culture.\(^{236}\) Compliance consultants we interviewed, however, seem universally to agree that the use of a hotline is not a good indicator of a corporation’s compliance culture or measure of the level of wrongdoing within the organization. Instead, to get a sense of the corporation’s culture, they would recommend using surveys, focus groups, and other similar measures.\(^{237}\)
\(^{233}\) Stryker Orthopedics Nonprosecution Agreement, supra note 212, ¶ 40.
\(^{234}\) Hess, supra note 94, at 1795–96.
\(^{235}\) See supra Part IV.B.2.
\(^{236}\) Interview with F. Joseph Warin, Partner, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, Washington, D.C., Corp. Crime Rep., Mar. 6, 2006, at 11, 14.
\(^{237}\) See Emily Layzer Sherwood, Measuring the Effectiveness of Ethics/Compliance Programs, ETHIKOS & CORP. CONDUCT Q., Jan.–Feb. 2007, at 7, 8. Sherwood states: “The tools most commonly used to
Overall, we found significant variation in how monitors conducted their work. All seemed to review documents related to policies and procedures. All monitors also conducted interviews, but some stated that it was unnecessary to talk to employees below upper management. Those latter monitors focused solely on the “[ethical] tone at the top,” which can create a biased view of the organization.\textsuperscript{238} With respect to lower level employees, those monitors seemed to focus simply on removing the wrongdoers. Other monitors, however, conducted one-on-one interviews with employees at various levels of the company on the view that people were more likely to be candid in that environment, and even engaged in “surprise” visits to branch offices to interview employees before management had a chance to prepare for them.\textsuperscript{239} In addition, some did not rely solely on interviews to understand the company, but sat in on meetings where decisions were made. Some intervened in corporate decisions early, while others tried to remain more in the background, on the belief that:
[W]hat you want to do . . . is to allow the business and compliance and legal people to tackle it and to observe how they tackle it. And then to intervene if and only if they’re not handling it properly, and then, finally, report to the government on it, how it all went, rather than run to the government when an issue first arises and seek government intervention or seek yourself to impose the solution, because then you’re not teaching the company anything.
In sum, how monitors view their obligations under the terms of the settlement measure ethics and compliance programs include: document reviews; surveys; one-on-one interviews; focus groups; and ‘deep dives.’” A “deep dive” “does not include compliance audits which tend to be prescribed, fill-in-the-box procedures,” but is a flexible process using the tools listed above to get a complete picture of the organization. \textit{Id.} at 8, 10.
\textsuperscript{238}. “[Ethical] tone at the top” is a phrase used to describe the CEO and other senior officers roles in setting the right tone for the corporation’s culture. Linda Klebe Treviño, \textit{Out of Touch: The CEO’s Role in Corporate Misbehavior}, 70 BROOK. L. REV. 1195, 1208-09 (2005). Treviño’s comments based on her empirical research show why focusing only on senior managers will likely lead to misunderstandings about the effectiveness of a compliance program in practice. She states:
Because of their inclination to identify closely with the organization and its image, top managers have a “rosier” view of their organization’s ethical climate than do lower-level employees. Further, due to fear and futility concerns, employees are unlikely to report ethical problems up the chain. As a result, CEOs are unlikely to know about ethical problems in their organizations. Finally, because most CEOs interact primarily with others of high status, they are likely to be out of touch with the daily realities of their own organizations and employees, including the ethical climate.
\textit{Id.} at 1208.
\textsuperscript{239}. One monitorship agreement even required the monitor to conduct interviews throughout the organization. \textsc{Schnitzer Steel Industries Deferred Prosecution Agreement}, \textit{supra} note 14, ¶ 15, which states:
Schnitzer shall require the Compliance Consultant to formulate conclusions based on sufficient evidence obtained through, among other things, (i) inspection of documents, including all of Schnitzer’s policies and procedures relating to Schnitzer’s anti-bribery compliance program; (ii) onsite observation of FCPA systems and procedures, including Schnitzer’s internal controls, recordkeeping and internal audit procedures; (iii) meetings with and interviews of Schnitzer employees, officers, directors and any other relevant persons; and (iv) analyses, studies and testing of Schnitzer’s anti-bribery compliance program.
agreement will influence how they establish a work plan, which will influence the information they collect, who they interview, and what aspects of the organization’s operations they investigate. A monitor’s view of these obligations shapes the entire nature of the monitorship (and in some cases the choice between what we identified earlier as the Auditor and Associate roles), and ultimately what recommendations they make and how they report their findings. These decisions seem to be based more on the background and experience of the monitor than on the terms of the settlement agreement or the negotiations leading up to the settlement agreement.
In making these decisions, monitors learn by trial and error (at the company’s expense) and without the benefit of other monitors’ experience. The monitors we interviewed typically were not able to supplement their knowledge by consulting with other monitors—except rarely and on an ad hoc or informal basis—before developing work plans and starting monitorships of their own. Nor could they rely on other monitor reports as guidelines, as most were nonpublic. Several monitors expressed a strong desire for a forum in which to share their insights and learn from the experiences of other monitors. Without efforts by the government to attempt to capture the lessons of monitorships, however, it seems unlikely to occur on its own. Government intervention may be needed because some monitors may only conduct one monitorship and have little incentive to participate, while others that may seek additional monitorships in the future may view such information as proprietary.\footnote{240}{See Jacobs et al., \textit{supra} note 25, at 433–34 (making the same observation in the union trustee context).}
For example, one monitor stated:
I think there’s also the dynamic that people are competing with one another . . . It’s kind of like in your world, you know the other people who are in your space. Sometimes you collaborate with them, sometimes you don’t.
\textit{2. Impacting the Organization}
The mere presence of a monitor has the potential to create significant change in how the corporation approaches its internal controls and compliance and ethics program. First, it forces the company to direct attention and resources to compliance and ethics.\footnote{241}{For example, the U.S. Attorney in the Bristol-Myers Squibb case stated that: “independent monitors are visible, on-site reminders that compliance with the terms of a deferred prosecution agreement is mandatory, not optional.” Christie & Hanna, \textit{supra} note 179, at 1055.} For some corporations, compliance programs are simply a cost that they try to minimize. The company seeks to “buy” just enough of a compliance program that it has some protection in the event that internal wrongdoing comes to light.\footnote{242}{Lauter, \textit{Corporate Liability}, \textit{supra} note 117, at 1382–1402 (discussing how corporations intentionally fail to meaningfully implement a compliance program but then still claim to have an effective compliance program when negotiating with prosecutors).} The settlement agreement and presence of a monitor forces such corporations to direct more resources to this function and in some cases even to hire an officer for a new position of chief ethics and compliance officer, or develop a compliance committee on the
board of directors.\textsuperscript{243}
Second, the monitor can grant legitimacy and power to the CECO. As noted earlier, the CECO may sometimes be pressured to end investigations or otherwise not live up to the job's requirements.\textsuperscript{244} The monitor gives the CECO more clout to resist that pressure. For example, one CECO reported using the monitor to ensure that management and the board would support what the CECO wanted to do. By putting the CECO's recommendations in the monitor's report, the monitor essentially forced management and the board to agree to a plan they might have otherwise resisted.\textsuperscript{245} Likewise, one interviewee stated:
There will be competing views within the corporation. The lawyers in the corporation may not have the standing that they ought to, and they may take one position, the business people may take another, and the [monitor] is in a position where he can, forgive the whole phrase, speak softly, but carry a big stick.
Third, the presence of a monitor can be a sufficiently disruptive force to cause the company to conduct a meaningful re-evaluation of its practices. One monitor noted that because there was a "cop on the beat" at the corporation, employees started to act as they ought to under the compliance program. Eventually, the monitor hoped, appropriate social norms would develop and, due also to the other reforms, officers and employees within the corporation would continue to act that way after the monitor was gone.\textsuperscript{246}
Although the presence of the monitor can have an immediate impact, to sustain this impact over the long term the corporation must be committed to the underlying reform goals behind the monitorship process, or at least the idea of adopting a meaningful compliance program. To do this, the monitors agreed that there must be some degree of buy-in from the corporation and trust between the monitor and corporation. As mentioned earlier, there is always the potential for corporate resentment to the monitor's presence and the costs they are imposing on the corporation. To get the necessary buy-in, some monitors commented on the need to have a meaningful dialogue with the company, as opposed to simply lecturing the company.\textsuperscript{247} Some monitors believe (and many compliance professionals agree) that if reforms are to have a lasting impact, they need to be the product of an endogenous learning process at the company, and not imposed in a top-down manner.\textsuperscript{248} This approach appears to be in significant contrast with the approach used by Richard
\textsuperscript{243} For a settlement agreement with these requirements, see Computer Associates, \textit{supra} note 201, ¶¶ 12–14 (discussing the addition of independent directors to CA’s board of directors and the development of an ethics and compliance program).
\textsuperscript{244} \textit{See supra} note 115 and accompanying text (recounting an interview with a compliance consultant who claimed an awareness of a number of cases where a compliance officer was pressured to back off compliance efforts).
\textsuperscript{245} LRN.com, http://www.lrn.com/component?option=com_lrnwebinar&Itemid,267/id,66/task,view/ (last visited Jan. 20, 2009).
\textsuperscript{246} \textit{Id.}
\textsuperscript{247} \textit{See, e.g., id.} These comments echo those made by Richard Gruner 20 years ago with respect to the potential benefits of corporate probation. \textit{See supra} notes 63–64 and accompanying text.
\textsuperscript{248} LRN.com, \textit{supra} note 245.
Breeden at WorldCom. Mr. Breeden’s *Restoring Trust* report seemed to consist of his own views as to what that corporation needed to do, as opposed to working with the management team to develop solutions with them that made the most sense for that company. Of course, one could argue that WorldCom was so pervasively corrupt that a monitor’s only hope for success would be to adopt an Autocrat role. Yet, at least one monitor we spoke with described a decision to define the assignment in direct distinction to the Breeden model:
Well, I don’t know that much about how Mr. Breeden went about his job, but reading his report led me to think that he may have a different view of how you handle this than I did. That is to say, I think, and maybe it was a function of the company he was in, or the circumstances, I don’t mean to second guess him, but my impression was that he was much more coming up with solutions and imposing them on management than doing the sort of advocacy that I advocate . . . . I would say that I set that paradigm, if you will, and worked against it. Whether it’s a fair description of Mr. Breeden or not, I sort of created that image of how one might do the monitorship and then I worked against it, because I didn’t think it was—as I got into my job—I didn’t think it was the right way to handle things . . . . But I hasten to add . . . that there are times when you’ve got to say, this is the way it’s going to be. When there’s a serious problem, or something that really requires immediate attention, or raises very clear ethical issues. Plainly, under those circumstances, you don’t wait around or allow the company to take anything less than the completely ethical position on a given issue.
3. Accountability and Role Conflict
In addition to advising the corporation on its compliance program, the monitor is also charged with monitoring the corporation’s compliance with the settlement agreement, and may be under an obligation to disclose or investigate other relevant instances of wrongdoing.\(^{249}\) Thus, the role contains inherent tensions.\(^{250}\)
The majority of our monitor interviewees agreed that there was some tension built into their role, but they thought it had a minimal impact on their work. Some monitors pointed out that their role did not contain any more conflicts than the kinds of roles they were accustomed to as lawyers and prosecutors. Others told us that the conflict was minimal, either because everyone understood the monitor’s position as an independent and credible third party, or because all parties ultimately wanted the same thing: for the company to adopt an effective compliance program and for the monitor to be able to verify that such a program was in fact adopted. As discussed further below, this smoothing over of the inherent tensions in the role may create other problems.
In terms of accountability, the Morford Memo’s second principle states: “A monitor is an independent third party, not an employee or agent of the corporation or of
\(^{249}\) See supra Part IV.A.3 (discussing the duties of corporate monitors and the functions they serve).
\(^{250}\) The same observation was made three decades ago in the context of special masters in prisons. See Note, “Mastering” Intervention in Prisons, 88 YALE L.J. 1062 (1979).
the government.\textsuperscript{251} The monitors we spoke with generally endorsed that position. While DPAs are filed with the court, the monitors we spoke with did not report having a significant relationship with the court. Some monitors suggested that they were generally accountable to the relevant regulator or prosecutor, in the sense of writing their report for that audience. Among the monitors we spoke to, however, many had concluded that in their final analysis they were answerable only to themselves, and that their actions were constrained by the desire to maintain their own professional reputation. This raised concerns for others: “[M]onitors aren’t infallible, they can run amok, they can miss things, they can overcharge, they can create more problems than they solve, and they’ve got to be answerable to somebody.”
\textit{4. Reports and Follow-Up}
At the completion of the initial investigation and during various other stages of the monitorship, the monitor is required to draft a written report and present it to the company and the government. Some monitors sought input from the company in drafting the report. One monitor stated:
Sure, the monitor wants to write a good report that makes useful recommendations; so if they show a draft to the company, the company can say maybe you just got this one wrong, and we can show you information that you made the wrong decision, and they will be able to persuade the monitor or not. Not letting them talk is like a doctor giving a pain reliever and not asking if it’s working.
In another case, the settlement agreement prohibited the monitor from sharing the report with the company until a preliminary version had been submitted to the government.\textsuperscript{252} Any concerns the company had with the report were to be submitted in writing to the government and the monitor, and the monitor could then respond to the comments as he saw fit.\textsuperscript{253}
During their investigation and drafting of the report, the monitors had a variety of experiences with respect to their interactions with the government. Although some monitors indicated an ongoing dialogue with the government independent of the company, others reached out to the government only if they reached an impasse within the company. Still others indicated that their only contact with the government was the submission of reports. In general, structured input from the government during the monitor’s investigation and development of the report did not seem to be the norm. Instead, the government simply reviewed the report as submitted. The general impression was that these reports were read closely and the government would have questions for the monitor. However, as discussed below, no structured institutional mechanism exists for deploying or leveraging the learning beyond that reading for that particular case. In one case—Bristol-Myers Squibb—the settlement agreement required
\textsuperscript{251}. Morford Memo, \textit{supra} note 157, at 4.
\textsuperscript{252}. \textsc{Bristol–Myers Squibb Co. Deferred Prosecution Agreement} ¶ 14 (2005) [hereinafter \textsc{Bristol–Myers Squibb}], available at http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/nj/press/files/pdffiles/deferredpros.pdf.
\textsuperscript{253}. \textit{Id}. It should be noted that that agreement also provided for significant direct interaction between the monitor, the corporation, and the U.S. Attorney’s office. \textit{See infra} text accompanying note 254.
that the company, including the CEO and general counsel, meet each quarter with the U.S. Attorney’s Office and the monitor in conjunction with the filing of the monitor’s reports.\textsuperscript{254} Such a formal meeting process seemed to be unique, however.
With few exceptions,\textsuperscript{255} monitors’ reports are not made public. There are several arguments in favor of making the reports public. First, the reports would allow monitors to learn from each others’ experience. Second, it would provide the greater compliance community with additional information on what the government is looking for with respect to being able to demonstrate that a compliance program is effective. Third, it provides greater accountability to the public, since interested parties would be able to determine if corporations were in fact rehabilitated, or if they “got off easy” for their wrongful behavior.
On the other hand, most monitors thought that a nonpublic report provided significant benefits to the monitorship process. The primary benefit was providing an environment for open communication, as stated by one monitor:
\begin{quote}
The chances of identifying and observing... important issues and corporate behavior go way up if your report isn’t going to be on the front page of the business section of The New York Times. You know, people are going to be much more willing to even seek you out, or at least answer your questions. I’ve found that there were people hungry to talk to me when I did my job.
\end{quote}
\textit{5. Cause for Concern in Conducting the Monitorship}
The combination of settlement agreement language that is open to interpretation and the selection of monitors without a background in compliance and ethics programs can lead to a monitorship that follows a simple Advisor or Auditor model regardless of what the situation calls for. Under this model, the monitor looks for technical compliance and the presence of the appropriate policies and procedures, but does not go deeper into the workings of the organization to determine if those policies and procedures are supported by an organizational culture that will ensure they are effective over the long term. Although the Auditor model may be appropriate in some situations,\textsuperscript{256} for organizations with a history of significant wrongdoing it does not ensure against the possibility that the corporation only adopts a “paper program.”
This problem can be somewhat alleviated through a work plan, developed jointly and in advance, which clarifies all parties’ expectations of the monitorship. It is unclear if the joint, ex ante development of work plans is becoming standard practice. The work plan, however, may still not force a monitor from an Auditor role to an Associate role. The DOJ hires the monitor for his or her expertise in these areas. The prosecutors
\textsuperscript{254} BRISTOL–MYERS SQUIBB, \textit{supra} note 252, ¶ 13.
\textsuperscript{255} See FEDERICK B. LACEY, \textit{MONITOR’S REPORT: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY} 2 (2007), available at http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/nj/press/files/pdffiles/ExecutiveSummaryofFinalReportofMonitor.pdf; HERBERT J. STERN, \textit{END OF YEAR REPORT [REDACTED FOR PUBLIC REVIEW] OF THE FEDERALLY-APPOINTED MONITOR FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND DENISTRY OF NEW JERSEY} (Jan. 15, 2007) (on file with author).
\textsuperscript{256} See \textit{supra} Part IV.A.4 (discussing the four general categories—Advisor, Auditor, Associate, and Autocrat—of the monitorship continuum).
involved may not know the right questions to ask or what is required for a successful work plan that ensures the monitor adequately studies the organization’s culture. The corporation, which wants to ensure it receives positive reports from the monitor and completes the monitorship with minimal disruption and cost, may push for an Auditor role. In addition, the selection of the monitor may not be providing the type of expertise needed, and therefore the monitor is also not pushing for a deeper investigation. Thus, although the settlement agreement may be drafted to ensure the corporation adopts an effective compliance and ethics program, no one present during a work plan negotiation may be pushing for what it would actually take to develop, implement, and test a compliance program, based on best practices from compliance experts. This is not to say that something akin to the Auditor model is never appropriate, but in situations where there is widespread wrongdoing and significant reform is needed, the current choices seem to work against the more comprehensive Associate model being adopted when it would be the most valuable model to use.
Furthermore, a corporation may argue that an expensive and lengthy monitorship potentially required by the Associate model harms current shareholders.\textsuperscript{257} This would mirror the criticisms of Sarbanes-Oxley section 404 to the effect that the mandatory procedures are expensive and provide little benefit.\textsuperscript{258} Instead of an expensive monitorship, corporations can argue that they will agree to adopt and improve their compliance programs, but that a monitor will not add much value beyond what they would get from hiring a compliance consultant, for example. If a monitor is imposed, the company will use those arguments to push for a more limited Auditor or Advisor role. Multiplying these effects is the possibility that financial industry regulators will share these concerns, along with a desire to move the case forward, close the file, and return the corporation “to the fold.” This may partially explain the difference between the corporate regulatory monitorships and those in the noncorporate (and especially RICO) context. Corporations, unlike mob-ridden unions, attract a certain presumptive support from professional regulators. They are not utterly “broken,” there is no public appetite for government to “run” public corporations, and they serve important public and private functions, so one should tread lightly.
\textit{D. Termination and Post-Monitorship}
Although settlement agreements commonly allow for the monitorship period to be extended if needed or for the agreement to be terminated upon breach by the corporation, thereby releasing the government from its obligations, monitorships seem to end when the originally stated time expires. As one example, Bristol-Myers Squibb’s monitorship ended at the expiration of its term, even though additional wrongdoing had been discovered and the CEO was forced out due to involvement in
\textsuperscript{257} Of course, part of the monitor’s job should be to show the corporation how an effective compliance program adds value to the corporation and reduces liability risks.
\textsuperscript{258} See generally Robert Prentice, \textit{Sarbanes-Oxley: The Evidence Regarding the Impact of SOX 404}, 29 CARDOZO L. REV. 703 (2007) (reviewing the criticisms related to the costs SOX section 404 imposes on corporations and then reviewing empirical evidence that Prentice argues shows that those criticisms are overblown).
that wrongdoing.\textsuperscript{259} The monitor’s report, however, praised the company for its “reformation of the company’s corporate culture into one that embraces and endorses a commitment to compliance, ethics, integrity and excellence, and encourages open and participatory communication throughout the organization.”\textsuperscript{260} The monitor also praised the company’s “outstanding global compliance program, whose policies, processes and procedures are designed to ensure a culture of integrity and ethics that enables Bristol-Meyers Squibb (BMS) to conduct its business worldwide in compliance with all applicable laws, regulations and other governing policies.”\textsuperscript{261} Strikingly, only a few months later, the company reached another settlement with the DOJ and paid over $500 million for wrongdoing related to fraudulent pricing and marketing practices.\textsuperscript{262} As part of the new agreement, Bristol-Myers Squibb entered a Corporate Integrity Agreement (CIA) with the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services, which required the company to adopt numerous compliance program features.\textsuperscript{263} Although some of the wrongful conduct giving rise to this settlement occurred during the time the monitorship was in effect, the U.S. Attorney agreed to the settlement based in part on the monitor’s account of how the company had improved its compliance program.\textsuperscript{264}
Once a monitorship ends, ideally, as indicated by Jacobs in relation to union trusteeships, a debriefing process should take place.\textsuperscript{265} This is a necessary process to build a foundation of knowledge on what practices have worked and what have not, and how the process can be improved. This is not being done, however, either through a community of monitors or by the government.
The absence of meaningful follow-up means it is difficult to vouch for the accountability or success of monitorships. As one of our interviewees memorably put it:
Maybe it turned out okay, maybe it didn’t, maybe nobody knows, because there’s nobody out there evaluating these things. And unless a company gets caught doing something improper again nobody may find out whether the deferred prosecution agreement worked or didn’t work.
Although our analysis has generally discussed criminal-side and civil-side monitorships together, there are significant differences in the contexts in which the
\textsuperscript{259} Stephanie Saul, \textit{Drug Maker Fires Chief of 5 Years}, N.Y. TIMES, Sept. 13, 2006, at C1.
\textsuperscript{260} FEDERICK B. LACEY, MONITOR’S REPORT: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 (2007), available at http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/nj/press/files/pdffiles/ExecutiveSummaryofFinalReportofMonitor.pdf.
\textsuperscript{261} Id.
\textsuperscript{262} Press Release, Dept’ of Justice, Bristol-Myers Squibb to Pay More Than $515 Million to Resolve Allegations of Illegal Drug Marketing and Pricing (Sept. 28, 2007) [hereinafter Bristol-Myers Press Release], available at http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2007/September/07_civ_782.html. Bristol-Myers Squibb settled with the DOJ in September 2007, while its prior settlement agreement with the DOJ ended in June 2007. See Press Release, Dept’ of Justice, Statement from U.S. Attorney Christopher J. Christie on Expiration of Deferred Prosecution Agreement with Bristol-Myers Squibb (June 14, 2007) [hereinafter Christie Press Release], available at http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/nj/press/files/pdffiles/dpaexpires0614rel.pdf.
\textsuperscript{263} CORPORATE INTEGRITY AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES AND BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB COMPANY (2007), available at http://www.og.hhs.gov/fraud/cia/agreements/BMS_CIA.pdf.
\textsuperscript{264} Bristol-Meyers Press Release, supra note 262, at 3.
\textsuperscript{265} JACOBS, supra note 21, at 246–47.
monitorships are enacted that should be taken into account. Most important, unlike a regulator, a criminal prosecutor does not have the institutional structure for following up on a monitor’s report. Several of the civil-side regulators we spoke to told us that their organizations’ practice was to pass monitors’ reports onto their compliance/examinations departments, which would use the reports as blueprints for subsequent compliance examinations and audits. This means that individuals with expertise in at least auditing firms for compliance have regular opportunities to evaluate the firm’s or company’s progress past the end of the monitorship. Prosecutors’ offices have no such built-in structure.
That said, even within the regulatory context, there is a clear distinction between regulated entities and public companies, in terms of the kind of follow-up and oversight they can expect. Broker-dealer firms and other regulated entities operate in a highly regulated environment and are required to be in contact with their regulators through a number of prescribed mechanisms. Nothing similar is required of public companies as a condition of listing—and most people would probably agree that nothing similar should be required.\textsuperscript{266} Given that public companies are not going to be closely regulated, monitorships may need to provide more explicitly for meaningful follow up, including perhaps longer terms for the monitorships themselves. Without such follow up, it is difficult to determine if a monitorship had any long-term impact short of evidence to the contrary from a similar compliance problem emerging at the same company.
V. TOWARD MORE MEANINGFUL MONITORSHIPS
A. Monitorships in Theory and in Practice
Earlier we placed monitorships on a continuum with four general categories—Advisor, Auditor, Associate, and Autocrat—showing the range of possibilities from the least ambitious monitorship to the most ambitious.\textsuperscript{267} Typically, it appears that the government does not intend for the monitor to serve an Autocrat role, and with a few exceptions monitors have not taken on such a role. At the other extreme, an Advisor role may be appropriate where the government is comfortable that the wrongdoing is not widespread throughout the organization or being intentionally (or unintentionally) encouraged by the organization’s culture. Thus, an investigation may show that the wrongdoing was in fact due to just a few rogue employees, and an Advisor is necessary to help the corporation modify its compliance program and internal controls appropriately, as well as to ensure that appropriate resources are directed to the compliance program. In such a case, only technical adjustments to a company’s policies or procedures are deemed necessary. Perhaps such a case should not even be termed a “monitorship,” as independence may not be necessary.\textsuperscript{268}
\textsuperscript{266} As an exception, see James Fanto, \textit{Paternalistic Regulation of Public Company Management: Lessons from Bank Regulation}, 58 FLA. L. REV. 859, 862–63 (2006), for an argument for the SEC to “appoint a corporate governance monitor for certain public firms who would have a role like that of an examiner of a large bank or financial holding company,” but also recognizing that his proposal is unlikely to be adopted.
\textsuperscript{267} See supra Part IV.A.4.
\textsuperscript{268} See supra Part IV.A.5.
The Auditor role is one step above the Advisor, and may be called for in substantially similar situations but where the government (1) has less confidence in the corporation’s ability or desire to make the needed changes or (2) has been impressed by observed compliance program changes made by the corporation during the course of the investigation leading up to the settlement.\textsuperscript{269} In cases where the wrongdoing spreads beyond a small number of individuals or there is evidence that organizational pressures or social norms were key contributing factors to the wrongdoing, then the Associate model may be needed. Under this model, the monitor investigates the root causes of wrongdoing—including all facets of the organizational culture—and collaborates with the corporation in a discursive, open-ended investigative project. There appear to be some cases where this is occurring.\textsuperscript{270}
In the appropriate situations, the Associate model is the kind of monitorship that, in theory,\textsuperscript{271} offers the greatest possibility of long-term, meaningful reform of corporate operations, as compared to the other models and the simple use of sanctions and other deterrence-based fines. Unlike financial sanctions, monitorships cannot be dismissed as just a “cost of doing business.” Instead, monitorships should work toward institutionalizing a self-reflective process within corporations that will address underlying causes of misconduct in the organization and implement, and then continually revise, an effective compliance program that is embedded within the organization’s culture. What makes monitorships so promising in theory is that they are an institutionalized, structured mechanism for disrupting other, problematic institutions and structures. Disrupting existing ways of doing things also can help to reform a corporation, because sweeping away or rejecting the status quo can open up a space for reconsidering fundamental assumptions.\textsuperscript{272} Without the monitorships, this process of change is unlikely to occur in many corporations.\textsuperscript{273} For example, as one of our interviewees stated:
\begin{quote}
The greatest problem to effect change is the inevitable loss of momentum
\end{quote}
\textsuperscript{269}. During the course of an investigation—which can last many months—the corporation will terminate wrongdoers and improve its compliance program in the hopes of obtaining credit for cooperation. One monitor raised the issue of whether there are cases where the government should end its investigation early and start a monitorship as soon as possible, thereby having the monitor directly involved in the changes the company is undertaking (as well as potentially saving the corporation significant costs related to defense attorneys and duplicated efforts). In some ways this occurred at Bristol-Myers Squibb, when the independent advisor the company hired to review their compliance program during the investigation stage was later hired as their monitor. \textit{See supra} notes 207–10 and accompanying text. A full consideration of the issues raised by this proposal is beyond the scope of this paper.
\textsuperscript{270}. The public statements of the CECO and monitor in the Computer Associates case seem to suggest that this was a successful monitorship based on what we term the Associate model. LRN.com, \textit{supra} note 245. However, virtually all top management at Computer Associates was replaced as part of the process. A much harder case is one in which top management stays.
\textsuperscript{271}. \textit{See generally} Ford, \textit{supra} note 52 (discussing reform undertakings—which focused on civil-side monitorships—as a form of New Governance regulation).
\textsuperscript{272}. This is one of the key points made by Sabel & Simon, \textit{supra} note 19, at 1073–82. \textit{See also} Ford, \textit{supra} note 52, at 805 (affirming that reform is a “wake up call” to firms to change).
\textsuperscript{273}. \textit{See} Vikas Anand et al., \textit{Business as Usual: The Acceptance and Perpetuation of Corruption in Organizations}, 19 ACAD. MGMT. EXEC. 9, 20–21 (2005) (arguing that an external change agent is often needed to reverse corrupt organizational cultures); \textit{see also supra} notes 241–46 and accompanying text (describing the potential benefits from simply a monitor’s presence in an organization).
that occurs inside an entity once the crisis has passed. Just the everyday pressures that exist to do whatever business it is, to deal with whatever crisis there is, gets in the way of actually completing whatever it is people agree is the right thing to do. So having an independent consultant involved in the process puts a framework around it, just like program management does to cause ordinary change to take place. You need the discipline of someone outside the organization who’s got a timeline, who’s got to report to somebody. You have to have an end date. When you have those things, then you’ve managed to meet all the milestones and get it done.
Monitorships require the corporation to pay direct attention to the reasons for its past compliance failures and, with the prodding of a capable monitor, rehabilitate itself. This process should separate the reform effort from the enforcement action and allow a deep and demanding, but flexible and open-ended reform process to evolve as needed over a period of time.\textsuperscript{274} By separating enforcement and reform, corporations are expected to take a less adversarial stance and engage in less calculated cooperation,\textsuperscript{275} and instead engage in a more open and discursive process that has a better chance of gaining company buy-in to the process. In the background, the “big stick” of enforcement should help ensure the corporation is taking the process seriously.\textsuperscript{276}
In practice, however, monitorships that have the goal of reforming corporations are at risk of falling short. They rarely appear to be doing what compliance consultants would say is necessary to ensure the corporation’s compliance program is effective and will result in reforming a corporation’s culture over the long term. They also seem to be failing at generating the necessary self-reflective process. Even in cases where there is widespread wrongdoing within the organization, it seems the monitor is typically assuming the narrower Auditor role over the more in-depth Associate role. In this section, based on the evidence we have,\textsuperscript{277} we explain why this may be occurring. This is not to say that successful monitorships do not and cannot happen where the Associate model is required, but that those successes seem to be due to self-motivated individual efforts and not due to an effective system that produces consistent results.
A key potential cause is that the incentives and motivations of the three actors involved in the monitorships (the company, the government, and the monitor) can come together in such a way that the monitorship process settles for a significantly lower level of operation and ambition than we would hope for. Although the parties’ interests may be aligned in the ways described above,\textsuperscript{278} they may not be aligned with
\textsuperscript{274}. Ford, \textit{supra} note 52, at 822.
\textsuperscript{275}. Hess & Ford, \textit{supra} note 139, at 330 (using the term “calculated cooperation” to describe how the government granting corporations benefits for cooperation with the investigation creates incentives for “corporations to scapegoat certain employees to end the governmental inquiry without adequate examination of the organizational causes of the wrongful act”).
\textsuperscript{276}. Ford, \textit{supra} note 52, at 823–24.
\textsuperscript{277}. The limitations of this study are identified above. \textit{Supra} note 126 and accompanying text. As stated earlier, we hope that this report will be a springboard for additional study into the actual operation of monitorships, including more in-depth studies undertaken not only by academics housed in business and law schools, but also by other organizations with an interest and stake in corporate governance, ethics, and regulation.
\textsuperscript{278}. \textit{See supra} Part IV.C.5.
the long-term best interests of shareholders or the public.\textsuperscript{279} Specifically, the corporation wants a monitorship that is just rigorous enough to allow the monitor to write a report that can satisfy the government; it does not want a monitorship that is broader in scope or more expensive than it has to be. The monitor wants to conduct an investigation that will enhance or at least not adversely affect her professional reputation and oversee a compliance program implementation that allows her to write a credible report for the government. Interestingly, if the use of monitorships continues to increase, some monitors seek to obtain future monitorship appointments, and the company has some meaningful say in the selection of the monitor,\textsuperscript{280} then monitors may actually come to operate in a more company-friendly manner. According to compliance consultants we interviewed, because the monitor has an eye to her next appointment, she may be careful about implementing too onerous a monitorship. Even if a monitor is not seeking additional monitorships, she may still conduct a company-friendly monitorship because of the natural tendency to view the corporation as a client, and the desire to “add value” for that client.\textsuperscript{281}
The government also may not push the monitor and the company to go beyond a basic Advisor or Auditor model of monitorships. The prosecutor wants to close his file in a way that is reasonably calculated to ensure that the subject corporation has at least decent, industry-standard compliance processes in place (at least on paper), and then move on to the next case. The prosecutor does not want similar problems to recur at the same firm in short order, but separate fines and sanctions against individuals can go some distance here too. On the other hand, mindful of criticisms about monitors running amok, the prosecutor does not want to be unreasonable or to force the company, or more specifically its shareholders, to incur costs that are more burdensome than they have to be.
The end results of these factors can be relatively conservative monitorships focused on technical compliance with policy and procedure requirements. There is
\textsuperscript{279} As one observer told us:
You put the rabbit in the hat. I mean you started with the assumption that everybody wants the same thing and if that’s true then it makes your job very easy because what you need to do is to provide guidance and to document the cultural changes that have taken place in the organization, so it makes it very easy if that’s the case. But it’s not necessarily true. A deferred prosecution agreement may be put in place because that’s the easiest way to bring a criminal case to a conclusion and the people who are running the company feel that they are getting off lightly . . . . [I]t’s the culture that determines how people are going to behave in the organization, not any particular individual. Unless you bring about cultural reform you’re probably destined to repeat some form of misconduct at some point in the future as soon as the pressure is off.
\textsuperscript{280} The three monitorships since the Morford Memo, and at the time this research was conducted, have all allowed the corporation to pick the monitor with the government retaining a veto power. Faro Technologies, \textit{supra} note 170, at app. C, ¶¶ 1-2; Willbro, \textit{supra} note 175, at Attachment D, ¶¶ 1, 3; AGA Medical, \textit{supra} note 175, at Attachment D, ¶¶ 1-2.
\textsuperscript{281} Clearly, an effective compliance program can and should add value to a company, and even compliance consultants market themselves as claiming to add value to the company. There will be situations, however—especially here, in the enforcement context—where appropriate implementation of a compliance program requires some tradeoffs between at least short-term value and accountability. Monitors must ensure that they are considering not just company value and company concerns, but ensuring accountability to the government and the public more generally.
little interest in a drawn-out, discursive process and no one seems to have an incentive to attempt a "deep dive" into issues of corporate culture. Even if the corporation itself may be motivated to do so, it may rationally choose not to deal with such issues with a corporate monitor who is not in an attorney-client privileged relationship with the corporation. Thus, despite any initial aspirations, the pressure on the monitorship structure is downward—toward the Advisor or Auditor model.
A second major cause of low-ambition monitorships—which also impacts the motivation of monitors discussed above—is the type of monitor that is being selected. As indicated earlier, the corporation wants to pick a monitor that has credibility with the government, and the government wants a monitor it can trust. The end result is the selection of a monitor that closely resembles a prosecutor's profile (and commonly is an ex-prosecutor), which deeply affects the subsequent path the monitorship takes. The monitorship becomes a process designed by prosecutors, run by former prosecutors, and for ultimate consumption by prosecutors. As one monitor pointed out to us, the corporation only has "one shot at it," and the stakes are high. It is not a time to take risks when a consensus is emerging about what constitutes an acceptable monitorship. The risk of a future problem emerging because underlying cultural issues have not been addressed feels remote in the middle of an acute incident, and people tend to discount future risks in favor of present needs in any event.\footnote{282}{See David M. Messick & Max H. Bazerman, Ethical Leadership and the Psychology of Decision Making, 37 SLOAN MGMT. REV. 9, 11 (1996) (discussing decisionmaking biases, including the problem of discounting future events and related biases that exacerbate that problem).} In addition, without a system for tracking, aggregating, and sharing experiential and outcome data between companies or between U.S. Attorney's offices, the actors create the features of each monitorship in an environment of uncertainty and are likely to simply follow the lead of those who came before. In the end, with each subsequent monitorship, the conservative, technical compliance-oriented model is reproduced through a process similar to what organizational sociologists call mimetic isomorphism.\footnote{283}{See Paul J. DiMaggio & Walter W. Powell, The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields, 48 AM. SOC. REV. 147, 151–52 (1983) (developing the idea of mimetic isomorphism, which involves organizations copying each other in the face of uncertainty due simply to the legitimacy established by the prior actor and not due to their fitness for the environment).}
\textit{B. Reform Recommendations}
The shift toward the Advisor and Auditor end of the spectrum is not necessarily an intentional choice, but the result of choices along the way in a process that is influenced by the various motivations and incentives of the actors involved. Returning to our simplified four-stage monitorship model, we can identify decisions at each stage that affect the subsequent possibilities and generally push toward a less ambitious monitorship. These problems suggest various reforms to better structure a monitorship to meet the needs of the case at hand and to develop systems to help ensure monitorships improve over time.
At the negotiation stage, the terms of the agreement are drafted in a way that leaves significant interpretation to the monitor. Although flexibility is one of the key virtues of monitorships, their effectiveness calls for more careful and context-specific
thought upfront about the monitor’s exact role and the scope of monitorship. Second, parties are selecting monitors with a prosecutor’s mindset and skill set, as opposed to someone more closely identified as a compliance professional. Third, during the course of the monitorship and as a function of the two choices made above, monitorships tend to focus on technical compliance and easily measurable outcomes. Although we have been unable to review monitor reports in the for-profit corporation setting, our estimation based on our interviews is that “corporate culture” is used more as a buzzword than as a meaningful construct. Finally, at the post-monitorship stage, efforts to capture learning from monitorships and apply it to other ones are virtually nonexistent. Instead, patterns are reproduced from one monitorship to the next based on precedent, rather than clear thought as to whether they are appropriate to the new situation.
In the remainder of this Article we provide recommendations for reform at each of these stages. We should note that our conclusions are limited in that we have had virtually no access to monitor reports and we have only had contact with a small sample of actors involved in monitorships.\textsuperscript{284} That said, even if more monitorships have been deeper and more consistent with compliance industry knowledge than we surmised, the systematic problems we identify are real in some number of cases and could easily become the norm if they are not monitored and managed appropriately. In addition, these reforms will not lessen the effectiveness of already successful monitorship models, but will only work to strengthen them and improve the chances for success for all monitorships.
\textit{1. Crafting Monitorships for the Case at Hand}
Once the government decides to agree to a monitorship, it needs to clearly articulate the reasons that it came to that conclusion. In addition, and flowing from that original rationale for the monitorship, the agreement should be more specific on what role the monitor is expected to adopt. The challenge in many situations, however, is determining the corporation’s reform needs before the monitor has started her work.
Currently, the government relies on its own investigation, which in turn relies heavily on the company’s internal investigation. Many corporations conduct proactive internal reviews when internal wrongdoing comes to light. An important policy reason for granting corporations “credit for cooperation” is that it allows the government to essentially outsource its investigations. As one interviewee stated, “The good thing about it is that it leverages the government’s resources. I mean, with a handful of prosecutors you can be running many huge investigations of big companies, which if you had to staff it with your own people you’d never be able to do.”\textsuperscript{285} These investigations can be a valuable source of information. For example, they may demonstrate that a corporation’s compliance program is clearly inadequate.\textsuperscript{286}
\textsuperscript{284} See \textit{supra} note 126 and accompanying text.
\textsuperscript{285} Of course this outsourcing has been controversial, especially with respect to the perception that the government routinely requires corporations to waive attorney-client privilege in order to be considered cooperative—a concern that the revised charging guidelines for corporations addresses. \textit{See supra} note 91.
\textsuperscript{286} See, for example, Faro Technologies, \textit{supra} note 170, ¶ 22, whose compliance program did not include training employees on the requirements of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and did not appoint
However, internal investigations are not equivalent to a monitor’s investigation and their context must be taken into account. For our purposes, a central concern is that internal investigators are motivated to identify individual “bad apples,” and away from identifying deep problems of corporate culture.\textsuperscript{287} Thus, the government should not automatically assume, based on an internal investigation, that there is no need for a more ambitious, Associate-style monitorship.
One possible solution is to follow the lead of the U.S. Attorney in the Mellon Bank case, who hired compliance consultants to investigate the company before she agreed to a DPA.\textsuperscript{288} Although there are of course significant limits on the ability of such consultants to determine the state of compliance at the time of the offense (which typically includes acts that have occurred months or years ago), the consultants can investigate the current state of compliance to make a recommendation as to whether they believe the company is at risk of engaging in similar activity in the future. This recommendation can then be used by the parties as they negotiate the terms of the settlement, including the role of the monitor.
Next, to ensure the monitor conducts an appropriate investigation and follows the desired monitorship model, the basic structure of a work plan should be incorporated into the settlement agreement. This ensures that, where a complete and thorough investigation of the company’s ethics and compliance program and organizational culture is called for, this is actually what the monitor does. It also should help weed out potential monitors who do not have the skills and experience to conduct this type of investigation. In addition, it may be useful to have some form of the final work plan made available to the public (in a redacted form if necessary to protect any legitimate privacy concerns of the corporation) for purposes of accountability and information sharing for future monitorships. This more direct guidance upfront still allows the monitorship to develop and evolve in a manner that meets the needs of the situation, but (along with other necessary reforms) helps ensure that the monitor does not move to a lower ambition monitorship, such as an Advisor or Auditor role, where the needs of the situation do not justify that move.
\textit{2. Selecting the Monitor: Competency Versus Credibility}
One thing we heard from several monitors is that, ultimately, the success of the monitorship comes down to the personal qualities of the monitor chosen. Several monitors emphasized the importance of professional judgment. At its starkest, we heard that it may be “impossible for monitorships to be institutionalized” because “[t]he kind of self-restraint, the kind of self-critical analysis, the kind of self-discipline that you need to be a monitor is very, very, very unusual and there’s nothing that really prepares you for it.” This observer told us about the “intellectual and emotional discipline” required to do the job:
\textsuperscript{287} Ford, \textit{supra} note 52, at 792–96; see also Lauffer, \textit{Corporate Prosecution}, \textit{supra} note 117, at 648 (describing a problem he calls “reverse whistle blowing,” which “occurs when an organization, typically through the acts of senior management, identifies culpable employees and offers evidence against them in a trade with prosecutors for corporate leniency or possible amnesty”).
\textsuperscript{288} See \textit{supra} notes 168–69 and accompanying text.
You[’ve] got to be prepared to pull the plug and quit, or you’ve got to be prepared to turn on the people that you’ve come to like and feel are supportive, or you’ve got to be prepared to defend people that you don’t like depending on the circumstances that you find yourself in. And you’ve got to do it in a way where every time you make a judgment, every time you express yourself you can back up your conclusions with overwhelming evidence that you’re correct and you can’t afford to make a mistake, it’s a zero defect kind of a role.
Accepting the difficulties of the job and the inherent tensions in it, there are still steps that can be taken to increase the possibility of an effective monitorship. Of primary importance is finding the monitor with the right skills for the monitorship at hand. The Morford Memo is correct in stating that the corporation should maintain responsibility for designing its compliance and ethics program because only corporate managers, and not the monitor, have duties to shareholders.\textsuperscript{289} The point is not to have monitors take over corporations and their compliance programs, because there can be more than one way to implement a compliance program and each can be equally correct and effective. It should be the corporation’s choice on which approach to take, as long as its choice is reasonable and it can convince the monitor of the likely effectiveness of the proposed approach.
To determine this effectiveness, the monitor must have sufficient experience with the workings of ethics and compliance programs in practice. This does not mean simply technical compliance with legal requirements, but an understanding of how matters that affect a corporation’s culture, such as rewards systems, impact the effectiveness of a compliance program that looks complete on paper. These issues go to the heart of the monitor’s effectiveness. Overall, as one compliance consultant told us, there is a reason why the compliance profession has developed, and it is that lawyers focused on technical compliance were not getting the job done.\textsuperscript{290} Because the monitor’s primary duty is to ensure the corporation has an effective compliance program, then those individuals with the experience and skills to serve as a chief ethics and compliance officer should be the first people considered for the position.
The current dominant use of ex-prosecutors and similar attorneys as monitors was not a conscious choice resulting from a consensus that corporate compliance problems will be addressed most effectively by using such monitors. The terms of the monitorship agreements we reviewed do not specify this preference, and, indeed, the Morford Memo explicitly states that nonlawyers can do this work.\textsuperscript{291} To address the
\textsuperscript{289} Morford Memo, \textit{supra} note 157, at 5. Principle 3 states: “A monitor is not responsible to the corporation’s shareholders. Therefore, from a corporate governance standpoint, responsibility for designing an ethics and compliance program that will prevent misconduct should remain with the corporation, subject to the monitor’s input, evaluation and recommendations.” \textit{Id.}
\textsuperscript{290} We are not saying that monitors whose primary experience is having been a prosecutor or white-collar defense attorney cannot get the job done (and there seems to be evidence that they can). What we are saying is that the prosecutorial model of lawyering seems to be under-equipped to do this job in many cases, especially those we have deemed appropriate for an Associate model of monitorship, \textit{see supra} notes 269–70 and accompanying text, and should not on its own be considered either a necessary or a sufficient requirement for selection as a monitor.
\textsuperscript{291} Morford Memo, \textit{supra} note 157, at 4.
ossification of this model, the government must be involved in the selection process and implement policies on the skills and experience a monitor should have, related to the growing body of knowledge from compliance professionals.
In selecting the monitor, there also must be some balance between the government selecting the monitor and the corporation selecting the monitor with the government only retaining a veto power. If the corporation has too much control over the process, then it may attempt to select monitors that are company-friendly. In addition, there is the potential for the monitor to begin to view the company as her client, especially if the monitor underwent an interview in which she had to convince the corporation to hire her. If the government has too much control, then it may select monitors through a process that raises legitimacy concerns (i.e., selected based on personal connections rather than merit) or that will not work well with the company. As stated earlier, corporate buy-in and trust of the monitor are key factors for a successful monitorship. Monitors should be selected through a process in which the parties select a mutually acceptable monitor. In addition, during the post-monitorship review (we suggest reforms in this area below\textsuperscript{292}), the government should collect data on the performance of the monitors and ensure that information is available to those government officials involved in the selection process.
Government involvement in the selection process—and greater contact with the monitor throughout the monitorship—also should help ensure monitor accountability and independence. The Morford Memo and most (but not all) DPAs place great importance on structural independence (meaning a monitor who has no prior business relationship with a firm, and who is precluded from taking one for a period of years after the monitorship). This does not, however, ensure independence of mind. At a subconscious level if not a conscious one, the fact that the company is paying the monitor may motivate the monitor to try to convince the company that he or she is “adding value” in much the same way that these same attorneys want their clients to see the value of the services they provide in the rest of their practice. Especially where the monitor is working on a close and daily basis at the company, with little contact with the government, the (conscious or subconscious) desire to have positive interpersonal interactions with key players can become significant. Thus, structural independence must be supplemented with other aspects of the monitoring process, such as greater contact and involvement with the government during the process. The government should be in regular contact with the monitor and provide written feedback with its assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the monitor’s investigations and reports.\textsuperscript{293}
\textit{3. Compliance for the Long Term}
The goal of a monitorship is to ensure that the corporation implements an effective ethics and compliance program. Although monitorships are typically 24 to 36 months in duration, they are expected to have an impact that lasts significantly longer.
\textsuperscript{292} See infra Part V.B.4
\textsuperscript{293} See Christine Parker, \textit{Regulator-Required Corporate Compliance Program Audits}, 25 \textsc{Law & Pol’y} 221, 237 (2003) (making similar recommendations in the context of auditor reports for enforceable undertakings in Australia).
The first step in accomplishing this is designing a monitorship that can assist the corporation in uncovering root causes of misconduct, identifying persistent organizational culture hurdles standing in the way of adopting an effective ethics and compliance program, and assisting in identifying and implementing effective measures in light of these factors.\textsuperscript{294}
To ensure lasting change, the next step must be to entrench the changes made during the monitorship into the operations and structure of the corporation. Susan Sturm has described, in a different context, how the “architecture” of an organization needs to be reconfigured to prevent backsliding at the end of an acute intervention like a monitorship.\textsuperscript{295} Con Ed’s monitorship appears to be an example of exactly that problem.\textsuperscript{296} In the context of forcing compliance reform on a corporation, a leading example is the use of Corporate Integrity Agreements that require certain structural changes.\textsuperscript{297} DPAs often require similar changes, such as the appointment of a chief ethics and compliance officer or the selection of independent directors to serve on the board committee with supervision duties over the compliance program.\textsuperscript{298}
Thus, to help ensure that changes remain once the pressure is off,\textsuperscript{299} settlement agreements where the Associate monitorship model is required should likely include the following requirements. First, if the position does not already exist, the corporation should appoint a CECO and make that person part of the company’s high-level management. Second, the CECO should be an agent of the board of directors, at least as far as incentive compensation and termination decisions are concerned.\textsuperscript{300} Third, the corporation’s board should be required to adopt a compliance committee, and the CECO should have reporting responsibilities to that committee.\textsuperscript{301} During the course of the monitorship, the monitor should ensure that the CECO and compliance committee are performing their duties competently. In addition, and as discussed further below, information should be systematically collected on when and why such requirements are used, and this information should be combined with data collected by the monitor on how well these structural changes have worked.
\textsuperscript{294}. On root cause analysis, see William H. Simon, \textit{Toyota Jurisprudence: Legal Theory and Rolling Rule Regimes}, in \textit{LAW AND NEW GOVERNANCE IN THE EU AND THE US} (Gráinne De Búrca et al., 2006).
\textsuperscript{295}. See generally Susan Sturm, \textit{The Architecture of Inclusion: Interdisciplinary Insights on Pursuing Institutional Citizenship}, 30 HARV. J.L. & GENDER 409 (2007) (employing the architecture metaphor to discuss organizational structures and features needed to address structural inequality).
\textsuperscript{296}. \textit{See supra} notes 65–66 and accompanying text (describing the Con Ed story).
\textsuperscript{297}. \textit{See supra} notes 54–55 and accompanying text (describing the use of Corporate Integrity Agreements).
\textsuperscript{298}. \textit{See Aurora Foods, supra} note 190, at 4 (requiring both the appointment of a compliance officer and two independent directors to serve on the audit committee); Baker Hughes, \textit{supra} note 213, ¶ 7.b.iii (requiring the assignment of a corporate official to be in charge of the compliance program and requiring that person to report directly to the board’s Audit/Ethics Committee).
\textsuperscript{299}. \textit{See supra} note 279 (quoting an interviewee as stating, “Unless you bring about cultural reform you’re probably destined to repeat some form of misconduct at some point in the future as soon as the pressure is off”).
\textsuperscript{300}. \textit{See supra} notes 110–15 and accompanying text (describing the arguments for making the CECO an agent of the board of directors).
\textsuperscript{301}. \textit{See Hess, supra} note 94, at 1809 (arguing in favor of a compliance committee with authority over the CECO).
4. Post-Monitorship: Institutionalize Learning
One of the regulators we spoke with indicated that, with respect to the degree of independence they required of the monitor, the regulator organization had developed an informal policy to help ensure that burdensome independence requirements were not imposed where they were not necessary.\textsuperscript{302} This policy was apparently based, at least in part, on a review of its past monitorships. However, this same regulator did not see a reason to analyze the content of the monitors’ recommendations in the same overarching manner to see, for example, if insights could be generated for handling the most common compliance failures, or if best practices in resolving common problems were starting to emerge. Many of our interviewees had not contemplated that much valuable information would come from this kind of exercise, especially considering the amount of work involved.
We believe that the absence of systematic methods for capturing the lessons of past monitorships is a major failing. As indicated above, the government must play some role in this process.\textsuperscript{303} Although monitors seek to have this information, they are reluctant to provide it to others either because they view it as proprietary information or they appropriately do not want to disclose confidential information about the corporation.
There are several reasons why there is a need to develop mechanisms to capture the learning from monitorships.\textsuperscript{304} First, costs are reduced by new monitors not having to reinvent the wheel for their monitorships. Monitors reported having no models to rely upon for developing a work plan or even drafting their report, and corporations are therefore required to pay the bill for their learning on the job. Second, to improve the effectiveness of monitorships, an effort must be made to capture best practices and review their evolution over time due to increased experience. Third, capturing these lessons also allows the government (including U.S. Attorneys without any experience with monitorships) to become more knowledgeable and therefore a more productive participant in the monitorships along the lines suggested above, including negotiating the settlement agreements, selecting monitors based on their skills and experience, and reviewing the monitor’s work during the monitorship. This allows the four stages of a monitorship we identified above to function as a cycle, where the lessons from past monitorships feed into the next round of monitorships.
The lessons the government should attempt to capture include not just best practices on the monitorship process, but also indicators on the final performance of monitorships over time. This is vital information for determining if monitorships are
\textsuperscript{302}. See supra notes 205–06 and accompanying text.
\textsuperscript{303}. See supra note 240 and accompanying text (providing arguments for the necessity of government intervention).
\textsuperscript{304}. More generally, a number of New Governance scholars have emphasized the need for a “central data clearinghouse” or other similar structure to permit collective learning and disseminate best practices. See, e.g., Michael C. Dorf & Charles F. Sabel, A Constitution of Democratic Experimentalism, 98 Colum. L. Rev. 267, 345–56 (1998) (calling for agencies to engage in benchmarking, or “comparative evaluations” of one another, in order to ultimately achieve best practices); Sturm, supra note 295, at 410–22 (describing institutional intermediaries); see also Malcolm Sparrow, The Regulatory Craft: Controlling Risks, Solving Problems, and Managing Compliance 167–68 (2000) (expressing a desire for agencies to “organize the lessons they learn and to make the accumulated knowledge readily available”).
even working as a policy alternative. Overall, without an effort to analyze the experiences of monitorships and an attempt to distill the lessons to be learned, certain ineffective practices may become the standard without appropriate thought and evaluation.
VI. CONCLUSION
Like others, we are concerned with the development of corporate monitorships. Our concerns, however, have less to do with fears of unaccountable monitors running roughshod over corporations and more to do with monitors not conducting deep dives into the corporation’s culture. As stated by the Ethics Resource Center—a leading nonprofit conducting research on organizational ethics—"Ethical culture is the single biggest factor determining the amount of misconduct in [an] organization."305 Likewise, to obtain the benefits of a mitigated sentence under the Organizational Sentencing Guidelines, a corporation must “promote an organizational culture that encourages ethical conduct and a commitment to compliance with the law.”306 In some cases, monitors are dealing with these issues to at least some degree, but in others they are not. Not delving into these issues may be the right decision in certain limited situations. In practice, however, this determination has less to do with a well-thought-out strategy to match the monitorship to the case at hand and more to do with flaws in the monitorship process. In cases where wrongdoing is widespread within the organization and social pressures toward corruption are great, the monitor must investigate a corporation’s culture and force the corporation to address these issues if monitorships are expected to have a reliable impact on corporate behavior over the long term. We are not saying that technical, compliance-based monitorships are never useful. Having in place appropriate processes and procedures is important to corporate compliance and is the foundation of an ethical corporate culture. Thus, all monitors serve an important function in making sure that firms are structurally equipped to prevent and detect internal wrongdoing. What we advocate, though, is a monitorship process that incorporates some of the learning that has emerged from compliance professionals about the importance of organizational culture. The reforms suggested here—including rethinking who is qualified to serve as a monitor and capturing the lessons from experience—are simple steps toward creating more ambitious and more consistently successful monitorships.
305. ETHICS RES. CTR., NATIONAL BUSINESS ETHICS SURVEY: AN INSIDE VIEW OF PRIVATE SECTOR ETHICS 26 (2007).
306. U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL § 8B2.1(a) (2004). | 740b3939-72e1-455e-9579-b684c0e34348 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 222,306 |
CROOKED LAKE AREA LAKES PROTECTION AND REHABILITATION DISTRICT
MEETING MINUTES (Amended)
September 7, 2024
A meeting of the Crooked Lake Area Lakes Protection and Rehabilitation District was held on Saturday, September 7, 2024, at the Crooked Lake Community Center in the Town of Riverview, WI. The following were in attendance:
Commissioners: Brian Webb, Chair
Pam Wierzba, Secretary
Kevin Rasmussen
Dave VanZeeland, Oconto County
Not In Attendance:
Dean Stoller Bob Sipiorski
Also present:
Curt Hoffman, Firewise Pat Porubcan Jane Porubcan
Chair Webb called the meeting to order at 9:00 a.m. CST. He began the meeting with the Pledge of Allegiance. Brian Webb presided, and Pam Wierzba acted as the secretary.
After affirming that no directors present declared any conflicts of interest with any agenda topics, Brian Webb asked if there were any changes to the agenda. Hearing none, he proceeded with the meeting.
Approval of Minutes from Prior Meeting
K. Rasmussen presented the motion, seconded by D. VanZeeland and carried; the following resolution was unanimously adopted:
RESOLVED, that the minutes of the Crooked Lake Area Lakes Protection and Rehabilitation District meeting held on May 25, 2024 and presented to the Board of Commissioners at this meeting, be and hereby are, approved.
Treasurer's Report was reported by B. Webb. Total revenue to date is $20,507. The current checking balance is $12,038. Current amounts of the two CD's are $16,151, and $20,365. The Third CD that matured as of 6/5/2024 was moved to a high yield Savings Account. Total expenses to date are $4,922. Projected checking balance at year end is $3,011. K. Rasmussen made a motion to approve the Treasurer's Report, seconded by D. VanZeeland, unanimously approved.
Committee Reports
Clean Boat/Clean Water
B. Webb commented on his volunteer hours at the boat launch inspecting boats and trailers for weeds as they are removed from the water. He has gotten favorable responses from boaters.
There has been an increase in weed growth this summer.
Education
Boaters have complied with the ordinance regarding the ban on wakesurfing. No issues have been reported. P. Wierzba commented that citizens have noticed a reduction in the silt at their shores since the ban of wakesurfing. A reminder to make sure that renters are aware of the lake rules.
Other Business
Firewise
C. Hoffman discussed Firewise. The 2024 Firewise season has concluded. 224 spring mailers were sent out to homeowners, 81 leaf/needle piles were picked up, 54 roadside chipping piles were picked up, and 33 home assessments were conducted. Approximately $8,500 of the $11,000 grant was used. The maximum grant amount for 2025 will be $8,000. The grant process is now open for 2025. Curt will contact those involved to start the grant application process. The Firewise Timesheets must be turned in by October 15th. Return to Matt Connell- Crooked Lake District, 12399 Oak Lane, Crivitz, WI 54114.
OCLAWA (Oconto Lakes and Waterways Association)
B. Webb attended the recent meeting. There are currently thirty-five members. The Lucky 13 raffle drawing was held on August 24, 2024. Total revenues were $12,510. They used 10% for expenses and 25% of the proceeds go back to the organizations who sold raffle tickets. Twelve of the thirty-five members sold enough tickets to be eligible for a rebate. CLLD will receive a check for $69. In order to apply for grants from OCLAWA we must participate in the raffle for three consecutive years. We have participated every year. B. Webb has applied for a $1000 grant.
Oconto County Conservation Department was the guest speaker. They have completed sixty-six lake studies to date. Oconto County is hoping to add a water quality specialist. The county is eligible to apply for grants from the DNR to help cover project costs. B. Webb suggests we apply for a grant in 2025 to help with Onterra costs. The majority of the lakes reported at the meeting that they have seen a significant increase in invasive weeds.
Aquatic Plant Management Plan
Pat Porubcan reported that there is an increase in Milfoil on all three lakes. The last weed treatment was in 2020. He advised Onterra to proceed with the preliminary grant application due September 15. Weed control management plan grants are available through the DNR and may be easier to obtain than the grants for weed treatment. Grants are becoming harder to get. Motion to pass a resolution to agree to pay the preliminary fees for the grant request was made by D. VanZeeland, seconded by K. Rasmussen, unanimously approved. B. Webb suggested that we formalize the renewals of the Lake Management Plan (5 year plan) and the Aquatic Plant Management Plan (2 year plan). P. Porubcan will reach out to Eddie at Onterra for assistance. Onterra will do another evaluation of the lake this Fall to determine treatment plan for next Spring as well as areas that should be treated.
There was a discussion on how to generate more revenue from non-lake parcel owners.
The condition, maintenance, and needed repair of the boat launches was discussed. D. VanZeeland suggested contacting the Town of Riverview. Contact Oconto County for possible grants as well. K. Rasmussen will research contractors for estimates.
Zebra Mussel Update
Reminder to report any zebra mussels on your docks to B. Webb.
New Business
The Crooked Lake dam is scheduled to be repaired in 2025.
B. Webb suggested that the Lake District make a small donation to The Sportsman Club for Bullhead harvest activities and in return they could reciprocate support to us in the future. This would give us a point for future grant status. D. VanZeeland will address at the next Sportsman Club meeting.
Chair Webb adjourned the meeting at 10:03 a.m. Next meeting will be October 26, 2024 at 9 a.m.
Respectfully submitted,
Pam Wierzba, Secretary | <urn:uuid:e770d78b-4c97-4232-a0e6-2da128f6f75f> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 5,876 |
The previous two commits (34dced26 and 34dced26) have a typo that makes the tunable useless.
History
#1 - 04/14/2015 05:04 PM - Chris Buechler
- Status changed from New to Confirmed
- Target version changed from 2.2.2 to 2.2.3
that's a post-2.2.2-RELEASE commit.
Ermal, the tunable is already there to begin with as well.
#2 - 04/14/2015 05:06 PM - Chris Buechler
- Affected Version set to 2.2.3
#3 - 04/14/2015 09:53 PM - Chris Buechler
- Status changed from Confirmed to Resolved
- Assignee changed from Ermal Luci to Chris Buechler
fixed | <urn:uuid:133a7af8-e739-4d41-8937-ff4ae605ba07> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 547 |
Hello Friends,
Welcome to your May edition of Tak Heid. Everybody has been busy at EHG and are enjoying the brighter days. Read on to hear about what we have been up to and what’s coming up soon.
We’d like to remind everybody that we will be closed on May 6th for a Bank Holiday.
The Edinburgh Headway Group Team
Botanic Gardens
Last month we visited the beautiful Botanic Gardens and spent time in the Botanic Cottage. The community team at the Botanic Gardens kindly organised activities for us during our visit. We went pond dipping and got to see what wee beasties were lurking there! In addition, we took part in a clay imprinting workshop, using natural materials to create a range of patterns and surface textures. We went for a relaxing walk and enjoyed seeing all the flora and fauna within the gardens. A good time had by all!
Greetings
Our amazingly talented member, Stephen, has added another feather to his bow and produced greeting cards featuring some of his Jacobean Crewelwork.
Stephen has been working on his craft for many years following his brain injury. Stephen recognised the benefits of his needlework to the improvement in his dexterity and concentration.
These beautiful high quality greeting cards are now available to buy from the office. There are two sizes available. A5 at £4 per card and A6 at £3 per card.
And, Stephen has very kindly offered 20% of the sales made to Edinburgh Headway Group. Please contact Phelim or Louisa if you wish to make a purchase or view the cards.
World Laughter Day May 5th
World Laughter Day was founded by Dr. Madan Kataria in Mumbai, India in 1998. Dr Kataria founded the Laughter Yoga movement in 1995 and understood the positive effects laughter and smiling has on the body. This is why he started World Laughter Day, to help spread that message across the globe.
These past couple of years have been tough on many people, but through the power of laughter, we can all unite and overcome many obstacles.
Did you know that laughter has been proven to actually improve your health? Here are just a few benefits of having a hearty belly laugh:
- Laughter boosts the immune system - Laughing helps to increase infection-fighting antibodies, which can help combat infection.
- Laughter relaxes the body and reduces stress - A proper belly laugh can help reduce stress and can relax your muscles for 45 minutes afterwards.
- Laughter is good for your heart - Laughing can help increase blood flow and improves the function of blood vessels, which can help protect you against heart attacks.
- Laughter burns off calories - Okay, we aren't suggesting that you forgo the gym and replace it with a bit of a giggle. But, laughing for around 10 - 15 minutes a day can burn off up to 40 calories. That's not bad!
May 6th – Why do we celebrate May Day?
With the advent of Christianity, May Day hung on as one of the few holidays not associated with religion. It falls roughly between the spring equinox and the summer solstice and Celts celebrated it as the first day of summer, calling it Beltane. In rural Britain, celebrations were associated with the fertility of spring and the start of summer. The seeds of the new crops had been planted, farm labourers were given a day off - and they made the most of it!
International Nurses Day
International Nurses Day is celebrated on 12th May each year, to coincide with the birthday of Florence Nightingale.
Nightingale was the major founder of the modern profession of nursing, a health care pioneer, originally famous for leading the first team of British women to nurse in war, the Crimean War of 1854-56.
In 1856, after her return from the Crimean War, she was invited to Balmoral Castle to meet with Queen Victoria, Prince Albert and the war minister, Lord Panmure. Panmure commissioned her to write a report on the war hospitals, and what went wrong (they had very high death rates, which were brought down). She was in touch with leading Scottish doctors and was instrumental in founding nurse training in Scotland.
Late in her life, Nightingale called the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary “the best hospital” in the United Kingdom, both for nursing and organization. She regularly sent doctors and nurses visiting from other countries to see it. Here you can see a plaque to Florence Nightingale at the Royal.
Head Injury Information Days 2024
Wednesday 12th June - The O2 Academy Edinburgh
The Head Injury Information Days are back in Glasgow and Edinburgh for 2024.
These FREE information and networking events are for individuals, families, carers and professionals affected by all types of acquired brain injury and head injury. Join us to hear presentations from experts in the field and meet the support groups and organisations available.
Make sure to register online via HIID’s 2024 | Head injury information Days (HIID)
Interview with Volunteer Irene
How long have you been a volunteer with EHG?
I have been volunteering with Edinburgh Headway Group for about a year now.
Tell us a little about yourself.
I enjoy reading, crafting, knitting, and gardening. My travels have included Europe, America, China, Australia, and Vietnam. My favourite foods are pasta and rice dishes.
What’s the best part of volunteering with EHG?
The best part of volunteering is getting to know the members who are all so different but equally interesting.
What’s your favourite activity at EHG and why?
Quizzes and crafting are my favourite as they teach as much as answering.
If you won the lotto what’s the first thing you would do?
Top of the list would be a large donation to EHG!
Life Saver
‘Look on the good side, if you survive your crash then you have a second chance at life if you are prepared to work hard. I’m Lucky, my life changed at 17’
Image and writing by Scott M
International Dark Skies Week
International Dark Skies Week was from 2nd to 8th April. It is held during the new moon of April. This week is a worldwide celebration of the dark and natural light, whilst raising awareness of light pollution. We learnt about the ways in which light pollution can affect wildlife and the preventative steps we can take. We then explored the wonders of the night sky, learning about stars, constellations and comets.
In response to our studies of the night sky, members created abstract artworks with focus on mark making and contrasting tones.
Spring Riddle
I start spring and end winters snows
I end dark nights and bring sunrise
I start smiles, and end woes
And I’m part of your start to surmise,
So, what am I?
Answer at the end!!
Home Energy Scotland offer free and impartial advice and support for everyone in Scotland.
They are an advice service funded by the Scottish Government and managed by Energy Saving Trust.
People in Scotland can get advice about:
- Creating a warmer, more energy efficient home.
- Reducing energy bills.
- Exploring greener energy options like home renewables.
- Greener travel options like electric bikes and cars.
- Financial support for all of the above, including grants and 0% loans.
Home Energy Scotland is funded by Scottish Government and provides free and impartial advice, support and funding to help households in Scotland reduce their bills and lower their impact on the environment.
You can find out more and check if you are eligible below. Disability payments are considered when applying.
Tel: 0808 808 2282
https://www.homeenergyscotland.org/contact-advice-support-funding/ Click on the link to fill in an online form or chat.
DR Inclusive Fitness and Wellbeing
Last month some of our members took a trip to DR Inclusive Fitness and Wellbeing in Loanhead.
The team have here have adapted exercises to cover muscle maintenance/strengthening, cardio workouts and flexibility/stretching for people living with a disability. Many of our members are looking forward to working with DR Inclusive in the future to work on their physical and mental rehabilitation.
Eurovision 2024 Final – 11th May
The Eurovision Song Contest was first held in 1956, originally conceived as an experiment in transnational television broadcasting. Following a series of exchange broadcasts in 1954, an international song competition was commissioned, originally based on the Italian Sanremo Music Festival. A total of 67 contests have been held since its first edition, and 1721 songs representing 52 countries have been performed on the Eurovision stage as of 2023. The contest has seen many changes since its inauguration, such as the introduction of relegation in the 1990s, and subsequently semi-finals in the 2000s, as a response to growing numbers of interested participants. The rules have also seen multiple changes over the years, with the voting system and language criteria being modified on several occasions.
The Eurovision Song Contest has been identified as the longest-running annual international televised music competition in the world, as determined by Guinness World Records and around 40 countries now regularly take part each year. The 2020 edition of the contest was the first to be cancelled, as no competitive event was able to take place due to the Covid pandemic.
The Eurovision Song Contest 2024 is scheduled to be the sixty-eighth edition of the contest, to be held on 7, 9 and 11 May 2024 in Sweden. 37 countries applied to take part in the seventh contest held on Swedish soil, with Luxembourg set to make its first appearance since 1993. Romania ultimately opted not to participate this year. The slogan of the previous year’s event in Liverpool, “United by Music”, will be retained for 2024 and all future editions, thus ending the practice of individual contest slogans being created for each edition which had begun in 2002. This year, the UK will be represented by Olly Alexander with his song Dizzy:
**Eurovision Quiz:**
1. Which country won Eurovision in 2022?
2. Which song did ABBA win Eurovision with in 1974?
3. Which band won Eurovision in 2006 while wearing monster costumes?
4. What instrument did Norway’s Alexander Rybak play on stage in his performance of Fairytale?
5. Which singer won in 2014 with the song Rise Like a Phoenix?
6. Which city hosted Eurovision in 2016?
7. Which Eurovision winning song begins with the line ‘A broken heart is all that’s left’?
8. Which American rapper featured in San Marino’s entry in 2021?
9. Before the 2022 Grand Final, Spain’s entry SloMo was considered a hot contender by the bookies. Where did it end up placing on the night?
10. Which 2022 Eurovision winner competed again in 2023?
Answers at the end of Tak Heid
Get Ready for our Eurovision themed week in May!! Costumes and a rendition of your favourite Eurovision winner from across the years more than welcome.
Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr
Last month we were learning about the observance of Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr, to further our understanding of its history and intentions. Members explored aspects of this religious period, whilst also sharing their personal experiences.
Muslims around the globe observe the holy month of Ramadan every year, a period of deep spiritual reflection and fasting. The festival begins with the sighting of the crescent moon, which usually appears one night after a new moon. In 2024, Ramadan began on Sunday 10 March and is expected to conclude on Tuesday 9 April 2024, meaning Eid al-Fitr is likely to fall on Wednesday 10 April 2024.
The word Eid translates as “the festival of breaking the fast”, marking the end of the month-long fast of Ramadan. This festival is a particularly significant time for Muslims in the UK and across the globe, enabling families to get together and share the joyous moments. After a month of abstinence and devotion to Allah, the festival allows Muslims to enjoy themselves with what they previously gave up in accordance with the requirements of their faith.
An Exploration of Islamic Design
In our creative sessions we further explored Islamic culture, making links to Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr celebrations. We looked at a range of Islamic architectural designs from all over the world, discussing the designs and materials used.
There are three different forms of Islamic decoration that are used in Islamic art. These include the arabesque, geometric patterns, and calligraphy. Arabesques use vegetal and floral motifs to create flowing designs, while geometric patterns make use of circles and squares. Calligraphy is the artistic representation of text.
The prominence of Islamic geometric design is due in large part to the aniconic nature of the Islamic religion. Aniconic refers to the absence of human and animal forms within art. For many Muslims, certain traditions and beliefs prohibit the use of human and animal imagery within Islamic art. According to many Muslim traditions, the use of human and animal representations is considered to be an attempt to imitate the work of God.
Instead, Islamic geometric art is used to convey different images. For example, the circle in Islamic art is often used to convey purity and unity. The geometric properties of the circle enable it to be divided into multiple subdivisions, allowing for the demarcation of time or the movement of the planets within a pattern.
Another common geometric pattern used in Islamic art is the 10-pointed star or decagram. Sometimes referred to as a girih motif, this form of radial symmetry can be inscribed within a circle and then incorporate colour to derive new patterns from a single motif. The girih motif is often used in decorative tiles due to the multiple combinations of colours and patterns derived from this unique shape.
In response to the decorations observed within these structures, we created individual clay tiles and carved designs into them. Members explored pattern structures and created pieces which demonstrated individual artistic style and self-expression.
Proper hydration and brain
Approximately 70% of your body is composed of water. Nearly every body function you have is dependent on water, but how much do you really need? The average adult loses more than 80 ounces of water every day through sweating, breathing, and eliminating wastes. So one has to wonder if you drink less than 80 ounces a day, how is that impacting your brain function and overall health?
Studies show that you only need to be 1% dehydrated to experience a 5% decrease in cognitive function. A 2% decrease in brain hydration can result in short term memory loss and have trouble with math computations. Prolonged dehydration causes brain cells to shrink in size and mass, a condition common in many elderly who have been dehydrated for years.
Water is also needed to produce hormones and neurotransmitters in the brain. Since the brain cannot store water and you are constantly losing water through perspiration and other body functions, it’s essential that you continuously hydrate. You’ll be able to think faster, focus more clearly and experience greater clarity when your brain is functioning on a full reserve of water.
Drink water throughout the day even if you are indoors and in the air conditioning.
Eat your water by munching on water-filled fruits and vegetables (ie: watermelon, cucumbers).
What else to say? Stay awesome – Stay hydrated!!!
Author: Dr. Fayaz
Eurovision Quiz Answers:
(1) Ukraine (2) Waterloo (3) Lordi (4) Violin (5) Conchita Wurst (6) Stockholm (7) Arcade (8) Flo Rida (9) Third (10) Loreen
Spring Riddle
What am I? The letter S
Edinburgh Headway Group
Unit 4, 27 Peffer Place, Edinburgh, EH16 4BB
0131 370 0393
email@example.com
www.edinburghheadway.org.uk
Contacts:
Phelim O’Toole Manager
Mairi Deputy Manager
Louisa Office & Finance Coordinator
Sarah Rehabilitation Lead
Ross Rehabilitation Assistant
Iain Carers Coordinator
Kirsten Rehabilitation Assistant
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Τοποθέτηση υπαλλήλων στη Διεύθυνση Πολιτικής Προστασίας της Αποκεντρωμένης Διοίκησης Μακεδονίας- Θράκης.
ΑΠΟΦΑΣΗ
Ο ΓΕΝΙΚΟΣ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΑΣ ΑΠΟΚΕΝΤΡΩΜΕΝΗΣ ΔΙΟΙΚΗΣΗΣ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑΣ-ΘΡΑΚΗΣ
Έχοντας υπόψη:
1. Τις διατάξεις του Ν. 3852/2010 (ΦΕΚ 87/Α'/07-06-2010), «Νέα Αρχιτεκτονική της Αυτοδιοίκησης και της Αποκεντρωμένης Διοίκησης − Πρόγραμμα Καλλικράτης», με τις οποίες συνιστάται ως ενιαία αποκεντρωμένη μονάδα διοίκησης του κράτους, η Αποκεντρωμένη Διοίκηση Μακεδονίας-Θράκης.
2. Τις διατάξεις του Π.Δ. 142/27-12-2010 (ΦΕΚ 235/Α΄/27-12-2010), «Οργανισμός της Αποκεντρωμένης Διοίκησης Μακεδονίας- Θράκης».
3. Τις διατάξεις του Ν.3528/2007 (ΦΕΚ 26/ΤΑ/9.2.2007), «Κύρωση του Κώδικα Κατάστασης Δημοσίων Πολιτικών Διοικητικών Υπαλλήλων και Υπαλλήλων Ν.Π.Δ.Δ, που αφορούν στην υπηρεσιακή κατάσταση των μονίμων δημοσίων υπαλλήλων».
4. Του Π.Δ. 50/2001, «Καθορισμός των προσόντων διορισμού σε θέσεις φορέων δημοσίου φορέα , όπως τροποποιήθηκε και ισχύει».
5.
Του Ν.3801/2009 «Ρυθμίσεις θεμάτων προσωπικού με σύμβαση ιδιωτικού
ΑΝΑΡΤΗΤΕA ΣΤΟ ΔΙΑΔΙΚΤΥΟ
Θεσσαλονίκη 03-05-2011
Αρ. Πρωτ.: οικ. 26082
Δικαίου Αορίστου Χρόνου και άλλες διατάξεις οργάνωσης και λειτουργίας της Δημόσιας Διοίκησης»
6. Του Ν.3905/2010 (ΦΕΚ Α΄219/23-12-2010) «Ενίσχυση και ανάπτυξη της κινηματογραφικής τέχνης και άλλες διατάξεις».
7. Την αριθμ. 02/03-01-2011 απόφαση του Γενικού Γραμματέα της Αποκεντρωμένης Διοίκησης Μακεδονίας-Θράκης με θέμα, «Κατάταξη του προσωπικού της Αποκεντρωμένης Διοίκησης Μακεδονίας- Θράκης», σύμφωνα με το Π.Δ. 142/27-12-2010.
8. Τα αριθμ. 71743/14-12-2010 «Απαραίτητες ενέργειες για τη μετάβαση στη δομή των Αποκεντρωμένων Διοικήσεων» και οικ.73951/27-12-2010 «Διευκρινίσεις σχετικά με τον ορισμό προϊσταμένων στις Αποκεντρωμένες Διοικήσεις και την κατάταξη του προσωπικού στους κλάδους των οικείων οργανισμών» έγγραφα του Υπουργείου Εσωτερικών Αποκέντρωσης & Η.Δ .
9. Το προσωπικό των Περιφερειών Κεντρικής και Ανατολικής Μακεδονίας Θράκης, του Ν. 2503/1997, που υπηρετούσε σε αυτές την 31η Δεκεμβρίου 2010.
10. Τις υπηρεσιακές ανάγκες της Δ/νσης Πολιτικής Προστασίας της Αποκεντρωμένης Διοίκησης Μακεδονίας-Θράκης.
ΑΠΟΦΑΣΙΖΟΥΜΕ
Τοποθετούμε τους παρακάτω υπαλλήλους στη Δ/νση Πολιτικής Προστασίας της Αποκεντρωμένης Διοίκησης Μακεδονίας-Θράκης, σύμφωνα με τον κλάδο και την ειδικότητα που κατέχουν, καθώς και τις ανάγκες τις οργανικών μονάδων, ως εξής:
Δ/ΝΣΗ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗΣ ΠΡΟΣΤΑΣΙΑΣ
Η παρούσα ισχύει από την υπογραφή της.
Ο ΓΕΝΙΚΟΣ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΑΣ ΑΠΟΚΕΝΤΡΩΜΕΝΗΣ ΔΙΟΙΚΗΣΗΣ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑΣ - ΘΡΑΚΗΣ
ΘΥΜΙΟΣ Ν. ΣΩΚΟΣ
Κοινοποίηση:
1) Δ/νση Πολιτικής Προστασίας (για ενημέρωση των οριζόμενων υπαλλήλων)
2) Γενικούς Διευθυντές
-Εσωτερικής Λειτουργίας
-Χωροταξικής και Περιβαλλοντικής Πολιτικής
-Δασών και Αγροτικών Υποθέσεων
3) Δ/νση Οικονομικού
Εσωτερική Διανομή:
1) Γραφείο Γενικού Γραμματέα
2) Χρονολογικό αρχείο | <urn:uuid:bd50e485-3e1b-4df1-94a5-14da453a90e2> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ell_Grek/train | finepdfs | ell_Grek | 3,111 |
HANEX® SOLID SURFACE CAN BE FABRICATED AND INSTALLED IN ALMOST ANY RESIDENTIAL OR COMMERCIAL APPLICATION WITH INCONSPICUOUS SEAMS.
HANEX® ACHIEVES THE HIGHEST FR CLASSIFICATION ON THE MARKET-EN13501-1b.
• THE ONLY LIMITATION OF HANEX® IS YOUR IMAGINATION
• HIGHLY DURABLE
• MAINTAINS ITS COLOUR AND SHAPE
• RESISTANT TO HEAT, MOULD, POLLUTANTS AND BACTERIA
• EASY TO CARE FOR, MAINTAIN AND REPAIR
• EXTENSIVE COLOUR RANGE
• 10 YEARS LIMITED WARRANTY
• ENDLESS DESIGN POSSIBILITIES
HANEX® solid surface products are crafted from a unique blend of acrylic resins and natural materials, so sheets can be cut, shaped and formed into an unlimited range of designs. Best of all, unlike other surfacing materials, HANEX® can be repaired and restored to its original condition.
This combination of durability and flexibility brings unparalleled advantages - both practical and aesthetic.
YOUR DESIGNS NEED ONLY BE LIMITED BY YOUR IMAGINATION.
For further details visit WWW.ASHTON-TECHNOLOGIES.COM
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Tel: 359-0755
HANEX® is an ideal hygienic material that is resistant to moisture, pollutants and bacteria, making it easy to clean and maintain. Its stain resistance combined with colour consistency throughout makes it ideal for all surface applications in the home. With a wide range of refined colours available, HANEX® can help you achieve virtually any design concept.
Residential applications include:
Kitchen worksurface with integrated sinks & splashbacks,
bathroom worksurface & vanities with integrated bowls,
door sills, bath & shower surrounds, wall cladding, lighting & objet d’art.
Whether your style is minimal and elegant or bright and bold, HANEX’s colour palette follows the latest design trends and has been developed to be integrated with a broad range of finishes and materials. Choose from a rich array of hues and textures to suit any setting or mood.
HANEX® is non-porous and certified NSF 51 for Food Preparation areas. Therefore, it can be applied in any application where sanitation is of utmost importance, such as washrooms, commercial kitchens, hospitals, playrooms or schools.
The unlimited design flexibility of HANEX® enables you to create a beautiful and durable aesthetic in any commercial setting, be it a hospital, bank, restaurant, hotel or office space.
**HANEX® ACHIEVES THE FOLLOWING**
**Fire Certification EN13501-1b**
This is the European Fire classification relating to all construction products, including products incorporated within building elements. Products are considered in relation to their end use application. Hanex® achieves EN13501-1b which is comparable to BS476 Class 0.
**NSF51 Certification**
This Standard is applicable to the materials and finishes used in the manufacture of food equipment (e.g., beverage dispenser, cutting board, work surfaces, etc).
**Stain Resistance Report**
Hanex is an acrylic solid surface material product with a high level of alumina trityhydrate content as the filler, an ingredient which provides superior resistance to stains and chemicals. However, exposure to harsh chemicals should be avoided. In case of surface contamination, quickly flush affected area with domestic gritty cleaner and water. Sand if necessary, as a rule of thumb; surface damage may vary with the chemical strength and exposure time.
**GreenGuard Certification**
Indoor Air Quality Certification ensures that products meet indoor air quality pollutant guidelines/standards.
**Scientific Certification Systems**
These certificates relate to recycled chips in use in our material.
Certificates available at www.hanex.co.uk
The new, luxurious premium Solid surface from Hanex.
Bellassimo is innovative in its design flexibility, providing possibilities never imagined.
With Bellassimo, you’ve found the type of surface you’ve always wanted:
BL-014 STRATUS BL-002 CELADON BL-015 CHAMPAGNE BL-003 PIETRA PANNA
BL-006 MAPLE WOOD BL-016 CUMULUS BL-010 TERRACOTTA BL-012 WINE BLACK
As with many products, darker colours tend to show scratches, dust etc. more readily than lighter colours. Therefore we do not recommend these colours for areas for areas of high wear and tear e.g. kitchen worktops.
As with many products, darker colours tend to show scratches, dust etc. more readily than lighter colours. Therefore we do not recommend these colours for areas of high wear and tear e.g. kitchen worktops.
For further details visit WWW.ASHTON-TECHNOLOGIES.COM
Email: email@example.com
Tel: 359-0755
Unlike other surfacing materials, HANEX® is non-porous and features full dimensional colouring. This allows HANEX® to be easily polished, removing any surface damage such as scratches, allowing you to restore the surface to its original condition.
**EVERYDAY CLEANING**
Wipe clean with a damp cloth or sponge. For basic stains, clean with mild detergents or general all purpose non-abrasive cleaners.
**HEAT DAMAGE**
The innate feature of HANEX® gives it excellent heat resistant properties compared to other surfacing materials. However never place hot items directly onto the surface.
**CHEMICAL DAMAGE**
Avoid contact with strong chemicals that can cause damage to the surface such as oven cleaners, acetone, paint removers and other strong chemicals. If exposed, promptly rinse with water. Remember, prolonged contact with harsh chemicals can cause serious damage to the benchtop.
**SIMPLE STEPS TO AVOID DAMAGE**
Avoid cutting directly on HANEX®, always using a cutting board. Never place hot pans directly on the benchtop. Even though HANEX® can withstand high temperatures, prolonged periods of extreme heat could cause permanent damage.
**REMOVING STAINS**
To remove stains or scratches use mild liquid cleanser. For deep scratches and/or other damages requiring professional repair, please contact 0845-603-7811 to locate a Certified HANEX® Fabricator & Installer.
HANEX® Solid Surface products come with a 10-year Limited Warranty. HANEX® can only be fabricated and installed by Approved HANEX® Fabricators, so you have the assurance of quality product and expert installation.
| Properties | Unit | Result | Test Standard |
|----------------------------------|--------|------------|---------------|
| Specific Gravity | g/cm³ | 1.8 | |
| Tensile Strength | Psi | 5,400 | ASTM D 638 |
| Tensile Modulus | Psi | 1.4x10⁶ | ASTM D 638 |
| Elongation | % min | 0.42 | ASTM D 638 |
| Flexural Strength | Psi | 9,200 | ASTM D 790 |
| Flexural Modulus | Psi | 1.38x10⁵ | ASTM D 790 |
| Hardness (Rockwell) | | 92 | ASTM D 785 |
| Thermal Expansion | Mm/m c | 3.04x10⁻⁵ | ASTM D 696 |
| Gloss (60° Gardner) | | 5 ~ 20 | ANSI Z124 |
| Color Stability | | No change | NEMA LD3 |
| Wear & Cleanability | | Passes | ANSI Z124 |
| Boiling Water Surface Resistance | | No change | NEMA LD3 |
| High Temperature Resistance | | No change | NEMA LD3 |
| Stain Resistance | | Passes | NEMA LD3 |
| Impact Resistance | | No fracture| NEMA LD3 |
| IZOD Impact Strength | Ft.lbs/in | 0.28 | ASTM D256 |
| Water Absorption Weight | % max | 0.03 | ASTM D 570 |
| Fungi & Bacteria | | No attack | ANSI Z124 |
| Wetherability | | No change | ASTM D 1499 |
| NSF 51 | Listed | All Colors | NSF |
**Above data represent general properties of products and shall not be regarded as legal basis**
**Above data can be changed without preliminary notice by reason of request from customer and improvement of product quality**
## Chemical Composition
| Material Name | Remark |
|----------------------------------------------------|--------------|
| MMA (Methyl Methacrylate) | Resin |
| PMMA (Polymethyl Methacrylate) | Resin |
| AL (OH)$_3$ – Alumina Trihydrate | Filler |
| UV Absorbers, Cross Linking Agents, Stabilisers, Curing Agents, Etc. | Additives |
## Early Fire Hazard indices*
| Indices | Results | Range |
|--------------------------|---------|--------|
| Ignitability Index | 9 | 0~20 |
| Spread of Flame Index | 0 | 0~10 |
| Heat Evolved Index | 1 | 0~10 |
| Smoke Density Index | 0 | 0~10 |
**Indices when tested to ASTM E-84-91 in SGS U.S. Testing Company Inc. 2-2003**
**Note:** Test results may vary due to color and particulate size. However, result changes will only be minor.
## Test Result of Hanex® Reaction to Fire
1. **SGS U.S. Testing Company Inc. (U.S.A. Feb 2003)**
- Class A according to the national Fire Protection Association, ANSI/NFPA NO. 101, “Life Safety Code”, 1994 Edition
- Class A according to the Uniform Building Code, 1994 Edition, Chapter 8, Interior Finishes, Section 801-07
2. **Centre Scientifique Et Techniques Du Batiment (France. Jun 2001)**
- Class MI according to the N° RA01-290B
3. **Materialprufungsant Nordrhein-westfalen (Germany, May 2003)**
- Class B1 according to the DIN 4102-01 (May 1998)
Certifications
- NSF 51 (National Sanitation Foundation) for Food Preparation and Handling Area
- ISO 9001 (Quality Management System)
- ISO 14001 (Environment Management System)
- UL (Universal Laboratory)
NSF International
RECOGNIZES
HANWHA L&C CORP.
Facility: CHUNGNAM, KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
AS COMPLYING WITH NSF/ANSI 51 AND ALL APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS.
PRODUCTS APPEARING IN THE NSF OFFICIAL LISTING ARE AUTHORIZED TO BEAR THE NSF MARK.
This certificate is the property of NSF International and must be returned upon request. For the most current and complete information, please access NSF’s website (www.nsf.org).
May 21, 2009
Certificate# C0035542 - 01
Joseph L. Phillips, General Manager
Food Equipment
National Sanitation Foundation (NSF 51 for Food Zone)
Korean Foundation for Quality certifies that
The Environmental Management System of the above organization has been audited and has complied with the requirements of the following standard
Standard
KS A ISO 14001:2004 ISO 14001:2004
Scope of certification
• FIRST PLANT : PRODUCTION OF FLOORING, WINDOW-PROFILE, WINDOW SETS, DOOR SETS, SMC(SHEET MOLDING COMPOUND), PVC-RIGID FILM, PVC TILE AND CARPET TILET
• SECOND PLANT : PRODUCTION OF GMT(GLASS FIBER MAT REINFORCED THERMOPLASTIC), GMT MOLDING PRODUCTION, EPP(EXPANDED POLYPROPYLENE), BURSTING SHEET, ARTIFICIAL CRYSTAL MARBLE, FCCL(FLEXIBLE COPPER CLAD LAMINATE), CL(COVERLAY) AND KHANSTONE(ENGINEERED STONE)
The use of Accreditation Mark indicates accreditation in respect of those activities covered by the Accreditation Certificate Number KAB-EC-01 13F, Woxim Lion's Valley Bldg. B, 371-29, Geumjeong-Dong, Geumcheon-Gu, Seoul 153-788, Korea
Korean Foundation for Quality certifies that
The Quality Management System of the above
organization has been audited and has complied
with the requirements of the following standard
Standard
KS Q ISO 9001:2009 / ISO 9001:2008
Scope of certification
- FIRST PLANT : DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION AND
SALES OF FLOORING, WINDOW-PROFILE, WINDOW SETS,
DOOR SETS, SMC(SHEET MOLDING COMPOUND), PVC-RIGID
FILM, PVC TILE AND CARPET TILE
- SECOND PLANT : DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION
AND SALES OF GRANULAR MAT REINFORCED
THERMOPLASTIC), GMT MOLDING PRODUCTION, EPE(EXPANDED
POLYPROPYLENE), BUMPER CORE, ARTIFICIAL ACRYLIC
MARBLE, FCCL(FLEXIBLE COPPER CLAD LAMINATE),
CL(COVERLAY) AND KHANSTONE(ENGINEERED STONE)
The use of Accreditation Mark indicates accreditation in respect of
those activities covered by the Accreditation Certificate Number KAB-QC-01
13F, Woodin Lion's Valley 6-Bld., 371-28, Gaeon-Dong, Geumcheon-Gu, Seoul 153-788, Korea
www.kfq.or.kr
Quality Management System (ISO9001)
CERTIFICATE
IQNet and
KFQ
hereby certify that the organization
HANWHA L&C BUKANG PLANT
· FIRST PLANT : 801, Bugang-ri, Buyong-myeon, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
· SECOND PLANT : 229, Geumho-ri, Buyong-myeon, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
for the following field of activities
· FIRST PLANT · PRODUCTION OF FLOORING, WINDOW PROFILE, WINDOW SETS, DOOR SETS,
SMC(SHEET MOLDING COMPOUND), PVC-RIGID FILM, PVC TILE AND TILE CARPET
· SECOND PLANT · PRODUCTION OF GMT(GLASS FIBER MAT REINFORCED THERMOPLASTIC), GMT
MOLDING PRODUCTION, EPP(EXPANDED POLYPROPYLENE), BUMPER CORE, ARTIFICIAL ACRYLIC MARBLE,
FCCL(FLEXIBLE COPPER CLAD LAMINATE), CL(COVERLAY) AND KHANSTONE(ENGINEERED STONE)
has implemented and maintain a
Environmental Management System
which fulfills the requirements of the following standard
ISO 14001:2004
Issued on : 2007. 10. 26
Validity date : 2010. 7. 23
Registration Number : KR - 02779
René Wasmer
President of IQNet
Jae Ryong Kim
President & CEO of KFQ
IQNet Partners
AENOR Spain AFNOR AFNOR France AIB-Vinçotte International Belgium ANCE Slovénie APCER Portugal CISQ Italy CQC China
CQM China CQS Czech Republic Con Cert Croatia DQS Germany DIS Denmark ELLOT Greece PCAV Brazil
FONDONORMA Venezuela HKQAA Hong Kong China ICONTEC Colombia IMQ Made in Italy Certification Finland
IRAM Argentina JQA Japan KCS Korea KOSTAT Taiwan Korea NCS Netherlands NSI Ireland PCBC Canada QMI Canada
Quality Austria Austria RR Russia SAI Global Australia SII Israel SIQ Slovenia SIRIM QAS International Malaysia
SQS Switzerland SRAC Romania TEST St Petersburg Russia YUQS Serbia
IQNet is represented in the USA by: AFNOR AFNOR, AIB-Vinçotte International, CISQ, DQS, NSAI Inc., QMI and SAI Global
* The list of IQNet partners is valid at the time of issue of this certificate. Updated information is available under www.iqnet-certification.com
CERTIFICATE
IQNet and KFQ hereby certify that the organization
HANWHA L&C CO., LTD
HEAD OFFICE AND BUKANG PLANT
- HEAD OFFICE : 1, Janggyo-dong, Jung-gu, Seoul, Korea
- FIRST PLANT : 801, Bugang-ri, Buyong-myeon, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
- SECOND PLANT : 229, Geumho-ri, Buyong-myeon, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
for the following field of activities
- FIRST PLANT : DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION AND SALES OF FLOORING, WINDOW PROFILE, WINDOW SETS, DOOR SETS, SMC(SHEET MOLDING COMPOUND), PVC-RIGID FILM, PVC TILE AND CARPET TILE
- SECOND PLANT : DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION AND SALES OF GMT(GLASS FIBER MAT REINFORCED THERMOPLASTIC), GMT MOLDING PRODUCTION, EPP(EXPANDED POLYPROPYLENE), BUMPER CORE, ARTIFICIAL ACRYLIC MARBLE, FCCL(FLEXIBLE COPPER CLAD LAMINATE), CL(COVERLAY) AND KHANSTONE(ENGINEERED STONE)
has implemented and maintain a Quality Management System which fulfills the requirements of the following standard
ISO 9001:2008
Issued on : 2009. 09. 28
Validity date : 2010. 07. 29
Registration Number: KR - 00100
IQNet Partners*:
AENOR Spain AFAS AFNOR France AIB-Vincotte International Belgium ANCE Mexico APCER Portugal CIBQ Italy COC China COCQ Canada COS Chilean Republic CQC China Certas Germany DQS Germany ELAC Greece FCQ Brazil FONDONORMA Venezuela HKQAA Hong Kong China ICONTEC Colombia IMNC Mexico Inspecta Certification Finland IRAM Argentina JQA Japan KFO Korea MSZT Hungary Nenisko AS Norway NSAI Ireland PCBC Poland Quality Austria Austria QR Russia SAI Global Australia SII Israel SIQ Switzerland SQS International Malaysia SQS Switzerland SGS Romania TUV Rheinland Portugal Rússia YQC China
IQNet is represented in the USA by: AFAQ APNOR, CSEO, DQS, NSAI Inc. and SAI Global
* The list of IQNet partners is valid at the time of issue of this certificate. Updated information is available under www.iqnet-certification.com
Quality Management System (ISO9001)
Hanex
Hanwha L&C USA LLC
This product has been certified according to the GREENGUARD Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Certification Program for Low Emitting Products.
Reference Standard: GGPS.001 GREENGUARD IAQ Standard for Building Materials, Finishes, and Furnishings
Product Type: Furniture Components/Materials, Seating, and Free Standing Furniture and Furnishing Units
| Criteria | Allowable Limits |
|---------------------------|------------------|
| TVOC<sup>1</sup> | < 0.25 mg/m³ |
| Formaldehyde | < 0.025 ppm |
| Total Aldehydes<sup>2</sup> | < 0.05 ppm |
| Individual VOCs<sup>3</sup> | < 0.1 TLV |
| 4-phenylcyclohexene | < 0.0033 mg/m³ |
Listing of measured carcinogens and reproductive toxins as identified by California Proposition 65, the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP), and the International Agency on Research on Cancer (IARC) must be provided.
Any pollutant regulated as a primary or secondary outdoor air pollutant must meet a concentration that will not generate an air concentration greater than that promulgated by the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (U.S. EPA, code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 50).
See referenced standard for a complete technical explanation.
<sup>1</sup>Defined to be the total response of measured VOCs falling within the C<sub>6</sub>-C<sub>14</sub> range, with responses calibrated to a toluene surrogate.
<sup>2</sup>Defined to be the total response of a target list of aldehydes (2-butenal; acetaldehyde; benzaldehyde; 2, 5-dimethylbenzaldehyde, 2-methylbutanal; 3-methylbutanal; 4-methylbutanal; butanal; 3-methylbutanal; formaldehyde; hexanal; pentanal; propanal), with each individually calibrated to a compound specific standard.
<sup>3</sup>Any pollutant not listed must produce an air concentration level no greater than 1/10 the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) industrial work place standard (Reference: American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists, 6500 Glenway, Building D-7, Cincinnati, Ohio 45211-4438).
GREENGUARD Certification affirms that products meet the criteria of the referenced standard and the requirements of the specific certification program. Certification testing is conducted according to a consistent, defined protocol. The testing does not evaluate emissions under usage conditions other than those defined in the protocol and does not address potential environmental impact other than chemical and particle emissions.
The GREENGUARD Environmental Institute (GEI) is an industry independent, third-party certification organization that qualifies products for low chemical emissions. GREENGUARD Certification programs use defined product standards, test methodologies, product sample collection and handling procedures, program application processes and on-going verification procedures. GREENGUARD standards, methods, and procedures are available at www.GREENGUARD.org.
Hanex
Hanwha L&C USA LLC
This product has been certified according to the GREENGUARD Children & Schools Certification Program for Low Emitting Products
Reference Standard: GGPS.002 GREENGUARD Children & Schools® Standard
Product Type: All Products
| Criteria | Allowable Limits |
|---------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| Individual VOCs¹ | < 1/100 TLV and < ½ CA chronic REL|
| Formaldehyde | < 0.0135 ppm /13.5 ppb |
| TVOC² | < 0.22 mg/m³ |
| Total Aldehydes³ | < 0.043 ppm /43 ppb |
| Total Phthalates⁴ | < 0.01 mg/m³ |
| Total Particles⁵ | < 0.02 mg/m³ |
See referenced standard for a complete technical explanation.
Complies with California Department of Health Services’ “Standard Practice for the Testing of Volatile Organic Emissions from Various Sources Using Small-Scale Environmental Chambers” (CA section 01350)
¹Any VOC not listed must produce an air concentration level no greater than 1/100 the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) industrial work place criterion (Reference: American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists, 6500 Glenway, Building D-7, Cincinnati, Ohio 45211-4438) or the California Health and Safety Code Chronic Reference Exposure Level (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/oehha/air/relref/relrefseries.html - [CRELs] Adopted by the State of California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), December 2008).
²Defined to be the total response of measured VOCs falling within the C₂–C₁₀ range, with responses calibrated to a toluene surrogate.
³Defined to be the total response of a target list of aldehydes (2-butanal; acetaldehyde; benzaldehyde; 2, 5-dimethylbenzaldehyde, 2-methylbenzaldehyde; 3-and/or 4-methylbenzaldehyde; butanal; 3-methylbutanal; formaldehyde; hexanal; pentanal; propanal), with each individually calibrated to a compound specific standard.
⁴Total phthalates include dibutyl (DBP), diethylhexyl (DEHD), diethyl (DEP), butylbenzyl (BBP), di-octyl (DOP), and dimethyl (DMP) phthalates.
⁵Particles are only applicable to fibrous, particle-releasing products with exposed surface area in air streams.
GREENGUARD Certification affirms that products meet the criteria of the referenced standard and the requirements of the specific certification program. Certification testing is conducted according to a consistent, defined protocol. The testing does not evaluate emissions under usage conditions other than those defined in the protocol and does not address potential environmental impact other than chemical and particle emissions.
The GREENGUARD Environmental Institute (GEI) is an industry independent, third-party certification organization that qualifies products for low chemical emissions. GREENGUARD Certification programs use defined product standards, test methodologies, sample collection and handling procedures, program application processes and certification verification procedures. GREENGUARD standards, methods, and procedures are available at www.GREENGUARD.org.
© 2010 GREENGUARD Environmental Institute
Certification Details:
Certificate No: S10Sm9004811-2
Status: Certified
Period: 10/2007 - 10/2010
Restrictions: NONE
Brionne
Hanwha L&C USA LLC
This product has been certified according to the GREENGUARD Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Certification Program for Low Emitting Products.
Reference Standard: GGPS.001 GREENGUARD IAQ Standard for Building Materials, Finishes, and Furnishings
Product Type: Furniture Components/Materials, Seating, and Free Standing Furniture and Furnishing Units
| Criteria | Allowable Limits |
|---------------------------|---------------------------|
| TVOC¹ | < 0.25 mg/m³ |
| Formaldehyde | < 0.025 ppm |
| Total Aldehydes² | < 0.05 ppm |
| Individual VOCs³ | < 0.1 TLV |
| 4-phenylcyclohexene | < 0.0033 mg/m³ |
Listing of measured carcinogens and reproductive toxins as identified by California Proposition 65, the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP), and the International Agency on Research on Cancer (IARC) must be provided.
Any pollutant regulated as a primary or secondary outdoor air pollutant must meet a concentration that will not generate an air concentration greater than that promulgated by the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (U.S. EPA, code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 50).
See referenced standard for a complete technical explanation.
¹Defined to be the total response of measured VOCs falling within the C₅₋C₁₄ range, with responses calibrated to a toluene surrogate.
²Defined to be the total response of a target list of aldehydes (2-butenal; acetaldehyde; benzaldehyde; 2, 5-dimethylbenzaldehyde, 2-methylbutanal; 3-methylbutanal; 4-methylbutanal; butanal; 3-methylbutanal; formaldehyde; hexanal; pentanal; propanal), with each individually calibrated to a compound specific standard.
³Any pollutant not listed must produce an air concentration level no greater than 1/10 the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) industrial work place standard (Reference: American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists, 6500 Glenway, Building D-7, Cincinnati, Ohio 45211-4438).
GREENGUARD Certification affirms that products meet the criteria of the referenced standard and the requirements of the specific certification program. Certification testing is conducted according to a consistent, defined protocol. The testing does not evaluate emissions under usage conditions other than those defined in the protocol and does not address potential environmental impact other than chemical and particle emissions.
The GREENGUARD Environmental Institute (GEI) is an industry independent, third-party certification organization that qualifies products for low chemical emissions. GREENGUARD Certification programs use defined product standards, test methodologies, product sample collection and handling procedures, program application processes and on-going verification procedures. GREENGUARD standards, methods, and procedures are available at www.GREENGUARD.org.
Brionne
Hanwha L&C USA LLC
This product has been certified according to the GREENGUARD Children & Schools Certification Program for Low Emitting Products
Reference Standard: GGPS.002 GREENGUARD Children & Schools® Standard
Product Type: All Products
| Criteria | Allowable Limits |
|---------------------------|---------------------------------------|
| Individual VOCs<sup>1</sup> | < 1/100 TLV and < ½ CA chronic REL |
| Formaldehyde | < 0.0135 ppm /13.5 ppb |
| TVOC<sup>2</sup> | < 0.22 mg/m³ |
| Total Aldehydes<sup>3</sup>| < 0.043 ppm /43 ppb |
| Total Phthalates<sup>4</sup>| < 0.01 mg/m³ |
| Total Particles<sup>5</sup>| < 0.02 mg/m³ |
See referenced standard for a complete technical explanation.
Complies with California Department of Health Services’ “Standard Practice for the Testing of Volatile Organic Emissions from Various Sources Using Small-Scale Environmental Chambers” (CA section 01350)
<sup>1</sup>Any VOC not listed must produce an air concentration level no greater than 1/100 the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) industrial work place criterion (Reference: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 6500 Glenway, Building D-7, Cincinnati, Ohio 45211-4438) or the California Threshold Limit Value (CA-TLV) or California Exposure Level (CEL) criteria (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/oehha/relvalues.html - [CRELs] Adopted by the State of California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), December 2008).
<sup>2</sup>Defined to be the total response of measured VOCs falling within the C<sub>2</sub>-C<sub>12</sub> range, with responses calibrated to a toluene surrogate.
<sup>3</sup>Defined to be the total response of a target list of aldehydes (2-butanal; acetaldehyde; benzaldehyde; 2, 5-dimethylbenzaldehyde, 2-methylbenzaldehyde; 3-and/or 4-methylbenzaldehyde; butanal; 3-methylbutanal; formaldehyde; hexanal; pentanal; propanal), with each individually calibrated to a compound specific standard.
<sup>4</sup>Total phthalates include dibutyl (DBP), diethylhexyl (DEHD), diethyl (DEP), butylbenzyl (BBP), di-octyl (DOP), and dimethyl (DMP) phthalates.
<sup>5</sup>Particles are only applicable to fibrous, particle-releasing products with exposed surface area in air streams.
GREENGUARD Certification affirms that products meet the criteria of the referenced standard and the requirements of the specific certification program. Certification testing is conducted according to a consistent, defined protocol. The testing does not evaluate emissions under usage conditions other than those defined in the protocol and does not address potential environmental impact other than chemical and particle emissions.
The GREENGUARD Environmental Institute (GEI) is an industry independent, third-party certification organization that qualifies products for low chemical emissions. GREENGUARD Certification programs use defined product standards, test methods, sampling and sample collection and handling procedures, program application processes and on-site verification procedures. GREENGUARD standards, methods, and procedures are available at www.GREENGUARD.org.
© 2010 GREENGUARD Environmental Institute
Fungal Resistance Test Result
- **Test Method:**
- ASTM G 21
(Determining Resistance of Synthetic Polymeric Material to Fungi)
- **Test Organism**
- Aspergillus Niger (ATCC 9642)
- Chaetomium Globosum (ATCC 6205)
- Penicillium Pinophilum (ATCC 11797)
- Gliocladium Virens (ATCC 9645)
- Aureobasidium Pullulans (ATCC 15233)
- **Rating in Accordance to ASTM G 21**
| Rating | Growth Ratio |
|--------|--------------------------------------------------|
| 0 | None (No Growth) |
| 1 | Trace of Growth (Less than 10%) |
| 2 | Light Growth (10% - 30%) |
| 3 | Medium Growth (30% - 60%) |
| 4 | Heavy Growth (60% - Complete Coverage) |
- **Test Result:**
Zero traces of growth
| Culture Time | Week 1 | Week 2 | Week 3 |
|--------------|--------|--------|--------|
| Result | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Bacterial Resistance Test Result
• Test Method:
- ASTM G22
(Determining Resistance of Plastics to Bacteria)
- Test Organism
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (ATCC 13388)
- Rating in Accordance to ASTM G 22
| Rating | Growth Ratio |
|--------|--------------------------------------------------|
| 0 | None (No Growth) |
| 1 | Trace of Growth (Less than 10%) |
| 2 | Light Growth (10% - 30%) |
| 3 | Medium Growth (30% - 60%) |
| 4 | Heavy Growth (60% - Complete Coverage) |
- Test Result:
Zero traces of growth
| Culture Time | Week 1 | Week 2 | Week 3 |
|--------------|--------|--------|--------|
| Result | 0 | 0 | 0 | | df959df1-86e1-4f2a-952e-f2b900ad179d | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 30,492 |
Pos.
10º
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23º
| N.º | Cla | Nome | Equipa | Moto | A | | B | C | D | E | F | G | Total | Dif 1º |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 291 | 125 | Fábio Costa | Team Momentos TT Motos/KTM/Jetmar/Kingstrickers | KTM 125 | 25 | 25 | | | | | | | 50 | --- |
| 234 | Mx2 | Luis Carreira | | Yamaha 250 F | 22 | 22 | | | | | | | 44 | 6 |
| 113 | Mx2 | David Fernandes | Gold Racing Team/DS Motos/Americano/Solar Bitoque | KTM 250 F | 20 | 20 | | | | | | | 40 | 10 |
| 285 | 250 | Alex Almeida | Team Edal Carpintaria | KTM 250 F | 14 | 18 | | | | | | | 32 | 18 |
| 16 | Mx2 | Gonçalo Santos | DS Motos | Yamaha 250 F | 16 | 16 | | | | | | | 32 | 18 |
| 38 | 250 | Cláudio Fernandes | Mx Juncal | Honda 250 F | 15 | 15 | | | | | | | 30 | 20 |
| 279 | Mx2 | Ricardo Cabrita | HV Motos | Yamaha | 12 | 13 | | | | | | | 25 | 25 |
| 312 | Mx2 | Luis Romão | Team Satanás | KTM 250 F | 8 | 14 | | | | | | | 22 | 28 |
| 87 | Mx2 | Bernardo Passanha | Offroad Camp Yamaha | Yamaha 125 | 10 | 12 | | | | | | | 22 | 28 |
| 207 | Mx2 | João Sousa | LMRS Motos / Arca D'Ajuda | Yamaha 250 F | 11 | 9 | | | | | | | 20 | 30 |
| 125 | 125 | Igor Amorim | AMS / Motofundador | KTM 125 | 18 | 0 | | | | | | | 18 | 32 |
| 337 | Mx2 | Pedro Vieira | Mx Corapito | Kawasaki 250 F | 7 | 11 | | | | | | | 18 | 32 |
| 51 | 125 | Diogo Salema | Caismotor / Dirtride Academy | KTM 150 | 6 | 10 | | | | | | | 16 | 34 |
| 712 | Mx2 | Daniel Carpinteiro | | Kawasaki 250 F | 13 | 0 | | | | | | | 13 | 37 |
| 585 | 125 | Kevin Mendes | Motorace / KTM / Caismotor | KTM 125 | 5 | 8 | | | | | | | 13 | 37 |
| 93 | Mx2 | Carlos Faustino | Mx Oeste/Horto Faustinos/Automatismos Baleia | KTM 250 F | 9 | 3 | | | | | | | 12 | 38 |
| 20 | 250 | Rúben Santos | Centrauto / Moto Clube Faro | KTM 250 F | 4 | 7 | | | | | | | 11 | 39 |
| 399 | Mx2 | Joel Leandro | Team Rocket / Moto Clube Loulé | Husqvarna 250 F | 3 | 5 | | | | | | | 8 | 42 |
| 324 | Mx2 | Leonardo Dias | | KTM 250 F | 0 | 6 | | | | | | | 6 | 44 |
| 213 | Mx2 | Diogo Rosa | | KTM 250 F | 1 | 4 | | | | | | | 5 | 45 |
| 991 | Mx2 | Cláudio Carvalhal | Mx Oeste | KTM | 0 | 2 | | | | | | | 2 | 48 |
| 472 | 250 | Jude Elphick | Moto Clube Loulé / Rocket Store | Husqvarna 250 F | 2 | 0 | | | | | | | 2 | 48 |
| 385 | Mx2 | Ricardo Mendes | | Honda 250 F | 0 | 1 | | | | | | | 1 | 49 |
| 57 | 250 | Guilherme Agostinho | Team Mx AG57 | KTM 250 F | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | 50 |
| 88 | Mx2 | Fábio Salema | Momento TT | Husqvarna | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | 50 |
| 109 | 250 | Miguel Seabra | Momento TT Racing Team | KTM 250 F | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | 50 |
| 127 | Mx2 | Francisco Silva | | KTM 250 F | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | 50 |
| 131 | Mx2 | Ricardo Marques | Moto Arganilense | KTM 250 F | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | 50 |
| 168 | 125 | Salvador Alves | ORPS Motor | KTM 125 | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | 50 |
| 176 | Mx2 | Miguel Faustino | Mx Oeste | KTM 250 F | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | 50 |
| 184 | Mx2 | Miguel Fernandes | DS Motos | Yamaha 250 F | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | 50 |
| 195 | Mx2 | Rui Antunes | DS Motos | Yamaha 250 F | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | 50 |
| 196 | Mx2 | Dimitri Cabrita | RR Moto Sesimbra | Kawasaki 250 F | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | 50 |
| 256 | 125 | Vasco Severino | Motorace / KTM / Tolosa Aventura TT | KTM 125 | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | 50 |
| 274 | Mx2 | Ricardo Fonseca | Mx Oeste | Suzuki 250 Z | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | 50 |
| 322 | Mx2 | Alexandre Cardoso | RB Motos | Yamaha 250 F | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | 50 |
| 554 | Mx2 | Ângelo Luz | Clube Motocross Portimão | Yamaha 250 F | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | 50 |
| 618 | Mx2 | João Gameiro | Núcleo Aventura Desporto Albergaria Doze | Honda 250 F | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | 50 |
| 719 | Mx2 | Diego Custódio | MS Team | KTM 250 F | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | 50 |
| 776 | Mx2 | Oliver Martin | Team Rocket Algarve | Husqvarna 250 F | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | 50 |
| 801 | Mx2 | Miguel Silva | UD Turquel | Yamaha 250 F | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | 50 |
| 42 | Mx2 | José Lucas | 42Mx | Honda 250 F | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | 50 |
| 50 | Mx2 | Luis Gomes | AC Racing / Sportmotos | Honda 250 F | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | 50 |
| 68 | Mx2 | Américo Silva | Faviamotorsport Mx Team | Honda 250 F | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | 50 |
| 161 | Mx2 | Carlos Francisco | Team Dapi Racing | Husqvarna 125 | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | 50 |
| 778 | Mx2 | Hugo Marques | Leirilis | Honda 250 F | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | 50 |
A vermelho - pilotos não federados, não pontuam para campeonato
A
B
C
D
E
G
Dif Ant
---
6
4
8
0
2
5
3
0
2
2
0
2
3
0
1
1
3
2
1
3
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
APOIOS MX RIBATEJO
A PENTACONTROL CONTA COM O APOIO DE: | <urn:uuid:2de7a030-6e41-4c5a-9602-d807b572e7ba> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/por_Latn/train | finepdfs | por_Latn | 5,052 |
Determining delay times for phase space reconstruction with application to the FF/DM exchange rate
Bruce Mizrach\(^1\)
*Department of Economics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Hall, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-5055, USA*
**Abstract**
Economists have widely applied the correlation integral of Grassberger and Procaccia (1983) to determine the dimension of a nonlinear dynamical system. A key judgmental input into this procedure is the choice of delay time for reconstructing a possible attractor. The literature, however, lacks a rigorous procedure for choosing the delay time. In this paper, I apply a simple nonparametric test for independence developed in Mizrach (1995a) to determine the appropriate lag for reconstruction and dimension estimation. In an application to the Lorenz equations, I obtain the best estimates of the correlation dimension at the lag chosen by the test. I then use the method to uncover nonlinear structure in the FF/DM exchange rate.
**JEL classification:** C22; F31
**Keywords:** Phase space reconstruction; Delay times; Nonlinear dynamics; Exchange rates
---
1. **Introduction**
Dimension is a measure of the complexity of a dynamical system. Economists are interested in estimating dimension because it can reveal whether a parsimonious representation of an economic variable is likely to be found. Following the lead of the physical sciences, nonlinear analysts have focused on what is known as the correlation
---
\(^1\)Preliminary versions of this work were presented at the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the 1994 Society for Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics Meetings in Boston, MA. I would like to thank Dominique Guillaume, Ted Jadtitz, two anonymous referees, and the editor, Richard Day, for helpful comments. Craig Hiemstra generously provided the code for the dimension estimates.
dimension proposed by Grassberger and Procaccia (1983). GP used a construct known as the correlation integral to estimate the dimension of the attracting sets for dynamical systems. The GP methodology has proved quite reliable and has become the workhorse of the empirical literature. The GP algorithm is efficient and produces reliable estimates with relatively small sample sizes.
Nonetheless, it is possible to produce poor estimates of the correlation dimension. Brock (1989) first noted that near unit root processes may produce spuriously low correlation dimension estimates. Theiler (1986) and Ramsey et al. (1990) also point out that data limitations may lead to unreliable inference. Even when data are not limited, as in experimental situations or with a known dynamical system, a poor choice of inputs to the GP algorithm can produce seriously biased estimates of dimension.
A critical input to the GP approach is the choice of delay time. The literature, to this point, lacks a reliable method to choose the lags needed for the Takens (1980) reconstruction. This paper, using a new test for independence proposed in Mizrach (1995a), provides a simple procedure for determining the delay time.
Applications of the Grassberger–Procaccia methodology in economics and finance are numerous. Brock and Sayers (1988) have analyzed GNP data. Frank and Stengos (1989) examine precious metals prices. Scheinkman and LeBaron (1989) and Hiemstra (1992) estimate the correlation dimension of aggregate stock returns. Mayfield and Mizrach (1992) look at real time stock price data. Hsieh (1989), Guillaume (1994) investigate foreign exchange rates as I do below. These papers have produced estimates of correlation dimension ranging from 3–7 on standard data series. With the exception of the papers by Mayfield and Mizrach and Guillaume, these other estimates used filtered data rather than delays in reconstructing the dynamics.
I estimate the correlation dimension using a method proposed by Denker and Keller (1986) and Hiemstra (1992). This procedure generates points estimates of the correlation dimension and standard errors under a null of weak dependence. I calibrate the algorithm to a system of known dimension, the Lorenz system. I show that a naïve choice of delay time generally biases dimension estimates downward. Using a rule of thumb commonly employed in the literature also produces biased estimates. The delay time chosen by the nonparametric test produces the most accurate estimate for the correlation dimension.
Having demonstrated the procedure on the Lorenz system, I then analyze a high frequency financial data set, the French France–German Deutschemark (FF/DM) exchange rate. I calculate the correlation dimension using the time-delayed, unfiltered data. I find nonlinear structure clearly distinguishable from white noise with dimension under 3.
The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, I sketch Takens’ approach to reconstructing a dynamical system. The importance of delay time to the reconstruction is discussed in Section 3, where I also briefly review alternative approaches to selecting the delay time. In Section 4, I develop the test for determining delay time, and I calibrate the procedure using the Lorenz system in Section 5. Section 6 contains the exchange rate analysis. I offer a summary and conclusions in Section 7.
2. Phase space reconstruction
Consider a compact $n$-dimensional manifold $S \in R^n$. A dynamical system is a diffeomorphism, $T : S \to S$. Time evolution follows an initial position $s_0 \in S$,
$$s_1 = T(s_0), s_2 = T(s_1) = T(T(s_0)) = T^2(s_0). \quad (1)$$
Assume that one observes a scalar $x$, through a measurement function, $h : S \to R$. Define the $m$-dimensional vector
$$x_t^m \equiv (h(s_t)), h(T(s_t)), \ldots, h(T^{m-1}(s_t)) \quad (2)$$
to illustrate the map, $\Phi(s) : S \to R^m$. Takens then demonstrated that if $(T,h)$ are both smooth, an equivalence relation existed between the original dynamical system and the map $\Phi(s)$ so long as $m \geq 2n + 1$. This can be stated formally as:
**Proposition (Takens’ Embedding Theorem for Diffeomorphisms).** Let $S$ be a compact manifold of dimension $n$, $T : S \to S$ be a $C^2$ diffeomorphism, and $h : S \to R$ be a smooth function. There exists an open dense set of pairs $(T,h)$ for which the map $\Phi(s) : S \to R^m$ is an embedding for $m \geq 2n + 1$.
The embedding diffeomorphically maps the original dynamical system on $S$ to a submanifold of $R^{m \geq 2n+1}$. The dynamics are $C^2$ equivalent to those on $\Phi(s)$. In particular, both dimension and entropy are preserved by the smooth, invertible change of coordinates involved in the phase space reconstruction of $T$.
3. The method of time delays
In their pioneering work on dynamical systems, Packard et al. (1980) realized that not all embeddings are equivalent, given a finite data sample. Consider again the $m$-dimensional vector (2), where we now delay by $\tau$ between each component,
$$x_t^m \equiv (x_t, x_{t+\tau}, \ldots, x_{t+(m-1)\tau}) \quad (3)$$
Packard et al. conjectured that accurate dimension estimates of strange attractors would depend upon choosing $\tau$ in such a way as to form sharp conditional probability distributions,
$$\Pr[x_{t+(m-1)\tau} \mid x_t, x_{t+\tau}, \ldots, x_{t+(m-2)\tau}]. \quad (4)$$
Since the time series are nonlinear and often non-Gaussian, methods that look beyond linear dependence are needed to choose a delay time. I develop some of these preliminaries in Section 3.1. and present Fraser and Swinney’s (1986) mutual information function in Section 3.2.
3.1. Correlation and independence
To proceed with a rigorous presentation of Fraser and Swinney’s results, I must make some assumptions about the observables. Let $\{x_t\}_{t=1}^N$ be realizations of a strictly
stationary and ergodic process, with joint probability density
\[ f(x_t^m) = \Pr[x_t = X_1, x_{t+\tau} = X_2, \ldots, x_{t+(m-1)\tau} = X_m]. \]
(5)
Consider the marginal density of the first component of the \( m \)-vector,
\[ f(x_t) = \int_X \cdots \int_X f(x_t^m) dx_{t+\tau} \cdots dx_{t+(m-1)\tau}. \]
(6)
If \( \tau \) chosen so as to make each element independent, the joint density would factor into the \( m \)-marginals,
\[ f(x_t^m) = f(x_t)f(x_{t+\tau}) \cdots f(x_{t+(m-1)\tau}). \]
(7)
In Section 4, I devise a test based upon this factorization.
If the \( x_i \)'s were Gaussian random variables, independence could be determined by the correlation between \( x_t \) and \( x_{t+\tau} \),
\[ \gamma(\tau) \equiv E[(x_t - \mu)(x_{t+\tau} - \mu)], \]
(8)
where \( \mu \) is the unconditional population mean. Linear independence, however, is not sufficient to guarantee independence for non-Gaussian processes. That is, \( \gamma(\tau)=0 \) does not imply that I can factor the join density as in Eq. (7). Nonetheless, the zero-crossing of the autocorrelation function is a rule of thumb used for the delay time in the literature.\(^2\)
### 3.2. Mutual information
The existing literature on choice of delay times is grounded in information theory and tends to focus on entropy. Define the entropy of the message \( x_t \) as
\[ H(x_t) \equiv - \int_X f(x_t) \log[f(x_t)] dx_t, \]
(9)
and the conditional entropy of \( x_{t+\tau} \) given \( x_t \),
\[ H(x_{t+\tau} | x_t) \equiv - \int_X f(x_{t+\tau} | x_t) \log[f(x_{t+\tau} | x_t)] dx_t dx_{t+\tau}. \]
(10)
I can express the conditional entropy in a way that will be intuitively useful below,
\[ H(x_{t+\tau} | x_t) = - \int_X f(x_{t+\tau}, x_t) \log[f(x_{t+\tau}, x_t)] dx_t dx_{t+\tau} - H(x_{t+\tau}) \]
(11)
\[ = H(x_{t+\tau}, x_t) - H(x_{t+\tau}). \]
This states that the conditional entropy is just the difference between the entropy of the joint density \( f(x_{t+\tau}, x_t) \) and the entropy of the first marginal density. Note that the entropy tells us the average uncertainty in the message to be received, and the conditional entropy tells us the same, given a previous message. If the \( x_t \) and \( x_{t+\tau} \) are independent, \( x_t \) is not at all informative about the next message. Knowing \( x_t \) resolves none of the uncertainty, and it follows that \( H(x_{t+\tau} | x_t) = H(x_{t+\tau}) \).
---
\(^2\)See e.g. Holzfuss and Mayer-Kress (1986).
Define, as in Fraser and Swinney (1986), the mutual information,
\[ MI \equiv H(x_{t+\tau}) - H(x_{t+\tau} \mid x_t). \]
(12)
Note that if the pairs are independent, the function reaches its minimum at zero. A natural extension to this work was Fraser’s (1989b) concept of marginal redundancy,
\[ MR(x_{t+m\tau}) \equiv \int_X (\log[f(x_{t+m\tau} \mid x_t, \ldots, x_{t+(m-1)\tau}] - \log[f(x_{t+m\tau})])dx_t^m dx_{t+m\tau}. \]
(13)
Note again that if \( \tau \) is large enough, the components of the \( m \)-vectors are independent, and the marginal redundancy will be minimized.
The algorithm proposed by Fraser and Swinney for mutual information, and generalized to higher dimensions by Fraser (1989a, 1989b) is quite cumbersome, by the authors’ admission. For \( m > 2 \), literally millions of points are required to construct a good estimate of the conditional densities. An alternative approach, based on work by Mizrach (1995a), is to use the distribution functions.
4. A simple nonparametric test
Consider now the distribution function of the \( m \)-vectors
\[ F(x_t^m) = \Pr[x_t < X_1, \ldots, x_{t+(m-1)\tau} < X_m]. \]
(14)
I will define a stochastic process to be *locally independent of order* \( p \) if the realization \( x_t \) provides no information about the process \( p \) periods ahead. Formally, this implies the equality of the conditional and unconditional distributions. Let \( (p_1, \ldots, p_{m-1}) \) be a set of increasing integers on \([1, L], L < n-m+1\). Local independence then implies
\[ \Pr[x_{t+p_{m-1}} < \varepsilon, \ldots, x_{t+p_1} < \varepsilon, x_t < \varepsilon] = (\Pr[x_t < \varepsilon])^m. \]
(15)
To estimate the joint, \( F(x_t^m) \), and marginal, \( F(x_t) \), distributions in Eq. (15), introduce the indicator function, \( I : R \rightarrow R \),
\[ I[x_t < \varepsilon] = \begin{cases}
1, & \text{if } x_t < \varepsilon \\
0, & \text{otherwise}
\end{cases} \equiv I(x_t, \varepsilon). \]
(16)
The joint unconditional probability that \( m \) leads of the \( x \)'s are less than \( \varepsilon \) is given by
\[ \theta(m, \varepsilon) = \int_X \prod_{i=0}^{m-1} I(x_{t+p_i}, \varepsilon) dF(x_t), \]
(17)
where for notational convenience I set \( p_0 = 0 \). A consistent estimator of Eq. (17) is the statistic\(^3\)
\[ \hat{\theta}(m, N, \varepsilon) = \sum_{t=1}^{N} \prod_{i=0}^{m-1} I(X_{t+p_i}, \varepsilon)/N, \]
(18)
where \( N = n - \max \{p_i\} \).
---
\(^3\)Statistics like Eq. (18) and the correlation integral of Grassberger and Procaccia (1983) are known as U-statistics. For an introduction, see Serfling (1980).
My testing procedure falls into the very general class proposed by Blum et al. (BKR, 1961) for sample distribution functions. The adjustable parameter $p$ corresponds to the delay time, highlighting the alternative of interest.
While the distribution theory of the tests in the BKR class is often quite complicated, a simple nonparametric test for local independence (SNT) can then be constructed using consistent estimators of the first two moments of this statistic. In Mizrach (1995a), I prove the following:
**Proposition.** Let $\{x_i\}$ be locally independent for any $p_i \in [1, L]$, $i = 1, \ldots, m - 1$, $L < N$, then if $\theta(m, \varepsilon) > 0$,
$$\sqrt{N} \frac{[\theta(m, N, \varepsilon) - \theta(m - 1, N, \varepsilon)\theta(1, N, \varepsilon)]}{[\theta(m - 1, N, \varepsilon)\theta(1, N, \varepsilon)(1 - \theta(m - 1, N, \varepsilon))(1 - \theta(1, N, \varepsilon))]^{0.5}} \xrightarrow{d} N(0, 1). \quad (19)$$
I use Eq. (19) to construct a test for local optimality of the delay time. As Packard et al. noted, a good reconstruction requires data that are approximately independent. Using the simple test, I can search for the $p$ such that the statistic is closest to being normally distributed. I turn to this method in the Section 5 in an application to the Lorenz equations.
### 5. Application to the Lorenz attractor
#### 5.1. Phase portraits
The Lorenz equations are a three-dimensional dynamical system first conceived as a model for the climate. The system is given by
$$\begin{align*}
\frac{dx}{dt} &= 10(y - x), \\
\frac{dy}{dt} &= 28x - y - xz, \\
\frac{dz}{dt} &= xz - (8/3)z.
\end{align*} \quad (20)$$
I simulated 20,000 points for all three coordinates, discarding 10,000 transients, using a fourth order Runge–Kutta routine with a stepsize of 0.003. My objective will be reconstruct the system using a delay time representation involving only one coordinate. I will also try to estimate the dimension of the attracting set.
I first calculate the autocorrelation function for the $y$ coordinate for lags ranging from 1 to 250. The first zero crossing of the function occurs at lag 247 at the very edge of Fig. 1. I then used the SNT of Section 4 and found a local minima at lag 154. The standardized statistics for $m=2$ with $p$ varying from 1 to 250 are also plotted in Fig. 1.
In Fig. 2, I plot an X–Z phase plane projection of 2,500 points. I then constructed phase portraits using time delays of 1, 75, 155, and 250. This animated sequence appears in Figs. 3–6. One can see in the figures the gradual fleshing out of the dynamics as the delay time grows. At lag 1, the coordinates are so highly correlated that they lie nearly along a line. Structure does not really emerge until $\tau = 75$.
5.2. Dimension estimates
The correlation dimension is an estimate of the fractal dimension of a chaotic dynamical systems attracting set. The most commonly employed algorithm used to estimate the dimension is the correlation integral of Grassberger and Procaccia (1983).
Define the statistic
\[ C(m, N, \varepsilon) \equiv \sum_{i,j}^{N} I\left[ \|x_i^m - x_j^m\| < \varepsilon \right], \]
(21)
where \( I \) is the indicator (or Heaviside) function of Eq. (16) and \( \|.\| \) is the \( \ell_\infty \) norm. The correlation integral is just the limit of Eq. (21),
\[ C(m, \varepsilon) \equiv \lim_{N \to \infty} C(m, N, \varepsilon). \]
Fig. 5. Phase space reconstruction of Lorenz attractor delay time $\tau = 155$.
Fig. 6. Phase space reconstruction of Lorenz attractor delay time $\tau = 250$.
The integral is not of direct interest, but I make use of the scaling relation,
$$C(\varepsilon) \propto \varepsilon^\nu,$$
where $\nu$ is the correlation dimension. GP have shown that $\nu$ is a lower bound for the fractal dimension. In practice, most analysts construct a plot of the statistics Eq. (21) for a range of $\varepsilon$'s, and estimate $\nu$ with the logarithmic change, $d \log [C(m,N,\varepsilon)]/d \log [\varepsilon]$.
Brock and Baek (1991) show that this log change is a $U$-statistic and compute its standard error under the assumption of i.i.d.
I follow an alternative procedure proposed by Hiemstra (1992) that accounts for weak dependence in the data. Hiemstra constructs a $j$-vector of the statistics Eq. (21), $y(m,N,\varepsilon)=(C(m,N,\varepsilon_1),...,C(m,N,\varepsilon_j))$, and regresses them on the log $\varepsilon$'s. His GLS estimates of $\nu$ handle the weak dependence with Parzen weights on $k$ lagged autocovariances. In the examples, I set $j=15$, ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 sample standard deviations for $\varepsilon$, and $I$ set $k=25$.\footnote{Monte Carlo estimates in Hiemstra (1992) show this to be a useful range. Autocovariances beyond 25 made little or no difference to the estimates.}
I wanted to see whether the choice of delay time would influence the dimension calculations. I report estimates in Table 1 at the four delay times in the phase portraits and plot them in Fig. 1. A smoothed curve is fit to show the dependence of the dimension estimate on time delay.
The estimates clearly show that the short delays lead to a biasing downward of the dimension estimates. The points nearly lie along a line at $\tau=1$, and I estimate a dimension of 0.711. This is statistically different from the other estimates. This estimated correlation dimension rises smoothly until just after lag 150. At $\tau=155$, the local minima of the SNT, I estimate $\nu=2.108$, within two standard deviations of GP's estimate of 2.04 (GP 1983, p.347. Table 2).
The other interesting thing to note is that it is also possible to wait too long. Some structure starts to disappear in Fig. 6 as the attractor starts to fold up again for large $\tau$. At lag 250, near the zero crossing of the autocorrelation function, the dimension estimate falls back to 1.675.
\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{GLS dimension estimates}
\begin{tabular}{ll}
Delay & Dimension Estimate \\
\hline
Lorenz attractor & \\
1 & 0.711 (0.021) \\
75 & 1.538 (0.028) \\
155 & 2.108 (0.035) \\
250 & 1.675 (0.005) \\
FF/DM Exchange rate & \\
1 & 0.707 (0.007) \\
30 & 2.042 (0.067) \\
60 & 2.461(0.027) \\
90 & 2.189 (0.006) \\
120 & 2.330 (0.006) \\
150 & 2.278 (0.012)
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
6. Application to the FF/DM exchange rate
A number of studies, previously cited in the introduction, have applied the method of Grassberger and Procaccia to estimate the complexity of economic and financial data. All these papers use filtered data, generally using log differences. Many also try to filter out the effects of linear dependence with ARMA models and even nonlinear dependence with GARCH models. With the exception of Mayfield and Mizrach (1992) and Guillaume (1994), none of these papers uses a delay time reconstruction.
The motivation for filtering in the economics literature is that the data are generally nonstationary. Differencing (or some other more sophisticated filter like Hodrick–Prescott) is used to render the data stationary, but as is known from a decade of unit root econometrics, many results are quite sensitive to the choice of filter. This is particularly true when it comes to dimension calculations. Chen (1993) and Ramsey et al. (1990) have arrived at very different conclusions about the correlation dimension of several monetary aggregates using different filtering techniques. It would be nice to analyze a time series of asset prices where the levels appear stationary without filtering.
Fortunately for our purposes, the majority of intra-European exchange rates have fluctuated in ±2.25% bands for more than 15 years in what is called the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM).\(^5\) While these bands have been realigned several times, I focus on the period from January 12, 1987 to September 14, 1992 when there were no realignments in the ERM. This constitutes a sample of 1,437 daily observations in which the FF/DM exchange rate fluctuated between 3.3206 and 3.4197 FF per DM, around a central parity of 3.3539 FF/DM.
I approach these data in the same fashion as I did the Lorenz system. I analyze the autocorrelation function and graph it in Fig. 7. The zero crossing does not occur until lag 171. There is almost a year’s worth of linear dependence in the levels of the data. This is a structure that I do not want to throw away.
The SNT locates a local minima at lag 60, well before the zero crossing. I then reconstruct the system using time delays at increments of 30 lags: \( \tau = 1, 30, 60, 90, 120 \) and 150. The dimension estimates for an embedding dimension of \( m = 4 \) are reported in Table 1 and graphed in Fig. 7, along with a smoothed curve fit to those points.\(^6\) At lag 60, I estimate a correlation dimension of \( \nu = 2.461 \). As with the Lorenz attractor, the dimension estimates are a concave function in the delay time with an inflection point just a little beyond the local minima of the SNT.
To substantiate a claim for nonlinear structure, I calculated correlation dimensions for a series of uniform random deviates on [0,1]. These are graphed in Fig. 7 as well. Using the standard errors in Table 1, I can easily reject that the dimension estimates for the exchange rate data equal to those for the random deviates. More important though, the estimates from the random data show no dependence on delay time.
\(^5\)For more details on the ERM and an application of nonlinear modeling to the FF/DM exchange rate, see Mizrach (1995b).
\(^6\)Normally, one would proceed to higher and higher embedding dimensions and see whether the correlation dimension plateaus. Data limitations prevent me from using \( m \) greater than 4.
7. Conclusions
An unresolved question in the literature on dimension estimation has been the method of choosing a delay time for reconstruction. This paper proposed the use of a measure of nonlinear correlation which I call the simple nonparametric test (SNT). In dimension estimation of the Lorenz attractor, the SNT proved to be a more reliable indicator of delay time than a common rule of thumb, the first zero crossing of the autocorrelation function.
The utility of this procedure for economists was demonstrated in an application to the FF/DM exchange rate. I find nonlinear structure in this banded exchange rate using time-delayed data in the reconstruction.
References
Blum, J.R., J. Kiefer and M. Rosenblatt, 1961, Distribution free tests of independence based on the sample distribution function, Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 32, 485–498.
Brock, W., 1989, Distinguishing random and deterministic systems: Abridged version, Journal of Economic Theory, 40, 168–195.
Brock, W. and E. Baek, 1991, Some theory of statistical inference for nonlinear science, Review of Economic Studies, 58, 505–522.
Brock, W. and C. Sayers, 1988, Is the business cycle characterized by deterministic chaos?, Journal of Monetary Economics, 22, 71–90.
Chen, P., 1993, Searching for economic chaos: A challenge to econometric practice and nonlinear tests, In: R. Day and P. Chen, Eds., Nonlinear Dynamics and Evolutionary Economics, (Oxford University Press, New York).
Denker, M. and G. Keller, 1986, Rigorous statistical procedures for data from dynamical systems, Journal of Statistical Physics, 44(1/2), 67–93.
Frank, M. and T. Stengos, 1989, Measuring the strangeness of gold and silver rates of return, Review of Economic Studies, 56, 553–568.
Fraser, A.M., 1989a, Information and entropy in strange attractors, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 35, 245–262.
Fraser, A.M., 1989b, Reconstructing attractors from scalar time series: A comparison of singular system and redundancy criteria, Physica D, 34, 391–404.
Fraser, A.M. and H.L. Swinney, 1986, Independent coordinates for strange attractors from mutual information, Physical Review A, 33, 1134–1140.
Grassberger, P. and I. Procaccia, 1983, Characterization of strange attractors, Physical Review Letters, 50, 346–349.
Guillaume, D., 1994, A Low Dimensional Attractor in the Foreign Exchange Markets, Center for Economic Studies, Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium.
Hiemstra, C., 1992, Detection and description of nonlinear dynamics using correlation integral based estimators, (Department of Economics, University of Strathclyde, Scotland).
Holzfuss, J. and G. Mayer-Kress, 1986, An approach to error estimation in the application of dimension algorithms, In: G. Mayer-Kress, Ed., Dimensions and Entropies in Chaotic Systems, (Springer-Verlag, New York).
Hsieh, D., 1989, Testing for nonlinear dependence in daily foreign exchange rates, Journal of Business, 62, 339–368.
Mayfield, E.S. and B. Mizrach, 1992, On determining the dimension of real-time stock price data, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10, 367–374.
Mizrach, B., 1995a, A Simple Nonparametric Test for Independence, (Department of Economics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ).
Mizrach, B., 1995b, Target zone models with stochastic realignments, Journal of International Money and Finance, 14, 641–657.
Packard, N.H., J.P. Crutchfield, J.D. Farmer and R.S. Shaw, 1980, Geometry from a time series, Physical Review Letters, 45, 712–716.
Ramsey, J., C. Sayers and P. Rothman, 1990, Statistical properties of dimension calculations using small data sets: Some economic applications, International Economic Review, 31, 991–1020.
Scheinman, J. and B. LeBaron, 1989, Nonlinear dynamics and stock returns, Journal of Business, 62, 311–337.
Serfling, R., 1980, Approximation Theorems of Mathematical Statistics, (John Wiley, New York.).
Takens, F., 1980, Detecting strange attractors in turbulence, In: D. Rand and L. Young, Eds., Dynamical Systems and Turbulence, Warwick 1980, Lecture Notes in Mathematics No. 898, (Springer-Verlag, Berlin).
Theiler, J., 1986, Spurious dimension from correlation algorithms applied to limited time series data, Physical Review A, 34, 2427–2434. | <urn:uuid:0274da5f-10e4-4813-8caa-90cb5371b81c> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 26,704 |
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HABITAT EVALUATIE PROCEDURE:
EEN BRUIKBAAR INSTRUMENT VOOR
HET (REGIONAAL) WATERBEHEER?
verslag van een discussiemiddag
1 november 1995
Werkgroep Ecologisch Waterbeheer
subgroep Standaardisatie
Onder redactie van:
M. Fellinger, J. Friedrich, E.T.H.M. Peeters
De Werkgroep Ecologisch Waterbeheer is een vereniging die zich inzet voor een optimale benutting van ecologisch kennis ten behoeve van het waterbeheer in Nederland.
De Werkgroep geeft twee tot viermaal per jaar een NIEUWSBRIEF uit. Naast de NIEUWSBRIEF heeft de Werkgroep Ecologisch Waterbeheer een publicatiereeks van THEMANUMMERS.
THEMANUMMERS WERKGROEP ECOLOGISCH WATERBEHEER
WEW-01 Biologische Waterbeoordeling. Methoden voor het beoordelen van Nederland oppervlaktewater op biologische grondslag. L. de Lange & M.A. de Ruiter, eindredactie, 1977. Werkgroep Biologische Waterbeoordeling. Uitgave: Instituut voor Milieuhygiene en Gezondheidstechniek TNO.\(^1\)
WEW-02 Biologische waterbeoordeling: instrument voor waterbeheer? P.F.M. Verdonschot & L.W.G. Higler (redactie). 1987. Werkgroep Biologische Waterbeoordeling; Rijksinstituut voor Natuurbeheer, Leersum.\(^2\)
WEW-03 Biologische Waterbeoordeling. Een theoretische beschouwing. Pieter Schroevers, 1991. Een uitgave van de Werkgroep Ecologisch Waterbeheer. prijs fl 15,—
WEW-04 De maakbaarheid van de Natuur. Verslag van een discussiemiddag van de Werkgroep Ecologisch Waterbeheer, Subgroep Standaardisatie. Onder redactie van E.T.H.M. Peeters, P.T.J.C. van Rooy, H.A.M. Ketelaars & M. Fellinger, 1994. Speciale uitgave Nieuwsbrief 20, Werkgroep Ecologisch Waterbeheer, prijs fl 10,—
WEW-05 Levensgemeenschappen van brakke wateren, aanzet tot een beschrijving en bescherming. Werkgroep Ecologisch Waterbeheer, werkgroep Brakke wateren. December 1995. prijs fl 10,—
WEW-06 Beken stromen. Leidraad voor ecologisch beekherstel. Verdonschot P. et al, 1995. WEW-06, STOWA 95-03, Utrecht.\(^3\)
WEW-07 Leidraad voor ecologisch beekherstel in discussie. Discussieverlag naar aanleiding van het concept: "Beken stromen". Onder redactie van Onneke Driessen en Piet Verdonschot, 1995. prijs fl 10,—
WEW-08 Lijst van de Nederlandse Chironomidae. Alexander Klink en Henk Moller Pillot, maart 1996. prijs fl 5,—
WEW-09 Habitat evaluatie procedure: een bruikbaar instrument voor het (regionaal) waterbeheer. Verslag van een discussiemiddag (1 november 1995) van de Werkgroep Ecologisch Waterbeheer. Onder redactie van: M. Fellinger, J. Friedrich, E.T.H.M. Peeters, oktober 1996.
WEW-10 De aquatische levende rupsen van Nederland, proeftabel en autecologie. H. Vallenduuk, H. Cuppen en G. van der Velde. (in voorbereiding)
Uitgaven kunnen, voor zover beschikbaar, besteld worden, tegen kostprijs plus verzendkosten, bij de secretaris van de werkgroep:
Dwight de Vries
Dienst Zuiveringsbeheer, Provincie Groningen.
Postbus 833, 9700 AV GRONINGEN.
tel: 050-3164602
fax: 050-3164633
\(^1\)Niet meer verkrijgbaar
\(^2\)Verkrijgbaar via IBN-Wageningen
\(^3\)Verkrijgbaar via STOWA Utrecht
Themanummer WEW09
VOORWOORD
Voorafgaand aan de opstelling van de Derde Nota Waterhuishouding heeft een beleidsanalyse plaatsgevonden. Hierin zijn verschillende beleidsscenario's beoordeeld op de effecten op het watersysteem. Dit gebeurde op basis van *expert-judgement* van o.a. biologen. De gevolgde redeneringen zijn echter niet expliciet beschreven en derhalve niet reproduceerbaar. Om de inschatting van effecten bij een volgende nota op een inzichtelijke en reproduceerbare wijze te laten verlopen wordt formalisering van deze stap wenselijk geacht.
Het resultaat van het project Watersysteemverkenning vormt de wetenschappelijke basis voor de Vierde Nota Waterhuishouding. Evenals de Derde Nota gebruikt het project Watersysteemverkenning een soortsgerichte benadering om de effecten op het ecosysteem te bepalen. Hiertoe wordt gebruik gemaakt van de zogenaamde Habitat Evaluatie Procedure (HEP) en de Habitat Geschiktheid Index (HGI). Het gebruik van de HEP en de HGI is afkomstig uit de Verenigde staten waar het al enige jaren wordt gebruikt, met name voor hogere organismen.
Het is echter de vraag of en hoe bruikbaar de HEP en de HGI zijn voor het (regionaal) waterbeheer in Nederland. De subgroep Standaardisatie stelde deze vraag centraal in de discussiemiddag in het kader van de Algemene Leden Vergadering van de Werkgroep Ecologisch Waterbeheer (WEW). De middag was niet bedoeld om een concreet antwoord te vinden op de gestelde vraag. Wel is het zinvol voor waterbeherend Nederland op de hoogte te zijn van bestaande ontwikkelingen en hierover een standpunt in te nemen, zodat zij in ieder geval de ontwikkelingen bij kan houden, zo niet actief bij kan sturen.
Deze speciale uitgave van de nieuwsbrief van de WEW bevat een samenvatting van de verschillende presentaties en een verslag van de gevoerde discussies. Tijdens de middag bleken grote verschillen te bestaan in het kennisniveau omtrent het onderwerp. Wellicht heeft de middag hieraan iets kunnen veranderen en heeft zij bij kunnen dragen aan een meningsvorming. Het betreft tenslotte om een onderwerp dat iedereen aangaat die direct of indirect met waterbeheer te maken heeft.
INLEIDING
Peter van Rooy (voorzitter subgroep Standaardisatie)
Twee jaar geleden is binnen de Werkgroep Ecologisch Waterbeheer gediscussieerd over de 'maakbaarheid van de natuur'. Centraal stond toen de rol en de houding van de mens ten opzichte van de natuur. De vraag welke houding beter of slechter is bleek toen al snel te worden overschaduwd door een voor de WEW veel relevantere vraag: hoe kunnen we als natuur-deskundigen voorkomen dat natuurwaarden verder afbrokkelen en dat natuur nog uitsluitend wordt gezien als decor voor het menselijk handelen?
Het antwoord op deze vraag kan in verschillende richtingen gezocht worden, denk bijvoorbeeld aan natuureducatie en actiegroepen. We kunnen er ook voor zorgen dat natuurwaarden volwaardig en als vanzelfsprekend worden meegenomen in de planvorming voor ruimtelijke ingrepen, waterhuishouding en milieu. Voor deze laatste aanpak is vaak impliciet gekozen. Dit zou langzamerhand moeten leiden tot meer aandacht voor natuurwaarden. Dat deze aandacht zich ook werkelijk ontwikkelt valt onder andere af te leiden uit de uitvoering van verscheidene herstelprojecten, de Ecologische Hoofdstructuur en het weer voorkomen van eens verdwenen soorten. Zo zijn er bijvoorbeeld in de zomer van 1995 in Amsterdam maar liefst twee Koninginnepages waargenomen. Echter in contrast hiermee geven onderzoeksresultaten aan dat de totale natuurwaarden in ons land nog steeds achteruit gaan.
Hoe is het mogelijk dat de aandacht in plannen niet leidt tot het beoogde resultaat? Een deel van het antwoord zou wel eens kunnen liggen in de 'zachtheid' van de natuur ten opzichte van alle andere functies. Zo is schade aan landbouwgewassen uit te drukken in geld gerelateerd aan het type gewas. Voor de recreatie kan het aantal passages van vaartuigen in getallen worden uitgedrukt. Voor natuur blijven de doelen steken in vage termen als 'oppervlakte halfnatuurlijk blauwgrasland'.
Een gevleugelde uitspraak van voormalig minister Smit-Kroes is: geen getallen, geen beleid. Voor een echte stem in het beleid lijkt het dus nodig om ook voor natuurwaarden te gaan werken met getallen. De grote vraag is alleen welke getallen dan, en wie bepaalt deze? Op zoek naar een eenheid is in de Verenigde Staten de Habitat Suitability Index (HSI of op z'n nederlands HGI: Habitat Geschiktheid Index) ontwikkeld. Deze index geeft de geschiktheid aan van een habitat voor een bepaalde soort. Met de index kunnen consequenties van ingrepen worden uitgedrukt in een getal. Het gebruik van de indexcijfers is in een aantal staten van de VS vervat in een wettelijke procedure die vergelijkbaar is met onze MER. Na enkele jaren van ervaringen worden er kritische kanttekeningen bij geplaatst, niet in de laatste plaats door ecologen.
Met het oog op gezamenlijke beeldvorming over de bruikbaarheid van de HGI volgen hierna achtereenvolgens een visie van een ontwikkelaar, een positief criticus en een gebruiker. Na deze presentaties is er de gelegenheid tot discussiëren in drie verschillende groepen.
WAT HEB IK AAN DE HEP ? VISIE VAN EEN ONTWIKKELAAR
Winfried Laane (RIZA)
Inleiding
Voor het in beeld brengen van effecten van beleid en beheer op de natuur vormen ecotopen met habitats en soorten een goede combinatie. Ecotopen zijn goed in kaart te brengen en het is eenvoudig doelstellingen te formuleren. Soorten met hun habitats kunnen gezien worden als kwaliteitsindicator voor de ecotopen en zijn de uiteindelijke toets voor het beleid.
Habitat Evaluatie Procedure (HEP)
De Habitat Evaluatie Procedure is bedoeld om met habitatgeschiktheidsmodellen de ecologische waarde van gebieden te kunnen vergelijken. Tevens kan de HEP gebruikt worden voor prioriteitsstelling tussen gebieden en compensatiedoelreinden. Hiertoe wordt een projectteam samengesteld, dat de studie uit zal voeren. Dit team kiest voor het gebied de relevante soorten en ontwikkelt en verifieert HGI-modellen voor deze soorten. Op basis van gebiedsinvantarisaties kunnen de habitateenheden per soort berekend worden. Door het projectteam worden deze uitkomsten beoordeeld. Het team moet er voor waken dat de beoordeling plaats vindt met een identieke lijst van soorten voor de verschillende gebieden zodat voorkomen wordt dat bijvoorbeeld 1 ooievaar gecompenseerd wordt met 10 kippen.
Habitat Geschiktheid Index (HGI)
De habitatgeschiktheidsindex is een index die de geschiktheid van één habitat voor één soort weergeeft. Deze index wordt berekend door voor alle, voor de bedoelde soort, relevante habitatfactoren de bijbehorende geschiktheid te bepalen met de zogenaamde habitatgeschiktheidsgrafieken. Deze grafieken beschrijven het verband tussen habitatfactoren (zoals zuurstofgehalte) en de geschiktheid. Gedetailleerde modellen in de VS bevatten 20-30 verschillende factoren. Wanneer een soort gebruik maakt van verschillende soorten habitat, bijvoorbeeld leef- en fourageerhabitat, dan worden dat habitattypen genoemd en wordt de berekening van de geschiktheid per habitattype uitgevoerd. Een voorbeeld hiervan is de fuut, waarvoor de habitatgeschiktheid van een gebied bepaald wordt door zowel de geschiktheid voor nestplaatsen als de voedselbeschikbaarheid te beoordelen. Tabel 1 bevat de relevante factoren.
De structuur van het model (figuur 1) beschrijft hoe geschiktheden van verschillende habitatfactoren in verhouding tot elkaar staan en hoe ze worden samengezomen tot de habitatgeschiktheidsindex (HGI). Deze HGI geeft weer de totale geschiktheid voor een bepaald habitattype. Het samen nemen van de diverse geschiktheden kan op verschillende manieren plaats vinden. Gedacht kan worden aan bijvoorbeeld de meest beperkende factor: de kleinste geschiktheid is dan gelijk aan de uiteindelijke index. Het middelen van de verschillende geschiktheden tot een index is een andere mogelijkheid.
Tabel 1: Relevante habitatfactoren voor de fuut.
| Nestgelegenheid | Voedselbeschikbaarheid |
|----------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
| type water en oevervegetatie | voedselrijkdom |
| breedte oevervegetatie | helderheid |
| peildynamiek | chloride gehalte |
| stroomsnelheid | vervuiligingsgraad |
| verstoring door recreatie | waterdiepte |
| | dimensies watersysteem |
| | bedekkingsgraad waterplanten |
| | verstoring door recreatie |
De ecologische waarde van een gebied voor een soort wordt uitgedrukt in het aantal habitat-eenheden. Deze wordt berekend door het oppervlak te vermenigvuldigen met de HGI. De habitat-eenheid is vergelijkbaar met het oppervlak optimaal habitat.
**BROEDHABITAT FUUT**
- NEST
- habitatfactoren
- type oevervegetatie
- breedte oevervegetatie
- peilschommelingen
- mate van rust
- VOEDSEL
- habitatfactoren
- gemiddelde waterdiepte
- eutrofiegraad/visstand
- doorzicht
- chloridegehalte
- PCB-gehalte in paling
- kwikgehalte in water
Figuur 1: Structuur van een habitatmodel
**HEP en Watersysteemverkenningen**
De Watersysteemverkenningen vormen de wetenschappelijk voorbereiding op de 4e Nota Waterhuishouding. De toestand en het gebruik van de watersystemen in heden, verleden en toekomst
worden hierbij in beeld gebracht. Bij de beschrijvingen van de toestand gaat het om fysische, chemische en biologische aspecten. Voor de verkenningen van de toekomst waarbij diverse maatregelpakketten in een beleidsanalyse, themagewijs beoordeeld worden, is een instrumentarium nodig. De HEP met de HGI-modellen zal hiervoor gebruikt gaan worden.
**Toepasbaarheid**
Met de HEP is het mogelijk om ecologische effecten van maatregelen te beoordelen. Het is vergelijkbaar met een MER. Die beoordeling kan ook in de tijd plaatsvinden. Daarnaast geeft HEP sturing aan het ecologisch onderzoek. Er wordt gefocust op ontbrekende kennis van de, voor het beleid, relevante soorten.
**Voor- en nadelen**
Een groot voordeel van de HGI en HEP is de reproduceerbaarheid en inzichtelijkheid van de methode. Tevens geeft het de mogelijkheid een beoordeling te doen voor veel soorten en wateren, het geen bij een landelijke beleidsanalyse onvermijdelijk is.
Het gebruik van HGI en HEP kent nog wel enkele beperkingen. Zo is er een gebrek aan kennis over soorten. Voor een aantal soorten is deze autecologische kennis wel beschikbaar maar voor het overgrote deel van de organismen niet. Ook ontbreken de relevante gegevens voor veel gebieden. Het gaat dan om abiotische gegevens die specifiek gerelateerd zijn aan de soorten.
HGI en HEP zijn vooral bruikbaar voor soorten die duidelijk gebonden zijn aan een bepaald type habitat. Voor organismengroepen als vissen, vogels en macrofoten zijn HGI en HEP bruikbaar, maar voor macrofauna, fyto- en zoöplankton is dit nog maar de vraag. Ook ontbreken er in HGI en HEP populatie-dynamische aspecten.
**Tot slot**
Samenvattend een drietal positieve elementen verbonden met HEP en HGI.
HGI is een zinvol instrument voor beleid en beheer.
HEP maakt een reproduceerbare beoordeling van ecologische effecten van landelijk beleid mogelijk.
HGI verbetert de communicatie tussen ecologen en beleidsmakers.
VISIE VAN EEN POSITIEF CRITICUS
Paul Opdam (IBN-DLO)
Inleiding
De stelling die wordt gepresenteerd is: "een habitatmodel alleen biedt onvoldoende basis voor het voorspellen van de verspreiding, het voorkomen en de overleving van soorten op landschapsniveau". In de onderbouwing van deze stelling wordt er van uit gegaan dat de term maximale draagkracht overeen komt met het aantal habitateenheden vermenigvuldigd met de populatiedichtheid onder optimale omstandigheden.
HGI tegenover andere modellen
De modellen waarmee de HGI berekend wordt, missen twee essentiële factoren die ertoe leiden dat met de HGI geen uitspraak gedaan kan worden over het verwachte aantal individuen in een gebied en de overlevingskansen van de soort.
Ten eerste mist de factor ruimte. Soorten zijn verbonden aan een minimum areaal aan ruimte en het voorkomen/uitbreiding van soorten wordt beïnvloed door de ruimtelijke rangschikking van de betreffende soort. Er bestaan verschillende (typen) modellen voor de beschrijving van ruimtelijke rangschikking. Deze modellen berekenen het effect van ruimte op het voorkomen van soorten. In een scenariostudie voor een gedeelte van de Rijn is dit bijvoorbeeld gedaan voor het beschrijven van het effect van toename van het oppervlak aan bos op het voorkomen van een specht. Bos is een geschikt habitat voor de specht. Bij toename van het areaal bos neemt dus ook het aandeel geschikt habitat toe. De toename van het aantal spechten blijkt echter meer dan evenredig groot. Het voorkomen van een soort op een bepaalde plek wordt namelijk beïnvloed door het voorkomen van deze soort elders. Het uitgangspunt van de HGI dat een rechtlijnig verband tussen de kwaliteit van het habitat en het aantal individuen veronderstelt, wordt niet onderschreven.
Eveneens komt het regelmatig voor dat in een bepaald gebied minder individuen voorkomen dan volgens het habitatmodel berekend is. Processen als "versnippering" kunnen hierbij een belangrijke rol spelen. De kwaliteit van een natuurgebied is de som van de habitatkwaliteit plus de factor ruimte. De compensatie-gedachte, zoals die wordt gebruikt binnen een HEP, is daarom niet bruikbaar.
Naast de term ruimte speelt ook de dynamiek (milieustochastiek) een essentiële rol in het voorkomen van een soort in een bepaald gebied. Uit onderzoek blijkt dat het aantal individuen in een bepaald gebied sterk afhangt van de fluctuaties in milieu-omstandigheden waarmee de soort te kampen heeft. In het geval een soort een lange periode leeft onder constante, optimale omstandigheden dan zal de grootte van de zich ontwikkelde populatie de met de HGI berekende waarde van het maximale aantal individuen benaderen. Doen zich echter veel fluctuaties voor dan stelt zich een evenwicht in waarbij de populatiegrootte zich op een lager aantalsniveau stabiliseert. Deze dynamiek in de tijd is niet verrekend in het habitatmodel maar speelt wel een essentiële rol in de te verwachten populatiegrootte.
Conclusie
De factoren ruimte en dynamiek ontbreken in de HGI. Dit legt een grote beperking op aan de gebruiksmogelijkheden van de modellen.
VISIE VAN EEN GEBRUIKER
Ruurd Maasdam (Waterschap Friesland)
Inleiding
De Habitat Evaluatie Procedure (HEP) is een uitgebreide, MER-achtige procedure die in de Verenigde Staten is ontwikkeld. De HEP is kort gezegd gebaseerd op de kwaliteit van een habitat en het oppervlak van het habitat. De uitgebreide HEP zoals die in de VS wordt toegepast is niet op die wijze opgevolgd in Nederland. Toch zal in onderstaande de Nederlandse procedure waarin HGI's gebruikt worden om een habitat te beoordelen voor het gemak een HEP worden genoemd, daarbij in gedachten houdend dat hier niet de uitgebreide Amerikaanse procedure mee wordt bedoeld.
De HEP kent drie uitgangspunten:
1. de kwaliteit en het oppervlak van een habitat zijn meetbaar;
2. het verband tussen de kwaliteit van een habitat en het aantal individuen is rechtlijnig;
3. het verband tussen het oppervlak en het aantal individuen is rechtlijnig.
Deze uitgangspunten bepalen in sterke mate de mogelijke toepassingen van de HEP.
De HEP kan voor diverse doeleinden worden gebruikt die als volgt kunnen worden samengevat:
- een toestand-analyse: voor de bepaling van de huidige situatie in een gebied;
- een knelpunten-analyse;
- een effect-analyse: voor bepaling van het effect van bijvoorbeeld een uitgevoerde maatregel;
- een factor-analyse: voor de bepaling van belangrijke beïnvloedingsfactoren;
- een scenario-analyse.
In het algemeen wordt bij de regionale waterbeheerder de HEP gebruikt voor een knelpuntenanalyse waarbij de diergroep waarvoor de HGI's worden opgesteld meestal vissen betreft. Het Waterschap Friesland heeft voor een tweetal projecten het instrument HEP ingezet. Aan de hand van een voorbeeld, de Rottige Meente, zal aangegeven worden wat de mogelijkheden en onmogelijkheden zijn van de HEP. Daarnaast wordt de betrouwbaarheid van de reeds genoemde drie uitgangspunten die eraan ten grondslag liggen tegen het licht gehouden.
Voorbeeldproject Rottige Meente
In de uitvoering van projecten wordt een denkschema gevolgd dat bestaat uit vijf stappen. Eerst wordt de huidige toestand en een gewenste toestand beschreven. Uit de verschillen tussen de huidige en de gewenste toestand kunnen de knelpunten worden gedestilleerd. Om deze knelpunten op te heffen worden maatregelen geformuleerd en uitgevoerd. Het effect van de maatregelen wordt gevolgd door middel van monitoring. Voor de Rottige Meente betekent dit dat eerst de huidige visstand is beschreven. Voor het opsporen van de knelpunten zijn voor zes vissen HGI's opgesteld. Enkele opmerkelijke resultaten worden gepresenteerd en gerelateerd aan de drie uitgangspunten van de HEP.
Uitgangspunt 1: de kwaliteit van het oppervlak en een habitat zijn meetbaar.
Voor de Rottige Meente zijn per vissoort de biomassa-ratio en de HGI-score van elk deelgebied met elkaar vergeleken. Er mag verwacht worden dat in een gebied met een hoge HGI-score de betreffende vis in groten getale aangetroffen zal worden. In het geval van de Rietvoorn bleek echter dat in het deelgebied met de hoogste HGI totaal geen Rietvoorn werd aangetroffen. Het ontbreken van de Rietvoorn wordt waarschijnlijk veroorzaakt door predatie. Interacties (bijvoorbeeld predatie) tussen soorten zijn niet opgenomen in de HGI's waardoor een stuk populatie-dynamica in deze methode ontbreekt. Hieruit blijkt dat de HGI een habitatmodel is en geen soortsmodel waardoor zij minder geschikt is tot het doen van uitspraken over soorten, terwijl het daar wel op is gebaseerd.
Uitgangspunt 2: het verband tussen de kwaliteit van een habitat en het aantal individuen is rechtlijnig.
Voor een aantal deelgebieden binnen de Rottige Meente is per gebied de hoeveelheid vis uitgezet tegen de bijbehorende HGI-scores. Hoe hoger de HGI-score, hoe geschikter het (deel)habitat voor de betreffende vis. Dit zou betekenen dat bij een hogere HGI-score meer individuen of biomassa van de betreffende vissoort aangetroffen zou moeten worden. Echter, uit de resultaten van de Rottige Meente bleek dat ook hoge biomassa's worden aangetroffen bij lage HGI-scores, en lage biomassa's bij hoge HGI-scores. Het rechtlijnige verband bleek niet te bestaan. In dit geval wordt het uitgangspunt van de HEP dus niet ondersteund door resultaten uit de praktijk.
Uitgangspunt 3: het verband tussen het oppervlak en het aantal individuen is rechtlijnig.
Bij vergelijk van gebieden van verschillende grootte en kwaliteit kan de HEP nivellerend werken op de vergelijkende beoordeling van de gebieden: een groot gebied met een lage HGI-score kan op basis van de HEP even waardevol worden geacht als een klein gebied met een hoge HGI-score. Indien dit uitgangspunt dus daadwerkelijk zou worden toegepast vormt dit een bedreiging voor de kleine maar zeer waardevolle natuurgebiedjes.
Naast de genoemde kanttekeningen bij de HEP kan het toch een bruikbaar hulpmiddel zijn om bestuurders te overtuigen voor het nemen van maatregelen en prioritering van gebieden. Het blijft echter belangrijk dat ecologen hun expertise inzetten en gezond verstand gebruiken om de resultaten te beoordelen en te interpreteren.
Conclusie
Uit de genoemde voorbeelden blijkt dat naast het opstellen van modellen het valideren van modellen moeilijk is. Een goede validatie is echter belangrijk voor een juiste interpretatie van de resultaten.
Waterschap Friesland is een gebruiker, maar kan nog zonder, hoewel dit nu typisch de reactie is van een gebruiker.
DISCUSSIES
De discussies zijn gevoerd in drie verschillende groepen, zodat zoveel mogelijk mensen de gelegenheid hebben gekregen hun mening te ventileren. In elke groep was een gastsprekker vertegenwoordigd. Als onderwerp voor discussie had men de keuze uit vier stellingen:
1. HEP's maken prioriteitsstelling van natuurgebieden mogelijk;
2. Via het compensatiebeginsel kan HEP ervoor zorgen dat de totale natuurwaarde van Nederland niet vermindert;
3. HGI's zijn wel geschikt voor hogere organismen maar niet voor macro-evertebraten;
4. HGI's doen geen recht aan de dynamiek van ecosystemen.
Een korte samenvatting van de groepsdiscussie is plenair gepresenteerd. Hieronder volgt een korte weergave van de discussies.
Discussiegroep 1
Stelling: "HGI doet geen recht aan dynamiek van ecosystemen"
In de huidige HGI ontbreekt iedere vorm van dynamiek van ecosystemen en daarmee wordt bevestigend op de stelling geantwoord. Maar, wat is eigenlijk dynamiek en over welke dynamiek gaat het eigenlijk? Het lijkt belangrijk onderscheid te maken in ruimtelijke dynamiek en in populatie dynamiek. Bij de ruimtelijke dynamiek gaat het dan om variaties die optreden in abiotische condities zoals bijvoorbeeld wisselende waterstanden. Populatie dynamische aspecten zoals predator-prooi relaties ontbreken in HGI. Daarnaast kunnen soorten zelf ook een dynamisch gedrag vertonen: andere voedselkeuze onder verschillende omstandigheden. Deze aspecten worden in de HGI benadering ondergeschikt gemaakt aan andere (abiotische) factoren.
Hoe zouden ruimtelijke en temporele dynamiek in HGI ingebouwd kunnen worden? Een gecombineerde benadering van HGI en GIS biedt wellicht mogelijkheden. Daarbij zal de HGI een onderdeel vormen van een GIS-systeem (en niet andersom).
Ten aanzien van de dynamiek van de omgeving is verder geconstateerd dat de keuze van de soorten belangrijk zijn. Zo zouden soorten geselecteerd kunnen worden die indicatief zijn voor dynamische en instabiele milieus of juist soorten die indicatief zijn voor stabiele systemen.
HGI's worden opgesteld voor afzonderlijke soorten. Daardoor wordt niet gewerkt op het niveau van ecosystemen. Hoewel de gekozen soorten indicatief kunnen zijn voor het ecosysteemtype is er dan nog steeds geen sprake van een benadering vanuit ecosystemen. Daarvoor zullen andere kenmerken van het biotisch systeem gehanteerd moeten worden.
Discussiegroep 2
Stelling: "De HGI is wel geschikt voor hogere organismen maar niet voor macro-evertebraten".
Tijdens de discussie bleek dat voor macro-evertebraten het gebruik van de HGI wel degelijk mogelijkheden biedt. Het is mogelijk duidelijke optimumcurven op te stellen per milieufactor. Het werd als een voordeel gezien dat macrofaunagemeenschappen in plaats van soorten gebruikt kunnen worden.
Er is geconstateerd dat het zeer belangrijk is dat bij het opstellen van een HGI er goede begeleiding en controle plaats vindt. De keuze van de milieufactor en de keuze van een representatieve soort zijn eveneens van belang. De keuzes dienen in overeenstemming te zijn met het doel van de HEP.
Gesteld is dat een HGI geschikt is om de kwaliteit van bepaald gebied op een bepaald moment vast te leggen. De index biedt inzicht in de "zwakke" en "sterke" factoren van een gebied en kan daarmee een hulpmiddel zijn bij de uitvoering van een knelpuntenanalyse. Indien de HGI gebruikt wordt om verschillende gebieden te vergelijken en eventueel om milieuqualiteit te compenseren dan spelen ruimte en dynamiek een rol. De HGI wordt dan minder geschikt geacht.
**Discussiegroep 3**
Stelling: "HGI doet geen recht aan de dynamiek van een ecosysteem".
Deze stelling werd door de meeste discussianten ondersteund. Echter een HGI-deskundige weerlegde deze kritiek met het feit dat in principe al deze populatie-dynamische processen in de HGI opgenomen kunnen worden. Het betreft in dat geval zogenaamde *multi-cover* modellen waarin zowel een factor ruimte als tijd in opgenomen is. In Nederland worden op dit moment deze modellen niet gebruikt en het ziet er ook niet naar uit dat dit in de nabije toekomst zal gebeuren. Maar in principe is het niet onmogelijk.
Tevens is gesteld dat het ontbreken van deze dynamische processen in de HGI geen probleem hoeft te zijn, afhankelijk van de soort en van het doel waarvoor de HGI gebruikt wordt (bijvoorbeeld knelpuntenanalyse gericht op één soort).
Naast het ontbreken van interacties tussen soorten is ook de dynamiek van successie niet in HGI's opgenomen. Interacties tussen soorten zijn op lagere trofische niveaus erg complex. Het is daarom de vraag of voor bijvoorbeeld voor macrofauna HGI's opgesteld kunnen/moeten worden. Indien HGI's voor macrofauna gebruikt gaat worden om de kwaliteit van een habitat te bepalen kan ook gebruik gemaakt worden van andere systemen die gebaseerd zijn op levensgemeenschappen in plaats van individuele soorten.
Van macrofauna is veel auto-ecologische informatie bekend. Voor sommige soorten zou het mogelijk zijn een HGI op te stellen (bijvoorbeeld voor de beekjuffer), en in het kader van het landelijk soortenbeleid zou dit zelfs nog wel wenselijk kunnen zijn.
AFSLUITING
Peter van Rooy
Er is gesproken over soorten, ecosystemen, ruimte, tijd, dynamiek en hulpmiddelen zoals de habitatmodellen. De centrale vraag die ten grondslag ligt aan de hier gevoerde discussies is: hoe kunnen we de complexiteit van de realiteit zodanig vereenvoudigen dat we enerzijds overzicht hebben en anderzijds de realiteit niet te zeer vertekenen. Elke simplificatie berust immers op algemene aannamen en uitgangspunten. Elke simplificatie ziet dus een deel van de complexiteit en dynamiek van het geheel over het hoofd.
Als spreekbuizen voor de natuur is het onze taak dat we in de besluitvorming een volwaardige plaats innemen. Belangrijk blijft de vraag: "wat is voor de natuur van belang" en niet "wat houdt de natuurlui van de straat". Voor deze stellingname in het besluitvormingsproces is zelfvertrouwen, zelf-respect en een goed onderbouwd verhaal nodig. Dat kan maken dat we geloofwaardiger naar buiten treden. Met de discussies zoals die gevoerd zijn, kunnen we elkaar daarin steunen. | <urn:uuid:a7ed2538-9655-46cc-8548-441dc1e1834b> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nld_Latn/train | finepdfs | nld_Latn | 29,267 |
Dippy on Tour exhibition
The start of our climate action work
Touchstones Rochdale
Touchstones is a local museum, art gallery and archive centre in Rochdale town centre, responsible for caring and making the boroughs cultural heritage collection accessible.
We work, and support local communities, groups and individuals to programme exhibitions, workshops, activities and events and pride ourselves on being a hub for culture and heritage in the town.
Our climate action work first began during the planning stages of our Dippy on Tour exhibition that Rochdale hosted in early 2020. Here we worked in partnership with the Natural History Museum on an interactive, family friendly exhibition to support Dippy’s visit to the town.
Looking specifically at the theme of sustainability, we worked with groups and volunteers to highlight and celebrate the fantastic work being undertaken in the borough. The exhibition featured an installation of over 1000 bees, all knitted by members of the community and suspended from the ceiling in the gallery space to highlight biodiversity.
Members of staff also took part in Carbon Literacy training delivered by MDNW to support the messaging of the exhibition.
Since then, as an organisation, we have been consciously thinking about how our work impacts the environment and have been actively taking steps to reduce our carbon footprint in any way we can.
Hundreds of bees were knitted by our community for the Dippy on Tour exhibition in 2020. It formed part of a huge installation within the gallery space to support environmental themes explored within the show.
We were inundated with the knitted bees and couldn’t display them all, so we sold them in our shop during the exhibition and donated the money to two sustainable projects in Rochdale:
- Petrus Incredible Edible Garden (PIER), a community group run by Petrus which provides supported housing and related services to the homeless people in the Rochdale area, and
- Rochdale In Bloom.
We are delighted to have received support through the funds raised from the knitted bees on the Dippy tour to use on our community allotment on Belfield Road.
We will use the funds to develop a biodiverse sustainable display that will not only increase the biodiversity on site but will also be used to teach others in our community about how we can use different types of plants to attract wildlife including beneficial pollinators such as bees.
Team at PIER
Impacts and Outcomes
- Environmental impact is a key consideration during the planning stages of all new projects including exhibitions and collections work.
- Two members of staff have undertaken training to deliver Carbon Literacy Training to all members of staff. This is being rolled out to all members of staff in the organisation.
- We consciously consider how we can reuse, recycle and adapt materials for exhibition design and in creative workshops to reduce waste and use only materials from a sustainable source wherever possible.
- We are part of the Roots and Branches project which provides us with support, advice and networking with other institutions to share current sector knowledge.
- We have undertaken an assessment with Julie’s Bicycle (a company mobilising the arts and culture sector on the climate and ecological crisis) to report on our current status and advise and recommend next steps to enable us to become more sustainable.
Challenges and Barriers
⚠️ Like a lot of individuals and organisations when actively thinking about climate impact and changes, it can often be overwhelming. The subject is vast and often quite difficult to understand. The urgency of climate change can make deciding where to start confusing.
⚠️ Changes can be expensive, time consuming and resource intensive which can create barriers to positive development.
However through relationships with organisations such as Manchester Museum, Museum Development North West and the Natural History Museum, who have been invaluable in providing knowledge, support and resources, we have been able to take the first steps on our climate action journey.
Climate action is a marathon not a sprint!
Through the work we have undertaken on our Dippy exhibition and with MDNW, we have started to think seriously about our responsibility as a cultural organisation and the impact we are having on the climate crisis.
Alongside other recent changes and ways of thinking, we are now only using materials that come from a sustainable source and can be recycled or reused. We are also monitoring and reducing the amount of waste we produce to enable us to manage our collections and exhibitions in an environmentally thoughtful way.
Sarah Hodgkinson,
Museum Curator and Collections Manager
The Carbon Literacy course has enabled me to evaluate environmental impact both in the work place and in my personal life. The learning has already become embedded into everyday conversations about taking urgent climate action.
In our organisation, we are already seeing changes in the way we work with artists by reducing wastage. We are now moving towards creating policies that bring artists and collaborators on board with our goals from the get go.
Bryan Beresford,
Curatorial and Community Engagement Coordinator and Carbon Literacy Trainer
Next steps and future climate actions
• To implement the recommendations and next steps from our Julie’s Bicycle report.
• To have an environmental policy and action plan in place, for all the activity we undertake at Touchstones and the Arts and Heritage Resource Centre.
• To embed an environmental theme into our exhibitions programme, ensuring we are tackling current issues to educate and galvanise our audiences.
Find out more
Our Trust blog post: Local biodiversity projects receive donations from sales of knitted bees
Helen Beckett, Collections and Exhibitions Manager, firstname.lastname@example.org
Roots & Branches
Seeds for Action – case studies
The Seeds for Action Programme is part of the Roots & Branches project. It aims to connect Carbon Literate Certified museum people across England to develop and build on their carbon reduction strategies and approaches to taking climate action.
By pooling our collective expertise and resources, we can save ourselves time and money, and tackle the climate emergency more effectively together. Feel free to share this case study with others.
For more information contact:
- Catherine Mailhac, freelance Seeds for Action coordinator, email@example.com or
- Kaye Hardyman, Museum Development Officer (North) MDNW on firstname.lastname@example.org.
Case study submitted by Helen Beckett
Icons created by Rutmer Zijlstra - Flaticon
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CT
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Samaqan: Water Stories
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Tribal Police Files (Stla)
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First Across the Line
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APTN Movie
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North of 60
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APTN Movie
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APTN Movie
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Department of Economics
Copenhagen Business School
Working paper 1-2012
Product-Marketing Innovation, Skills, and Firm Productivity Growth
Martin Junge, Battista Severgnini and
Anders Sørensen
Product-Marketing Innovation, Skills, and Firm Productivity Growth ∗
Martin Junge
Battista Severgnini
Anders Sørensen
July 4, 2012
Abstract
The role of product and marketing innovation for productivity growth is addressed using survey and register data for the Danish economy. It is argued that marketing and product innovation are complementary inputs and that innovation activities are skill-intensive. It is found that product and marketing innovation in skill-intensive firms results in significantly faster productivity growth than in unskilled-intensive firms that introduce this combination of innovation activities. More precisely, an increase in the share of educated workers of one percentage point, increases productivity growth by around 0.1 percentage point in firms with product and marketing innovation. In addition, it is found that firms that engage in product innovation but not in marketing innovation or the other way around do not demonstrate a growth effect from their innovation activities. It is also found that product and marketing innovation has an independent role in productivity growth that cannot be attributed to organisational changes, even though the majority of innovative firms engage in this latter innovation type.
Keywords: Product innovation, marketing innovation, organizational innovation, productivity growth, educational composition.
JEL codes: J24, O31, M31
∗Battista Severgnini gratefully acknowledges financial support of the Danish Social Science Research Council-Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation. Martin Junge. Danish Business Research Academy, Copenhagen, Denmark. Email: email@example.com. Battista Severgnini. Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark. Email: firstname.lastname@example.org. Anders Sørensen (corresponding author), Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School, and Centre for Economic and Business Research, Porcelænshaven 16A, 1st floor, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark. Email: email@example.com
1 Introduction
This paper studies effects of marketing innovation on productivity growth. We do not claim that marketing innovation necessarily play an independent role in productivity growth; rather, we hypothesise that the complementarity between product innovation and marketing innovation is an important growth driver. The motivation for this hypothesis is that the ability to come up with new and improved products and the ability to commercialise these products into demand seem to require coordination between the two activities. Empirical support for product and marketing innovation to play an independent role in productivity growth is established. More precisely, the combination of the the two innovation activities result in significantly faster productivity growth in skill-intensive firms.
Marketing innovations involve the implementation of new marketing practices. Specifically, these include changes in sales and distribution methods, changes in product design and packaging, and methods for pricing goods and services. This concept of marketing innovation follows the definition in the Oslo Manual, OECD (2005); a concept applied in the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) from which the innovation data used in this paper stem. 1
During the past decade, the recognition that non-technological growth drivers are important for productivity growth has emerged. One prominent driver is organisational change. Caroli and Van Reenen (2001) argue that such changes have an independent role in productivity growth. Moreover, the authors find that organisational changes are skill-intensive, which implies that the growth effect of the activity is larger in skill-intensive firm than in unskilled-intensive firms. In another line of research, Bloom and Van Reenen (2007) establish that good management practices are important for firm productivity. More precisely, the authors find that firms with "better" management practices tend to be more productive than firms with "worse" practices and that management practices vary tremendously across firms, which suggests that large improvements in productivity are possible. 2 For a survey on the empirics of organisational changes see Bloom, Sadun, and Van Reenen (2010).
Complementarities between non-technological and technological growth drivers are also important for firm performance. The relationship between organisational changes and new technologies has been shown to be important for productivity in micro studies, see for example Brynjolfsson
1 In the applied version of the Danish CIS, CIS 4, no questions have been asked related to new methods of pricing goods and services. Questions related to this aspect have been introduced in later versions of the survey.
2 Growth drivers related to technological development are also important; see Hall et al (2010) on the return to R&D and Hall (2011) on product and process innovation and productivity. The latter paper finds that there are substantial positive impacts of product innovation on productivity levels but that the impact of process innovation is more ambiguous.
and Hitt (2000) for a survey. The evidence shows that a combination of investment in information technology (IT) and changes in organisations contributes to firm productivity growth. Crespi, Criscuolo and Haskel (2007) use data for the UK and find a positive effect on firm performance of the interaction between IT investment and organizational innovation. Moreover, Bloom, Sadun, and Van Reenen (2012) find that the IT-related productivity advantage in the US is mainly related to "tougher" human resource management in US-owned firms compared to European owned firms.
The contribution of this paper to the literature is to investigate another complementarity between non-technological and technological growth drivers; namely, the complementarity between marketing innovation and product innovation. The importance of marketing — a non-technological growth driver — has rarely been studied in relation to firm performance. 3 In the marketing literature, the idea that the success of new and better products is related to marketing activities is suggested by Gupta, Raj, and Wilemon (1986). It is argued that the success of research and development (R&D) is potentially influenced by R&D-marketing integration. In an empirical study, Dutta, Narasimhan, and Rajiv (1999) find that the interaction between marketing and R&D capabilities is correlated with firm performance. The study examines a cross-section of firms and focuses on the US semiconductor industry. Moreover, Park (2004) finds in a case study that the succes of the VHS format for the videocassette recorder market at the expense of Betamax is partly explained by marketing ability.
It is important to understand the distinguishing factors between product and marketing innovation when studying the complementarity between the two innovation activities. The Oslo manual states that "the main distinguishing factor for product and marketing innovations is a significant change in the product's functions or uses." As an example, product innovation takes place when functional or user characteristics of existing products are significantly improved. Marketing innovation takes place when the design of an existing product changes significantly but this is not product innovation, as long as the functional or user characteristics are not changed significantly. 4
In the present study, we formulate and test two hypotheses. Motivated by the above-mentioned studies of the integration of R&D and marketing, we formulate a hypothesis regarding the complementarity between product and marketing innovation. In relation to this, we must emphasise
3 In the economic literature, marketing has sometimes been studied in relation to international trade. For example, Molina and Muendler (2010) find that firms hiring workers from marketing-related occupations at former exporters predicts a wider reach of destinations for the export decision.
4 For services, "the main distinguishing factor for service innovations and marketing innovations is whether the innovation involves a marketing method or a service (i.e. a product). The distinction may depend on the nature of the firm's business."
that product innovation has a much broader definition than R&D and that we do not restrict the analysis to a narrowly defined industry. The first hypothesis states that activities in product and marketing innovation have a positive effect on productivity growth and that the effect is larger than for activities in either product og marketing innovation. The motivation for this hypothesis is that product innovation generates new and improved products that potentially shift the demand curve of the firms outwards. However, to effectively approach existing or new markets with new or improved products, the firms will use marketing tools. In this respect, firms may indeed use marketing innovation to approach and reach their markets. In sum, marketing innovation is expected to be an important activity for product innovation to generate growth effects. The second hypothesis states that innovation is a skill-intensive activity.
Combining the two hypotheses, we study whether the introduction of product and marketing innovation in skill-intensive firms results in significantly faster productivity growth than in unskilled-intensive firms that introduce these types of innovation. This joint hypothesis cannot be rejected, since an increase in the share of educated workers of one percentage point, significantly increases productivity growth by around 0.1 percentage points in firms with product and marketing innovation. In addition, we find that firms that engage in product innovation but not marketing innovation or firms that engage in marketing innovation but not product innovation do not show a positive growth effect from these innovation activities.
Although the majority of innovative firms also engage in organisational innovation, we are able to rule out the concern that the estimated effect of product and marketing innovation is driven by organisational changes. More precisely, we find that product-marketing innovation as well as organisational innovation play independent roles for productivity growth. These results are obtained using two approaches. Under the first approach, we disentangle the growth effects for different innovation types. Due to multicollinearity problems, it is not possible to disentangle the separate effects of product and marketing innovation. As a result, we turn to an alternative approach under which we estimate growth effects for different firm types categorised after their innovation activities.
As a final remark, studies on innovation and firm productivity usually relate product innovation to productivity levels; see Hall (2011). Thus, the studies mainly apply cross-sectional data, and the results are of a long-run nature and do not analyse any dynamic responses. The present study focuses on productivity growth - not productivity levels - and thereby focuses on the dynamic effects of product innovation. 5
5 Mairesse and Mohnen (2010) survey research based on Community Innovation Surveys. In their survey they
The paper proceeds as follows. The next section proposes a simple model of production and demand used to analyse innovation and firm performance. Section 3 describes the data and definitions used. Section 4 presents the empirical results. Section 5 concludes the paper. The relationship between the two approaches used in the empirical section are discussed in an appendix.
2 Model
2.1 Production and demand
The model we have in mind follows the model presented in, e.g., Hall (2011). It consists of the following components: knowledge production functions, a production function and a demand function.
Firms undertake innovation activities in order to gain a monopolistic advantage or a more effective production process. For simplicity, we assume that firms face a constant elasticity demand function of the following form:
with 0 0 and 1 0. denotes the demanded quantity, denotes the (relative) output price of the firm, and denotes the knowledge capital stock that is relevant for demand. constitutes a measure of the monopolistic advantage of the firm. Moreover, firms produce according to the following production function:
where denotes the physical capital stock, denotes employment, and denotes the knowledge capital stock relevant for production; a measure of the effectiveness of production.
Combining the demand and the production function results in the following function for real
refer to studies that investigate complementarities between innovation types based on cross-sectional data. Some studies focus on complementarities between product and process innovation, process and organizational innovation, and product and organizational innovation. Junge, Severgnini, and Sørensen (2012) study the long-run nature of the impact of innovation types on productivity levels using a two stage model. In this paper, evidence for complementarities between product and marketing innovation as well as between process and organizational innovation is established.
value added:
where denotes real value added. In the next sub-section, we turn to the knowledge function of the model.
2.2 Knowledge Creation
Firms can conduct product innovation and/or marketing innovation. In addition to these innovation types, firms can also engage in organisational innovation. We include the latter innovation type because it is an important growth driver, as discussed in the introduction, and because the majority of firms that conduct product innovation also conduct organisational innovation, as descriped below. The three innovation types are denoted by (product innovation), (marketing innovation), and (organisational innovation), respectively. 6 Innovation activities potentially affect real value added through the growth rate of knowledge capital, i.e., ∆ln and ∆ln . We assume that knowledge production relevant for demand, , is affected through product innovation and marketing innovation, whereas organizational innovation is important for the knowledge production relevant for the production function, .
An important element that we study is the complementarity between product and marketing innovation in the knowledge creation of . We hypothesise that marketing innovation strengthens the growth effect of product innovation (and the other way around). In other words, firms that expend the effort to bring their products to market by developing sales and distributions methods or by changing the design or packaging in addition to innovating new and improved products are expected to perform better than firms that do not. Another important aspect is that innovation is assumed to be a skill-intensive activity. The introduction of innovation activities in skill-intensive firms is expected to lead to significantly faster productivity growth than the introduction of innovation activities in unskilled-intensive firms.
The innovation process generates new knowledge and the development is assumed to follow the
6 Firms can also perform process innovation. This innovation type is not included in the analysis because it is out of the scope for the analysis. Even if this type was included no empirical importance is found. The results are available upon request.
equations
where , , and denote intensities of product, marketing and organizational innovation, respectively. denotes the education mix, where high values indicate skill-intensive firms and low values indicate unskilled-intensive firms. Therefore, a key explanatory variables in the knowledge production function is the education mix of the firms. We do not target specific departments of firms when focusing on the relationship between the education mix and knowledge production (i.e., we do not restrict the analysis to employees in R&D or other specific departments of firms). Rather, we assume that a more intensive overall use of educated workers increases the intensity of the different innovation types and that these activities can be performed in any part of a firm. 7
Furthermore, it is assumed that product and marketing innovation are complementary, which implies that:
The effect of more intensive product innovation activities increases the effect of marketing innovation on knowledge creation (and the other way around).
Moreover, the assumption of innovation as a skill-intensive activity implies that
7 Variation in marketing capabilities across firms may also be important for the growth effect of production innovation, in the sense that a high marketing capability may lead to a larger growth effect than for low marketing capability. We do not study this aspect because we do not have data on marketing capabilities.
2.3 Real Value Added Growth
Using (1) and (2), we derive the growth rate of real value added as a function of innovation activities:
where we treat 0 = + + , with ∆ = . Moreover, we model function () as ¡ ¢ = 1 + 2 + 3 . In sum the model to be estimated in the empirical section below equals:
where the coefficients are determined by 0 = ( 0 + 1) ∆ 0 , 1 = ( 0 + 1) 1 0 etc. Our main interest is in the interaction term, i.e., 3 = − 1 3 0 . The advantage of estimating the regression in first differences is that it includes firm-specific fixed effects to control for unobserved firm heterogeneity.
3 Data and definitions
The applied data set stems from two sources. First, data on innovation activities originate from the Danish version of the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) from 2004 that constitutes a representative sample for the Danish economy. This data set includes information on innovation activities at the firm level. The questions on innovation activities are related to innovation activities performed in firms during the 3-year period from 2002-2004. Second, other firm variables that originate from the Danish register data sets IDA and FIDA are included. Specifically, the backbone of the analysis is an employer-employee matched data set that enables us to track educational attainment for each employee in every single firm. Consequently, it is possible to obtain very precise measures of the education mix applied in each firm. Moreover, firm information in the data set provides data on value added, labour input, and input of physical capital. In addition, we also apply industry, regional, and ownership dummies as well as export intensities. Finally, the register data allows the possibility of measuring the variables for different years. We apply and describe this possibility below.
3.1 Innovation
In the empirical analysis three types of innovations are applied. The three types are product innovation ( ), marketing innovation (), and organisational innovation ():
A firm is considered to perform:
* product innovation if it answers yes to the question: "Did the firm introduce new or significantly improved products or services?"
* marketing innovation if it answers yes to one or both of the questions: "Did the firm introduce (i) new or significantly changed sales or distribution methods or (ii) significant changes in a product or service design or packaging?"
* organisational innovation if it answers yes to one or both of the following questions: "Did the firm introduce (i) new or significantly improved business processes for better use or exchange of information, knowledge and skills in the firm or (ii) a major organisational change within the company?"
Unfortunately, we cannot observe innovation intensities. Based on the innovation questions, we therefore construct binary indicators from the survey data that indicate whether firms had innovation activities of the three types during 2002-2004. These binary variables are used as measures for innovation activities below.
3.2 Other firm-specific variables
Real value added, , is measured as value added in current prices deflated by narrow industry specific price series. Physical capital, , is measured as fixed assets and stems from accounting data, whereas labour input, , is measured by full time equivalent units. These variables are used to determine long log-differences between 2004 and 2007. These log differences are measured as annualised changes. As a measure of the education mix in the single firm, , we take the share of full-time employees in the firm with at least 16 years of education out of total number of employees. By this measure, the higher is the more skill-intensive is a firm. The descriptive statistics of the sample are shown in Appendix Table 1.
4 Empirical results
This section presents the empirical results of the study. First, we comment on a number of econometric problems that are dealt with in the analysis. Second, we present the descriptive statistics, and finally, we present the results of the regression analysis.
4.1 Econometric Problems
There are a number of econometric problems in estimating the relation between productivity and the knowledge stock of the firm. Specifically, these problems are unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity. We deal with unobserved heterogeneity by estimating the model in first differences, as discussed in relation to (3) above. Consequently, we apply annualised changes during the period 2005-2007. To mitigate endogeneity, we use lagged innovation variables in the regressions, see Griffith, Redding, and Van Reenen (2004). More precisely, we use data for innovation activity for the period 2002-2004. Moreover, we apply an initial skill share; the education share measured in the first week of November 2001, i.e., the share is measured before the period that the innovation measures apply for. The timing of the dependent and explanatory variables is illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1 around here
To deal with a potential selection problem, we include lagged growth rates in one of the regressions in the robustness section, i.e., Section 4 below. That is we include the annualized log-change in real value added over the period 2002-2004 as explanatory variable. The issue is that highgrowth firms potentially select themselves into innovation activities and low-growth firms do not. More precisely, the lagged growth rates are instrumented with the initial real value added level as measured in 2001, which follows Caroli and Van Reenen (2001).
4.2 Descriptive Statistics
Innovation activities for the firms in our sample are presented in Table 1. In Table 1a, the firms are grouped after whether they perform product and/or marketing innovation, whereas they are grouped after product, marketing and organisational innovation in Table 1b.
Table 1 around here
In Table 1a, it is evident that 527 firms out of 1,321 firms - representing 40 per cent of the firms in the sample - engage in product innovation. Of these firms, approximately one third conduct marketing innovation in addition to product innovation, whereas the remaining two thirds do not conduct marketing innovation. Moreover, it is seen that 261 firms engage in marketing innovation. Of these firms, about 60 per cent also perform product innovation.
In Table 1b it is seen that 401 firms out of 527 firms conducting product innovation also engage in organisational innovation; i.e., three quarters of the firms conducting product innovation also perform organisational innovation. For the group of firms engaging in both product and marketing innovation, as many as 83 per cent also conduct organisational innovation. It is also evident that 307 firms - nearly one fourth of the sample - engage in organisational innovation without conducting either marketing or product innovation. Approximately 60 per cent of the firms engage in organisational innovation, implying that the majority of the 71 per cent of firms in the sample that conduct innovation activities are conducting organisational organisation. 29 per cent of firms do not engage in innovation activities.
Before turning to the regression analysis, we present the average measures of labour productivity growth divided by innovation type and skill intensity. In Figure 2, the average growth rates of skillintensive firms are compared to the average growth rate of all firms. The growth rates are presented as deviations from the average growth rate for different firm types defined after the innovation activities that they engage in. Moreover, firms are considered to be skill-intensive if their education share in 2001 exceeds the median share within their firm type.
We split the data into four types of innovative firms according to the innovation activities that they engage in. The firms are grouped according to whether they conduct (1) product-marketing innovation (), (2) product innovation but no marketing innovation (), (3) marketing innovation but not product innovation (), or (4) organisational innovation but no product or marketing innovation (). Finally, we also include firms without innovation activities (). 8
Figure 2 around here
8 We only apply 4 firm types with innovation activities in the main text to reduce the number of parameters to estimate. This is the case even though the combinations of three innovation types result in 7 firm types with innovation activities. See the appendix for a discussion.
A number of interesting observations are shown in Figure 2. It is clear that skill-intensive firms with innovation activities grow faster than the average firm within the same firm types and thereby unskilled-intensive firms. This effect is found for all firm types with innovation and suggests that innovation is indeed a skill-intensive activity. It is especially pronounced for firms that engage in product and marketing innovation. A second and somewhat surprising observation is that within the group of firms without innovation activities, unskilled-intensive firms grow faster than skill-intensive firms. This observation should not be taken at face value, but rather understood as indicating that skill-intensive non-innovators do not grow faster than unskilled-intensive non-innovators. In other words, this observation suggests that growth effects of skills to a large extent work through the innovation channel, i.e., skills are contributing to knowledge creation.
There are also a number of things we cannot determine from Figure 2. We cannot determine whether the growth effects are significantly different from zero. We do not control for other background characteristics of the firm than the skill intensity. Moreover, it is not possible to contribute growth effect to the different innovation activities. Most problematic is the growth performance of product innovation and/or marketing innovation because the majority of innovative firms perform organizational innovation. This is especially outspoken for firms that perform both product and marketing innovation, which was evident from Table 1. In this sense, we cannot determine whether it is organizational innovation, product-marketing innovation or both that drives the growth performance in firms. Consequently, we have to disentangle the effect of organisational innovation from the other types of innovation. These concerns will be taken into account in the next section.
4.3 Regression results
In the following two sets of regression results are presented. First, we focus on the growth effects of different innovation types. That is, we attempt to disentangle the growth effects of the three innovation types: product, marketing, and organisational innovation. From an empirical perspective, disentangling effects of the different innovation types is challenging because most of these coexist in the production function and thus create possible problems of collinearities (Anderson and Schmittlein (1984), Milgrom and Roberts (1990), and Athey and Stern (1998)). As it turns out, we are able to obtain precise estimates of the combined growth effects of product and marketing innovation as well as organisational innovation. It is, however, not possible to determine the separate effects of product innovation or marketing innovation. As a consequence we focus on firm types that are engaging in different types of innovation rather than focusing on different innovation types. More precisely, we present results for the four types of innovative firms defined in relation to Figure 2 above. The two approaches are derived from the same general model. Moreover, the empirical results obtained under the two approaches are qualitatively the same. These aspects are discussed in Appendix A.
4.3.1 Innovation types
First, we present the results for the growth effects of different combinations of product and marketing innovation in Table 2. Next, we include organisational innovation in addition to product and marketing innovation in Table 3. 9
In Table 2, the regression results of including product innovation, marketing innovation, and the interaction term of the two innovation types are presented. In the first two columns, we introduce the two innovation types one at a time. In column 1, product innovation is introduced and the relationship between growth in real value added and this innovation type is estimated. The interaction term between product innovation and the education share, i.e., the coefficient of · , is positive and significantly different from zero. The point estimate for the interaction term equals 0.087 and is significantly different from zero at the 5 per cent level. This implies that skill-intensive firms that engage in product innovation grow faster than skill-intensive firms that do not engage in product innovation. More precisely, an increase in the skill intensity of one percentage point, increases productivity growth by almost 0.1 percentage points in firms with product innovation.
Table 2 around here
It is also evident in column 1 that the direct coefficient to product innovation, i.e., the coefficient of , is approximately zero, implying that the average firm does not obtain any growth effect for product innovation. This also means that the skill intensity may be too low to generate positive growth effects, since the demeaned effect of · is negative for firms with a skill share below average. I.e., the growth effect may actually be negative, if the skill intensity is below a threshold level. Taken at face value, firms with a skill intensity below 0.1663 will experience a negative growth effect of conducting product innovation, whereas firms with a skill intensity above 0.1663 will have positive growth effects. This difference suggests that innovation only pays offgrowth-wise in skill-intensive firms. This effect is also found for organisational innovation in Caroli and Van Reenen (2001).
9 In the regression analysis, the interaction terms are determined as the interaction between innovation dummies and the demeaned skill-intensity. Subtracting the mean of the skill share, ensures that average treatment effect (ATE) is the coefficient on the innovation dummy itself.
In column 2, marketing innovation is included as the only innovation type in the growth regression. As for product innovation, the interaction term between innovation and the skill intensity enters with a positive value; however, in this case, the value is not significantly different from zero. Column 3 presents the results of including both product and marketing innovation as separate and non-complementary activities. The findings in column 3 reflect those of columns 1 and 2.
Column 4 includes the interaction between product and marketing innovation. It is clear that the estimates are influenced by multicollinearity problems. All three estimates for the innovation types are imprecise. The combined growth effect of conducting product and market innovation simultaneously when the two types of innovation are treated as complementary is equal to 0.131 (=0.045-0.120+0.206); this value is significant at the 1 per cent level when using an F-test, which is shown in the bottom part of the column.
Because the direct effect of marketing innovation was found to be insignificant in column 2, it is excluded in column 5. By excluding this effect, we find positive but insignificant separate effects of product innovation. Moreover, the combined effect of engaging in product and marketing innovation equals 0.141 (=0.059+0.086), which is of similar magnitude to the total effect found in column 4. Again, this effect is found to be significant at the 1 per cent level using an F-test. Finally, the direct effect of product innovation is also excluded in column 6. In this case, we find that the coefficient for the interaction between product and marketing innovation is equal to 0.127, which is significant at the 1 per cent level.
The results of Table 2, however, can be questioned: is the growth effect of product and marketing innovation actually captured by the estimated coefficients in the growth regressions? As was evident from Table 1, three quarters of firms with product innovation and/or marketing innovation also engage in organisational innovation. Therefore, the growth effect from organisational innovation may be picked up by the applied measures of product and marketing innovation. Another important reason to worry about the growth driving effect is articulated by Caroli and Van Reenen (2001), who study growth effects of organisational changes. This work argues that organisational change has an independent role in productivity growth. Moreover, the results demonstrate that organisational changes are skill-intensive, as was found for product-marketing innovation above.
For these reasons, we include organisational innovation in the growth regressions in addition to product and marketing innovation. The results are presented in Table 3. In column 1, organisational innovation is included as the only innovation type. It is shown that organisational innovation activities have a positive growth effect for skill-intensive firms, a result that parallels the findings in Caroli and Van Reenen (2001). In this sense, organisational innovation indeed has an important role to play for economic growth.
Table 3 around here
In column 2, we include product and marketing innovation in addition to organisational innovation. Again, the estimation for product and marketing innovation suffers from multicollinearity due to the innovation structure, as presented in Table 1. Therefore, we evaluate the effect of conducting product-marketing innovation as the total effect of product innovation and marketing innovation. The combined effect is positive and equal to 0.099 (=0.196-0.120+0.022), which is significant at the 10 per cent level when using an F-test. In other words, we find lower significance when including organisational innovation but the effect is still positive and significant. As in column 1, we find that organisational innovation has a positive growth effect in skill-intensive firms; however, the effect is no longer significant. This result may well be due to the fundamental multicollinearity problem.
In columns 3 and 4, the direct effects of marketing and product innovation are removed one at a time, as was the case in Table 2. In column 3, marketing innovation is removed. In this case the common effect for product and marketing innovation is equal to 0.113 (=0.077+0.036) and is significant at the 5 percent level. When both direct effects are removed, the coefficient for the interaction term between product and marketing innovation equals 0.100 that is also significant at the 5 percent level. The coefficients for organisational innovation, · , are positive in both specifications; however, the coefficient of column 3 is insignificant, whereas it is significant at the 10 percent level in column 4.
In sum, we find that skill-intensive firms that both perform product and marketing innovation experience a positive growth effect. Since we are able to disentangle the effects of product-marketing innovation and organisational innovation, we can conclude that this effect is not driven by organisational innovation. An increase in the share of educated workers of one percentage point, increases productivity growth by around 0.1 percentage points in firms with product and marketing innovation, whereas productivity growth increases by around 0.08 percentage points in firms that perform organisational innovation. The positive growth effect may require that the skill intensity, as measured by the share of employees with 16 or more years of education, exceeds a threshold level.
As final remarks it should be mentioned that the skill-intensity itself does not contribute to growth, i.e., skills only have a growth effect through innovation. This is the case for all regressions reported in Tables 2 and 3 since the point estimates on the lagged skill-intensity is insignificantly different from zero in all the regressions; a result that was also evident in Figure 2 above. Moreover, the conventional factors labor and capital take their expected signs. The point estimate on growth of labor equals 0.84, which is close to the share of labor costs in value added and it is in line with estimates found elsewhere in the literature. The point estimate on growth of capital equals 0.03. Even though it is a relatively low value this magnitude is found elsewhere, see for example Balsvik (2011). One potential explanation for the low point estimate is that capital is measured by fixed assets that origin from accounting data; a measure that does not measure physical capital as precise as we would prefer. This implies that capital has measurement errors that is likely to be exacerbated as a consequence of differencing.
Due to the low point estimate on growth of capital the hypothesis of constant returns to scale in labor and capital is rejected at the 1 per cent level when using a F-test. In spite of this inappropriate result, the main conclusions derived above and in the next section are unaffected by the inclusion of poorly measured physical capital. We conclude this because the qualitative results for the growth effects of innovation is unaffected when constant returns to scale is enforced on the regressions.
4.3.2 Firm types
An alternative estimation approach that deals with the multicollinearity problem of different innovation types is to estimate growth effects of different firm types. Under this alternative approach, we split the firms into the 4 types of innovative firms used in Figure 2.
The results are presented in Table 4. It is shown in column 1 that skill-intensive firms that conduct product-marketing innovation have higher growth effects of innovation than firms that conduct either product innovation or marketing innovation. Firms that engage in product innovation but not marketing innovation experience a positive growth effect, however, the effect is not significantly different from zero. Moreover, the growth effect for firms with marketing innovation but no product innovation is negative but insignificant.
Table 4 around here
Again, it should be emphasised that firms belonging to one of the three firm types may also conduct organisational innovation in addition to product and/or marketing innovation. Therefore, it is difficult to determine whether the growth effect stems from product and/or marketing innovations or whether it is due to organisational innovation. Therefore, the strategy applied in the following is to test whether skill-intensive firms with product and/or marketing innovation have a significantly higher growth effect than firms that have organisational innovation only.
In column 2, we also include firms that engage in organisational innovation but no marketing innovation or product innovation. In this case, we establish that firms with product-marketing innovation have higher growth effect than firms with organisational innovation only. To investigate whether this difference is significantly different from zero, we perform a one-sided Wald test. The difference is found to be significant, which is clear from the F-test in the bottom part of column 2. This implies that the null hypothesis (no or a negative difference) is rejected with a p-value of 0.056. We interpret the positive difference between the two coefficients as the contribution from product-marketing innovation. This implies that an increase in the share of educated workers of one percentage point, increases productivity growth by 0.086 (=0.168-0.082) percentage points in firms with product and marketing innovation.
Firms with product innovation but no marketing innovation and firms with organisational innovation only demonstrate growth effects from innovation of similar magnitudes. This similarity suggests that product innovation in itself does not contribute to economic growth because a large fraction of the firms conducting product innovation also conduct organisational innovation. Firms with marketing innovation but no product innovation has a negative but insignificant growth effect from innovation. Consequently, product and marketing innovation in itself do not contribute to productivity growth.
To come closer to the additional effect of product-marketing innovation over and above the effect of organisational innovation, we exclude innovative firms that do not engage in organisational innovation. This means, for example, that firms that conduct product-marketing innovation but no organisational innovation are excluded from the sample in column 3. However, firms without innovation activities are included. Using this restriction, 163 innovative firms are excluded, resulting in a sample of 1,158 firms. The results for the restricted sample imply that skill-intensive firms that engage in product, marketing, and organisational innovation have significantly higher growth effects than skill-intensive firms that conduct organisational innovation only at the 10 percent significance level. The impact on productivity growth of an increase in the skill share of one percentage point equals 0.070 (=0.155-0.085) percentage points.
Firms with product and organisational innovation but without marketing innovation and firms with marketing and organisational innovation but without product innovation have a larger growth effect than firms with organisational innovation only. The differences are, however, not statistically significant implying that product innovation without marketing innovation and marketing innovation without product innovation do not contribute significantly to productivity growth. It is interesting that the point estimate to marketing innovation becomes positive when excluding firms performing marketing innovation only instead of a negative effect when included as in columns 1 and 2.
Finally, in column 4 we only include firms that conduct organisational innovation, implying that we exclude firms with innovation activities that do not perform organisational innovation, from the sample. This exclusion results in a sample of 776 innovative firms presented in Table 1b. We find that product-marketing innovation generates higher growth effects in skill-intensive firms than in firms that conduct product innovation but not marketing innovation, marketing innovation but not product innovation or organisational innovation only. Only the interaction term for firms with product-marketing innovation is significantly different from 0.
In summary, the conclusion drawn from Table 4 is that skill-intensive firms with productmarketing innovation experience a positive growth effect in the 3-year period after the innovation activity took place. The growth effect in skill-intensive firms engaging in product-marketing innovation significantly exceeds that of firms conducting organisational innovation only. This is an important result because many firms that conduct product-marketing innovation also conduct organisational innovation. To rule out the possibility that the growth effect for product-marketing innovation is driven by organisational innovation, the growth effect for firms performing product and marketing innovation must exceed that of firms engaging in organisational innovation only. This is exactly what we find. Moreover, we find that skill-intensive firms that engage in product and organisational innovation do not have a higher growth effect than skill-intensive firms that engage in organisational innovation only. This suggests that product innovation without marketing innovation does not contribute to productivity growth. A similar result is found for marketing innovation.
Taking the results in Tables 2-4 as a whole, the evidence is clear that product-marketing innovation and organisational innovation both generates positive growth effects and that innovation is a skill-biased activity.
4.3.3 Robustness
Finally, we investigate the robustness of the results established for product and marketing innovation in the section above. We present a number of alternative specifications in Table 5. In column
1 of the table, we present our baseline specification of the previous sections, namely column 2 of Table 4. We compare this specification against the alternative regressions. 10
Table 5 around here
The first issue addressed in Table 5 is firm size. The applied binary measure of product innovation may be problematic because large firms have a tendency to answer "yes" to the question of whether they engage in product innovation or not. In the words of Hall (2011), p. 176, "When examined across a range of firm sizes, it produces the misleading results that larger firms are more likely to be innovative, whereas in truth larger firms are involved in a wider range of activities and are therefore more likely to have an innovation in at least one of them."
We expect the "size" problem to be especially pronounced for product innovation. We do not expect firm size to be an important problem for marketing and organisational innovation. Marketing innovation will to a large extent be focussed on overall firm demand, whereas organisational innovations are expected to be implemented for the firm as a whole.
The results when splitting the sample by firm size are presented in columns 2 and 3. Column 2 presents firms with employment below the median level of 60 full time equivalent workers. It is found that product-marketing innovation has a high growth effect for skill-intensive firms below the median size. Organisational innovation also has a positive growth effect; however, this effect is not significantly different from zero. As in the baseline case, marketing innovation has a negative but insignificant growth effect. The flop side result, however, is found for larger firms in column 3. Here, we can see that organisational innovation constitutes an important growth driver for larger firms, whereas firms conducting product-marketing innovation do not gain as much from the activity. The latter finding indicates that the critique of the measure of product innovation may be valid. Interestingly, marketing innovation without product innovation has a positive and significant growth effect for larger firms. These results suggest that marketing and organisational changes have positive growth effects in larger organisations.
Next, we present an economy-wide estimate of the growth effect of innovation. To do this we use a weighted regression of the main specification, which is presented in column 4. The estimates are weighted by establishment size and sample frequency from Statistics Denmark. The
10 Similar results to those presented in this section is established for Table 3, column 4. The results are available upon request.
regression shows that the growth effect in skill-intensive firms that conduct product-marketing innovation is positive and significant. This is the case even though large firms that tend to answer "yes" to engaging in product innovation as discussed above have larger weights. Skill-intensive firms conducting organisational innovation only also have a positive growth effect. Surprisingly, however, this effect is not significantly different from zero. When specifying the regression with organisational innovation as the only type of information included in the regression (not shown), we find that skill-intensive firms gain significantly from organisational innovation. Finally, skillintensive firms conducting marketing innovation but not product innovation have a positive but insignificant growth effect.
A concern regarding the results established above is that they may simply be a result of the selection of high growth firms into innovation. It may be the case that product-marketing innovation is introduced in firms that have higher productivity growth rates (see for example Caroli and Van Reenen (2001) and Ichniowski, Shaw, and Prennushi (1997)).
To deal with this potential selection problem, we include the lagged growth rates of real value added in the regressions as a robustness check. In other words, we include the annualised log change for the period 2002-2004. The issue is that high-growth firms potentially select themselves into innovation activities and low-growth firms do not. The lagged growth rates are instrumented with the initial real value added level measured in 2001, which follows Caroli and Van Reenen (2001). The main result established in this paper is unaffected by this specification. 11
In this section, we have performed a number of robustness checks of the baseline specification of Table 4. Neither of these specifications change the main result that skill-intensive firms that perform product and marketing innovation experience a positive growth effect in the subsequent (long) period. We document that the combined innovation activity has an independent role in productivity growth and are able to disentangle the growth driver from organisational changes. On the contrary, product innovation or marketing innovation alone do not contribute to growth.
11 Another check is to estimate the relationship between productivity growth and innovation activities using quantile regressions. The results have been estimated for the 0.50 quantile (the median), the 0.75 quantile, and the 0.25 quantile and can be obtained upon request to the authors. Similar results are found for all three regressions: The coefficients on product-marketing innovation are of similar magnitude independent of quantile. Moreover, it is found that the coefficient to product-marketing innovation is significantly larger than the coefficient to firms that perform organizational innovation only for the median firm as well as for the 0.75 quantile firm. This result is not established when estimating for the 0.25 quantile.
5 Discussion and conclusion
The main result of this paper is that skill-intensive firms that engage in product and marketing innovation grow faster than skill-intensive firms that do not engage in these activities. Moreover, we find that firms that conduct product innovation but no marketing innovation or marketing innovation but no product innovation do not reap higher productivity growth.
An independent issue is to separate effects of product and marketing innovation from organisational innovation. In the applied data set, it turns out that the majority of firms that conduct product and marketing innovation also conduct organisational innovation. Therefore, we study whether firms that conduct product and/or marketing innovation gain positive growth effects in addition to those obtained through organisational innovation. Although the majority of innovative firms also engage in organisational innovation, we are able to rule out the concern that the estimated effect of product and marketing innovation is simply picking up growth effects generated through organisational innovation. Instead we find that product-marketing innovation and organisational innovation both play independent roles in productivity growth.
One important result of this analysis is that innovation activities generate higher productivity growth rates in skill-intensive firms, whereas they do not in unskilled-intensive firms. Indeed, innovation activities may result in negative growth rates in unskilled-intensive firms. Taking the estimated coefficients at face value, firms engaging in product and marketing innovation should have an education mix of employees with 16 or more years of education in relation to the total number of employees that exceeds the average value of the sample. A similar result is found for organisational innovation.
The broader implication of the positive growth effect in skill-intensive firms is twofold. The analysis finds that it may not always be appropriate to engage in innovation activities in unskilledintensive firms as the activity may not pay off. 12 An important question in this respect is whether firms become more skill-intensive as they begin to engage in innovation, or whether the skill intensity to a high degree is fixed. If the latter is the case, it may be important to target skill-intensive firms with innovation-promoting policy programs. 13 In this sense, the result of the analysis may have
12 This idea has been suggested for the macro-perspective in Sørensen (1999). Here, the applied endogenous growth model predicts that skills are accumulated as the only growth-generating when human capital is below a threshold level, whereas both innovation activities and learning drive growth above this level. In steady-state equilibrium, growth is driven by innovation only.
13 In the area of technological adoption a key determinant seems to be the skill-intensity of the plant. Adoption of new technology does not typically lead to a significant increase in the firm skill-intensity (see Doms, Dunne, and Troske (1997) and Caselli and Coleman (2001)).
implications for industrial policy that is designed to increase innovation activities in firms. Instead of targeting all firms with programs designed to increase innovation, governments may instead direct the programs towards skill-intensive firms. Alternatively, governments should target human capital accumulation and innovation-promoting programs simultaneously.
References
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[26] Sørensen, A. (1999), "R&D, Learning, and Phases of Economic Growth", Journal of Economic Growth 4(4), 429-45, 1999
A Appendix: The general model
In Section 3.3, two approaches are applied; one based on innovation types and another on firm types. In this appendix, we show that both of these approaches are consistent with a general version of the model presented in (3). In the following, we concentrate on the part of the model that is related to innovation; a part that we label :
Compared to (3), we have included additional interaction terms resulting in 3 extra parameters, 5, 6, and 7.
A.1 Innovation types
The model applied under the innovation types approach, i.e., equation (3), is obtained under the restriction that 5 = 6 = 7 = 0. This results in the following estimates ˆ 1, ˆ 2, ˆ 3, and ˆ 4:
A.2 Firm types
Given the 3 innovation types, we can group innovative firms into seven different groups of firms after their the innovative activities that they perform:
Using these 7 types of innovative firms, the general version of is rewritten to:
with
The firm type approach is consistent with the innovation type approach when the restrictions
```
5 = 0, 6 = 0, and 7 = 0 are implemented. In this case, 1 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4, 2 = 1 + 4 3 = 2 + 4, and 4 = 4, 5 = 1 + 2 + 3, 6 = 1, and 7 = 2.
```
,
In order to avoid using 7 different firm types in the main text, the baseline regression in Section 3.3. is not based on these restriction. Instead we base the analysis reported in the main text on 4 firm types with innovation activities. The model applied under the firm types approach is obtained under the following restrictions.
* Firm types 1 in the main text is defined as firms with product-marketing innovation. These firms are identified for 1 = 1 or 5 = 1. These firm types are assumed to have similar growth effects, implying that: 15 = 1 = 5 or 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 = 0
* Firm type 2 in the main text is defined as firms with product innovation but no marketing innovation. These firms are identified for 2 = 1 or 6 = 1. These firm types are assumed to have similar growth effects, implying that: 26 = 2 = 6 or 4 + 5 = 0.
* Firm type 3 in the main text is defined as firms with marketing innovation but no product innovation. These firms are identified for 3 = 1 or 7 = 1. These firm types are assumed to have similar growth effects, implying that: 37 = 3 = 7 or 4 + 6 = 0.
* Firm type 4 in the main text is defined as firms with organisational innovation but no product innovation or marketing innovation. There is no restrictions for the relevant parameter 4 .
Thereby, we allow firms in the first group of firms and firms in the fifth group of firms to have similar effects on productivity growth, even though firms in the former group have organisational innovation in addition to product-marketing innovation. This is also the case for firms with product innovation but no marketing innovation and for firms with marketing innovation but no product innovation. This is of course inconsistent with the applied theoretical model, since we ignore that firms belonging to the first three groups of firms have organisational innovation in addition to product and/or marketing innovaton.
Implementing the restrictions described in the bullits above imply that can berewritten to
It is clear that the two approaches lead to different estimates, i.e., ˆ 15 6= ˆ 1 etc. In other words, the two approaches origin from the same general model, but are not nested. Under the firm type approach, the constraints imply that 4 = −5 = −6 = 7. In this sense, other complementarities than the complementarity between product and marketing is enforced by the constraints. The two approaches, however, lead to identical estimates under the restriction that 4 = 4 = 0, which is evident from Table 2, column 4, and Table 4, column 1, that present identical results. Moreover, the two approaches lead to identical results if all innovative firms with innovation activities perform organisational innovation. Results for this case is reported in Table 4, column 4.
As mentioned, we do not present estimation results for the 7 groups of firms. The qualitative results for this case, however, are similar to those presented in Table 4, implying that 5 6= 0, 6 6= 0, and 7 6= 0 do not have important implications for the results. When testing these contraints for the firm type approach simultaneously, the F-test has a critical p-value of 0.55 implying that the restrictions cannot be rejected. These results are available upon request.
Note: Firms are considered to be skill‐intensive if their education share in 2001 exceeds the median share within their firm type
Table 1A:Firms with Different Types of Innovation
| | Product Innovation Yes No |
|---|---|
| Marketing Yes Innovation No | 164 105 363 689 |
| Total | 527 794 |
Table 1B:Firms with Different Types of Innovation
| Organisation Innovation | | Product Innovation Yes No | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| | Marketing Yes Innovation No | 136 68 265 307 | 204 572 |
| No organisation Innovation | | Product Innovation Yes No | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| | Marketing Yes Innovation No | 28 37 98 382 | 65 480 |
| | Total | 126 419 | 545 |
Table 2: Firm Level Productivity Functions. Product and Marketing. Change in ln(Value added 2004-2007) (annualized mean =.024)
Standard errors are in parentheses. These are long-differenced specifications. Value added, capital, and labor are annualized changes 2004-2007. Marketing innovation (M), product innovation (P), and organizational innovation (O). All regressions include industry dummies, regional dummies, ownership dummies, and export intensity.
| | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dlnL | 0.840 *** | 0.837 *** | 0.840 *** | 0.842 *** | 0.840 *** |
| | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.035 |
| dlnK | 0.027 ** | 0.026 * | 0.027 ** | 0.028 ** | 0.028 ** |
| | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.014 |
| P*M | | | | -0.014 | -0.001 |
| | | | | 0.022 | 0.012 |
| P | -0.004 | | -0.006 | -0.003 | -0.004 |
| | 0.008 | | 0.009 | -0.010 | 0.010 |
| M | | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.013 | |
| | | 0.009 | 0.010 | 0.018 | |
| P*M*E | | | | 0.206 | 0.086 |
| | | | | 0.168 | 0.059 |
| P*E | 0.087 ** | | 0.088 * | 0.045 | 0.059 |
| | 0.044 | | 0.053 | 0.052 | 0.054 |
| M*E | | 0.019 | -0.007 | -0.120 | |
| | | 0.069 | 0.076 | 0.157 | |
| E | 0.001 | 0.031 | 0.003 | 0.018 | 0.002 |
| | 0.036 | 0.030 | 0.034 | 0.032 | 0.036 |
| | | | | (P+M+P*M)*E=0 | (P+P*M)*E=0 |
| F-test | | | | 7.87 *** | 8.90 *** |
| R2 | 0.491 | 0.489 | 0.491 | 0.493 | 0.491 |
| N | 1321 | 1321 | 1321 | 1321 | 1321 |
Table 3: Firm Level Productivity Functions. Product, Marketing, and Organizational Innovation. Change in ln(Value added 2004-2007) (annualized mean =.024)
| | 1 | 2 | 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| dlnL | 0.837 *** | 0.841 *** | 0.839 *** |
| | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.035 |
| dlnK | 0.028 ** | 0.029 ** | 0.029 ** |
| | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.014 |
| P*M | | -0.014 | -0.001 |
| | | 0.022 | 0.012 |
| P | | -0.003 | -0.005 |
| | | 0.010 | 0.010 |
| M | | 0.014 | |
| | | 0.018 | |
| O | 0.000 | -0.001 | 0.001 |
| | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.008 |
| P*M*E | | 0.196 | 0.077 |
| | | 0.163 | 0.061 |
| P*E | | 0.022 | 0.036 |
| | | 0.059 | 0.059 |
| M*E | | -0.119 | |
| | | 0.153 | |
| O*E | 0.100 ** | 0.079 | 0.079 |
| | 0.049 | 0.052 | 0.053 |
| E | -0.024 | -0.018 | -0.033 |
| | 0.048 | 0.040 | 0.047 |
| F-test | | (P+M+P*M)*E=0 | (P+P*M)*E=0 |
| | | 3.32 * | 4.53 ** |
| R2 | 0.491 | 0.495 | 0.493 |
Standard errors are in parentheses. These are long-differenced specifications. Value added, capital, and labor are annualized changes 2004-2007. Product innovation (P), marketing innovation (M), and organizational innovation (O). All regressions include industry dummies, regional dummies, ownership dummies, and export intensity..
Table 4: Firm Level Productivity Functions. Product, Marketing, and Organizational Innovation. Change in ln(Value added 2004-2007) (annualized mean =.024)
Standard errors are in parentheses. These are long-differenced specifications. Value added, capital, and labour are annualized changes 2004-2007. Firms performing: product-marketing innovation (PM), product innovation but no marketing innovation (PNM), marketing innovation but no product innovation (NPM), organizational innovation but no product or marketing innovation (ONPNM). All regressions include industry dummies, regional dummies, ownership dummies, and export intensity.
| | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| dlnL | 0.842 *** | 0.840 *** | 0.840 *** | 0.830 *** |
| | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.039 |
| dlnK | 0.028 ** | 0.029 ** | 0.040 *** | 0.042 *** |
| | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.016 |
| PM | -0.003 | -0.001 | 0.003 | -0.004 |
| | 0.011 | 0.011 | 0.011 | 0.012 |
| PNM | -0.003 | 0.000 | -0.006 | -0.011 |
| | 0.010 | 0.011 | 0.012 | 0.013 |
| NPM | 0.013 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.005 |
| | 0.018 | 0.019 | 0.015 | 0.015 |
| ONPNM | | 0.006 | 0.006 | |
| | | 0.011 | 0.011 | |
| PM*E | 0.131 *** | 0.168 *** | 0.155 *** | 0.104 *** |
| | 0.047 | 0.052 | 0.048 | 0.037 |
| PNM*E | 0.045 | 0.082 | 0.098 * | 0.048 |
| | 0.052 | 0.057 | 0.057 | 0.052 |
| NPM*E | -0.120 | -0.083 | 0.117 | 0.091 |
| | 0.157 | 0.158 | 0.078 | 0.073 |
| ONPNM*E | | 0.082 ** | 0.085 * | 0.043 |
| | | 0.050 | 0.049 | 0.045 |
| E | 0.018 | -0.019 | -0.025 | |
| | 0.032 | 0.039 | 0.039 | |
| F-test | | PM*E>O*E PM*E>O*E | | |
| | | 2.53 * | 1.99 * | |
| R2 | 0.493 | 0.494 | 0.507 | 0.462 |
| N | 1321 | 1321 | 1158 | 776 |
Table 5: Firm Level Productivity Functions. Product, Marketing, and Organizational Innovation. Change in ln(Value added 2004-2007) (annualized mean =.024)
Standard errors are in parentheses. These are long-differenced specifications. Value added, capital, and labour are annualized changes 2004-2007. Firms performing: productmarketing innovation (PM), product innovation but no marketing innovation (PNM), marketing innovation but no product innovation (NPM), organizational innovation but no product-marketing innovation (ONPNM). All regressions include industry dummies, regional dummies, ownership dummies, and export intensity.
Appendix Table1: Descriptive Statistics of sample
| Variable | Obs | Mean | Std. Dev | Min |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| dln(value added) | 1321 | 0.024074 | 0.189312 | -1.21353 |
| dln(value added) –dln(FTE) | 1321 | 0.011242 | | |
| ln(value added) 2001 | 1321 | 17.0798 | 1.57534 | 10.49904 |
| ln(value added) 2004 | 1321 | 17.2169 | 1.516969 | 12.76903 |
| product innovation | 1321 | 0.39894 | | 0 |
| product-marketing innovation | 1321 | 0.124148 | | 0 |
| product innovation, no marketing innovation | 1321 | 0.274792 | | 0 |
| organizational innovation only | 1321 | 0.283876 | | 0 |
| E 2001 | 1321 | 0.166255 | 0.209093 | 0 |
| Export intensity | 1321 | 0.260733 | 0.336472 | 0 |
| dln(capital) | 1321 | 0.006381 | 0.379923 | -1.95769 |
| Dln(FTE) | 1321 | 0.012832 | 0.152181 | -1.25579 |
| labor input (FTE) | 1321 | 195.703 | 513.3778 | 0 |
| labor input (heads) | 1321 | 194.1 | 479.6713 | 1 |
| Firms in primary sector | 1321 | 0.003028 | | 0 |
| Firms in manufacturing | 1321 | 0.436033 | | 0 |
| Firms in construction | 1321 | 0.050719 | | 0 |
| Firms in retail and wholesale trade | 1321 | 0.245269 | | 0 |
| Firms in transportation | 1321 | 0.031794 | | 0 |
| Firms in communication | 1321 | 0.009841 | | 0 |
| Firms in FIRE | 1321 | 0.219531 | | 0 |
| region1 | 1321 | 0.024981 | | 0 |
| region2 | 1321 | 0.097653 | | 0 |
| region3 | 1321 | 0.120363 | | 0 |
| region4 | 1321 | 0.043906 | | 0 |
| Ownership 1 | 1321 | 0.870553 | | 0 |
| Ownership 2 | 1321 | 0.11355 | | 0 |
| Ownership 3 | 1321 | 0.015897 | | 0 | | <urn:uuid:33e1a358-a8ad-43e9-9851-b0cd8afb40b5> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 69,826 |
Revista do Museu Paulista
Nova Série
Volume XVII
São Paulo
1967
O SOL E A LUA NA MITOLOGIA XINGUANA
por
ROQUE DE BARROS LARAIA
No último quartel do século passado, o naturalista europeu Karl von den Steinen realizou duas expedições ao Xingu (1884 e 1887), onde colheu junto aos índios Bakairí uma versão de um mito de origem que, posteriormente, verificou-se ser amplamente difundido entre os grupos xinguanos. É esta versão, colhida por Steinen, juntamente com mais duas outras versões do mesmo mito, uma colhida por José C. M. Carvalho (1951), entre os Kalapalo; e a outra colhida pelo autor deste trabalho junto aos Kamayurá, do alto Xingu (¹), que constituirão os objetos de nossa análise.
O campo mitológico apresenta uma grande soma de possibilidades para o conhecimento etnológico, o que nos coloca diante de inexauríveis perspectivas (²); para ficarmos, porém, dentro da dimensão gráfica de um artigo, limitaremos os nossos objetivos aos três seguintes pontos: em primeiro lugar, discutiremos a procedência do mito, considerados por alguns de origem
(1) O Autor esteve junto aos índios Kamayurá, de janeiro a março de 1964, tendo contado neste período de campo com a valiosa colaboração de sua esposa, Maria Lúcia Rezende Laraia. Os agradecimentos são extensivos ao Sr. Aramis Batista então responsável pelo Pósto Indígena Leonardo Villas-Boas e a nossa colega Miriam Lemle que apresentou interessantes sugestões na fase da elaboração do texto.
(2) "il n'existe et il n'existera jamais de population, ou de groupe de populations, dont les mythes et l'ethnographie (sans laquelle l'étude des mythes est impuissante) fassent l'objet d'une connaissance exhaustive" (Lévi-Strauss, 1964:11).
bakairí. Em segundo lugar, procuraremos demonstrar que os gêmeos míticos existentes nos mitos relacionam-se realmente com o Sol e a Lua. E, em terceiro lugar, analisaremos o mito procurando relacioná-lo com certos padrões do comportamento social dos seus portadores.
Para a realização de nosso intento, utilizaremos o método usado por Claude Lévi-Strauss (1958, 1964), levando em consideração o fato de que não possuímos todas as informações etnológicas desejáveis sobre as 3 referidas sociedades tribais. Por isto, certos aspectos deste trabalho representam um exercício metodológico capaz de possibilitar a formulação de várias hipóteses, que poderão ser de grande utilidade para um posterior trabalho de campo (3).
Uma alternativa de abordagem, também inspirada em Lévi-Strauss, teria sido a de utilizarmos os conceitos operacionais de grupos de mitos e mitos de referências para facilitar o desenvolvimento de nosso trabalho, mas nos limitamos, como mostraremos a seguir, a uma utilização parcial destes conceitos.
Segundo Lévi-Strauss, os mitos podem ser considerados de um mesmo grupo, quando pertencentes a sociedades que possuam entre si laços históricos, possíveis de serem demonstrados ou razoavelmente postulados. Não há dúvida que esta definição nos permite situar os mitos xinguanos dentro de um mesmo grupo, tornando-os então passíveis de uma análise comum. Entre os mitos de um mesmo grupo, ele escolheu um a que denominou como "mito de referência" e que utiliza como ponto de comparação com os demais. E, justificou esta escolha, não como uma ação arbitrária, "mas em virtude de um sentimento intuitivo de sua riqueza e profundidade" (1964:10). Entretanto, não consideramos que nenhuma das três versões por nós utilizadas pudesse ser considerada como mais "fecunda" que as demais. Assim, evitamos na medida do possível a utilização de um mito de referência. E nas vezes que somos forçados a utilizá-lo lançamos mão, por estranho que pareça, de um quarto mito, o pertencente à sociedade Apopokuva-Guarani, por razões que poderão ser compreendidas com a leitura das partes seguintes deste trabalho. Os leitores contudo não devem esquecer que o Autor somente realizou trabalho de campo com uma
(3) Embora na elaboração do material tenhamos utilizado o método de dividir o mito em mitemas (cf. Lévi-Strauss, 1958), limitar-nos-emos apenas à apresentação dos resultados, pois achamos desnecessário cansar o leitor com explicações referentes a um método já bastante conhecido. Contudo, para aqueles que desejam conhecer exemplos de aplicação do método recomendamos a leitura de Melatti (1963) e Da Matta (1965).
das três sociedades (Kamayurá) e que isto por certo exercerá algumas inevitáveis influências em suas interpretações.
1. OS MITOS
A — A versão bakairí (Steinen, 1940: 477-480):
Kamuschini, andando no mato à procura de fôlha de palmeiras tucum, a fim de fazer cordas para seu arco, encontrou o jaguar Oka e, com medo dêle, prometeu fazer-lhe mulheres, se o poupasse. Primeiro derrubou árvores de madeira vermelha, levou os toros para casa, colocou-os num pilão de milho, soprou nêles e retirou-se por curto espaço de tempo. Mas, quando voltou, haviam-se formado só homens, que estavam entretidos em fabricar flechas; Kamuschini matou-os, foi-se embora, derrubando agora cinco ou seis árvores de outra espécie, com as quais repetiu o mesmo processo. Voltando, depois de curta ausência, para junto dos toros em que soprara, percebeu que desta vez as árvores se transformaram em mulheres. Tôdas chamaram-lhe “papai” e — com exceção das duas últimas, que, ficando sentadas sem se mexerem, o enfureceram, pelo que as matou imediatamente — com muita aplicação pilavam milho, faziam beijus e bebidas. Kamuschini deu as duas mais velhas, Nimagakaniro e Ichoge, ao jaguar Oka, que as levou para casa. Pelo caminho, porém, Ichoge, subindo uma palmeira buriti para tirar nozes, caiu ao chão e morreu.
Nimagakaniro engoliu dois ossos do dedo de Bakairí, que na casa de Oka existiam em grande quantidade. Oka aproveitava êsses ossos para pontas de flechas e matava muitos Bakairí a fim de lhes comer a carne. Foi de dois ossos de dedos, só dêles, e não de Oka — que a mulher ficou grávida. Agora, porém, aparecia a sua desgraça, na pessoa de sua sogra Mero, cujo marido é desconhecido e que, além de Oka (a grande onça pintada) tinha mais dois filhos jaguarés, Kuára (“canguçu” dos brasileiros) e Zuapányua (uma variedade de cor vermelha). Mero veio fazer uma visita numa ocasião em que Oka estava na caça; “não queria que Oka tivesse filhos duma Bakairi”, pois êle odiava e comia os Bakairi. Mero arrancou, com suas garras, os olhos de Nimagakaniro e foi-se embora. Nimagakaniro morreu, mas o tio Kuára abriu-lhe o ventre, tirando dêle os gêmeos Keri e Kame, e colocando-os numa cabaça como se fossem filhotes de papagaios. Em seguida êle e seus auxiliares cortaram Nimagakaniro em pedaços, assando-a e comendo-a. Quando Oka voltou para casa, ofereceram-lhe o resto, que êle comeu
sem suspeitar de nada. Ao saber do ocorrido, Oka ficou muito furioso e correu para matar Mero, mas desistiu de seu intento, porque esta o recebeu dizendo: "sou tua mãe". O pai adotivo jaguar criou Keri e Kame; deixou-os montar no seu dorso e ensinou-lhes a atirar flechas. Certa vez, perguntaram-lhe, porém, pela mãe; mas ele, que sempre lhes havia ocultado a morte dela, com vergonha de ter comido de sua carne, também agora não lha revelou. Todavia a avó, ou tia Ewaki, que pertencia a estirpe dos Bakairí, e que aqui é mencionada pela primeira vez, contou aos dois a ação perversa de Mero. Keri e Kame procuraram Mero e mataram-na, apesar de que esta o recebesse com a expressão amável: "ó meus netos".
Mero safada não foi enterrada, ó não, foi queimada. Keri e Kame juntaram lenha e fizeram uma fogueira; depois cavaram um buraco, de onde pudessem observar o fogo. Mero ardia bopopo... Ainda hoje se pode ver o fogo na grande nuvem de Magalhães. Naquele tempo Keri e Kame não tinham ainda forma humana. Kame saiu curioso de seu buraco e pegou fogo. Queimou-se e morreu. Keri soprou nêle e fez-lhe um nariz e mãos e pés assim como tem os homens. Mas também Keri pegou fogo, queimou e morreu. Kame soprou nêle, fazendo-o voltar à vida, e deu-lhe forma humana...
(Poio bem, Keri e Kame possuem, doravante, forma humana. Agora também vingam a morte da mãe no pai adotivo. Todavia têm o pavor de praticar o ato, e resolvem fazer executá-lo por outrem. Pedem ao jaguar que fabrique flechas para êles. Os dois irmãos fincam as flechas verticalmente no chão, em forma de círculo, e sopram nelas. Vieram os Kayabi... Keri mandou que os Kayabi atirassem contra Oka, mas não acertaram. Em vista disto, Keri resolveu atirar êle próprio, a flecha penetrou no joelho do jaguar, "o jaguar lançou-se na água e conseguiu fugir"...)
B — A versão kalapalo (Carvalho, 1951:17-25):
Deus (Riti) mora lá nas cabeceiras do Kuluene, onde tem uma grande aldeia com muitas casas. Ele tem como camáras todos os bichos, os veados, as onças, os porcos do mato e todos os demais. A terra dêle é muito grande e foi lá que Deus nasceu.
Deus é filho de Nitzuengle (onça), um grande capitão.
Certo dia um índio de nome Kuantum foi ao mato caçar e tirar corda para o seu arco. Lá no mato teve que andar muito e já ao entardecer verificou que estava sendo seguido. Sua surpresa foi enorme quando deparou com Nitzuengle e seus camarás, todos em atitudes ameaçadoras. Não teve dificuldade em saber que estavam se preparando para devorá-lo. Agindo com presteza, gritou para Nitzuengle:
— Não me coma, não, que eu poderei mandar para vocês a sua mulher. Tenho duas filhas de rara beleza e vou mandar ambas para se casarem com você.
Diante da generosidade de Kuantum, Nitzuengle gritou então para seus camarás: “Não comam ele não”.
Dizendo a seguir que tudo estava bem, Nitzuengle retirou-se para sua aldeia e Kuantum para a dêle. Já tarde da noite, Kuantum chegou a sua maloca, triste, muito triste mesmo. Deitou em sua rêde e não conseguiu conciliar o sono, apesar da jornada estafante do dia. Foi então que chamando suas filhas, contou-lhes o que se passara na mata. Disse-lhes que Nitzuengle queria comê-lo (...). Não teve outro recurso senão oferecer-lhe suas filhas em casamento. Havia prometido enviá-las para Faucú lá longe, nas cabeceiras do Kuluene. Assim elas poderiam ser esposas de um grande capitão, o capitão de tôda as onças.
As duas mulheres ficaram por sua vez muito tristes e disseram que Faucú era muito longe, que lá elas não iriam, pois não desejavam nunca abandonar sua aldeia e sua gente (...).
De madrugada, quando surgiam na mata os primeiros sinais de atividade, Kuantum se levantou de sua rêde, preparou seu machado e foi ao mato buscar paus. Trouxe dois pedaços bastante grandes e pesados, de certa madeira da mata.
Durante muitos dias Kuantum trabalhou, sózinho e às escondidas, os paus que trouxera da mata. Cortou-os como gente, duas figuras de mulher (...).
Terminado seu trabalho fez dentro de sua maloca uma divisão, erguendo de um lado de sua rêde uma parede de fôlhas de inajá, muito fechada, através da qual ninguém podia ver. Ali guardou os dois manequins, sem que ninguém desse pelo fato. Sua mulher e suas duas filhas nada souberam, ignorando o motivo dessa tapagem. Só ele, Kuantum, olhava as mulheres de pau. Certo dia decidiu fazer três bancos de madeira, a fim de que as mulheres entalhadas na madeira e ele próprio pudessem se sentar. Assim procedeu e foi dormir. Sua alegria foi
muito grande quando no dia seguinte ao penetrar na tapagem, notou que existiam ali agora 5 mulheres e não duas como anteriormente. De manhã cedo, ao se levantarem, as duas mulheres de pau sentaram nos bancos que Kuantum havia feito e viraram gente. Faltavam-lhes todavia o cabelo, os dentes e o ulurí.
Radiante de alegria Kuantum cuidou logo de sair para o mato e foi buscar cabelo do cabaci (corda de buriti). Chegando em casa preparou bem e colocou na cabeça das mulheres. Notou com certo desgosto que aquilo não servia (...). Desta vez trouxe o cabelo de milho, que misturado com algas de um lago próximo, foi colocado na cabeça das mulheres. Notou que ficara bem.
Faltavam ainda os dentes e o ulurí. Tomando novamente a direção do mato, Kuantum demorou a voltar (...). Mandou que as mulheres rissem e ficou muito contente vendo que estavam com ótimos dentes, duros e brancos.
Só faltava agora qualquer cousa para proteger as partes sexuais das mulheres. Lembrou-se de certa madeira no mato de cuja casca havia um dia retirado ótima embira. Trouxe-a, preparou e colocou na região pubiana, dando-lhe a forma que hoje tem o ulurí atual.
Uma vez tudo terminado, tendo as mulheres já tomado todas as formas e aspecto de gente, Kuantum as chamou e disse-lhes que iria enviá-las para Faucú (...).
(.................................................)
No dia seguinte, novamente cantou o corujão, já de madrugada Kuantum levantando-se de sua rêde, penetrou na tapagem e desatando as rêsdes das mulheres, deu-lhes farinha de mandioca e ordenou-lhes que seguissem em direção de Faucú. Elas tomaram o rumo da cabeceira do Kuluene e desapareceram no cerrado, muito além.
Chegando ao meio dia, com o sol abrasador e pouco vento, as mulheres tiveram muita vontade de beber água. Avistaram a certa distância um grande lago, muito grande mesmo. Aproximando-se dali uma delas, ao tentar mitigar a sede, notou que a água era amarga. Disse às demais que não experimentassem aquela água, pois amargava muito. Uma delas, desobedecendo o conselho de sua companheira, agachou-se na beira do lago, escorregou e caiu, bebendo muito daquela água, e morreu logo depois.
As quatro mulheres, muito tristes, continuaram seu caminho, chegando já muito tarde num local onde podiam pernoitar. Ali
estenderam as rês, pernoitaram e no dia seguinte reiniciaram a jornada. Um pouco adiante, encontraram um Yale (anta), que virando gente lhes perguntou: "Aonde vão vocês?"
As mulheres ingênuamente responderam: "Vamos para Faucú, duas de nós para se casar com Nitzuengle".
(.................................................)
Acontece porém que o que a anta queria era ter relações sexuais com uma delas. E assim foi que, tomando uma delas consigo, tentou copular com a mesma, não tendo todavia levado avante o seu desejo, pois devido ao tamanho enorme de seu membro, partira a mulher ao meio. Foi então que notou que a mulher era de pau e, grandemente desapontada, tratou de fugir para o mato.
As três mulheres restantes ficaram muito tristes, chorando muito. Mais adiante avistaram um martim-pescador, que virando gente, falou-lhes: "Para onde vão vocês?"
(.................................................)
Deu às três mulheres peixes para comer, exigindo depois ter relações sexuais com uma delas. (...) até que uma manhã encontraram uma cotia tirando mel. Esta, ao vê-las, virou gente e perguntou-lhes: "Para onde vão vocês?"
(.................................................)
Retomando o caminho de Faucú, as três mulheres começaram a falar entre si, clamando que todos que encontravam queriam ter relações sexuais. Resolveram então pôr um paradeiro nisso. Chegando num enorme buritizal logo adiante, uma delas lembrou da possibilidade de atarem uma cordinha da seda do buriti no ulurí e com ela impedirem que todos tivessem relações sexuais com elas. Para obter a fôlha do buriti, uma trepou na palmeira e cortou o tronco da mesma, que caiu ao solo com a parte cortada para cima. Ao descer, a mulher escorregou e caindo sobre o tronco cortado, teve o seu ventre transpassado pela palmeira, morrendo logo a seguir.
Foi assim que ficaram restando apenas duas mulheres. Estas muito tristes e chorosas, prepararam a corda de buriti, ataram a mesma ao ulurí e prosseguiram a sua viagem rumo ao Faucú.
(.................................................)
Satisfeito por ter recebido as duas mulheres, Nitzuengle teve relações sexuais com ambas, tendo no entanto somente a primeira ficado grávida. Algumas luas se passaram até que a mulher grávida começou a ficar pesada e não pôde mais ir
buscar mandioca. Foi então que, certo dia, Nitzuengle saiu para ir ao mandiocal a fim de trazer mandioca para o preparo da farinha e do polvilho.
Nesse ínterim, enquanto a gestante fiava algodão dentro da maloca, a mãe de Nitzuengle varria a casa, removendo dali restos de peixe e outros detritos. Assim procedendo, a mãe de Nitzuengle peidou algumas vezes, tendo a mulher de Nitzuengle cuspido em sinal de protesto. Ao perceber aquilo, a sua sogra, dirigindo-lhe a palavra em tom ríspido, disse-lhe: "Você está peidando, vou matar você". E sem a menor piedade ou consideração, matou a sua nora. Logo a seguir fugiu para muito longe, nunca mais voltando, no que foi ajudada por seu filho.
A irmã da morta encontrou-a estendida no terreiro, e dentro de seu ventre, pôde perceber que havia duas crianças. Chorou muito, em altas vozes, enquanto Nitzuengle se achava fora, para esconder a mãe.
Foi então que apareceu ali a formiga Tsucuti (lavapé) para fazer o parto, no que foi bem sucedida. Eram realmente duas crianças. A primeira a nascer foi Deus ou Riti (sol), vindo logo a seguir a Uné (lua).
Nitzuengle regressando do mato, e não sabendo enterrar a mulher, colocou seu corpo em cima da maloca. Deus e lua começaram então a crescer ligeiro, muito depressa mesmo, porém sempre tristes e muito chorosos. Um dia sua tia, chamando-os à parte, perguntou-lhes: "Por que é que vocês estão chorando? Não chorem não". Eles porém nada responderam. Sua tia pediu-lhes então que fossem buscar amendoim na roça da perdiz. Para lá se dirigiram e começaram a cavar. Pouco depois chega ao local a perdiz que ao vê-los ali, zangou-se muito e, furiosa, mandou-os embora (...).
Riti chamou então a lua, esconderam-se numa moita na beira da roça e ali confabularam, tendo um dêles dito: "Vamos matar a perdiz?"
Esta ao ouvir tal frase imediatamente retrucou: "Que é que vocês estão falando? Podem comer amendoim à vontade e levar o quanto vocês quiserem".
Riti então retrucou-lhe: "Pois você perdiz, não acabou de dizer que o amendoim era seu e que não podíamos levar?" A seguir, pegou a perdiz pelo pescoço e começou a bater-lhe por trás, tendo ela implorado: "Espera, tenho uma coisa muito importante para lhe contar. Foi sua avó que matou a sua mãe. Aquela que está lá na maloca não é sua mãe, não. Sua mãe
está morta em cima da casa e sua avó mora numa casa à beira da água, longe daqui”.
Deus e a lua ficaram muito tristes, começaram a chorar. Jogaram a perdiz no campo (...). Chegando em casa, continuaram a chorar, sempre muito tristes. Ouvindo lamentar o seu destino, a tia lhes disse: “Não chorem não”.
— “Você não é nossa mãe. Ela morreu. Vovó a matou”.
Pouco depois saíram ambos e foram em busca da maloca onde residia a sua avó. Depois de muito andar, chegaram à beira de um lago, onde havia uma velha maloca, suja e cheia de bichos (...). A velhinha, que se ausentara por alguns instantes, voltando encontrou ali os dois meninos. Procurou agradá-los o mais possível, mandando que sentassem na rência com ela, conversando como se fosse muito amiga dêles. Após algum silêncio, Deus falou-lhe: “Foi você quem matou a minha mãe”.
— “Quem era a sua mãe? Eu não sei disso, pois moro aqui no mato há muito tempo. Acho que a sua mãe morreu de febre”.
— “Pois a perdiz nos contou, e foi você quem a matou”, responderam os dois meninos. Logo a seguir, bateram no peito da velha e a mataram.
Deus então disse a lua: “Vai apanhar fogo”.
A lua voltou correndo para casa e, ao chegar ali, perguntou-lhe a tia: “Para que é que você quer fogo? Onde está seu irmão?”
— “É para matar uns marimbondos”, retrucou a lua que levou o fogo para Deus. Este então ateou fogo à casa da velha.
Daí a pouco, quando a velha começou a arder, os ossos começaram a saltar, alguns atingindo apreciável distância. Riti, com receio de ser atingido, chamou a lua e ambos se esconderam atrás de um pau. O barulho da fogueira continuava e os ossos a pularem. Foi quando a lua, mais curiosa, esticou o pescoço por detrás do pau para olhar a fogueira. Os ossos arrebentaram em várias direções, tendo um atingido a lua diretamente no nariz, arrancando-lhe essa parte do corpo. Riti tentou em vão curar a ferida ou reparar a lesão, vindo a lua a falecer, o que lhe causou um imenso pesar. E por essa razão que hoje em dia nós vemos a lua no céu sem o seu nariz, sobretudo quando ela está olhando de lado para nós.
Chegando em casa muito triste, Deus procurou logo um meio de enterrar a mãe, que estava em cima da casa. Retirou-a
dali, colocando seu corpo no meio do terreiro. Em seguida pôs remédio na ferida e notou que sua mãe começou a melhorar. Então disse: "Mamãe, mamãe".
Ela respondeu, embora quase imperceptivelmente: "Ah, que é, que é, meu filho".
— "Mamãe não morreu, mamãe não morreu" disse Deus que, ao deitar junto dela, sem saber como, bateu-lhe no peito, tendo ela então morrido mesmo de verdade. Veio então o marimbondo riscado, o mangava e o tatu peba, todos três cavando um buraco para ela. Deus chorou muito a morte de sua mãe e continuou crescendo ligeiro.
Certo dia, chegou perto de Nitzuengle e pediu-lhe que fizesse para êle bastante flechas e arcos, pois queria caçar muito. (...) Começou então a levar os arcos e flechas para o mato e a escondê-los em certo local (...).
Nesse ínterim, pôs fogo no taquari e deu a cinza para sua tia comer durante muitas luas. Ela então concebeu. Começou a ficar pesada, cada dia mais, seu ventre crescendo e crescendo sem parar. Deus então pôde verificar que ela só tinha concebido índios bravos e começou a arquitetar um plano para dar cabo dos camáras de Nitzuengle. Chamou sua tia em particular e disse-lhe o que iria ocorrer. Esta ficou muito surpreendida e prometeu-lhe que quando estivesse perto de dar à luz iria avisá-lo, pois assim poderiam ir para o mato e esconder tal fato de Nitzuengle.
(.................................................)
Certo dia, sua tia chamou-o e disse-lhe que seu ventre havia doido e que os índios bravos não deviam estar longe de nascer. E disse a verdade, pois no dia seguinte chamou Riti e disse-lhe que fossem depressa para o mato, pois não tardaria a começar o parto. Levou a sua rêde e estendeu no mato.
Logo que escureceu começaram a nascer os índios bravos. Apareceram os Chucarramãe, Deus deu-lhe flechas; aos Suiá, deu o taquari; aos Caiapó deu borduna e assim por diante, para todos os índios bravos que nasceram, em grande número...
Voltando-se a seguir para os índios Riti disse-lhes: "Vocês ficarão aqui, até que leve minha tia em casa"... Deus, voltando ao mato, reuniu os índios bravos e disse-lhes que iriam atacar Faucú, mas somente de madrugada, pois não se pode matar à noite...
E assim foi. Bem de madrugada, Deus chamou os índios e deu ordem de combate. Antes, porém, chamou Nitzuengle e pediu-lhe que sentasse no seu arco, atirando-o a seguir para o céu, a fim de que os Caiapó não o matassem. O combate durou muitas horas, morrendo todos os camáras de Nitzuengle, sendo naquele dia flechadas tôdas as onças...
C — A versão kamayurá (4):
Moacinin vem. Vem tirar uma corda de arco de embira de tucum. Então ele encontrou a onça. Onça estava rodeando ele. Onça queria flechar Moacinin. Então Moacinin falou prà onça: "Você não pode me aflechar, eu tenho filha para casar com você".
A onça não flechou Moacinin.
A onça chegou de tarde, lá na casa de Moacinin. Então Moacinin falou para as filhas: "quem vai casar com onça?"
Moacinin tem três filhas. Fica falando: "quem vai casar com onça?"
Ninguém quer. Aí êle falou: "um vai casar com onça".
Moacinin tirou madeira, fêz madeira para pintar. Moacinin fêz pau, tirou madeira. Então Moacinin pintou. Pediu a amigo para fazer cabelo. Êle fêz cabelo. Então foi procurar o cinto, botou na cintura, era embira, não ficou boa para ela. Então o amigo de Moacinin tirou buriti para a cintura dela. Então ela virou quatro mulheres. Êle mandou procurar marido.
Então essa mulher sentou na beira do lago. A onça foi jogando com a flecha dêle. Mas essa mulher não quer pegar. Então o amigo da onça jogou a flecha, essa mulher pegou a flecha dêle. Mulher pensa que é a flecha da onça, mas não é, é a flecha do amigo dêle. Ela pegou.
Esta mulher casou com a onça. Foi junto com a onça. Tem fruta para beber, mas ela não quer beber, ela quer comer biju. Então a mãe da onça mandou buscar biju. Ela comeu o biju.
(4) A versão kamayurá foi coletada pelo Autor em fevereiro de 1964. O informante foi Tiwapy, de cerca de 60 anos, que fêz tôda a narração em Tupi. A tradução do texto foi realizada, intercaladamente, por Sapain, de cerca de 30 anos. Tanto a narração como a tradução foram gravadas e pode-se notar facilmente que a segunda foi reduzida, o que explica a sua falta de clareza em determinados momentos. Procuramos, dentro do possível, transcrever exatamente a tradução feita por Sapain.
Aí a turma da onça foi caçar. O chefe da onça ficou doente nos olhos. Ele foi atrás com a turma dêle. O chefe foi andando atrás. "Estou muito doente, meus olhos estão doendo". Então o pessoal dêle mandou voltar.
A turma da onça chegou da caça, trouxe bocado de bicho. Então vai começar a festa dêles. Amigo da onça tem mãe. Então êle levou para ela essa água de espinho. Ela bebeu ficou espinho aqui (na garganta). Ficou espinho, ela quer tirar espinho, mas o espinho não saiu. Aí foi embora gritando, virou bicho. Virou.
A mulher da onça estava preando. Preando até ficar grande. Onça foi para a roça. Então a mãe da onça tem muito piolho. Ela chamou mulher da onça para olhar piolho dela. Ela olhou. Então ela arrancou cabelo, ficou aqui na boca, ela mexeu assim: puff (cuspiu).
— "Ah, você não gosta de mim?" disse a mãe da onça. Ela comeu, pronto.
A mãe da onça foi embora, fugiu. Foi embora para o meio do mato, ficou escondida. Então a onça chegou, a mulher dêle estava morta, assim na porta. A onça procurou pela mãe: "Onde ela foi?"
Não achou mais. Então a onça fêz cigarro, um charuto, e foi buscar a formiga. A formiga chegou na casa da onça, conversou com êle. A formiga entrou dentro da coisa da mulher, tirou um menino lá da barriga dela; torna a voltar e tira outro.
A onça fêz uma caixa e botou os meninos. A madastra dos meninos fêz ulurí, ela deu ulurí para os meninos, mas êle não pegaram não. Não era mulher. Então o pai fêz arco pequeno, o menino pegou. O pai sabe agora que êle é homem.
O menino estava flechando o calango. Ele flechou o calango, contou os dedos do calango: "um, dois, três, quatro e cinco".
"Ah, êsse é nosso amigo".
O menino enterrou o calango. Depois êle foi caçar, flechou uma paca. Contou os dedos dela: só três.
"Essa não é".
Ele assou a paca. O pai dêle cheirou a paca: "Eu também quero, menino, eu também quero comer paca".
O menino foi mexer no amendoim da mulher. A dona do amendoim chegou. Chegou e achou ruim. Ela ficou zangada e falou:
"Aquela não é sua mãe, sua mãe já morreu, porque a mãe da onça comeu a sua mãe. Aquela não é sua mãe, é sua madrasta. Aquela não é sua mãe. Sua mãe já morreu".
Ele botou terra vermelha na costa e mandou voar. Então o passarinho cantou assim: "fiu, fiu, fiu", assim dizendo: "não tem mãe, não tem mãe".
O menino fica pensando: aquela não é nossa mãe, então é nossa madrasta. O menino voltou chorando. A madrasta dêle chamou: "Vamos entrar, menino".
— "Não, você não é nossa mãe, você é madrasta. Minha mãe morreu".
Estava chorando, então êle perguntou: "Aonde enterrou minha mãe?"
A madrasta mostrou onde enterraram. Menino queria conversar com a mãe, mas a mãe do menino já morreu há muito tempo. Êle chamou. A mãe dêle já morreu. Êle chamou. A mãe dêle respondeu. Então êle falou: "Vamos cavar essa nossa mãe". Êle cavou até tirar. Êle falou, ela respondeu. Êle tirou a mãe. Pronto, estava viva; mas ela morreu há muito tempo. Mas o menino tirou viva, estava viva! Êles conversaram. Ela não aguentou mais, quiz levantar não pôde. Então ela morreu. Pronto, agora não está mais viva. Morreu.
O menino foi procurar a mãe da onça. Êle encontrou o calango, êste mostrou onde ela escondeu. Êle foi até encontrar, até encontrar. Então êle encontrou a mãe da onça. A mãe da onça estava alegre, porque ela comeu a mãe do menino. Ela estava zombado do menino: "Não tem mãe, não tem mãe".
O menino pisou em cima do coração dela. Ela morreu.
O menino estava caçando, matou um bocado de bichos, matou onça. Êle matou o filho do chefe (das onças). O chefe do pai achou ruim. Então o menino fêz flechas, um bocado de flechas, rodeou tudo de flechas. Essas flechas viraram como gente. O filho da onça mandou o pai para o céu, ficou lá. Êle mandou a mulher também.
Moacinin ouviu falar neste menino. Então Moacinin veio buscá-lo. Moacinin levou o menino para Morená. Lá êle fêz gente, um bocado de gente, e mandou embora procurar outro lugar. E mandou outro... Então êle deu fogo para acender o mato, para levar.
Assim que êle está contando. É só isso.
2. PROCEDÊNCIA DO MITO
Sabemos que estes mitos são encontrados entre todos os grupos xinguanos. Ademais, uma análise superficial nos mostra que este mito é estruturalmente idêntico ao mito colhido por Nimuendajú (1914) entre os índios Apapokuva-Guaraní, localizados no oeste de São Paulo; é também semelhante ao mito coletado por Nimuendajú (1915) entre os Tembé do Maranhão, e à versão colhida por Charles Wagley e Eduardo Galvão (1961) entre os índios Tenetehara.
Assim, considerando o fato de que este mito é partilhado no Xingu por cerca de uma dezena de tribos, com quatro filiações linguísticas diferentes (Aruak, Karib, Trumai e Tupi); e que, fora do Xingu, outras versões deste mito somente são encontradas entre grupos Tupi, podemos conjecturar que este é realmente um mito tupi. Fazemos isto baseando-nos no raciocínio de que se um determinado traço cultural pertence a todos os grupos de uma área, onde existe diversificação étnica combinada com interação intertribal, e se este traço cultural é encontrado fora desta área em grupos de uma determinada etnia, não há dúvida que ele se originou nos grupos da mesma etnia dos portadores do traço situados fora da área em aprêço. Assim, podemos admitir que a difusão do mito no Xingu deve-se aos Awetí e ou Kamayurá, ou aos seus antecessores (5).
Isto nos permite, paralelamente, notar uma peculiaridade do intenso processo de interação intertribal ocorrido no Xingu. Do mesmo modo, por exemplo, que o intercâmbio comercial, que é um dos fatores responsáveis pela manutenção de uma "coexistência pacífica" entre tribos diferentes, as ideias, crenças e mitos foram também permutados. Mas, esta permutação, realizada informalmente, provocou uma confusão no que concerne à "propriedade" do mito ou à identificação étnica de suas personagens (6).
Nossa hipótese é que foi exatamente o caráter informal do intercâmbio de mitos que roubou aos índios a consciência da
(5) Note-se que nos mantemos no campo conjectural, desde que a possibilidade de um mito ter sido originado num grupo, diferente de seus atuais portadores, não pode ser desprezada.
(6) Embora houvesse uma tendência para considerar como Kamayurá as personagens dos mitos, os nossos informantes mostravam-se bastante inseguros a este respeito e frequentemente diziam que a personagem poderia ser um Kamayurá velho ou um Kalapalo (ou de qualquer outro grupo do Xingu).
existência desta operação, enquanto o formalismo (para não dizer, ritual) do comércio intertribal assegurou, em grande parte, o reconhecimento da procedência tribal de cada objeto, como arcos, artefatos de cerâmica, colares, etc. Chamamos a atenção para este fato, apenas, como uma tentativa de explicar a razão pela qual todos os grupos xinguanos procuram reivindicar para si a origem dos diversos mitos permutados; e isto apesar da confusão na identificação étnica de diversas personagens.
A identificação da origem de um mito é, na verdade, um fato de pouca significação para a sua análise. Assim, o nosso procedimento aqui é apenas uma pequena contribuição para aqueles que estão preocupados com a dinâmica das migrações tribais. A identificação de sua origem tupí possibilitou-nos, porém, a utilização ocasional do mito apapokuva como um "mito de referência", seleção esta devida a sua maior profundidade cronológica e à riqueza das informações suplementares oferecidas por Nimuendajú.
3. A IDENTIDADE DOS GÊMEOS
Nimuendajú mostrou-se bastante hesitante com respeito à identificação ou não dos gêmeos com a Lua e o Sol, quando tratou do mito apapokuva. Assim ele começa por notar a ausência completa dos dois astros no mito (1914:330), mas a seguir colocou em dúvida esta ausência ao referir-se ao papel dos astros em todos os rituais apapokuva. Deixou bem clara a sua tendência para acreditar na referida identificação quando acrescentou: “o que mais consegui acerca do Sol e da Lua quero acrescentar aqui, por pouco que seja. São considerados irmãos, uma certa vez afirmou-se que êles seriam os filhos de Nanderu-Mbaecuáa. De noite impelido por tendências homossexuais a Lua se acerca do leito de seu irmão, o qual porém não o pode reconhecer. Mas na noite seguinte, o Sol apronta uma vasilha com tinta de genipapo, respingando-a no rosto do misterioso visitante, no dia seguinte o reconhece como seu irmão. Nanderruvuçú então coloca os dois no céu.... (7)”.
Nas versões xinguanas, entretanto, a dúvida quanto à identificação dos gêmeos míticos com o Sol e a Lua é quase inexistente (cf. Galvão, 1960:29). Ela poderia surgir na versão bakairí, onde os nomes dos gêmeos, Keri e Kame, não correspondem às palavras bakairí para Sol e Lua (Tsiti e Nuna, res-
(7) Lévi-Strauss, 1964, apresenta diversos mitos sobre este tema, que é bastante difundido entre os índios da América do Norte e do Sul.
pectivamente). Mas as palavras *Keri* e *Kame*, que para os Bakairí são apenas nomes próprios, são encontradas no idioma Aruak (dos grupos xinguanos) com o significado de Lua e Sol. Dêste fato é razoável imaginar que o mito atingiu aos Bakairí por intermédio dos grupos Aruak, provavelmente Meinaku ou Waurá. Enquanto estes compreenderam a identificação original dos gêmeos com os astros, utilizando assim as palavras adequadas para nominá-los, os Bakairí não procederam desta forma. É bem provável que o comportamento dos Bakairí foi determinado pelo fato de possuírem outras crenças que entram em contradição com êste aspecto do mito. Com efeito, os Bakairí possuem um outro mito (von den Steinen, 1940:480) no qual narram o “roubo” do Sol pelos gêmeos (*). Entretanto, von den Steinen comenta que esta identificação ia sendo parcialmente aceita pelos Bakairí, o que tenta explicar “através de uma diferenciação contínua, porquanto no correr dos tempos a tribo bakairí recebeu no seu seio grande número de mulheres estrangeiras” (idem, 467). Assim é que um seu informante costumava designar os gêmeos pelas palavras bakairí correspondente ao Sol e a Lua.
Na versão dos Kalapalo, como vimos, o texto é bem claro a êste respeito. Entre os Kamayurá não existe margem para a discussão, desde que os gêmeos são denominados *Kwát* e *Yay*, palavras que são utilizadas para o Sol e a Lua, embora ambos os astros sejam mais comumente denominados *Kwarahí* e *Iahy*.
Assim, apesar da dúvida demonstrada por Nimuendajú entre os Apapokuva e a dissociação aparentemente existente dos gêmeos com os astros nas versões Tembé e Tenetehara (*),
(8) O roubo do Sol é o tema de muitos mitos encontrados entre diversos grupos tribais brasileiros, como Kaxinawa (Abreu, 1914:448), Karajá (Baldus, 1937:190), etc. É muito difundido, por outro lado, entre os Tupi, o mito do roubo do fogo, bastante semelhante aos anteriores, diferenciando-se apenas pela natureza do objeto a ser roubado pelos urubus. Uma análise comparativa destes grupos de mitos seria uma tarefa bastante útil.
(9) Nas versões coletadas entre os Tembé não há nenhuma alusão explícita ao Sol e à Lua. Os gêmeos são simplesmente chamados de Mayrayra e Mykurayra, o que pode ser traduzido por filho de Mayra (Mayra é um herói mítico Tupi) e filho de Mikura, respectivamente (Mikura ou Mukura é a denominação Tupi dada aos marsupiais, comumente conhecidos por gambá). A excessiva semelhança deste mito com os demais leva-nos a acreditar que é possível que uma dissociação desta identidade possa ter ocorrido como resultante de transformações motivadas por fatores internos ou influências externas. É bastante significativo que no final da versão colhida por Nimuendajú entre os Tembé, Mayra apareça morando no leste “habitando uma grande casa completamente
não há dúvida que entre os grupos xinguanos o Sol e a Lua são identificados com os gêmeos míticos.
4. ANÁLISE DOS MITOS
É um tema comum nos mitos cosmogônicos que a tarefa do criador, ou do herói, seja a de romper a confusão inicial das coisas substituindo-a pelo estabelecimento de um sistema de classificação. Isto ocorre, por exemplo, no Gênese, onde a luz é separada das trevas, o céu da terra, a água marítima da fluvial, as ervas daninhas das árvores frutíferas, os animais selvagens dos domésticos, etc. E é, também, o que ocorre na mitologia tupi, principalmente no mito apapokuva, onde a confusão inicial é representada pelas trevas. Trevas que, neste contexto, possuem uma significação mais ampla do que a usual: elas não representam apenas a escuridão, a falta de conhecimentos, mas também a mistura desordenada de todas as coisas. E, assim, a separação entre a luz e estas trevas, realizada pelo primeiro ancestral (Ñanderuvuçú), significa a introdução inicial do conceito de oposição de categorias.
A primeira tarefa seria, então, a de separar os elementos e esta é realmente a missão de Ñanderuvuçú. Por outro lado, no texto coletado entre os Tenetehara o mito não faz alusão ao período inicial, mas este pode ser encontrado em mitos de outros grupos tupi, cujo primeiro ancestral é igualmente denominado Mahyra. Assim, os Asuriní, do igarapé Trocará, afluente do Tocantins, por exemplo, narram algumas das façanhas realizadas pelo herói para estabelecer a ordem onde só havia caos:
"Mahyra levantou o céu. Não havia terra, Mahyra carregou a terra e a fêz dura" (10).
Mas os mitos coletados entre os xinguanos distinguem-se por uma menor profundidade na cronologia mítica, não se notando tão acurada preocupação cosmogônica como a existente entre os Apapokuva, e também por ser a tarefa dos heróis mais de diferenciar as coisas e sêres dentro da natureza (11). O
só" e que "seja semelhante a um branco". De certo modo, este epílogo faz lembrar o mito de Auké, dos grupos Timbira da mesma região, o qual procura explicar o aparecimento do homem branco (Cf. Schultz, 1950, Da Matta, 1965).
(10) Trecho de um mito coletado pelo autor entre os Asuriní, em 1962, quando contou com a colaboração valiosa dos linguistas Carl e Carole Harisson, do Summer Institute of Linguistic.
(11) Usamos aqui a palavra natureza no sentido de oposição ao mundo sobrenatural. Na versão Apapokuva a separação do mundo natural do sobrenatural foi a primeira missão do grande ancestral.
início dos mitos já indica que dentro deste mundo havia uma confusão de categorias. O ancestral, como chamaremos dourante Kuantum (herói Kalapalo), Kamuschini (herói Bakairi) ou Moacinin (herói Kamayurá), é ameaçado de morte por uma onça, "que quer flechá-lo". Vemos, portanto, que nesta parte do mito os animais e sêres humanos têm procedimentos muitos semelhantes, que se distanciarão com o desenrolar das narrativas.
Nos mitos do Xingu, ao contrário do mito apapokuva, as mulheres que atuam nos fatos não são necessariamente as primeiras mulheres, mas também foram criadas pelo ancestral que assim procede para garantir a sua sobrevivência. Ameaçado pela onça ele não tem outra alternativa senão a de oferecer suas filhas à mesma em troca de sua vida. O ancestral, então, não é um ser isolado, o primeiro de todos os sêres, pois pertence a uma sociedade tribal, concebida pelos índios de modo semelhante à atual. Malgrado os seus podéres ele é um homem que "vai ao mato procurar embira para fazer corda de arco", que sente medo diante da morte e que possui uma família, com a qual joga para fazer suas alianças matrimoniais. Suas filhas embuídas por um sentimento de grupo, recusam-se a abandonar a aldeia e casar com a onça. O ancestral tem, porém, a sua palavra empenhada e só vê um meio de resgatá-la: fazer mulheres de madeira para enviá-las à onça.
Durante dias, o ancestral trabalhou secretamente no feitio das mulheres e para isto fêz, dentro de sua maloca, uma divisão, a fim de que ninguém pudesse vê-las enquanto não estivessem prontas. Quando isto aconteceu, ele ordenou que procurassem a onça a fim de se tornarem suas espóspas.
Não foi fácil, porém, para as mulheres atingirem a residência do marido. As dificuldades se repetem em cada mito. No kalapalo, durante a caminhada até a casa da onça, a primeira das cinco mulheres perece dentro de um lago de águas amargas; outra morre quando consente em manter relação sexual com uma anta; as outras três tiveram que consentir em ter relações sexuais com um martim-pescador, uma cotia e uma irara, sucessivamente; uma outra morre quando cai de uma palmeira, onde subira para retirar buriti, e somente duas conseguem atingir a casa da onça. No mito bakairi são duas as mulheres (12) que partem ao encontro da onça, uma porém morre no caminho quando sobe numa palmeira para apanhar alguns frutos.
(12) O número de mulheres varia em cada mito.
mito kamayurá, na versão que possuímos, há apenas uma referência muito vaga a um fato na beira de um lago. De qualquer forma, os eventos que dificultam a caminhada das mulheres até seu marido são, nos mitos xinguanos como no apapokuva, morte e intercurso sexual com os animais.
Podemos, agora, verificar qual o papel desempenhado pelas onças no mito xinguano. A categoria onça é, neste caso, dividida em onça-espôso (a) e onça-sogra (b). Esta dissociação pode ser expressa pela fórmula: \( ab = a \& b \). É \( a \) quem engravidia a mulher e, então, ambos os gêmeos são seus filhos. A relação entre \( a \) e a mulher pode ser considerada como positiva. Entre a mulher e \( b \), entretanto, é nitidamente negativa, isto porque a sogra, por um motivo qualquer, mata a sua nora. Na equação acima, apesar da divergência de comportamentos existentes entre \( a \) e \( b \) foi possível ligá-los, em \( ab \), pois pertencem a uma mesma classe. E é isto que explica porque \( a \), apesar de seu desgosto, não pôde tomar nenhuma atitude enérgica em relação a \( b \), porque esta antes de ser a matadora de sua esposa é a sua mãe, com a qual está ligado por certos deveres bem definidos por este tipo de relação social.
Após a morte da mulher, os gêmeos são retirados vivos do ventre materno. No mito kamayurá é a onça-espôso que chama a formiga para a prática do “parto”. No mito kalapalo, a formiga lavapé realiza a intervenção atendendo o apelo da irmã da morta. No mito bakairí é o cunhado desta quem salva os gêmeos. Assim o salvamento dos gêmeos foi, em todos os 3 casos, providenciados por personagens que possuíam, por força do parentesco, as maiores responsabilidades de proteção sobre eles: o pai, a mãe classificatória e o pai classificatório. E em todos os casos, é o pai, com sua segunda esposa, quem assume toda a responsabilidade pela criação dos mesmos.
Os gêmeos crescem muito rapidamente e um dia tomam conhecimento do destino da mãe. No mito kalapalo, eles vão ao mato apanhar amendoim e são surpreendidos pela proprietária da roça, a perdiz, que lhes narra a morte da mãe. No mito bakairí, é a irmã da mãe quem lhes conta a ação da avó. E no mito kamayurá os gêmeos são surpreendidos por uma mulher quando vão roubar amendoim. Esta lhes diz: “Aquela não é sua mãe. Sua mãe já morreu”.
Após chorar a morte da mãe, os gêmeos começaram a pensar em vingança. No mito kalapalo, como no bakairí, eles matam a avó com uma pancada e queimam o seu corpo. No kamayurá limitam-se a matá-la com uma pancada no peito.
Somos obrigados mais uma vez, a nos referirmos ao mito apapokuva, onde a água e não o fogo foi o elemento utilizado na morte da onça-velha (13). Mas a utilização da equação
\[ \text{fogo} = \text{água}' - " \] (Lévi-Strauss, 1964: 197)
mostra-nos que esta diferença não torna impossível a identificação deste episódio com o do mito apapokuva, cuja semelhança foi aceita por nós no item segundo deste artigo. A potência negativa indica uma inversão, isto é que a água e o fogo são elementos opostos, mas o sinal de igualdade ressalva que ambos pertencem a uma mesma ordem, podendo um se opor ao outro e, em certos casos, substituí-lo. Mas o que pode expressar a diferença encontrada nos mitos?
Poderíamos dizer que a água é um elemento que pertence à natureza, enquanto o fogo pertence à sociedade, e que a utilização do fogo pelos gêmeos nos mitos kalapalo e bakairí indicaria que uma técnica da sociedade já estaria sendo empregada contra a natureza (representada pela onça). Isto porque a sociedade poderia, então, ser considerada como existente. A filha do ancestral não quis abandonar a sua aldeia e o fogo foi utilizado pelos heróis. Assim, o que restaria para ser explicado seria a confusão ainda existente entre o mundo natural e o social, pois tanto os homens como os animais possuíam objetos que, mais tarde, pertenceriam exclusivamente ao homem. Mas nossa tarefa não é tão simples assim, isto porque mesmo após a utilização do fogo contra a onça, existe na conclusão do mito referência à obtenção do fogo pelos gêmeos. Assim, somos levados a considerar a hipótese da existência de dois tipos de fogo: o fogo destruidor que pertence à natureza (como a água) e que poderia ser ocasionalmente utilizado, e o fogo civilizador, que estava então em posse dos animais, e cuja posse exclusiva pelos homens estabeleceria definitivamente as fronteiras entre os homens e os animais (14).
No mito kalapalo e no kamayurá, os gêmeos não se limitam a vingar a morte de sua mãe, mas procuram ressuscitá-la. No
(13) Era nossa intenção inicial analisar juntamente com os grupos do Xingu, os mitos apapokuva e tenetehara. Entretanto, achamos conveniente proceder separadamente, a fim de obter maior clareza na análise. Mas, como dissemos anteriormente, não podemos nos afastar completamente dos outros mitos.
(14) Lévi-Strauss, 1964:195, refere-se à existência, dentro do pensamento mítico sul-americano, de dois tipos de águas, uma criadora de origem celeste e outra destruidora de origem terrestre. Do mesmo modo cita dois tipos de fogos: um celeste e destruidor, outro terrestre e criador. Pode-se notar, então, a manutenção do sentido de inversão existente entre a água e o fogo.
primeiro, os gêmeos vão enterrar a mãe que fôra abandonada pelas onças em cima da casa, pois estas desconheciam a técnica do enterramento. "Mamãe", eles dizem. Ela responde com uma voz muito fraca. Entusiasmado um deles lhe bate no peito e ela torna a morrer. No mito kamayurá, eles desenterram o cadáver materno, conversam com ela, mas esta não resiste e torna a morrer.
Os mitos não chegam ao fim com a morte da velha onça, o seu final só é atingido quando fica definitivamente estabelecido o domínio do social sôbre o natural. Assim, no mito kalapalo, os gêmeos queimam o taquari e dão as cinzas para a tia comer o que faz com que esta fique grávida, "com o ventre cheio de índios bravos". Com o auxílio destes os gêmeos exterminam as demais onças.
No mito kamayurá, os gêmeos fazem flechas que são transformadas em índios e, após enviar a onça-pai para o céu, cercam e liquidam as demais. No mito bakairí, os gêmeos também transformam as flechas em índios e atacam as onças, inclusive o pai que consegue fugir atirando-se na água (15).
A versão kalapalo encerra-se com a morte das onças, e o mito kamayurá termina com o reaparecimento do ancestral que conduz todos os índios para Morená (16), onde cria mais gente e distribui o fogo entre eles, enquanto o mito bakairí é seguido por outras narrativas como a da obtenção do fogo. Entre os Kamayurá, entretanto, existem outros mitos que explicam mais detalhadamente os eventos finais da versão analisada. Parece-nos, enfim, que este final é a introdução para um novo mito, que por sua vez o será de um outro, estabelecendo assim uma seqüência que integra todas as narrativas numa cronologia mítica, que constitue-se ainda num amplo e quase inexplorado campo de estudo.
5. O MITO E O COMPORTAMENTO SOCIAL
Relacionaremos agora o comportamento social dos xinguanos, principalmente dos Kamayurá, com o mito em análise,
(15) Este comportamento dos gêmeos em relação ao "pai" é explicado pelo fato de que eles foram, no mito bakairí, realmente gerados pelos ossos dos índios mortos pela onça. A mulher (esposa da onça) comeu destes ossos e ficou grávida.
(16) O travessão do Morená, situa-se logo abaixo da confluência do rio Ronuro com o Culuene, e é considerado pelos xinguanos como o sítio das aldeias dos ancestrais.
procedimento êste que constitue o terceiro ponto de nossos objetivos.
Tomaremos, como ponto de partida, para a análise das relações do mito com o comportamento social, o sistema de relações, que é um dos aspectos mais fascinantes de um sistema de classificação indígena (17). Não pretendemos, entretanto, fazer aqui uma análise dos sistemas de relações destes grupos indígenas, mas apenas mostrar algumas das inferências contidas nos mitos, que podem ser considerados como a expressão da própria ideologia do parentesco.
Iniciaremos por examinar o conceito de paternidade que resulta do reconhecimento de uma relação social entre pai e filho diferente da relação física, que pode ou não coincidir com aquela (cf. Radcliffe-Brown, 1953:5). Algumas vezes, porém, os indígenas recorrem a uma explicação física para o fenômeno da concepção. Assim é que para os Tupí os filhos descendem exclusivamente do pai. A mãe não é mais do que um receptáculo, e somente o pai é verdadeiro agente da concepção. Foi o ancestral, sózinho, que fez as mulheres para enviar à onça, e estas mulheres são realmente suas filhas, e porque direta ou indiretamente os xinguanos são os frutos deste ato, o ancestral é considerado como um grande pai, embora a distância que o separa das presentes gerações o transformou no “nosso grande avô”.
Não podemos, porém, negar que a relação da mãe com o filho implica numa série de deveres recíprocos, mas êstes existem principalmente em função do pai. Por esta razão, a mulher tupí pode denominar o filho por um termo descriptivo que significa o “filho de meu espôso”. Assim, a existência de filhos sem pai é considerada bastante estranha, levando freqüentemente à prática do infanticídio. Um mito kamayurá exprime bem o espanto da coletividade diante de uma mulher solteira e grávida: “Por que ela prenhou sem marido? Ela não tem marido. Ela prenhou. Ficou assim, não sei porque. Ela não tem marido, nós tudo tá certo, nós prenhar está certo, nós tudo tem marido. Agora ela não. Ela sem marido prenhou” (18).
Os mitos não indicam, apenas, como os filhos são adotados pelos pais, mas também qual o tipo de comportamento que deve existir entre êles. Estas normas aparecem nos mitos desde a
(17) Concordamos com Durkheim e Mauss (1903:63) de que cada mitologia é, em última análise, um sistema de classificação.
(18) Trecho de um mito colhido entre os Kamayurá pelo autor.
preocupação dos gêmeos em encontrar e vingar a sua mãe, ou nos cuidados paternos desempenhados pela onça-pai, até nos esforços dos heróis, no desenlace do mito, em salvaguardar a vida do pai.
Persiste, porém, dentro da narrativa, uma grande contradição com a estrutura unilineal do grupo. Os indígenas consideram-se descendentes do ancestral, das mulheres que ele criou e dos gêmeos, mas não se consideram como os descendentes da onça. Agem, assim, como se pelo menos uma vez, a transmissão da descendência tenha se efetuado através da linha materna. Sómente na versão bakairí, como vimos na nota 15, houve uma preocupação em contornar este fato. Os gêmeos não são os filhos da onça, diz essa versão, mas são filhos dos próprios Bakairí. A mulher foi fecundada mágicamente pelo fato de ter comido os ossos dos índios mortos pela onça, e este fato é do conhecimento dos gêmeos que tentam matar também a onça-pai. Mas, nas versões kalapalo e kamayurá esta contradição permanece inexplicável. Acreditamos que isto pode solucionar, em parte, a maior importância do ancestral em detrimento dos gêmeos.
Após conhecermos alguns aspectos do conceito de paternidade, podemos ver até onde o mito serve como um modelo de ação para a conduta entre afins. Antes é necessário lembrar que o conceito de parentesco afim, tal como o entendemos, não é o mesmo utilizado por estas sociedades indígenas. As diferenças existentes entre as regras de descendência diferentes (a da nossa sociedade e a da sociedade indígena) fazem com que pessoas que entre nós são consideradas parentes consangüíneos, sejam nessas sociedades consideradas como parentes afins, tais como "mãe", "pai da mãe", "irmãos da mãe", "filhos do irmão da mãe", "filhos da irmã do pai" e "filhos da irmã" (19).
Segundo o mito, o parentesco afim expressa uma técnica de sobrevivência entre grupos antagônicos, uma aliança conseguida através do matrimônio. É graças a esta técnica que o ancestral salva a sua vida, oferecendo suas filhas à onça. É este tipo de aliança uma tentativa de se tornarem aliadas pessoas de grupos diferentes. O êxito desta tentativa, porém, depende de outros aspectos da estrutura social de cada grupo. Em cada sociedade, o êxito é alcançado em maior ou menor grau. Para
(19) Apesar da tendência de alguns autores em considerarem as sociedades xinguanas como bilaterais, estamos procedendo segundo a hipótese da existência de ênfase sobre a descendência patrilineal, conforme uma nossa análise anterior (Laraia, 1965) e o aventado na nota 21.
a narrativa mítica, entretanto, a aliança matrimonial representa uma tentativa não totalmente coroada de êxito. Ao lado de seus aspectos positivos, ela aparece como uma fonte de conflitos e animosidades.
Os antagonismos contidos nas relações afins, surgem no mito com a recusa das filhas do ancestral a compartilharem de uma aliança com as onças (20). Este fato, por outro lado, serve para demonstrar que mesmo dentro de uma sociedade onde o matrimônio representa também uma forma de satisfazer necessidades econômicas ou políticas de um grupo, há sempre um mínimo de decisão individual, geralmente respeitada.
Os conflitos tornam-se mais evidentes no ato da morte da mulher pela sogra e, também, na falta de reação por parte do marido. A atitude deste pode ser compreendida quando lembramos que dentro de seu sistema, "mãe" e "esposa" são afins, mas a primeira ocupa um papel mais importante do que a segunda, quer pelo tipo de relação a que está ligada ao filho, quer pelo simples fato de que é mais facilmente substituída do que a esposa. Assim, o marido não vingou a morte da mulher, o que só foi feito pelos gêmeos. O comportamento dos gêmeos, por sua vez, pode parecer estranho, quando notamos que agem contra um "afim" (avó paterna) para vingar outro (mãe); mas na verdade êstes utilizaram do mesmo critério que impediu a vingança do espôso: o grau de afastamento dos "afins".
Esta maneira de classificar os "afins" explica muito dos fatos que expressam animosidade ou indiferença entre pessoas que, pelo nosso sistema, deveriam estar fortemente ligadas. É esta classificação que determinou o comportamento que tanto espanto provocou entre os primeiros cronistas:
"... e os filhos das fêmeas, se são filhos de cativos, os tem por escravos e os vendem, e as vêzes matam e comem, ainda que sejam seus netos, filhos de sua filhas..." (Anchieta)
Torna-se mais fácil, pelo conhecimento destes critérios, a compreensão das relações existentes entre parentes afins em diversos grupos Tupí (21). Freqüentemente, o cunhado é con-
(20) Esta recusa pode ser interpretada como a expressão de uma regra preferencial de endogamia tribal, o que é realmente confirmada no Xingu pelo baixo status atribuído à descendência das uniões mistas (cf. Galvão, 1953).
(21) Lembramos que estamos analizando um mito tupi, numa sociedade tupi, ainda que situada num outro contexto.
siderado um inimigo potencial. Muitas lutas entre linhagens, entre os Asuriní por exemplo, originaram-se das disputas entre cunhados. Estas divergências entre pessoas relacionadas pelo matrimônio são comumente motivadas porque um homem sempre deve defender a sua irmã, mesmo contra o marido. O comportamento entre os membros de um grupo de "sibling", como é expresso no mito através das relações entre os gêmeos, é idealmente (e de fato) caracterizado por uma forte amizade, constantemente demonstrada em público, através de expressões de afetividade não encontradas em nenhuma outra categoria de parentesco. Assim, o comportamento de um homem em relação a sua irmã lhe atribui a responsabilidade da proteção da jovem, encargo que permanece mesmo após esta ter contraído matrimônio. Entre os Kamayurá, um homem não pode pronunciar o nome dos pais de sua esposa, dos seus cunhados e genros. Este fato determina que o grupo possua um sistema duplo de nominações, desde que a criança recebe o nome dos avós. Assim, um menino é chamado pelo seu pai por um dos nomes de seu avô paterno, e pela sua mãe por um dos nomes de seu avô materno.
Outros aspectos da organização social são facilmente percebidos no mito. No simples ato do ancestral de enviar as suas "filhas" para se tornarem esposas da onça, está expressa a regra patrilocal de residência, a poliginia sororal, bem como a alternativa da realização do matrimônio intertribal.
A exclusão das mulheres da maior parte da vida cerimonial e de qualquer participação nas decisões políticas está expressa na passividade demonstrada pelas personagens femininas do mito. Elas foram feitas pelo ancestral e mandadas para a casa da onça. E a sua passividade está mais enfatizada na versão Kalapalo, onde as mulheres repetidamente se submetem aos desejos sexuais dos diversos animais. A mulher é, por fim, morta pela sogra, que para isto utiliza de uma racionalização banal. Assim, embora sendo a mãe dos gêmeos ela é préviamente desligada pela morte, e só num rápido momento de resurreição ela participa de suas existências.
E, ainda no que se refere à mulher, o mito explica o uso comum do ulurí (22) pôr todas as mulheres xinguanas. Após se submeterem aos desejos de diversos animais, elas resolvem atar uma corda de buriti no ulurí, tornando com isto impossível a realização do ato sexual. Ao ulurí é ainda hoje atribuído esta
(22) O ulurí é um pequeno triângulo feito de "liber", com o qual as mulheres do Xingu cobrem as suas partes genitais.
função, pois o simples fato de um homem tocar no mesmo, o torna vítima da "panema", isto é, um longo período de má sorte nas principais atividades masculinas, notadamente na pesca e na guerra.
O mito contém, também, a ideologia do ritual de iniciação, principalmente no que se refere às pessoas do sexo feminino. O ancestral fez as mulheres dentro de uma tapagem (isto é, uma repartição dentro da maloca), de onde elas só saíram quando estavam prontas e partiram imediatamente para a residência da onça, a fim de se tornarem suas esposas. Do mesmo modo, a jovem xinguana após a sua primeira menstruação é recolhida a uma tapagem, onde ela permanece até a próxima cerimônia anual do Kuarup. Enquanto permanece reclusa, a sua mãe e demais parentes femininos, ensinam-lhe tudo o que deve saber uma esposa. Na cerimônia do Kuarup ela abandona a reclusão, recebe um nome, tornando-se assim verdadeiramente uma mulher, e quase que imediatamente contrai o seu primeiro matrimônio. Assim constantemente, uma parte importante do mito é revivida pelas jovens xinguanas. Mas, este ritual de passagem é também extensivo aos jovens do sexo masculino, que tornam-se reclusos quando existe um consenso de que ele tornou-se bastante "maduro" e capaz então de desempenhar os papéis masculinos. Neste período, aprende os principais mitos da tribo, a técnica da confecção de artefatos, a prática dos esportes, etc. E, igualmente, ele abandona a tapagem na cerimônia do Kuarup, recebe um novo nome e é então considerado apto para o matrimônio. Não conseguimos, infelizmente, compreender a inteira significação deste ritual para os elementos do sexo masculino, no que se refere ao mito. A única hipótese viável que possuímos é que ele repete a permanência do ancestral, dentro da tapagem, quando criou as mulheres. Tornando-se um homem adulto, ele está apto para criar, através da reprodução sexual, novos seres humanos.
Por fim, gostaríamos de apontar uma contradição entre o mito e o comportamento determinado pelo mito, além da já citada na página 22. Trata-se, desta vez, da importância do ancestral para os indígenas. Vimos que este tem um papel importante no princípio e no final do mito. Como herói mítico, entretanto, pode ser considerado superado pelos gêmeos que são os principais responsáveis pelas principais ações míticas, principalmente nas relações com o mundo natural, o qual de certo modo era temido pelo ancestral. Mas o nome do ancestral está sempre mais presente entre os indígenas do que o dos próprios gêmeos. "Fazemos assim", dizem frequentemente, os
Kamayurá, "porque Moacinin disse que deve ser assim". A explicação da importância do ancestral em detrimento dos gêmeos, apesar das inúmeras hipóteses que se apresentam só poderá ser conhecida através do conhecimento total dos mitos xinguanos (23), tarefa esta que ainda está para ser realizada e diante da qual êsse artigo é apenas uma primeira tentativa.
6. CONCLUSÕES
Em resumo, esta análise, ainda que modesta diante das grandes possibilidades que o mito nos oferece, permitiu-nos chegar às seguintes conclusões:
a) os três mitos estudados são de procedência tupí;
b) os gêmeos são realmente identificados com o Sol e a Lua;
c) o papel do ancestral caracteriza-se pela sua ação criadora, embora o mito não tenha a profundidade cronológica do mito apapokuva.
d) os gêmeos ao vingar a mãe, eliminando as onças, estabelecem o princípio da distinção entre o mundo social e o natural (24);
e) os mitos servem efetivamente, como era de se esperar, como um modelo, em termos ideais, para a ação social.
Esperamos ter conseguido mostrar a utilidade da análise de um mito, através de um método adequado. As narrativas mitológicas, assim encaradas, deixam de ser lendas estáticas, dignas apenas de figurar em coleções de curiosidades literárias, para se transformarem numa fonte abundante de informações sobre a estrutura do pensamento indígena. Estas informações, quando não chegam a ser conclusivas, servem pelo menos para abrir ao pesquisador novas sendas no emaranhado cultural de uma sociedade ágrafa, fornecendo-nos uma grande quantidade de hipóteses capazes de facilitarem os posteriores trabalhos de campo.
(23) Talvez esta explicação possa ser obtida através da análise comparativa destes mitos com o dos Apapokuva, onde a importância da personagem equivalente está realmente narrada no mito e é proporcional à sua importância na mentalidade dos indígenas.
(24) Esta ação aparece mais detalhada num interessante mito kayuá, no qual os gêmeos vão a casa de todos os animais, tomando-lhes o fogo, as sementes, destruindo-lhes as moradias, dizendo-lhes: "Vocês não é mais gente, agora" (Schaden, 1947).
Resumindo, a análise de um mito apresenta duas vantagens incomensuráveis para a Antropologia. Representa, como vimos, um excelente instrumento para o antropólogo, possibilitando uma penetração maior dentro do sistema cultural estudado e a compreensão de aspectos que poderiam passar despercebidos ao mais arguto observador. E pode tornar aproveitável uma grande quantidade de mitos, colhidos junto a grupos tribais praticamente extintos e que, pela inexistência de um método adequado, não puderam ser analisados.
BIBLIOGRAFIA
ABREU, JOÃO CAPISTRANO DE
1914 — Rã-txa hu-ni-ku-i. A Língua dos Caxinauás do rio Ibuaçú, afluente do Murú. Rio de Janeiro.
ANCHIETA, JOSÉ DE
1947 — “Informações dos casamentos dos índios do Brasil”, Sociologia, vol. IX, n.º 4. São Paulo.
BALDUS, HERBERT
1937 — Ensaio de Etnologia Brasileira. Biblioteca Pedagógica Brasileira, série 5.º, Brasiliiana, vol. 101, São Paulo.
CARVALHO, JOSÉ CÂNDIDO M. DE
1951 — “Relações entre os índios do Alto Xingu e a fauna regional”. Publicações Avulsas do Museu Nacional, n.º 7, Rio de Janeiro.
DA MATTÀ, ROBERTO
1965 — “O Mito e a Autoridade Doméstica: uma tentativa de análise de um mito Timbira em suas relações com a estrutura social”. No prelo.
DURKHEIM, E. e MAUSS, M.
1903 — “De quelques formes primitives de classification”. L’Année Sociologique (1901-1902). Paris.
GALVÃO, EDUARDO
1953 — “Cultura e Sistema de Parentesco das tribos do Alto Xingú”. Boletim do Museu Nacional, N.S., Antropologia, n.º 14, Rio de Janeiro.
1960 — “Áreas Culturais Indígenas do Brasil; 1900-1959”. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, N.S., Antropologia, n.º 8, Belém.
LARAIA, ROQUE DE BARROS
1963 — "Arranjos Poliândricos na Sociedade Suruí". Revista do Museu Paulista, N.S., vol. 14, São Paulo.
1965 — "Estrutura do Parentesco Tupí-Guarani". No prelo.
LÉVI-STRAUSS, CLAUDE
1958 — Anthropologie Structurales. Librairie Plon. Paris.
1964 — Le Cru et le Cuit. Librairie Plon. Paris.
MELATTI, JÚLIO CEZAR
1963 — "O Mito e o Xamá". Revista do Museu Paulista, N.S., vol. 14. São Paulo.
NIMUENDAJÚ, CURT
1914 — "Die Sagen von der Erschaffung und Vernichtung der Welt als Grundlagen der Religion der Apapocuva-Guaraní", Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, vol. 46, Berlin.
1915 — "Sagen der Tembé-Indianer", ibidem, vol. 47, Berlin.
RADCLIFFE-BROWN, A. R.
1953 — "Introduction" in Systèmes Familiaux et Matrimoniaux en Afrique, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris.
SCHADEN, EGON
1947 — "Fragmentos da Mitologia Kayuá". Revista do Museu Paulista, N.S., vol. I, São Paulo.
SCHULTZ, HARALD
1950 — "Lenda dos Índios Krahó", Revista do Museu Paulista, N.S., vol. IV, São Paulo.
STEINEN, KARL VON DEN
1940 — Entre os Aborígenes do Brasil Central. Separata da Revista do Arquivo, n.ºs XXXIV a LVIII, Departamento de Cultura, São Paulo.
WAGLEY, CHARLES E GALVÃO, EDUARDO
1961 — Os Índios Tenetehara. Ministério da Educação e Cultura. Rio de Janeiro. | aee30a92-0181-43ef-8e73-43d559d93ea4 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/por_Latn/train | finepdfs | por_Latn | 66,012 |
SMAD, Rev. Eletrônica Saúde Mental Álcool Drog.
2017 Apr.-June;13(2):78-85
DOI: 10.11606/issn.1806-6976.v13i2p78-85
www.eerp.usp.br/resmad
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and crack cocaine: what does the comparison between a group of users and non-users indicate?
1
Ana Carolina Maciel Cancian
2
Luiza Drissen Signorelli Germano
Fernanda Cerutti
4
Margareth da Silva Oliveira
5
The objective in this study was to analyze the relation between the use of crack-cocaine and the diagnosis attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Associations were analyzed
between the clinical group of crack-cocaine users and the non-clinical group, taken from the general population, through a sample of 971 participants who answered the Adult Self-
Report. Significant differences were found in the presence of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnosis (p=0.001), such as attention problems (p=0.001), which can be related
to changes associated with the search for rewarding situations, such as substance use.
This, allied with the impulsiveness in both disorders, would make this association worthy of formulating specific guidelines to maximize the treatment efficacy.
Descriptors: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; Crack-Cocaine; Adult Self-Report.
This research was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil, process #306661/2009-8.
Master's student, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
Undergraduate student in Nursing, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
Doctoral student, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
1
2
3
4
5
PhD, Professor, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
Corresponding Author:
Margareth da Silva Oliveira
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul
3
Original Article
Transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade e cocaína-crack: o que indica a comparação entre grupo de usuários e não usuários?
O objetivo, neste estudo, foi analisar a relação entre o uso de cocaína-crack e o diagnóstico de transtorno de déficit de atenção com hiperatividade. Foram analisadas associações entre o grupo clínico de usuários de cocaína-crack e o não clínico, proveniente da população geral, de amostra de 971 participantes, que responderam ao Adult Self-Report. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas relacionadas à presença do diagnóstico de transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (p=0,001), como problemas de atenção (p=0,001) que podem estar relacionados a alterações associadas à busca por situações recompensadoras, como o uso de substâncias. Isso, aliado à impulsividade, nos dois transtornos, tornaria tal associação digna de formulação de diretrizes específicas a fim de maximizar a eficácia do tratamento.
Descritores: Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade; Cocaína-Crack; Adult Self Report.
Trastorno por Déficit de Atención y Hiperactividad y Cocaína de crack: que indica la comparación de los usuarios y no usuarios?
El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre el consumo de cocaína crack y el diagnóstico de Trastorno por Déficit de Atención y Hiperactividad. Se analizaron asociaciones entre el grupo clínico de los consumidores de cocaína crack y no clínico de la población general de una muestra de 971 participantes que completaron el Adult Self-Report (ASR). Diferencias significativas fueron encontradas en relación al diagnóstico de Trastorno por Déficit de Atención y Hiperactividad (p = 0,001), como más problemas de atención (p = 0,001), que pueden estar vinculados a una mayor búsqueda de situaciones gratificantes, como el uso de sustancias. Esto, junto a la impulsividad en ambos trastornos, es digno de directrices específicas para maximizar la eficacia del tratamiento.
Descriptores: Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad; Crack; Adult Self-Report.
Introduction
The annual use of cocaine presents higher prevalence rates in South America (1.3% of the adult population), in comparison with figures in North America. In a recent survey, significant growth can be noted in the use of this illegal substance in Brazil (1) .
Crack is a substance deriving from cocaine, whose compulsive use develops in a short time period. It is currently considered a severe public health problem in Brazil, due to the easy access to the substance and the severe damage caused to the user's quality www.eerp.usp.br/resmad
of life (2) . The profile of crack users in the country consists of young people with a mean age of 27.3 years, predominantly male, with low education level and unemployed, and approximately 40% living on the street (2-4) . In addition, in research, this population is frequently associated with criminality – thefts, violence and indebtedness with traffickers -, therefore increasing the risk of death by homicide (4) .
In Brazil, crack is more frequently consumed in pipes, but aluminum cans are also use, representing a great risk of contamination by heavy metals, besides the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis
C (2) . The losses crack causes and the characteristics deriving from its use in the population of users have been addressed in increasingly specific and in-depth studies on the losses associated with its use, as well as ways to grant these individuals quality of life (2) .
Problematic cocaine and crack use has been associated with different comorbidities, with the significant presence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), which can be related with Substance Use Disorder (SUD) in about 20% of individuals, independently of gender or ethnic origin (5) . In other studies, the suggestion is raised that the relation with ADHD can range between 2 and 83% in substance users who seek treatment (6) . Researchers suggest that these two diagnoses can result from overlapping risk factors, such as genetic vulnerability (5) .
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – DSM 5, ADHD is defined as a persistent and dysfunctional pattern of inattention, which can be associated with symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsiveness. This pattern develops during childhood and can interfere in development. About 5% of the children are diagnosed with ADHDH, and this condition can follow the individual in adult age, especially inattention. About 3% of adults are diagnosed with ADHD (7) .
Cocaine users with ADHD can present losses in behavioral self-regulation. In hypotheses, it is indicated that the repetitive dopaminergic activation of the neural circuits through chronic cocaine use can cause losses in inhibitory functions, leading to a loss of control over impulsive behaviors, including the selfadministration of cocaine (8) .
What the cognitive factors of Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD) are concerned, evidence appoints increased motor and cognitive impulsiveness (i.e., impulsive decision making). ADHD, then, departs from the combination of losses in the reward/ motivation system, which can be a key element in this psychopathology, in view of the search for instantaneous rewards and the delay of unpleasant activities. Therefore, in view of overlapping deficits in the processing of rewards, attention and working memory among individuals with ADHD and psychoactive substances, cocaine-addicted individuals with ADHD present significantly higher levels of motor and cognitive impulsiveness (9) .
The presence of ADHD in SUD interferes in the prognosis, being related with more cases of relapse and lower treatment compliance (10) . Evidence appoints that cocaine users with ADHD who seek treatment feel greater fissure during the days after the onset of treatment and remain abstinent for a shorter period (11) . ADHD is associated with school and occupational problems, and the impulsiveness present in the disorder can be a problem, especially in adult age (7) .
Therefore, Brazilian studies are needed in which this association is investigated, aiming to develop more targeted treatment forms. Therefore, the objective in this study was to analyze the relation between crack use and the ADHD diagnosis through the comparison between a clinical and another non-clinical group.
Method
Participants
A convenience sample was composed, consisting of 971 participants, all adults, between 18 and 59 years of age. The total sample was divided in two groups: clinical (n=407) and non-clinical (n=564). The inclusion criteria for the clinical group, consisting of crack-cocaine users, were: a) being hospitalized at specialized public and/or private health services that attend to patients from the state capital Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil and the Metropolitan Region; b) being between the 7 th and 15 th day of abstinence from psychoactive substances; c) having completed at least five years of formal education and d) reporting on the use of crack-cocaine as a factor that motivated the search for hospitalization.
The non-clinical group consisted of patients living in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, mainly in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre. The participants were chosen based on the following inclusion criteria: a) adults between 18 and 59 years of age; b) male and female; c) with at least five years of education; d) who were not receiving any psychological or psychiatric treatment and e) who had not been diagnosed with mental disorders.
Instruments
The Adult Self-Report (ASR) was used, which is an Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) scale that specifically targets individuals between 18 and 59 years of age. The use of this self-reported tool is intended to assess adaptive and psychopathological functioning aspects, consists of 126 distinct items and takes about 30 minutes to apply (12) .
The instrument is divided in four large evaluation areas, subdivided in scales. The first evaluation area is called scales that assess syndromes (internalizing and externalizing behaviors). The internalizing symptoms correspond to anxiety/ depression, isolation/depression and somatic www.eerp.usp.br/resmad
problems; and the externalizing to aggressive and intrusive behaviors and rule-breaking (12) .
The second assessment area is called scales that assess current adaptive functioning (family, work, marriage, friendships, education and general adaptive average). The third area refers to scales that assess substance use (tobacco, alcohol, drugs and mean substance use). The fourth and final assessment area, scales guided by the DSM (clinical disorders and personality disorders) (12) .
There are specific cut-off points for each scale assessed, which classify the score as normal, borderline or clinical (12) . The validity evidence of the ASR was studied to adapt the scale to the Brazilian reality, involving a total sample of 1,444 individuals, divided in three subsamples (general population, chemical addicts and people with clinical or emotional problems). The internal consistency rates between the scales ranged between α=0.70 and α=0.86 (13) .
Procedures
The data were collected by psychologists and trained psychology undergraduates. The clinical group consisted of individuals attended at outpatient and inpatient clinics specialized in chemical addiction treatment, who were invited to answer the tools after a screening process to verify the inclusion criteria. The general participants were recruited at the university where the research was developed and at the city's bus station, after previous authorization to collect the data. All participants were instructed on the tools and signed the FICF.
Data analysis
To analyze the ASR data, first, the Assessment Data Manager (ADM) software was used, a resource to correct the ASEBA (14) scales. Next, the calculated data were exported and analyzed in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 17.0. Descriptive (percentages and standard deviations – sd) and association analyses were developed using Pearson's chi-squared test, considering the analysis of the adjusted residuals.
Approval for the research was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee at Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), under No. 09/04941. The secrecy and anonymity of the participants' data were guaranteed, and the assessment only took place after the participants had understood the study objectives, accepted to participate and signed two copies of the Free and Informed Consent Form (FICF), one for the participant and the other for the researcher.
Results
Based on the descriptive analysis of the sociodemographic data, considering all participants (N=971), it was evidenced that the majority was male (63.2%), with a higher education degree (49.2%) and an average age in percentage of 31.13% (sd=11.18). In Table 1, the participants' data are presented, divided between the two groups (clinical and non-clinical).
Table 1 – Distribution of participants in clinical and non-clinical groups based on the variables sex, age and education. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 2011
(a)total number of participants in the sample; (b)number of participants; (c) p≤0.001
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As can be observed in Table 1, the clinical group consisted of 407 crack-cocaine users, with a mean age of 31.55 years (sd=9.60). Most participants were male (87.5%), with finished secondary education (42.3%). The discrepancy between the percentages of the gender variable, in which crack-cocaine is more prevalent among men, was considered and controlled in the statistical analysis. The non-clinical group included 564 participants from the general population, with a mean age of 30.84 years (sd=12.19), mostly female (54.3%), with finished higher education (62.6%).
involvement in the clinical category (p=0.001), while the participants from the general population (88.6%; n=499) predominantly ranked in the normal category of attention problems (p=0.001).
What the analyses of associations between the clinical and non-clinical groups are concerned, and also with the variable attention problems, most participants in the group of crack-cocaine users (21%; n=85) demonstrated significant
What the ADHD diagnosis is concerned, there were significant differences between the clinical and nonclinical groups (p<0.001), as presented in Table 2. The distribution among the normal, borderline and clinical groups showed the higher prevalence of participants from the non-clinical group (85.6%; n=482) in the normal range of that clinical diagnosis. On the opposite, the borderline (24%; n=97) and clinical (23.2%; n=94) classifications mostly represented crack-cocaine users. The linear-by-linear association indicates that, the higher the severity score of ADHD symptoms, the greater the probability of belonging to the clinical group (p<0.001).
Table 2 – Diagnostic categories of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) between the clinical and nonclinical groups. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 2011
(a)Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; (b)Total number of participants in the sample; (c)Number of participants; (d)p≤0.001
Discussion
The results found in this study confirm the evidence appointed in the literature about the association between ADHD and cocaine use. The results found in this study confirm the evidences appointed in the literature on the association between ADHD and cocaine use. This association can be explained by the sensitivity in the rewarding system, as evidence appoints that individuals with ADHD have less dopamine receptors (15-16) . In neuroimaging tests of ADHD patients, neural dissociation is shown between decisions on immediate and postponed reward and orbitofrontal hypo-activation, which would explain the altered responses to the strengthening (17) . Thus, these individuals would seek more rewarding situations and this can be directly associated with cocaine use, as appointed in the literature (15-16) .
as a result of executive dysfunctions underlying these dopaminergic disorders. That would explain important changes in the motivation which, in turn, would justify the search for reward and the aversion against delayed rewards (17-18) . ADHD in adults is also associated with other executive function deficits, such as working memory, emotional processing, temporal processing and inhibitory control. As ADHD is considered a developmental disorder, most of these symptoms are expected to decrease in adult life. The persisting symptoms seem to be related to the impulsiveness facet. That would be a clear characteristic of ADHD as well as SUD (9) .
One of the theories that is intended to conceptualize the cognitive functioning of these individuals is the Dualist Model of ADHD, which presents this disorder
Impulsiveness is related to inhibitory control errors, which would present deficits in substance users. In a study involving chronic cocaine addicts, losses were found in the frontal lobe functions, which are considered important for behavioral control and regulation, through neuroimaging tests. The environment would serve as a trigger for behaviors: the regulation error, through the frontal lobe, would www.eerp.usp.br/resmad
lead to difficulties in the inhibitory control when the stimulus is present (8) .
In addition, the motor and cognitive impulse control is deficient in ADHD patients as well as frequent cocaine users, and worsens when both disorders are associated. The inhibitory control depends on the proper functioning of the frontal lobes, which are related various subtypes of inhibition. The authors speculate that these individuals need more – or perhaps overlapping – circuits in the frontal lobe, so that proper impulse control can be achieved. Therefore, individuals with ADHD and cocaine addiction are more impulsive than individuals without cocaine use due to their dysfunctional executive and reward/motivational circuits (9) .
In order to find differences in the impulsiveness characteristics, in another study, neuropsychological and self-reported tests were used in a sample of cocaine users with and without ADHD. In that study, no significant differences were found in the cognitive tests but, using the Barrat Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), it was evidenced that the group of cocaine users with ADHD was significantly more impulsive (9) . In evidence, it is appointed that the presence of ADHD can accelerate what is appointed in the Progression Theory of Drugs Use and can be related with impulsiveness. In that theory, it is suggested that the early consumption of legal substances could serve as an entry door for the consumption of more harmful illegal substances. ADHD was significantly more associated with early substance use, including cocaine (10,19) , and more associated with severity than substance use in adult age (19-21) .
Early marihuana users with attention problems in childhood seem to be more prone to cocaine use during life and can also represent a risk group for the use of other substances (22) . Even after controlling for risk variables like early substance use, school difficulties and family problems, the significant results were maintained, indicating that the attention problems in childhood are possibly associated with the risk for cocaine use in adult life. In addition, in a meta-analytic review, evidence was raised from different studies, appointing that the presence of ADHD in childhood is more associated with the development of problematic cocaine use in adult age and that this inference can be causal (23) .
Another point to be highlighted is the medication treatment using methylphenidate, the most prescribed drug for ADHD treatment in childhood. This psychostimulant drug can alter the neuronal development trajectory during adolescence (24) . Both www.eerp.usp.br/resmad
the methylphenidate and the cocaine act on the dopamine carriers, which is presumed to be the key understanding about the strengthening mechanism of cocaine, as they link up with the transporters and inhibit its reabsorption in the synaptic cleft.
When administered in adolescence but interrupted later, the methylphenidate increases the motivation to self-administer cocaine in animal models, suggesting that the medication should follow its prescription in detail. When self-administered, the cocaine goes directly to the medial frontal lobe. Therefore, this mechanism can act by strengthening and/or motivating the subject to use cocaine again. In animal models, it is shown that the administration of methylphenidate in the pre-treatment phase inhibits the dopamine carriers, reducing the link of the cocaine in these transporters and reducing its impact (24) .
Conclusion
In this study, we aimed to analyze the relation between crack-cocaine use and the ADHD diagnosis. The results show a significant association between both conditions, confirming the background literature findings. Various hypotheses are involved in the relation of ADHD and SUD, including greater sensitivity in the reward system, as individuals with ADHD would have less dopamine receivers. Thus, changes would be caused in the motivation and search for rewarding situations and in impulsiveness, which is characteristic of both disorders.
Nevertheless, in the interpretation of the results, the research limitations should be taken into account, with the cross-sectional design and self-reported instruments. Therefore, no cause-and-effect relation can be attributed between the ADHD diagnosis and crack-cocaine use. Instead, inferences only relate to a significant association, which is not as clear as in the group that does not use drugs. In view of these aspects, research is suggested to investigate the theme longitudinally and use other research resources, such as neuroimaging.
In short, it is important to develop studies in which the comorbidities of psychoactive substance users are assessed, as comorbidities like ADHD interfere in the prognosis and treatment of SUD. Hence, investigating ADHD in crack-cocaine users is fundamental to understand individuals, their difficulties and characteristics, which are part of the detoxification and rehabilitation process. It is interesting for health professionals to be able to identify these associations in order to effectively guide the user's treatment.
References
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probable adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who request treatment for cocaine use disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2011 Jan;185(1):205-10.
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23. Lee SS, Humphreys KL, Flory K, Liu R, Glass K. Prospective association of childhood attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use and abuse/dependence: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011 Apr;31(3):328-41.
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Received: Jan. 18th 2016
Accepted: Jan. 23rd 2017 | <urn:uuid:c6bab723-c5de-4fb9-879f-c72c7536d181> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 27,773 |
РЕЦЕНЗИЯ
на докторската дисертация на Анета Сакалова на тема “Мобилност на учениите в контекста на Европейските изследователски програми”, представена за присъждане на научната и образователна степен “доктор” по научна специалност 05.11.03 „наукознание”.
Рецензент: проф. Елка Тодорова, д.с.н.
Преди да се спра на същността на дисертацията ще отделя внимание на автореферата. Той е в размер на 31 с., обхваща титулна страница, съдържателно описание на труда, списък на авторовите публикации по темата на дисертацията и формулировка на приносните моменти в дисертационния труд. Авторефератът отговаря на изискванията и отразява коректно съдържанието на дисертацията, основните й положения и научните й приноси.
Дисертационният труд съдържа увод, три глави, заключение, библиография от 102 заглавия, 38 от които на български език и 64 на други езици, и две приложения.
Основните въпроси, на които задължително отговаря всеки дисертационен труд, са:
1. Актуалност на разработвания проблем и характер на научните приноси по отношение на иновативността, разширяване на съществуващия опит в дадената проблематика и приложението на научните постижения в практиката.
2. Съдържателна структура на труда, ясно формулирани цел, предмет, задачи и заключение.
По първия въпрос. Без съмнение настоящият труд е изключително актуален поради предмета и обекта си на интерес и заявените за изследване задачи. Става дума за мобилността на учениите, видяна като средство за постигане на целите на европейското изследователско пространство и в същото време като основа за постигане на индивидуална кариера и престиж в академичната йерархия на отделния учен.
Рецензираната дисертация е безспорно актуална. В нея се подлагат на анализ представите и дефинициите за мобилност на учениите, предварително се уговоря неангажирането с проблеми от следствено естество като „brain drain”, утвърждава се тезата за „brain circulation”, разкрива се спецификата на географската или вътрешно академична и междусекторна мобилност, защитава се утвърждаването на Модус 2
производство на знание, което иманентно предполага наличието на висока мобилност на академичните представители.
В този смисъл основните научни и научно-приложни приноси в дисертацията могат да бъдат видяни, както по линия на разширяване на познанието и обогатяване на съществуващите знания в областта на научната мобилност на теоретично общоевропейско и конкретно национално равнище, така и в областта на когнитивния процес на вземане на индивидуално решение за вътрешно академична или секторна мобилност. Разкриването на факторите, които стимулират или обратно, ограничават единия и другия тип мобилност носи сериозен приложен заряд. Описанието им директно указва кои са отправните точки за рационално управление на науката в ситуация на засилени междуличностни, междуинституционални, междунационални контакти, ангажиране в процеса на формиране на европейско изследователско пространство и в ситуация на масово разпространение на новите информационни технологии, преобразили изцяло динамиката на комуникационното поведение на хората.
По втория въпрос. Дисертационният труд има класическа структура. На трите ясно формулирани задачи са посветени съответно и трите глави в дисертацията като са използвани методите – анализ на литературни документални източници и емпирично изследване чрез пряка индивидуална анкетна карта.
Първа е задачата да се определи същността, динамиката и значението на мобилността за професионалното развитие на учените. Това е постигнато като в първа глава се изяснява понятийния апарат, с който се описва мобилността на учените, показва се развитието и промяната във вижданията за мобилност, особено в последните години на миналия век и началото на новия. Това е главата, в която се задават основните характеристики на мобилността на учените в научноизследователската дейност като се сравняват отделни форми на научна комуникация. Сред тях са работата в съвременни изследователски проекти, в центровете за върхови постижения, характера на научните паркове, на предприемаческите университети, и мрежовите кълстерни групи. Тук се заявява и централното място на мобилността за индивидуалния растеж и професионалното
развитие на учениите през целия живот, и специално върху ранната й реализация – още в докторантския и постдокторантския етап.
Втората глава изпълнява поставената задача да представи анализ на развитието на политиката на Европейския съюз в областта на научната мобилност. Проследено е развитието на идеите за мобилност, промяната в значението, което ЕС влага в необходимостта от висока и непрекъсната мобилност на учените и тяхното превъплъщение в конкретни политики. Разгледани са отделните инструменти за въздействие, с които ЕС се стреми да осъществи общоевропейско изследователско пространство. Описани са редица институционални решения на ЕС в тази връзка, сред които Портала EUROAXESS (европейски портал за мобилност на изследователите), съвместните изследователски центрове (Joint Research Centers), европейският изследователски съвет (European Research Council) и европейският институт за иновации и технологии (European Institute of Innovation and Technology).
Третата глава представя резултатите от емпирично изследване, целта на което е да се получи обратна връзка от опитни в областта на мобилността български учени. Така, описвайки основните характеристики и фактори, стимулиращи или възпрепятстващи мобилността на българските учени, се дава възможност за сравнение на значението на мобилността у нас и в други страни. Отговорите на 114 учени - участници в изследването дават възможност да се определи дали е налице ново отношение към мобилността сред българските учени, които все повече отдяват значение на мобилността като предпоставка за израстване в кариерата, за професионална реализация чрез колективни публикации в чужди научни списания с импакт фактор, чрез използване на мобилността за комерсиализиране на научните резултати и трансфер на знанията в системата на научната практика.
Изводите, до които дисертантът стига, изследвайки факторите за мобилност, които самите учени с опит в мобилността споделят, са от значение, не само като изследователски резултати, но и като възможност да се използват за нуждите на разработване на нова концепция за изработване на бъдещи стратегии в областта на научната политика и академичното развитие. Например, това, че слабо или почти никак не
е развита междусекторната мобилност за представителите на обществените и хуманитарните науки, както и че те предпочитат мобилността да е в различни изследователски звена, а не в една институция представлява информация, която може да се използва за създаването и разработването на отделни концепции за мобилност на учени от различните области на знанието. В същото време, предпочитанието към краткосрочен период на мобилност, ясно заявено сред българските ученi, участници в изследването съответства на съвременните насоки за мобилност, които се заявяват и от европейските партньори. И макар да има известна разлика между спецификата на науката, тъй като учените от природните науки изразяват по-голяма готовност да участват в по-дълги периоди на мобилност, разкритите резултати говорят за следване на общи тенденции във формите на мобилност и в ориентацията към т. нар. „brain circulation”.
Отсъствието на разпространени форми на междусекторна мобилност не се държи на непознаване, на отрицателно отношение или на отхвърляне на възможността за излизане от академичната сфера с цел научноприложна работа. Това е преди всичко резултат на отсъствието на възможности и готовност на бизнеса и другите възможни бенефициенти да предлагат поле за реализация на научните изследвания и на самите учени. В същото време, най-мотивирани за междусекторна мобилност са докторантите. Останалите са готови за паралелна работа, без да се напуска академичното място, да се работи върху приложни въпроси съвместно с потребителите на научните резултати.
Основният извод е, че мотивацията към мобилност на българските учени е преди всичко възможността за академичен контакт с представители на чужди школи, институции, професионална среда. Поради което, участието в международни проекти като търсене на научно партньорство е основната форма на мобилност сред българските учени.
В същото време, се показва, че у нас мобилността все още не фигурира като условие и не влияе съществено върху професионалната кариера. Сред условията, които са в състояние да повлияят мотивацията за мобилност на преден план са изведени - престижът на звеното, към което е насочен интересът, възможността за бизнес реализация на научните резултати и създаването на нови социални контакти, възможността за съвместни публикации с учени от други страни и израстването в кариерата, както впрочем и неудовлетвореността от текущото състояние на научната среда.
В заключението на дисертацията се обобщават основните изводи от изследването, които са мотивирани и ясно формулирани.
Какви по-характерни критични бележки бих могла да отправя към дисертацията? Първо, при въвеждане на основния понятиен апарат не е отделено достатъчно внимание на същностното разграничение чрез примери на вътрешноакадемичната и междусекторната мобилност. Така например, не става ясно, до каква степен е въпрос на мобилност или на нормативен акт възможността да се преминава от един в друг сектор. Както и дали отделните национални системи предлагат съпоставими потребители на научна информация. На места в дисертацията се говори само за бизнеса като потребител, на други места и за НПО и държавната администрация, но отсъства ясно определяне на секторите, както и приемливата продължителност на преход от един в друг сектор, което да бъде определено като мобилност, а не например като смяна на професионалната реализация на заетия.
Второ, в методическата част са налице определени слабости. При относително ниската възвращаемост на анкетната карта, според мен е следвало да се потърси допълнителна потвърждаваща информация преди всичко получена чрез качествени методи от типа на фокус групите или интервюта. Защото статистически значимите резултати за връзки между отделните въпроси в анкетната карта са твърде малко на брой (само пет) на които впрочем се крепят основните резултати от изследването. В тази връзка те следва да са част от основния текст, а не да се прилагат както е тук в Приложение 2.
Трето, има определени пропуски в представянето на българските изследвания, занимаващи се с въпросите на миграцията сред учените. Така например отсъства и в библиографията и в анализа на документацията изследването на Хр. Домозетов и Е. Тодорова от 1990г., представително за БАН и ВУЗ в България, публикувано в сп. Социологически проблеми, бр. 2, с. 78-85 от същата година под заглавие „Потенциалната емиграция на научните работници от БАН и ВУЗ в условията на облекчен паспортен режим”.
Четвърто, макар да са правомерни заявените в началото ограничения, струва ни се, че те са твърде много и е могло да се представи сбито състоянието на нормативната ограничителна и стимулираща мобилността среда в България и в някои страни по избор. Защото условията и възможностите за мобилност на учените не може да се разглеждат изолирано от цялостната социална среда, от действащите нормативни разпоредби на пазара на труда, например възраст при пенсиониране, възможност или отсъствие на дългосрочни платени и неплатени отпуски (сабатикъл), ограничения за заемане на определени научни ръководни постове в резултат на сегментиране на научните области, и др. Както науковедския, така и социологическия прочит задължително изисква анализ и точно маркиране на социалната среда, за да се придале смисъл на нагласите и оценките на представителите на отделни социални групи, които се изследват. Въпреки, че дисертантът ги е споменал, според нас този въпрос изисква по-широко придаване.
От цитираните в автореферата научни публикации на кандидата, свързаните с темата на дисертацията са 6 на брой и всичките са самостоятелни. Две от тях са научни статии, публикувани в научни списания – сп. Социологически проблеми и сп. Наука. Останалите публикации са доклади, изнесени на научни форуми, конференции и кръгли маси. Както броят, така и вида на публикациите отговарят на изискванията за присъждане на научната степен „доктор”.
Не мога да не отбележа, че имам и лични впечатления от Анета Сакалова, на която съм чела лекции и водила упражнения в рамките на семинар за подготовка по базови умения за докторанти. Докторантката участваше активно в занятията и остави впечатление на образован и професионално ориентиран към работата си млад учен. Презентацията, която изнесе разкри познание в областта на добрата комуникация и умения за публично заявяване на позиция.
Като имам предвид научните достойнства на дисертацията - заявяването на обогатяваща научните знания проблемна област и възможните практико-приложни ефекти от изследването - препоръчвам на г-жа Анета да бъде присъдена образователната и научна степен "доктор".
26 юни 2011 г.
Рецензент: [подпис]
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ORDER
In cooperation with the Grady County Law Enforcement Center (GCLEC), and to assist GCLEC in its efforts to take precautionary and preventive measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and to protect the health of in-custody persons, Court staff, security personnel, and counsel, effective immediately the Court will suspend in-person proceedings for the next 21 days involving persons detained at GCLEC. The Court, through the district’s United States Marshal and in conjunction with GCLEC, will review the necessity for continuation of the suspension of such in-person proceedings at least every 7 days.
During the period in which in-person proceedings are suspended, the Court will make every effort to conduct proceedings involving persons detained at GCLEC by video teleconference, consistent with G.O. 20-9.1.
All other provisions of G.O. 20-4 shall remain in effect until further order of the Court.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT this 20th day of April, 2020.
TIMOTHY D. DeGIUSTI
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DAS ALPACA
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Das Alpaca wird einmal im Jahr, meist vor Sommerbeginn, geschoren und liefert ca 3 Kg nutzbare Wolle.
DIE ALPACA WOLLE
muss die Alpacas vor starker Hitze sowie vor Kälte schützen. Die Naturfaser ist innen hohl und hat damit einmalige thermische Eigenschaften dh sie isoliert und wärmt. Alpaca Wolle hat einen ganz besonderen, seiden schimmernden Glanz und einen geringen Anteil Wolfsfett, so dass sie auch für Allergiker gut verträglich ist, da sich in der Wolle kaum Bakterien bilden können.
Vor allem die edle Baby Alpaca Wolle fühlt sich auf der Haut weich und geschmeidig an und kratzt nicht. Dies, weil die Fasern sehr fein (kleiner 22,5 Mikron) und die Schuppenstruktur sehr eng ist. Baby Alpaka Wolle ist eine Qualitätsbezeichnung und heisst nicht, dass die Wolle von einem jungen (Baby)-Alpaca stammt.
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Binding of various amino acids or dipeptides derivatives of Schiff base copper(II) complexes to lysozyme 1,*
1
Takashiro AKITSU
Tokyo University of Science,
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,
1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
We prepared single crystals of lysozyme binding Schiff base copper(II) complexes having various amino acids or dipeptides. Unfortunately, most of batch indicated dissociation of copper(II) ions. Only the crystallographic experiments using Ala and Gly-gly derivatives, the binding sites of metal complexes could be confirmed, though they differ from the expected features by spectroscopic experiments and computational results.
1 Introduction
It is known that the amino acid Schiff base copper complex not only exhibits SOD activity by itself, but also improves its activity when combined with egg white lysozyme [1,2]. Since the amino acid moiety of the ligand is expected to be involved in the reaction mechanism considered from computational chemistry, we aimed to try various amino acid derivatives and related ligands from both a computational and experimental standpoint.
[3] R. Miyazaki, T. Akitsu et al., Adv. Chem. Res.., 78, 53 (2023).
2 Experiment
Using various amino acids or dipeptides, experiments were carried out according to the literature [1,2]. For example, salicylaldehyde and some L-amino acids were dissolved in methanol and stirred at 313 K for 1.5 hr to give a red solution. Copper(II) acetate-hydrate was added and stirred for 1 hr, and it was added and stirred for another hour to give a dark green solution. The reaction solution was allowed to stand at 298 K for 4 days to obtain green needle crystals. Commercially available lysozyme (WakoFujifirm) was used. After adjusting phosphate buffer solutions of copper(II) complexes and Lysozyme, we confirmed conventional spectra and grown the binding single crystals [2]. Data collection of X-ray diffraction was carried out at KEK-PF BL-5A as automatic measurement.
3 Results and Discussion
Docking calculations of lysozyme and copper(II) ions were performed using computational chemistry simulations with several softwares [3]. For example, it was revealed that Ala and His residues' scores were relatively high for binding site of copper(II) atom. The results were compared with experimental results of X-ray crystallography. Depending on the synthesis conditions, copper(II) ions dissociated and bonded in most cases, but a binding complex was barely observed for Ala (Fig. 1) and Gly-gly (Fig. 2) derivatives. However, it differs from spectroscopic experimental results [2], there are issues with reproducibility still at present.
References
[2] D. Nakane, T. Akitsu et al., Frontiers in Chem., 11, 1330833 (2024).
[1] T. Furuya, T. Akitsu et al., Sci. Rep., 13, 6892 (2023).
Fig. 2: Binding site of lysozyme and Gly-gly-complex.
Research Achievements
2. According to X-ray crystallographic experiments of Ala- and Gly-gly- derivatives, the binding sites of metal complexes differs from the expected features by spectroscopic experiments and computation.
1. We obtained single crystals of lysozyme binding Schiff base copper(II) complexes having various amino acids or dipeptides.
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By Simply Red (Grupo musical)
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Big Hollow School District #38 Ingleside, IL 60041
Board of Education Regular Minutes
Monday, August 14, 2017-6:00 p.m.-Big Hollow Middle School Library
1. Call to Order:
The regular meeting of the Board of Education was called to order at 6:00 p.m. on Monday, August 14, 2017 at the Big Hollow Middle School Library.
Roll Call:
The following members were absent: Cernuska
The following administration were present: Gold, Pittman, Janusz, Whipple, Meek, Coats, Munoz
The following members were in attendance: Enters, Kueter, Lyons, Mazur, Pedersen, Plescia
2. Pledge of Allegiance:
The Pledge of Allegiance was recited.
3. Motion to move to Closed Session:
A motion was made by Mazur and seconded by Enters to move to closed session. Motion carried.
Aye: Mazur, Enters, Kueter, Lyons, Pedersen, Plescia
Nay: None
4. Resume to Open Session:
Open Session began at 7:00 p.m.
5. Added Items/Approval of the Agenda:
A motion was made by Pedersen and seconded by Kueter to approve the agenda. Motion carried.
Aye: Pedersen, Kueter, Enters, Lyons, Mazur, Plescia
Nay: None
6. Approve Consent Agenda Items:
A motion was made by Kueter and seconded by Enters to approve the consent agenda items. Motion carried.
Aye: Kueter, Enters, Lyons, Mazur, Pedersen, Plescia
Nay: None
7. Public Comments:
There were no public comments.
8. Superintendent's Report:
a. Monthly Board Policy Review
Sections 6:240-6:270 were reviewed.
b. Board Policy Update
IASB PRESS Plus policy revision recommendation 2 nd reading was presented from the March 2017 issue.
A motion was made by Pedersen and seconded by Enters to approve the IASB PRESS Plus policy second reading revision. Motion carried.
Aye: Pedersen, Enters, Kueter, Lyons, Mazur, Plescia
Nay: None
c. Approve the Citizen's Advisory Council Members for 2017-2018
A list of parents, students, and community members who have volunteered for the CAC for this upcoming school year was presented along with the meeting calendar for the 2017-2018 school year.
A motion was made by Mazur and seconded by Kueter to approve the CAC member list. Motion carried.
Aye: Mazur, Kueter, Lyons, Pedersen, Plescia, Enters
Nay: None
d. Information on PTO Back-to-School Blast
Information on the back-to-school celebration being planned by our PTO was presented.
e. Information on partnership with Volo SportsPlex
Information regarding a new program that the Volo SportsPlex is offering to Big Hollow families during our early release days was presented. Big Hollow will provide transportation for students from our campus to the SportsPlex for this new program.
f. Follow-up discussion from Solar Energy project proposal as presented by Big Hollow 4 th grade students during the April Board meeting
Mr. Gold researched projects but found that it would take about 20 years to recoup the cost.
g. Route 12 Property Sale Update
Michael Lescher discussed an update on the sale of the property that BHSD 38 owns on Route 12. Letter of intent from Dunkin Donuts has been received. They are working on other fast food restaurants and possibly a gas station. They have until October, 2017 to find franchises to fill the spots in the first phase.
h. Update on State school funding situation
Mr. Gold gave an update on the current school funding issues that are taking place in Springfield. At this time, there is no general state aid money coming to the schools.
i. Discussion on future Board meeting times flowing from closed session to open session
Mazur commented that other school Boards start their open session directly after closed session. Kueter commented that the same thing happens where she works. People would have to come at 6:00 and wait for the closed session to be over. Lyons would not like to see people having to wait, particularly the students who come for the academic spotlight. Enters felt it might be hard on the parents as well. Kueter asked about doing it only during the summer when the academic spotlight is not presented. Mr. Gold commented that we could change the order of the agenda if needed. It was decided we could try next summer to have the open session start directly after the closed session for the summer only.
j. Student registration update
Mr. Gold presented an update on student registration. Glitches in the software caused a delay in the registration process. We plan to switch to Skyward next year.
9. Approve Tentative Budget for SY 17-18 on First Reading:
In preparation of the budget, over 80 revenue codes and nearly 700 expense codes were reviewed. The State requires that a balanced budget be submitted or the District must complete a deficit reduction plan to balance the District's budget within three years. School Board Accounting Procedures and Definition of Terms was presented along with the 2017-2018 Tentative School Budget. A balanced budget was presented. A Finance Committee meeting will be scheduled before the September Board meeting.
The hearing on the annual budget will be held during our Monday, September 11, 2017 Board of Education meeting in the Big Hollow Middle School Library. The budget has been on display since Thursday, August 10, 2017 in order to meet the 30-day requirement. The legal notice appeared on the August 4, 2017 edition of the Daily Herald.
A motion was made by Pedersen and seconded by Enters to approve the Tentative Budget for School Year 2017-2018 on the first reading. Motion carried.
Aye: Pedersen, Enters, Mazur, Plescia, Kueter, Lyons
Nay: None
10. Other Action Items:
A motion was made by Mazur and seconded by Kueter to approve the July employment report. Motion carried.
a. Approve the July Employment Report
Aye: Mazur, Kueter, Pedersen, Plescia, Enters, Lyons
Nay: None
b. Approve the Parent/Student Handbook for 2017-2018
The Student/Parent Handbook for SY17-18 has been updated for all schools. The handbook will be available on the District website. Parents can also request a printed copy of the handbook. The handbook reflects all the revisions to Board Policy that have been previously approved.
A motion was made by Kueter and seconded by Enters to approve the Parent/Student Handbook for 2017-2018. Motion carried.
Aye: Kueter, Enters, Plescia, Lyons, Mazur, Pedersen
Nay: None
11. Resignations Accepted:
The following resignations were accepted during the months of July/August:
* Jennifer Beuckman as 2nd Grade Teacher effective 7/18/2017
*
Sylvia Geissinger as Elementary Paraprofessional effective 7/18/2017
* Megan March as Primary Speech Language Pathologist effective 7/25/2017
* Kim Rauhut as Middle School Paraprofessional effective 8/1/2017
* Julia Werderitch as Primary School Social Worker effective 8/4/2017
* Angela Furlong as Primary School Paraprofessional effective 8/9/2017
12. Informational Items:
a. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request
A request for purchasing records was received on July 10, 2017.
b. Administrator Meeting Agendas
The agenda for the administrator retreat held on July 11, 2017 was presented.
c. The next regularly scheduled Board meeting will take place on Monday, September 11, 2017 with closed session beginning at 6:00 p.m.
13. Motion to move to closed session:
Closed session not needed.
14. Return to Open Session:
Not needed.
15. Take any necessary action following closed session regarding minutes, employment of personnel, resignations, terminations or leaves of absence:
16. Adjournment:
A motion was made by Mazur and seconded by Kueter to adjourn the meeting. Motion carried.
Aye: Mazur, Kueter, Enters, Lyons, Pedersen, Plescia
Nay: None
___________________________________ ____________________________________
Board of Education President Board of Education Secretary Big Hollow School District #38 Big Hollow School District #38 | <urn:uuid:f1f8fc4d-1953-4f05-86d2-35f05547137c> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 7,912 |
Bien-être
Masse-moi n'importe où
Plus besoin d'aller chez le kiné ou dans un institut de beauté. Désormais, on se fait masser dans les bars, les restos ou le métro.
Dix-huit heures au Tamla Café. Un jeune maître et son vieux chien, sourd au comptoir: Une marmite et ses deux fillettes attachées. Quelques jeunes habitués devant bières et cocktails. Une cliente s'éclipse par un couloir au fond de la salle. Et revient un quart d'heure plus tard, sourire béat aux lèvres. Puis une autre. Enfin, dans le long corridor, les décibels de l'électricité s'éteignent, les effluves d'huile essentielle de lavandin remplacent les relents de cigarette. Lumière douce et rosée, tapis de paille au sol, canapés recouverts de draps orangés, bougies; le salon de massage de Bertrand et Anouk. Une jeune femme s'assoit dans un canapin d'un sofa. Puteilles embuées et rivées au plafond, bras ballants. Les symptômes ne trompent pas, elle vient de se faire masser. Une autre, assise sur un tabouret, est entre les mains de Bertrand. Depuis quatre mois, il pétrit, presse et caresse le corps des femmes, hommes qui échouent ici après leur travail ou des noctambules qui préparent leur nuit à venir. «Je peux vous dresser une cartographie des masseurs, des trapèzes aux cervicales», assure Bertrand Lisbonis. Un bras en l'air, puis derrière le dos, l'échine courbée, puis penchée en arrière.
«Tenter l'expérience». «Nous voulons démocratiser le massage», explique-t-il encore. Au départ, nos clients étaient avant-gardistes et assez peu nombreux, mais, progressivement, arrive un public qui ne s'est jamais fait masser. Des femmes, surtout, la trentaine, qui arrivent, à force de persuasion, à décider leur copain à tenter l'expérience... «Imperméable rouge vif sur le dos, sac et paquets plein les bras, Marine, 28 ans, travaille dans l'audiovisuel: «Alors qu'il faut prendre rendez-vous pour le moindre coiffer, j'apprécie l'idée de pouvoir déléguer le soin qu'on s'occupe de nous même tous les jours. Je redécouvre mes sens, mon corps revit.»
Le massage sort des cabinets de kiné et des instituts de beauté pour débarquer entre deux tables dans un restaurant, à côté de la machine à café du bar-restaurant (lire «Les desserts derrière les tourneurs»). Au métro. En janvier, lors de l'opération de la RATP «Faites le plein de sérénité», 1500 personnes se font malaxer en cinq jours dans quatre stations franciliennes.
L'intérêt de ces expériences naît du paradox de se faire toucher en public, de l'ambiguïté de cette relation à deux, de cette intimité qui tombe tout de suite à plat», juge Bertrand Lisbonis. Le «massage minute», se recopit aussi, souvent sur une chaise de bureau (sorte de pré-déjeuner invitant et confortable), et même, du coup, d'être un obstacle, la couche de vêtements levée toutes les barrières de la pudicité», explique Bertrand. On quitte alors le papier-rouler musculaire des kinés pour des méthodes souvent inspirées du shiatsu japonais (lire ci-contre). Hier stand obligé des raves trans, le massage est désormais proposé par les Galeries Lafayette, à l'aéroport de Nice et sur certains voisins courriers...
Déssexualisé. «Alors qu'au Japon il est compagnait des mariages, alors qu'en Afrique noire on trouve les massages comme partie intégrante de la tradition familiale, en Occident le masseur était souvent aveugle et le massé, caché sous des draps...», regrette Françoise Bizourd, présidente de l'Association des masseurs-kinésithérapeutes salariés. En Californie et en Suède, les masseurs portent leur chapeau dans la rue ou dans les supermarchés, mais, en France, «on est encore très en retard dans le toucher, comme effrayés de découvrir nos propres sensations», juge Thierry Blain, responsable de l'Ecole du dos de Paris. La notion d'être détendu fait défaut.
Progressivement pourtant, le rapport au corps est décapabilisé, déssexualisé, au profit d'une vision plus hédoniste et individuelle. «Les corps se sont libérés de ce qu'ils devaient憧憬er», explique Clémence Tourelle, cofondatrice de Superzen, entreprise créée voilà un an, qui met en contact entreprises et masseurs. L'entreprise s'attache à valoriser pas pour cher (Superzen fait payer 1900 € soit 228,67 euros, les douze massages de 15 minutes) et fait mine de veiller à leur forme et moral comme elle le ferait pour des lutteurs gréco-romains. «D'ailleurs, on ne dit plus diriger mais coacher», note Clémence Tourelle.
«Le massage ne doit pas masquer le plus important: l'amélioration des conditions de travail, note-t-on au cabinet d'études ergonomiques Technologia, agréé par le ministère de l'Emploi. Il est souvent une réponse inadaptée à l'intensification des tâches.»
L'entrepreneure appuie sur la détente
Rires gras. «Ah oui, on va masser la petite secrétaire!» Le massage en entreprise, ça ne va pas toujours de soi. À l'origine, seules les start-ups l'indulgent dans leur pacte stable de ping-pong-Babychou. Gagnez-en moins (Air France, Hertz, Télécoms), cabinets d'avocats et même PME, plus rares, lèvent doucement leurs inhibitions face au malaxage entre deux business plans à boucler. Même si le massage est plus courant pour les cadres stressés que pour les OS.
Les agences de communication en font des animaux dans leurs soirées, certaines boîtes offrent des «bons pour un massage» à leurs meilleurs clients. La prise de l'emploi a suscité un mouvement important. Les entreprises qui elles deviennent des lieux de détente», explique Clémence Tourelle, cofondatrice de Superzen. Cette créée voilà un an, qui met en contact entreprises et masseurs. L'entreprise s'attache à valoriser pas pour cher (Superzen fait payer 1900 € soit 228,67 euros, les douze massages de 15 minutes) et fait mine de veiller à leur forme et moral comme elle le ferait pour des lutteurs gréco-romains. «D'ailleurs, on ne dit plus diriger mais coacher», note Clémence Tourelle.
«Le massage ne doit pas masquer le plus important: l'amélioration des conditions de travail, note-t-on au cabinet d'études ergonomiques Technologia, agréé par le ministère de l'Emploi. Il est souvent une réponse inadaptée à l'intensification des tâches.»
En Occident, le masseur était souvent aveugle et le massé, couché sous des draps...», Françoise Bizourd, présidente de l'Association des masseurs-kinésithérapeutes salariés
Et le Ritz compte bien ouvrir ses larges portes aux méthodes indiennes. Le massage a ce petit goût d'exotisme déjà à la mode depuis quelques années. Les bars. Les instituts de thalassothérapie comme les bars n'en finissent plus d'inventer de nouvelles techniques: le shiatsu se fait vieux, manger bio. Sans compter le plaisir, dans les bars ou les start-up, de rompre avec les traditionnelles règles de bienveillance, de décloisonner les sphères publiques et privées et de prétendant sans complexes le contact physique.
Au Ritz Health Club à Paris, hommes d'affaires et femmes mises en plus crapahutent en tong et peignoir de la salle Corfou à la salle Thèbes, d'une Vénus en stuc à une colonnade de plâtre, entre soins de coiffure et massages de pieds. 600 € les 50 minutes, soit 91,47 euros) et un massage suédois (250 € les 25 minutes, soit 38,11 euros). Dans chaque pièce, des tons ocre et rosis, une musique d'ambiance zen et une masseuse qui parle à mi-voix. Depuis cinq ans, une salle de pilates à la juge Ambroise, posé au sol et lumière tamisée. | <urn:uuid:cfd7d63c-56ae-4ec3-81c6-4071dd109dac> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 7,345 |
Automatická závlaha – Váš volný čas
GARDENA řízení zavlažování
GARDENA
Zahrada pro radost
Lehký dešťik brzy ráno?
Krátká, osvěžující sprška pozdě večer?
Nebo radši automatické zavlažování během dovolené?
Nic z toho není problém:
Pomocí GARDENA řízení zavlažování spusťte dešť, kdy a na jak dlouho chcete.
Tak pohodlně to ještě nikdy nebylo: ať úplně jednoduché nebo složitější, přímo na vodovodním kohoutku nebo velký zavlažovací systém s více zavlažovacími větvemi – jednou se nainstaluje a naprogramuje a zavlažování je vyřízeno.
Všechna GARDENA řízení zavlažování jsou spolehlivá a odolná vůči dešti. Vydrží tlak do 12 barů.
Chcete-li, můžete si pořídit pomocníka: GARDENA čidlo půdní vlhkosti a GARDENA dešťový senzor vám pomohou šetřit vodu.
Zavlažovací počítač na vodovodní kohoutek
Modulární vícekanálové řízení pro rozsáhlejší zavlažovací systémy
Čidlo půdní vlhkosti
Dešťový senzor electronic
Řízení zavlažování
Přesné podle Vašich potřeb
CLASSIC
Pro začátečníky
Se standardními možnostmi programování
COMFORT
Pro náročné
Variabilní programování zavlažování
PREMIUM
Pro specialisty
Individuální řízení zavlažování
Zavlažovací hodiny a počítače na vodovodní kohoutek
Nenechte se rušit!
Zavlažování konví je minulostí
Zavlažovací hodiny
S GARDENA zavlažovacími hodinami budete flexibilní. Máte možnost naprogramovat si začátek, délku a frekvenci zavlažování. Připojením čidla půdní vlhkosti nebo dešťového senzoru můžete ještě ušetřit vodu. Velký LCD-display vás spolehlivě provede programem. Obslužnou část můžete odejmout a zavlažovací počítač pohodlně naprogramovat nezávisle na vodovodním kohoutku. Díky provozu na baterii jsou GARDENA zavlažovací počítače nezávislé na elektrické síti.
Zavlažovací hodiny T 1030 card
Je to tak dětský jednoduché!
Nastavte údaje o zavlažování na kartě, vložte ji do přístroje, nastartujte čtecí program, vyjměte kartu a hotovo. Nemusíte se obávat neúmyslného přestavení programů.
| Zavlažovací hodiny / počítače | T 1030 card | C 1030 plus |
|-------------------------------|-------------|-------------|
| Č.v. | 1830 | 1862 |
| Auto on/off | ano | ano |
| Délka zavlažování | 1 - 180 min | 1 min - 7 h 59 min |
| Frekvence zavlažování | každých 8/12/24 h každý 2./3./7. den | každých 8/12/24 h každý 2./3./7. den, individuální volba zavlažovacích dní |
| Začátek zavlažování | v hodinových intervalech | libovolný |
| Přípojka pro senzor | ano | ano |
| Jiné | funguje při tlaku 0 bar; pro využití dešťové vody s nulovým tlakem | ukazatel stavu nabití baterie; možnost čistého provozu přes čidlo půdní vlhkosti: zavlažuje se, když je nízká vlhkost půdy |
NOVÉ!
Automatický rozdělovač vody
Pomocí něj řídíte – v kombinaci s modely Premium – plně automaticky až 6 zavlažovacích větvi. Připojte GARDENA automatický rozdělovač vody na váš GARDENA zavlažovací počítač. Jednotlivé zavlažovací větve budou počítačem aktivovány jedna po druhé. Ideální v případě rozdílné potřeby vody u jednotlivých rostlin nebo nízkého tlaku vody při současném zavlažování.
Zvláštnosti řady Premium:
1. Objasňující programovacích kroků
Podpůrné texty s možností volby jazyku
2. Flexibilní zavlažování
6 nezávislých programů
3. Přehledné a krok za krokem
LCD-display s vedením uživatele
4. Snadná obsluha
Velké, šikovné obslužné prvky
5. Snadné programování
Odnimatelná obslužná část
6. Bezpečný, spolehlivý provoz
Ukazatel stavu nabití baterie
7. Úsporné zavlažování
Přípojka pro GARDENA čidlo půdní vlhkosti nebo dešťový senzor
8. Nezávislé a pokrokové
Solární technika
Jak si přejete!
Individuální zavlažování je pouze otázkou naprogramování
| Zavlažovací počítače | C 1060 plus | C 1060 solar plus |
|----------------------|-------------|-------------------|
| Č.v. | 1864 | 1866 |
| Auto on/off | ano | ano |
| Délka zavlažování | 1 min - 9 h 59 min | 1 min - 9 h 59 min |
| Frekvence zavlažování | každý den/každý 2./3./4./5./6./7., den individuální volba zavlažovacích dní | každý den/každý 2./3./4./5./6./7., den individuální volba zavlažovacích dní |
| Začátek zavlažování | libovolně volitelný | libovolně volitelný |
| Přípojka pro senzor | ano | ano |
| Jiné | jako u č.v. 1862, navíc: délku zavlažování u všech 6 programů je možné centrálně měnit podle počasí | jako u č.v. 1864, navíc: se solární technikou |
Vícekanálové řízení pro zavlažování větších ploch
Vneste systém do vašeho zavlažování!
1. možnost: bez kabelu – nezávisle na elektrické síti
Plánujete-li pevně instalovaný zavlažovací systém, např. GARDENA Sprinkler-systém se zabudovanými výsuvnými zadešťovači pro plošné zavlažování travnatých ploch, měli byste si vybudovat GARDENA vícekanálové řízení.
Obzvláště vhodné, když není tlak vody dostatečný na to, aby se zavlažovala celá plocha najednou a musí se zavlažovat po etapách. Ale také v případě různých požadavků rostlin na zavlažování.
GARDENA zavlažovací ventil – přímé programování
Zavlažujte pomocí každého GARDENA zavlažovacího ventilu až 6-krát denně. Vložte jednoduše údaje do programovací jednotky (1) a přeneste zmáčknutím knoflíku na řídící jednotku (2). Nyní nasáďte řídící jednotku na zavlažovací ventil (3). To by bylo.
Provoz na baterie činí GARDENA zavlažovací ventily nezávislými na elektrické síti.
Takto je možné řídit libovolně mnoho zavlažovacích větví plně automaticky a bez kabelu.
| Č.v. 1242 | Č.v. 1250 | Č.v. 1251 | Č.v. 1254 | Č.v. 1255 |
|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
| **Programovací jednotka:**
délka zavlažování: 1 min – 9 h 59 min, frekvence zavlažování: až 6-krát denně na zavlažovací ventil | **Řídící jednotka:**
skutečný mozek zavlažovacího systému. Možnost připojení čidla půdní vlhkosti nebo dešťového senzoru | **Zavlažovací ventil 9 V:**
otvírá a zavírá zavlažovací větve podle příkazu řídící jednotky. Energeticky úsporná technika elektromagnetických ventilů | **Box na ventily V1 a V3:**
pro podzemní instalaci jednoho až tří zavlažovacích ventilů, teleskopické šroubení pro snadnou montáž/demontáž ventilů, u boxu na ventily V3 přívod vody libovolný ze 3 stran |
Modulární vícekanálové řízení
Zavlažujte inteligentně!
2. možnost: centrální řízení – všechno v dosahu
Řízení zavlažování 4040 modular
Modulární řízení umožňuje řídit a kontrolovat celé zavlažování z jednoho místa. Všechny GARDENA zavlažovací ventily (1) jsou kabelem propojeny s centrálním GARDENA řízením zavlažování 4040 modular (2). Na centrálu je možné připojit až 4 zavlažovací ventily.
Pomocí GARDENA rozšiřovacího modulu 2040 lze instalovat ještě 8 dodatečných zavlažovacích větví. Tyto se připojí na hlavní přístroj. Celková maximální kapacita tohoto zařízení je 12 zavlažovacích větví.
| Č.v. 1276 | Č.v. 1277 | Č.v. 1278 | Č.v. 1280 | Č.v. 1282 | Č.v. 1273 |
|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
| Řízení zavlažování 4040 modular: maximálně 4 zavlažovací ventily 24 V. Možnost rozšíření až na 12 ventilů. Možné 4 programy na ventil | Rozšiřovací modul 2040: dodatečné připojení dvou zavlažovacích ventilů 24 V | Zavlažovací ventil 24 V: připojení na řízení zavlažování 4040 modular pomocí kabelu | Spojovací kabel 24 V: k připojení až 6 zavlažovacích ventilů na řízení zavlažování 4040 modular, jakož i rozšiřovacího modulu 2040 | Kabelová svorka 24 V: k vodotěsnému připojení spojovacího kabelu na zavlažovací ventily při použití boxu na ventil V1 | Řízení čerpadel 24 V: k provozu čerpadla v kombinaci s řízením zavlažování 4040 modular. Kompletně s 10 m kabelu (viz ilustrace vpravo dole). |
Zavlažovací hodiny na vodovodní kohoutek
Nastupovat!
Od téď myslí váš vodovodní kohoutek za vás
**NOVÉ!**
1. **Informace kdykoliv**
- O stavu baterie a varovné signálky
2. **Snadná obsluha**
- Velké otočné knoflíky s prvky z měkkého plastu
3. **Pohodlné**
- Odnímatelná obslužná část pro programování nezávisle na vodovodním kohoutku
4. **Pomáhá šetřit vodu**
- Připojka pro GARDENA čidlo půdní vlhkosti nebo dešťový senzor
5. **Jde to také bez automatiky**
- Možnost manuálního provozu
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**Zavlažovací hodiny**
GARDENA zavlažovací hodiny převezmou zavlažování za vás. Díky snadné obsluze přes otočný knoflík a čtecí kartě s dětskou pojistkou zadáte, kdy a jak dlouho chcete zavlažovat. Na stupnici na otočném knoflíku nebo na kartě můžete kdykoliv zjistit, jaké hodnoty jsou nastaveny. Díky provozu na baterii jsou GARDENA zavlažovací hodiny nezávislé na elektrické síti.
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**CLASSIC**
| Zavlažovací hodiny | T 1030 | A 1020 sensor | T 1030 plus | T 1030 Duo plus |
|--------------------|--------|---------------|-------------|-----------------|
| Č.v. | 1169 | 1825 | 1835 | 1860 | 1870 |
| Auto on/off | auto off | ano | ano | ano | ano |
| Délka zavlažování | 5-120 min | 1-180 min | 1-120 min | 1-120 min | 1-120 min |
| Frekvence zavlažování | – | každých 8/12/24 h každý 2./3./7. den | každých 12/24/48 h každý 2./3./7.den | každých 8/12/24 h každý 2./3./7.den | každých 8/12/24 h každý 2./3./7.den |
| Začátek zavlažování | při činnosti | volitelný v hodinových intervalech | při programování | při programování | při programování |
| Připojka pro senzor | – | – | vč. čidla půdní vlhkosti | ano | ano |
| Jiné | – | – | možnost provozu pouze přes čidlo půdní vlhkosti: zavlažuje se, když je nízká vlhkost půdy | – | kompletní sada k provozu dvou nezávislých přístrojů |
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**NOVÉ!**
**NOVÉ!**
GARDENA příslušenství k řízení zavlažování:
Důvěřujte spolehlivým pomocníkům!
Tady jsou dva, kteří vám pomohou šetřit vodu
Čidlo půdní vlhkosti
Dešťový senzor electronic
Zavlažování je důležité, jenom když je potřebné. Přílišným zavlažováním plytváte drahocennou vodou. Jakmile GARDENA čidlo půdní vlhkosti nebo dešťový senzor zjistí dostatečnou vlhkost, zastaví automatické zavlažování. Pomáhá to šetřit vodu, když na to nemyslíte nebo jste na cestách.
GARDENA řízení zavlažování vám umožňuje zavlažovat také přesně podle potřeb jednotlivých rostlin použitím GARDENA čidla půdní vlhkosti.
| Č.v. | 1188 | 1189 |
|------|------|------|
| Příslušenství | čidlo půdní vlhkosti | dešťový senzor electronic |
| Jiné | vhodné ke GARDENA řídící jednotce, k řízení zavlažování 4040 modular, k zavlažovacím hodinám T 1030 plus a T 1030 card, také k zavlažovacím počítačům | vhodný ke GARDENA řídící jednotce, k řízení zavlažování 4040 modular, k zavlažovacím hodinám T 1030 plus a T 1030 card, také k zavlažovacím počítačům |
Zajímají Vás další výrobky GARDENA nebo máte nějaké dotazy, můžete se kdykoliv obrátit na zákaznický servis firmy GARDENA.
GARDENA spol. s r.o.
Tuřanka 115
627 00 Brno
Tel.: +420 548 217 777
Fax: +420 548 217 590
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
www.gardena.com
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EMBARGOED UNTIL OCT. 22, 11 AM
MEDIA CONTACT INFORMATION:
Ryan Poulos,Real Estate Council of Austin, (512) 320-4151
Caroline Lomax,Hahn Public Communications for RECA, (512) 921-8762
Real Estate Council of Austin Urges Significant Rewrite of Austin Land Development Code
AUSTIN, Texas – The Real Estate Council of Austin (RECA), along with several leading community organizations, held a press conference Wednesday morning to urge Austin City Council members to back a comprehensive and enduring transformation of Austin's land development code and process.
"Austin is rapidly growing, and the challenges and problems to the city's infrastructure, cost of living, tax base and quality of life are becoming increasingly more severe," said RECA President Ward Tisdale. "We need a code with flexibility and predictability and a system that fosters innovation and scale to meet the demand in Austin's residential and commercial real estate markets today."
Other organizations joining RECA included the Austin Apartment Association (AAA), Austin Board of Realtors (ABOR), Austinites for Urban Rail Action (AURA), Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU), Downtown Austin Alliance (DAA), Greater Austin Chamber of Commerce and Housing Works Austin.
Along with these and many other community stakeholders, RECA has been participating over the last year with the City of Austin's CodeNEXT effort, which has diagnosed many problematic issues with Austin's land development code and laid out three recommended approaches for revising the code. The City Council is slated on Thursday (Oct. 23) to choose among those three approaches. Option 1 calls for a "brisk sweep" of the code while Option 3, known as the "complete makeover," would provide the city the greatest opportunity for serious code reform.
"We strongly urge the council to adopt option 3 because it enables the city to do all the necessary work to fix a broken system," Tisdale said. "Our environment today is evolving too quickly to view bringing the current code up to date as a suitable alternative."
Please contact RECA's Director of Communications Ryan Poulos at 512-320-4151 if you have any questions or need any additional information.
###
About RECA:
The Real Estate Council of Austin addresses issues affecting the commercial real estate community in Central Texas. With more than 1,650 members, the non-profit, advocacy organization represents a broad spectrum of the Central Texas economy, ranging from landowners and developers to the various service professions that facilitate the industry. Commercial real estate development brings new jobs to Central Texas while protecting existing jobs and increasing tax revenue, which is used to fund our public schools, city services, infrastructure and parks.
About CodeNEXT:
CodeNEXT is the new City of Austin initiative to revise the Land Development Code, which determines how land can be used throughout the city – including what can be built, where it can be built, and how much can (and cannot) be built. The process continues to be collaboration between Austin's residents, business community, and civic institutions to align our land use standards and regulations with what is important to the community. The initiative to revise the Land Development Code is a priority program out of Imagine Austin, our plan for the future adopted by City Council in 2012.
Quotes from Other Participating Organizations
"Austin zoning districts apply the same development regulations to vastly different kinds of places, and we've created too many ways for both developers and neighborhoods to pick and choose which regulations are going to apply to them. We want to urge that the City Council and the rest of the City organization to have the courage to do what we know needs to be done, even though it may not be the easiest path forward."
- Emily Chenevert, Director of Public and Government Affairs, Austin Board of Realtors (ABOR)
"It's impossible to exaggerate how big an obstacle the current land development code and process pose to providing abundant, attainable housing. We need a code that allows for an Austin that welcomes everyone, with plenty of options for walkability and livability in the central city where more people want to live. The current code seeks to impose standards developed for suburban neighborhoods in the 1960s and 1970s onto the urban neighborhoods where Austin should be prioritizing better land use and an antidote to sprawl."
- Brennan Griffin, Board Member, Austinites for Urban Rail Action (AURA)
"The principles of New Urbanism, and the CNU charter, call for the right policies to govern land use at every level and scale, from the mega-region down to the individual building. Our goal in supporting CodeNEXT is not to replace the current one-size fits all suburban model with a onesize fits all urban development code. Instead, we seek a flexible, easy-to-understand, and easyto-implement code that helps meet the goals and objectives established and adopted in the city's comprehensive plan. By doing so, we will direct growth, connect communities, create and maintain character, conserve resources and re-capture affordability."
- Pamela Power, Chair of the Communication & Outreach Committee, Congress for the New Urbanism, Central Texas Chapter (CNU)
"It's important that we move forward in the process now. Kicking this issue down the road is unacceptable."
- Jeremy Martin, Senior Vice President, Government Relations and Regional Infrastructure, Greater Austin Chamber of Commerce
"The Austin land development code and process are broken, and it makes a difference when it comes to making sure we have housing in Austin that people can afford. Many of the problems the city has right now with implementation are due to the complexity of the code itself. It would be almost impossible to apply it consistently, correctly and efficiently even if everyone wanted to."
- Terry Mitchell, Board of Directors, HousingWorks Austin | <urn:uuid:23ae8a57-5deb-4474-9065-d3628ada4467> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 5,992 |
Amendment of the personnel agenda may be required due to withdrawals by employees, resignations, or other changed circumstances.
REVISION 1
PROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL
| NAME | EFFECTIVE | LOCATION | POSITION |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alicia Colombo | 08/30/2019 | Elk Elem. Center | Third Grade |
| Amber J. Jones | 09/20/2019 | Office of Exceptional Students | Applied Behavior Analysis Specialist |
| Mary M. Kessinger | 09/04/2019 | Alternative Schools | Math |
| NAME | BEGINNING | ENDING |
|---|---|---|
| Larry E. Cavender | 08/27/2019 | 10/31/2019 |
| Christina M. Cogar | 08/06/2019 | 02/01/2020 |
| Signora E. Heyliger | 08/06/2019 | 10/04/2019 |
| Ashley R. Jordan | 08/12/2019 | 09/23/2019 |
| Lydia E. Luikart | 09/12/2019 | 10/24/2019 |
| Laura A. Stewart | 08/06/2019 | 09/09/2019 |
| Ilavenil Vajoumouny | 08/30/2019 | 09/30/2019 |
| Allison R. Wilson | 08/07/2019 | 02/01/2020 |
| EMPLOYMENT | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NAME | EFFECTIVE | LOCATION | POSITION | CERTIFICATION |
| William E. Herrald, II | 09/03/2019 | Grandview Elem. | TIRE-Fourth Grade | Teacher in Residence |
| Blane M. Lewis | 09/03/2019 | Edgewood Elem. | Fourth-Fifth Grade | Teacher in Residence |
| Daniel R. Lind | 08/21/2019 | East Bank MS | Social Studies | Provisional Professional Teacher |
| Madison H. Null | 08/26/2019 | Andrews Heights Elem. | TIRE-First Grade | Provisional Professional Teacher |
| John R. Pennington | 09/09/2019 | Pratt Elem. | Counselor | Professional Student Support |
| Shirley A. Skaggs* | 09/04/2019 | Itinerant Special Education | Itinerant Gifted | Professional Teacher |
| Hannah J. Smith | 08/20/2019 | Ruthlawn Elem. | Fifth Grade | Teacher in Residence |
| Christopher E. Thayer | 08/26/2019 | Pt. Harmony Elem. | TIRE-Kindergarten | Provisional Professional Teacher |
Amendment of the personnel agenda may be required due to withdrawals by employees, resignations, or other changed circumstances.
REVISION 1
| TRANSFERS | | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| NAME | EFFECTIVE | FROM | TO |
| Hannah L. Cooper | 09/16/2019 | East Bank MS/Family Support Worker | Title 1/Neglected and Delinquent Trauma Specialist |
| Betty J. Smith | TBD | Central Elem./Multi-Categorical Resource | Pt. Harmony Elem./Counselor |
| NAME | NAME |
|---|---|
| Ashley L. Braley**** | Courtney N. Dexter**** |
| Jana L. Tolliver* | |
| SCHOOL | ASSIGNMENT |
|---|---|
| Andrew Jackson MS | Assistant Girls Basketball 2019-2020 |
| East Bank MS | Head Volleyball 2019-2020 |
| Hayes MS | Head Cheerleading 2019-2020 |
| Herbert Hoover HS | Head Boys Basketball 2019-2020 |
| Horace Mann MS | Assistant Cross Country 2019-2020 |
| Nitro HS | Head Girls Basketball 2019-2020 |
| St. Albans HS | 9th Grade Football 2019-2020 |
| Sissonville MS | Assistant Football 2019-2020 |
| South Charleston HS | Assistant Boys Basketball 2019-2020 |
| South Charleston HS | Assistant Girls Soccer 2019-2020 |
Amendment of the personnel agenda may be required due to withdrawals by employees, resignations, or other changed circumstances.
REVISION 1
SERVICE PERSONNEL
| NAME | EFFECTIVE | LOCATION | POSITION |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pamela J. Bess | 01/31/2020 | Supply Management | Warehouse Clerk |
| Mia A. Burton | 08/23/2019 | Piedmont Elem. | Cook |
| William M. Koenig | 09/14/2019 | Maintenance | Carpenter |
| Joseph R. Lesher, II | 09/06/2019 | Horace Mann MS | Custodian |
| Tina Y. Mason | 09/20/2019 | Edgewood Elem. | Cook III |
| James Mize | 08/31/2019 | Maintenance | Maintenance/Supervisor of Maintenance Carpenters and Painters |
| Kimberly A. Pettry | 08/28/2019 | Anne Bailey Elem. | Cook |
| William P. Roop | 08/28/2019 | Capital HS | TIRE- Itinerant Autism Mentor |
| Sally D. Stewart | 08/05/2019 | Administrative Transfer | Itinerant Support Aide |
| Amanda R. Townsend | 08/27/2019 | Andrew Jackson MS | Cook |
| NAME | BEGINNING | ENDING |
|---|---|---|
| Kelli R. Bolen | 08/06/2019 | 01/02/2020 |
| Gary L. Davis | 07/24/2019 | TBD |
| Patricia J. Hill | 08/06/2019 | 11/04/2019 |
| Lisa A. Rogers | 09/06/2019 | TBD |
Amendment of the personnel agenda may be required due to withdrawals by employees, resignations, or other changed circumstances.
REVISION 1
| EMPLOYMENT | | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| NAME | EFFECTIVE | LOCATION | POSITION |
| Kimberly A. Adigwe | 08/22/2019 | Pt. Harmony Elem. | TIRE-Early Childhood Classroom Assistant Teacher-Kindergarten Aide |
| Teika C. Beatty | 08/26/2019 | Cross Lanes Elem. | TIRE-Itinerant Support Aide |
| Gary L. Bennett | 08/16/2019 | Bridgeview Elem. | Custodian |
| Angela J. Brown | 09/03/2019 | Edgewood Elem. | Itinerant Support Aide |
| Amber M. Campbell | 09/04/2019 | Bridgeview Elem. | TIRE-Cook |
| Heather Y. Diegert | 09/09/2019 | East Bank Terminal | Bus Operator |
| Brian L. Dunkley* | 09/09/2019 | St. Albans Terminal | Bus Operator |
| Amanda M. Eskew | 10/07/2019 | Piedmont Elem. | TIRE-Early Childhood Classroom Assistant Teacher-Kindergarten Aide |
| Andrew J. Ferrebee* | 09/09/2019 | Elkview Terminal | Bus Operator |
| Daniel B. Goodwin | 08/20/2019 | Nitro Elem. | Custodian |
| Miranda R. Klingler | 09/04/2019 | Bridgeview Elem. | TIRE-Itinerant Support Aide |
| Lisa R. Manriquez | 09/04/2019 | South Charleston MS | .5 Cook |
| April L. Matheney | 09/16/2019 | Riverside HS | TIRE-Clerk |
| Kayla L. Metz | 09/09/2019 | South Charleston Terminal | Bus Operator |
| Jace D. Pennington | 09/04/2019 | South Charleston MS | .5 Cook |
| Sadaria D. Shinault | 09/04/2019 | Andrews Heights Elem. | .5 Cook |
| Brenda J. Starcher | 09/04/2019 | Capital HS | Cook |
| Sally D. Stewart* | 09/03/2019 | Kanawha City Elem. | TIRE-Itinerant Support Aide |
| Samantha F. Stutler | 08/16/2019 | Dunbar MS | TIRE-Itinerant Support Aide |
| Meghan J. Thornhill | 09/03/2019 | Cross Lanes Elem. | TIRE-Itinerant Support Aide |
| Karen L. Wilkinson | 09/03/2019 | Chandler Academy | TIRE-Clerk |
| Heather D. Williams | 09/04/2019 | Weimer Elem. | TIRE-Itinerant Support Aide |
Amendment of the personnel agenda may be required due to withdrawals by employees, resignations, or other changed circumstances.
REVISION 1
| NAME | EFFECTIVE | FROM |
|---|---|---|
| Amanda Anderson | 09/20/2019 | Bridgeview Elem./ Itinerant Support Aide |
| Wilma K. Burdette | 08/29/2019 | Itinerant Special Education/ Braille Specialist |
| Shawn D. Carter | 09/03/2019 | Dunbar Primary/Early Childhood Classroom Assistant Teacher-Kindergarten Aide |
| Katherine N. Drake | 09/09/2019 | Human Resources/.5 Clerk |
| Joel P. Graves | 09/09/2019 | South Charleston Terminal/ Bus Operator-Bus 1604 |
| September D. Harrison | 09/04/2019 | Weimer Elem./TIRE Itinerant Support Aide |
| Terri L. Hoke | 09/09/2019 | Garnet Career Center/Secretary |
| Valarie D. Jones | 09/09/2019 | South Charleston Terminal/ Bus Operator |
| Vonda L. Middleton | 10/01/2019 | Purchasing/ Coordinator of Services-Secretary |
| Lacynda D. Moore | 09/04/2019 | Capital HS/Cook |
| David A. Palmer | 09/20/2019 | Cross Lanes Elem./Custodian |
| Bridget C. Pauley | 08/06/2019 | Richmond Elem./Itinerant Early Childhood Classroom Assistant Teacher-Temporary Authorization- Preschool Aide |
| Jennifer L. Pauley | 09/03/2019 | South Charleston HS/ Custodian |
| Kelly L. Pile | 08/29/2019 | Dunbar Primary/ Secretary |
| Annette Y. Reed | 09/04/2019 | Bridgeview Elem./Itinerant Early Childhood Classroom Assistant Teacher- Preschool Aide |
| Amy E. Stewart | 04/23/2019 | Marmet Elem./Itinerant Early Childhood Classroom Assistant Teacher-Temporary Authorization-Preschool Aide |
| Linda M. Stricker | 09/09/2019 | Elkview Terminal/ Bus Operator-Bus 1220 |
| Mya S. Thomas | 09/04/2019 | Edgewood Elem./Early Childhood Classroom Assistant Teacher/Kindergarten Aide |
Amendment of the personnel agenda may be required due to withdrawals by employees, resignations, or other changed circumstances.
REVISION 1
| NAME | EFFECTIVE | FROM |
|---|---|---|
| Amber J. Harris | 08/06/2019 | Kanawha City Elem./Itinerant Early Childhood Classroom Assistant Teacher-Temporary Authorization-Preschool Aide |
TEMPORARY/HOURLY/SUPPLEMENTAL CONTRACTS
COMMUNITY ED
Third Base Assistant
Amendment of the personnel agenda may be required due to withdrawals by employees, resignations, or other changed circumstances.
REVISION 1
COMMUNITY ED
Third Base Director
Balser, Caroline
Booker, Christina
Buchanan, Doris
Gillispie, Terri
Handley, Susan
Hosey, Joyce
Higginbotham, Amanda Ingram, Tasha
Jefferson, Ramona
Pauley, Lloyd
Pence, Judy
Quails, Shanna
Schwabe, Linda
Smith, Christina
Turner, Malisa
West, Valinda
Third Base Assistant Director
Ford, Christa
Young, Roberta
Third Base Sub Director
Cosgrove, Kayla
Cottrell, Kathy
Third Base Itinerant Assistant Director
Eggleston, Brianna
Potter, Brody
Third Base Itinerant Assistant
Revels, Gail
Third Base Assistant-Sub
Ruff, Phillip
Adult Education Instructor
Call, Lisa
Creighton, LeeAnn
HEADSTART/PRE-K
Fiscal Preparation of Federal Monthly Reports, Consultation on Headstart Fiscal Matters and Budgets Stinson, Jordan
Parent Assistant
Arey, Kasey
Ball, Teresa
Billanti, Nancy
Branham, Lillian
DeBord, Sherrie
Foster, Hayley
Govea, Anna
Mace, Rachel
McClure, Deloris
Moles, Kaitlyn
Monk, Lori
Mullins, Heather
Pauley, Kimberly
Rose, Faith
Schweer, Verna
Taylor, James
Thornhill, Meghan
Ullum, Katie
Vance, Randi
Wolfe, Gail
OFFICE OF CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTION
Contracted Class
Bradley, Corey
Bush, Katherine
Crouch, William
Davis, Zach
Davison, Sonja
Elkins, Natalie
Farmer, Barbara
Frame, Susan
Kascic, Tambra
Meyer, Timothy
Miller, Misty
Nuzum, Eleanore
Olenchick, Annette
Patterson, Emily
Standish, Rachel
Swanson, Patreca
Trent, Amy
Ty, Charisma
Ward, Bridget
Whitman, Richard
Extended Day Enrichment Services
Agee, Denise
Anderson, Tiffany
Armstrong, Shelly
Ashley, Jody
Beard, Tonya
Caswell, Chelsea
Doss, Jeanellen
Ellis, Roslyn
Embrey, Timothy
Gibson, Joe
Groseclose, Lauren
Hall, Tracey
Kovach, Karen
Minney, Katrina
Nichols, Randi
Perry, Danielle
Peterson, Stacey
Shinn, Christopher
Smith, Sydney
Stover, Sarah
Walls, Deborah
Wible, Jennifer
Worlledge, Jan
Young, Roberta
Amendment of the personnel agenda may be required due to withdrawals by employees, resignations, or other changed circumstances.
REVISION 1
OFFICE OF CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTION
Math4Life Workshop
Brotherton, Pamela
Gibson, Chelsey
Hall, Ann
Hampton, Sara
Hindman, Lisa
Kennedy, Jacklyn
Lanham, Krystal
Long, Hailee
Mandirola, Rebecca McClung, Marilou
Mooney, Haley
Ruddle, Jenny
Scarbro, Angela
Trabert, Krista
Trusler, Angela
Vajoumouny, Ilavenil
Weaver, Jennifer
Robotics Enrichment Training
Cooper, Rebecca
Fleming, Amy
Nicolay, Martin
Raynes, Jared
Rubicon Atlas Planning and Updating Maps
Brannon, Summer
Bucklen, Monique
Casto, Lois
Collins, Kirsten
Dameron, Britany
Ellison, Jennie
Felton, Kerry
Fultz, Bridget
Hull, Linda
Mandirola, Rebecca Massinople, Kelly
Michael, Nancy
Pauley, Deborah
Petry-Rose, Jill
Phillips, Eva
Phillips, Jessica
Searles, Kathleen
Vandal, Brianne
VEX Robotics Training
Bland, Robin
Boone, Jacob
Burris, Michelle
Ferguson, Shawn
Fingerett, Eve
Jensen, Laura
Keeney, Leah
Moreland, Heather
Nicolay, Martin
Sadler, Kelsy
Simmons, Chelsea
Standish, Rachel
Ty, Charisma
OFFICE OF STAFF DEVELOPMENT
Beginning Administrator Mentor
Brooks, Sharon
Herscher, Kathryn
Rhodes, Matthew
Schilling, Cindy
Beginning Secretary
Hudnall, Carol
Skiles, Deborah
Beginning Secretary Mentor
Brown, Lisa
Coon, Kay
Hackney, Danielle
Lankas, Ethel
Michaelson, Leslie
Myers, Nancy
White, Elizabeth
Beginning Teacher Academic Coach
Brown, Lisa
Lusk, Lisa
Beginning Teacher Training
Lucas, Lindsay
ERO
Blaul, Rosalie
Presenter at Superintendent's Conference
Coleman, Veronica
DuFault, Kellie
Substitute Custodial Training
Bennett, Gary
Dean, Patty
Hinzman, Tabitha
Jones, Candace
Selbe, Allen
Selbe, Corey
Thomas, Eric
Technology Facilitator
Stout, Katherine
Amendment of the personnel agenda may be required due to withdrawals by employees, resignations, or other changed circumstances.
REVISION 1
OFFICE OF STAFF DEVELOPMENT
Summer Learning Professional Development related to ELA
Anderson, Raelena
Bailey, Lesa
Blake, Jessica
Campbell, Alexandra
Canter, Lara
Carroll, Brandy
Casto, Lois
Cobb, Savannah
Comer, Gerald
Davis, Sara
Dolan, Cynthia
Douglas, Kelli
Elkins, Satvinder
Ellison, Jennie
Engels, Rebecca
Felton, Kerry
Fisher, Angela
Fultz, Bridget
Grigsby, Jacqueline
Harmon, Donna
Haynes, Evelyn
Haynes, Stephenie
Hill, Paula
Johnson, Samantha
Justice, Bryan
Lampl, Holly
Lanham, Krystal
Lawson, Maria
LeRose, Megan
Loehr, Danielle
Lucas, Suzanne
Masinter-Simunic, Stefanie
McGlothen, Melissa Milam, Danielle
Nelson, Andrea
Pauley, Deborah
Petitt, Rebecca
Taylor, Kelly
Walker, Emily
Webb, Haley
Whiting, Kelly
Withrow, Georgia
Wooten, Brian
TITLE I
Supplemental activities related to Title I Program such as school related or LEA professional development, parent involvement, extended day/year, webmaster and/or strategic planning.
ALUM CREEK ELEMENTARY
Asbury, Samantha
Brunetti, Dennie
DeBord, Denia
Dugan, Christine
Evert, Amy
Foley, Nancy
Haddad, Leslie
Hannan, Denise
Hudnall, Laura
Kendall, Richard
Layer, Rene
Lowther, Chet
McMillion, Amber
Murphy, Sherrie
Persinger, Dylan
Pistore, Brenda
Sayavong, Tasha
Smith, April
Sproles, Brittney
White, Bridget
Wickert, Courtney
Williams, Bobbi
BRIDGEVIEW ELEMENTARY
Anderson, Amanda
Anderson, Diane
Austin, Ashlee
Austin, Tawonna
Bailey, Lisa
Bennett, Emily
Bennett, Gary
Blatt, Kacey
Bush, Cathy
Carte, Nicole
Casto, Harriet
Coleman, April
Cook, Renita
Crist, Judith
Davis, Frank
Davis, Jessica
Dean, Sarah
Dempsey, Sarah
Fenton, Laura
Francis, Julie
Germann, Amanda Halstead, Brittany
Hartwell, Chantel
Harmon, Herbert
Haynes, Robin
Hedrick-Litteral, Laurinda Hill, Deborah
Hutchinson, Catherine
Jarvis, Melissa
Lambert, Brandi
LeFevre, Nancy
Lilly, Seth
Luikart, Terry
Massey, Chandra
McBroom-Stenger, Katie McCormack, Jackie
Menninger, Lisa
Miller, Morgan
Melton, Jessica
Monks, Melinda
Moore, Ronda
Petersen, Holli
Perry, Angela
Phoenix, Shirlett Vaughan, Natalie
Southworth, Amy
Taylor, April
Thomas, Patricia
White, Chloe
Wilmot, Ashley
Wilson, Barbara
Wooten, Marita
Zirbel, Laurel
CEDAR GROVE MIDDLE
Alley, Watenia
Ashley, Jody
Balser, Tammy
Crowder, Lisa
Dunbar, Jamie
Embrey, Timothy
Fisher, Crickett
Gouty, Judy
Hughes, Olivia
King, Sara
Kinison, Tammy
Lawrence, Melissa
Mooney, Haley
Morris, David
Patrick, Christina
Patrick, John
Porta, Vicky
Rinard, Jordan
Sparks, Carrie
Starks, Jennifer
Weese, Amanda
Wills, Deanna
Amendment of the personnel agenda may be required due to withdrawals by employees, resignations, or other changed circumstances.
REVISION 1
TITLE I
Supplemental activities related to Title I Program such as school related or LEA professional development, parent involvement, extended day/year, webmaster and/or strategic planning. DUNBAR INTERMEDIATE
Abbott, Angela
Adkins, Ashley
Baisden, Caitlin
Bateman, Stacie
Bonham, Alyssa
Brown, Amy
Canada, Scott
Canada, Whitney
Cartmill, Courtney
Clinton, Kimbra
Cole, Rachel
Dawson, Tara
Alberico-DeCarlo, Rebecca Fowler, Rachel
Hannah, Christina
Hamer, Karin
Harper, Katrina
McClanahan, Roberta McComas, Chelsea Payne, Sarah
Pruden, Anna
Raines-Wilson, Sara Robinson, Alisha
Sandridge, Mallory
Schofield, David
Shivley, Cathy
Slater, Kayla
Smith, Ashley
Thomas, Kathleen
Thompson, Mary
Walker, Amber
Wallace, Emily
DUNBAR MIDDLE
EAST BANK MIDDLE
Bailey, Rachel
Blair, Melinda
Darby, Kimberly
Helvey, Debra
Kennedy, Nancy
Layman, Brandon
Priestley, George
Stanley, Sean
Baldwin, Jessica
Burgess, Dalton
Dunlap, Lindsay
Helvey, Leonard
Kessinger, Allison
Nicholas, Clifford
Schmidt, Ty
Taylor, Mary
Wilkinson, Michael
GRANDVIEW ELEMENTARY
Adkins, Kristin
Bailey, Pyeonghwa
Booth, Rita
Brooks, Sharon
Butler, Brooke
Ferrell, Debra
Ferrell, Kristen
Francis-Vir, Kathryn
Grover, Angela
Jenkins, Stephen
Keffer, Jennifer
Kincaid, Barbara
Kinder, Joseph
Kinney, Kayla
Love, Jeanette
Moore, Angela
Musgrave, Jennifer
Raines, Sheree
Raynes, Caralyne
Tincher, Mary
Trabert, Krista
Turley, Bethany
White, Susan
Winfree, Marisa
Bearfield, Elizabeth
Campbell, Chad
Harper, Cheryl
Hunt, Carla
Kise, Deborah
Pauley, Karen
Smith, Jeremy
Tawney, Christopher
Berry, Amy
Cox, Bruce
Hass, Barr
Huffman, Heath
Kortz, Jessica
Pennington, Steve
Pell, Razia
Williams, Christin
Amendment of the personnel agenda may be required due to withdrawals by employees, resignations, or other changed circumstances.
REVISION 1
TITLE I
Supplemental activities related to Title I Program such as school related or LEA professional development, parent involvement, extended day/year, webmaster and/or strategic planning.
MALDEN ELEMENTARY
Berry, Stephanie
Call, Sherri
Copen, Brandy
Miles, Patricia
Sayre, Julie
MIDLAND TRAIL
Blackwell, Charles
Fitzpatrick, Ajah
Miller, Gina
Tyree, Rebecca
NITRO ELEMENTARY
Adkins, Debbie
Clark, Andrea
Cooper, Allison
Garrett, Ashley
Higginbotham, Kimber Hyden, Lindsay
Maconaughey, Emily
Murphy, Sherry
Riley, Sigrid
Spencer, Lisa
Toliver, Stephanie
Withrow, Kelly
PRATT ELEMENTARY
Burdette, Kayla
Davis, Jane
Hamilton, Madonna
Keener, Sarah
Macleery, Lois
Downey, Brittany
Miller, Gina
Searles, Kathleen
Brenwald, LouAnn
Keeney, Ashlee
Randolph, Tina
Thaxton, Stacey
Bays, Cathy
Cogar, Tina
Evans, Teresa
Goodwin, Darren
Howard, Annette
Keefer, Peggy
Madden, Patricia
Neal, Freda
Rollins, Mary
Sprouse, Deanna
Unger, Shelley
Workman, Hillary
Cantrell, Jordan
Evans, Cheryl
Hamilton, Patricia
Kennedy, Gail
McNeely, Kara
Thompson, Amy
Zornes, Valerie
RICHMOND ELEMENTARY
Cartwright, Marta
Christmas, Jan
Conrad, Phyllis
Filbin, Jerry
Lanham, Jessie
Monday, Linda
Stover, Pamela
Tucker, Rebekah
Dale, Sheila
Harrah, Franklin
Legg, Sydney
Parsons, Caleb
Smith, Brittany
Walker, Martha
Workman, Jodie
Young, Teresa
SHARON DAWES ELEMENTARY
Ball, Gordon
Balser, Heather
Carroll, Pamela
Holston, James
Rose, Candace
Cooper, Tennille
Hudson, Kathy
Valentine, Christi
Clarke, Sherry
Downey, Suzanne
Mullins, Valerie
Summerhill, Hilary
Ball, Gordy
Merrill, Amanda
Stamper, Kristen
Walker, Jennifer
Bradley, Karen
Cole, Eric
Foster, Jane
Graziano-Lucas, Nicoletta
Hughes, Tina
Knight, Sara
McComas, Richard
Norris, Karlina
Smith, Buffy
Steed, Misti
White, Elizabeth
Young, Carrie
Carr, Chelsea
Fowler, Amanda
Hudnall, Laura
Martin, Jessica
Rogers, Katie
Zuckett, RaeAnne
Cochran, Kim
Dolin, Ashley
Holsopple, Christine
McGrew, Stephanie
Pauley, Bridget
Stephens, Amanda
Walls, Donna
Brand, Teresa
Eskew, Emily
Morris, Jaime
Wentz, Cindy
Coleman, Lyndsey
Harper, Tonya
Pugh, Patricia
Williamson, Mary
Caruthers, Mindy
Miller, Amy
Thompson, Denise
Workman, Angela
Bright, Leigh
Coleman, Danielle
Fridley, Elaine
Haynes, Sarah
Hunt, Stephen
Long, Robin
Miller, Brandi
Radenheimer, Ally
Spencer, Chad
Tadlock, Kaitlyn
White, Sandra
Crist, Victoria
Fuerst, Sharon
Keedle, Joshua
McClung, LuAnne
Smith, Katy
Combs, Carrie
Elswick, Samantha
Kestner-Kingery, Latrica
Messinger, Andra
Ransom, Joy
Tomlin, Wendy
Wilson, Rebecca
Carr, Chelsea
Graley, Angel
Pettry, Tonya
Amendment of the personnel agenda may be required due to
withdrawals by employees, resignations, or other changed circumstances.
REVISION 1
TITLE I
Supplemental activities related to Title I Program such as school related or LEA professional development, parent involvement, extended day/year, webmaster and/or strategic planning.
STONEWALL JACKSON MIDDLE
Assaley, Misti
Beverly, Tanika
Bird, Amanda
Bukovinsky, Marquita
Carter, Cheryl
Chiles, Fred
Croteau, Jennifer
Cunningham, Monica
Davis, Denise
Davison, Sonja
Drennen, Zebby
Eldridge, Adam
Fauber, Amy
Fink, Krista
Gist, Helen
Green, Christina
Hall, Rachel
Heading, Andrea
Jones, Matthew
Kennedy, Jacklyn
Khoury, Laila
Kirk, Annette
LaMaster, David
Lemon, Wendy
McElhaney, Aimee
McPhail, John
McPhail, Lois
Milam, Pamela
Nimeh-Lewis, Gabrielle O'Neal, Brandon
Parsons, Devonne
Peters, Kristy
Randolph, Benjamin Scott, William
Sheppard, Christopher Shinn, Christopher
Sigmond, Kaley
Steele, Candice
Tackett, Cayley
Thornton, Kristi
Vance, Kara
Wilkerson, John
Williams, Linda
Wright, Garrett
Young, Christina
Zeigler, Nancy
GEORGE C. WEIMER ELEMENTARY
Atkins, Mary
Bibbee-Johnson, Lisa
Bukovinsky, Sarah
Gilkey, Keith
Kinder, Sherry
Lowe, Elizabeth
Mullins, Marlena
Ramsey, Sarah
Carter, Tracie
Harrison, September
Koontz, April
Meadows, Debra
Orozco, Georgiana
Rice, MaryBeth
Broderick, Kristine
Dolson, Samantha
Hewett, Sarah
Lawrence, Will
Means, Kelly
Parsons, Caleb
Sandy, John
Snead, Pamela
Stone, Allison
Title I Parent Assistant or Contracted Part-Time Professional
Carr, Tabitha
Crum, Jamie
Ingram, Tasha
Jackson, Cynthia
Warner, Bonnie
Title I Intervention Groups
MALDEN
Garnes, Abigail
Wentz, Kimberly
HOMEBOUND/OSE
Provide instruction as assigned within certification areas to homebound and OSE students
Allinder, Virginia
Arbogast, Brandie
Beckelhimer, Rebecca Boggs, Nancy
Bonnett, Daniel
Britt, Margaret
Brown, Melissa
Brown-Jenkins, Charlene
Burgess, Tammy
Carr, Chelsea
Carter, Cheryl
Casdorph, Niki
Chandler, Kizmet
Clay, Tamara
Crowder, Lisa
Cool, Ralone
Dean, Sarah
Dearnell, Kelly
Downs, Sharon
Drake, Rhonda
Eddy, Brian
Faber, Bryan
Ferrell, Carolyn
Ford, Cecilia
Franco, Angela
Fruit, Staci
Gray, Tenna
Hairston, Leola
Hensley, Danielle
Hicks, Tiwanna
Holsapple, Christine Hudnall-Harper, Tonya
Hunt, George
Jarrett, Becky
King, David
King, Mary
Knighton, David
Kovach, Karen
Lucas, Buffy
Mandirola, Rebecca
McVicker, Amy
Morris, Glen
Pauley, Karen
Paxton, Sharon
Poore, Taneisha
Roberts, Rachel
Schmidt, Ty
Smith, Betty
Smith, Gwendolyn
Stonestreet, Matthew Sturgill, Laura
Tawney, Christopher
Taylor, Tevin
Valleau, Catherine
Waldeck, Patricia
Waller, Delia
Webb, Melissa
Whitehead, Theresa Woods, Brittany
Brown, Amber
Drake, Summer
Jarrell, Ashley
Light, Amie
Meadows, Debra
Priddy, Janis
Shultz, Stephanie
Amendment of the personnel agenda may be required due to
withdrawals by employees, resignations, or other changed circumstances.
REVISION 1
ELEMENTARY
Elementary Literacy Summer Reading Conference
Dugan, Christine
Klingshirn, Maria
ELK CENTER
Technology Teacher
Hartz, Nell
MIDDLE SCHOOL
Transition
Cavendish, Brenda
HIGH SCHOOL
CAPITAL HIGH SCHOOL
Daycare Worker
Stapler, Crystal
HERBERT HOOVER HIGH SCHOOL
Morning Supervision
Parsons, Richard
SOUTH CHARLESTON HIGH SCHOOL
IB Coordinator
Booten, Edward
Hamer, Charles
GEORGE WASHINGTON HIGH SCHOOL
Business and STEM Education Training
Ames, Barbara
Vandall, Heidi
Parent Assistant - Office
Taylor, Joyce
CAREER AND TECHNICAL CENTER
CARVER
Chandler Exploratory Program
Cornell, Kevin
Grigsby, Timothy
Part-Time Veterinary Tech Instructor
Linville, Beth
Web Designer
Whitlow, Micah
BEN FRANKLIN
Clerk
Garrett, Taylor
*Rehire
**Rehire from RIF
***Employee hired pursuant to W. Va. Code §18A-4-15(2) to fill the position of a regular service employee on leave of absence. The pursuant employee will return to their previous position when the regular employee returns to work.
****STATE POLICY 5202 Temporary Substitute (NON-Teacher Certified)
*****Certified Teacher with expired license
Wheeler, Shawn
Halstead, Jimmy | <urn:uuid:ec2d4ccf-6fb9-4838-a4ec-16e7c8d3ceb4> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 23,805 |
Medical Peace Work
opiskelijan moniste
Tekijä M. Birch, tekstitoimittajat M. Rowson ja K. Melf, käännös S. Kangaslampi
Kurssi 4: Rakenteellinen väkivalta ja väkivaltaisen konfliktin alkusyyt Luku 1: Yleiskuva kehityksestä
Harjoitus 1, osa 1: Rakenteellinen väkivalta
Missä seuraavista esimerkeistä on tapahtunut rakenteellista väkivaltaa?
Seuraavat esimerkit kirjoitetaan neljä kertaa (tai kuinka monta ryhmiä onkaan) erillisille paperilapuille (yksi esimerkki paperille tai kortille).
1. Maailmassa on 2,5 miljardia ihmistä, jotka elävät alle kahdella USA:n dollarilla päivässä.
2. Iso-Britanniassa on nyt koalitiohallitus.
3. Arviot käsiaseiden ja kevyiden aseiden aiheuttamista suorista kuolonuhreista vuosittain
1. vaihtelevat 80000:sta 500000:een.
4. Vuonna 2010 tehdyn tutkimuksen mukaan naiset Iso-Britanniassa käyttävät elämänsä
2. aikana keskimäärin 9000 puntaa meikkeihin.
5. Elinajanodotteessa on 30 vuoden ero afrikkalaisten ja rikkaiden maiden asukkaiden välillä.
6. Auringon aktiivisuuden väheneminen voi johtaa alhaisempiin lämpötiloihin sen jälkeen, kun nykyinen aurinkosykli on noussut huippuunsa vuonna 2013.
7. Jos nykyinen kehitys jatkuu, vuoteen 2020 mennessä 1,53 miljoonaa ihmistä kuolee itsemurhan seurauksena.
8. Vuonna 2000 suora väkivalta oli merkittävä kuolinsyy 15-44-vuotiaiden ikäryhmässä, selittäen 14 % miesten ja 7 % naisten kuolemista.
9. Afrikassa käytetään keskimäärin puoli tuntia päivittäin veden keräämiseen — tähän sisältyy käveleminen vedenlähteelle, toisinaan veden keräämisen odottaminen ja paluu.
10. Maailmassa on 800 miljoonaa ihmistä, joilla ei ole pääsyä perussairaanhoidon palveluihin.
Ι
Medical Peace Work
opiskelijan moniste
Tekijä M. Birch, tekstitoimittajat M. Rowson ja K. Melf, käännös S. Kangaslampi
Kurssi 4: Rakenteellinen väkivalta ja väkivaltaisen konfliktin alkusyyt
Harjoitus 1, osa 2: Aiheuttaako kehitys rakenteellista väkivaltaa? Väittely
Väitelkää seuraavasta väitteestä:
Kehitys on viimeisen 30 vuoden aikana ennemminkin lisännyt väkivaltaa kuin vähentänyt sitä.
Muista väittelyn säännöt
Argumentit ja itse väittely ovat harjoituksessa tärkeintä, ja ne avaavat erilaisia näkökulmia aiheeseen
Väittelytaito on väitteen puolustamista – väittelijät eivät välttämättä itse ole sen näkökannan puolella, jota väittelyssä tukevat
Kunnioita kaikkien mielipiteitä – kukaan ei ole väittelyssä hölmö!
Älä käy aggressiiviseksi, mitä sitten ajatteletkin sanotusta – se ei auta argumentointiasi
Puolustamalla vastakkaista näkökulmaa kuin mihin itse uskot voit oppia ymmärtämään niitä, jotka ajattelevat eri tavalla kuin sinä – kokeile!
Niiden ymmärtäminen, jotka ovat kanssasi eri mieltä, vahvistaa lopulta omaa argumentointiasi
Anna itsellesi lopuksi vähän aikaa siirtyä "väittelymoodista" todellisuuteen.
Harjoitus 2, osa 1: Mitä köyhyys tarkoittaisi meille?
Köyhyysrajan asettaminen
Sinulle annetaan paperinpala. Älä kirjoita nimeäsi paperiin.
Kirjoita ylös summittaiset menosi vuoden aikana. Voit jakaa sen:
ja
- suuriin menoihin (vakuutukset, lainojen maksu, vuokra jne.)
- arvioon pienemmistä toistuvista menoista (elintarvikkeet, sähkö jne.)
Saat tämän jälkeen jonkun muun täyttämän paperin. Älä laita siihenkään nimeäsi. Käyttäen paperille kirjattua menoarviota, pienennä nämä menot sellaiseen absoluuttiseen minimiin, jolla ajattelisit pakon edessä selviäväsi.
Kun olet tehnyt tämän, laske summat yhteen ja kirjoita "selviytymiseen tarvittava" loppusumma muistilapulle.
Ι
Medical Peace Work
opiskelijan moniste
Tekijä M. Birch, tekstitoimittajat M. Rowson ja K. Melf, käännös S. Kangaslampi
Kurssi 4: Rakenteellinen väkivalta ja väkivaltaisen konfliktin alkusyyt
Harjoitus 2, osa 2: Epätasa-arvo, köyhyys ja väkivalta
Pidä itselläsi paperilaput harjoituksen ensimmäisestä osasta. Tätä osaa varten kaikki kahdessa ryhmässä, A ja B, jakautuvat pareihin. Teille annetaan pian uusi paperilappu.
Oleta nyt, että saatkin 50 % lisää tuloja. Mihin käyttäisit lisätulot? Tee lista.
Harjoitus 3: Terveyspeli
Kirjoittakaa korteille seuraavat toteamukset (sekä muita itse keksimiänne):
- Minulla on punainen nenä
- Minulla on korkea kuume
- Minulla on käärme jalassani
- Nenäni on liian suuri
- Elän 90-vuotiaaksi
- Painoni ylittää keskiarvot
- Minulla on munasarjasyöpä
- Olen vilustunut
- Minulla on ADHD
- Minulla on ajospahkoja
- Minulla on kampurajalka
- Minulla on skitsofrenia
- Elän 52-vuotiaaksi
Molemmat ryhmät saavat sitten kaksi suurempaa korttia, joissa on seuraavat "avaustoteamukset":
Ryhmä B: 'Olen terve ja ….'
Ryhmä A: 'En ole terve ja…'
Asettakaa jokainen ensimmäisistä toteamuskorteista ryhmien A ja B avaustoteamusten perään. Teitä pyydetään nyt kertomaan, mitkä toteamuksistanne ovat tosia ja mitkä epätosia. Sopivatko mitkään toteamuksista WHO:n määritelmään terveydestä?
Ι
Ι
Medical Peace Work
opiskelijan moniste
Tekijä M. Birch, tekstitoimittajat M. Rowson ja K. Melf, käännös S. Kangaslampi
Kurssi 4: Rakenteellinen väkivalta ja väkivaltaisen konfliktin alkusyyt Luku 2: Köyhyys, epätasa-arvo ja väkivalta
Harjoitus 4: 'Etuovella' – roolileikki
Teille annetaan tässä harjoituksessa kortteja sekä roolit, joiden tavoitteena on saada teidät ajattelemaan globalisaation hyötyjä ja haittoja sekä rikkaiden että köyhien maiden näkökulmasta.
Pidä huoli, että näyttelet roolisi täysillä!
Harjoitus 5: Sisällissodan lähtösyyt
Tämä harjoitus saa teidät pohtimaan, mitä syitä on sisällissotien taustalla. Valitse sisällissota, josta tiedät jotain, ja etsi huoneesta joku muu, joka tietää samasta sodasta. Voit joutua tekemään kompromissin, jollei ketään samasta sodasta tietävää löydy. Kaksi päätä ajattelee paremmin kuin yksi!
Kun olet löytänyt parin, yrittäkää eritellä, mitkä valitsemanne sisällissodan lähtösyyt voisivat olla.
Vertailemme sitten näitä syitä eri maiden väillä. | <urn:uuid:5bb5dade-5e4c-4038-b5f3-60c4182deed7> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fin_Latn/train | finepdfs | fin_Latn | 5,800 |
Kungörelse - granskning II
Förslag till detaljplan för Lomma 33:21 & Lomma 33:25 m fl i Lomma, Lomma kommun (fastigheter vid Vegagatan - Strandvägen)
Kommunstyrelsen har beslutat upprätta detaljplan för rubricerat område. Planen syftar till att möjliggöra en revitalisering inom Lommas mest centrala delar i form av ny bebyggelse för verksamheter och bostäder, i enlighet med planprogrammet för Lomma centrum och förslaget överensstämmer med gällande översiktsplan.
Planområdet är beläget i centrala Lomma och avgränsas av Strandvägen i öst och av befintlig GC väg i väst, i nordsydlig utsträckning omfattar planen ungefärliken fastigheterna Lomma 33:21 och Lomma 33:25. Planområdet omfattar ca 3 700m².
Detaljplanen har varit utställd för granskning 5 september – 3 oktober 2016, till följd av förändringar sker nu en förnyad granskning.
Detaljplanen hålls utställd för granskning II under tiden 27 november – 22 december 2017 i receptionen på Kommunhuset, Hamngatan 3 i Lomma under expeditionstid, se kommunens hemsida www.lomma.se. Planförslaget finns även tillgängligt på biblioteket i Lomma, Hamntorget 1 under bibliotekets öppettider samt på kommunens hemsida www.lomma.se/dp..
Synpunkter ska skriftligen, med namn och postadress, ha inkommit till Kommunstyrelsen, Lomma kommun, 234 81 LOMMA eller firstname.lastname@example.org, senast 22 december 2017.
Den som inte framfört synpunkter skriftligt kan förlora rätten att senare överklaga beslutet att anta detaljplanen.
Kommunstyrelsen | <urn:uuid:2e550761-7440-457b-a7ee-4cb0ad628417> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/swe_Latn/train | finepdfs | swe_Latn | 1,500 |
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
STATE BOARD OF EQUALIZATION
LEGAL DIVISION (MIC:85) 450 N STREET, SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA (P.O. BOX 942879, SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA 94279-0001) (916) 324-6592
December 6, 1993
Mr. [R], Controller
[S]
P.O. Box XXXX --- ---, CA XXXXX
Dear Mr. [R]:
Re: [S]
S- -- XX-XXXXXX
Fixed-Price Contracts
This is in response to your letter of September 17, 1993, in which you requested our opinion about fixed-price contracts entered into prior to July 1, 1993. You asked the following three questions:
"1) Are fixed price contracts entered into prior to July 1, 1993 grandfathered at the 6-3/4% tax rate for material supplied after July 1, 1993?
2) Does this Purchase Order qualify as a fixed price contract eligible for the 6-3/4% rate?
3) If we have purchase orders that do not qualify as a fixed price contract, can we charge the 6-3/4% tax if our customer provides us with a certificate in the same form as the one attached to the [D] letter, which states that they are purchasing material from us pursuant to a fixed price contract entered into prior to July 1, 1993?"
On June 30, 1993, the Legislature enacted Senate Bill 509, Statutes 1993, Chapter 73. Among other items, this bill added Revenue and Taxation Code Section 6376.2 which provides that certain contracts entered into prior to July 1, 1993, in which the seller is obligated to sell or the buyer is obligated to purchase tangible personal property for a fixed price are exempted from 1/2 percent rate of tax. The Legislation extends the 1/2 percent state sales and use tax rate through January 1, 1994, and provides that the sales and use tax rate approved by the California electorate on November 2, 1992 becomes operative January 1, 1994.
MEMBER First District
BRAD SHERMAN Second District, Los Angeles
ERNEST J. DRONENBURG, JR. Third District, San Diego
MATTHEW K. FONG
Fourth District, Los Angeles
GRAY DAVIS Controller , Sacramento
BURTON W. OLIVER Executive Director
In determining whether a construction contract is for a "fixed price" we require that it satisfy the following criteria: (1) it be binding prior to July 1, 1993, (2) neither party has an unconditional right to terminate that contract, (3) the agreement must fix the amount of all costs at the outset; and (4) the agreement must include a provision which fixes the tax obligation on a tax-included basis or sets forth either the amount or the rate of tax and does not provide for an increase in the amount of tax.
We are not able to express a definitive opinion as to whether a purchase order is evidence of a fixed-price contract, but, based upon the limited information available, we are able to make some general observations. You sent a purchase order which by itself is not a contract. For a purchase order to become a contract, there must be acceptance. Shipment is a reasonable mode of acceptance. We will assume that acceptance occurred by July 1, 1993.
As the parties were obligated to perform under the contracts prior to July 1, 1993, the contracts satisfy the first criteria even though materials were supplied afterward.
As to the second criteria, Revenue and Taxation Code Section 6376.2(a)(2) provides in pertinent part the following:
"For purposes of this subdivision, tangible personal property shall not be deemed obligated pursuant to a contract for any period of time for which any party to the contract has the right to terminate the contract upon notice, whether or not the right is exercised."
The Board interpreted identical language in previous statutes to require that the contract not permit one party to terminate the contract conditioned only upon notice (see former Regulation 1521.5(b)). If the terminating party owes any duties to the non-terminating party after notice is given, then the termination is not unconditional.
The termination clause in the purchase order is as follows:
"TERMINATION. (a) At any time prior to delivery, Buyer may terminate this Order in whole or in part for any reason by written or telegraphic notice to Seller, subject to an equitable adjustment between the parties as to any work in progress. However, no such adjustment will be made in favor of Seller with respect to any goods which are in Seller's standard stock. Upon notice of termination, Seller will discontinue work on this Order as directed. With respect to goods which are not in Seller's standard [unreadable] Seller shall be paid and accept, as full compensation hereunder, the pro-rata value of all work properly completed, including a reasonable amount for Seller's profit thereon, less compensation Seller has already received for work performed. Prior to such payment, Seller shall deliver to Buyer completed goods with all applicable warranties or dispose of the goods as Buyer may reasonably direct.
(b) Termination hereunder shall not relieve Buyer or Seller of any of their obligations with respect to goods delivered or portions of the Order which are not terminated. Moreover, in the event Buyer terminates this Order or any portion thereof due to a breach or repudiation by Seller, such termination shall be in addition to, and shall not limit, any other rights or remedies provided by law or available hereunder."
The seller is obligated to perform the contract. The termination clause on the sample purchase order operates to complete performance of at least a portion of the duties initially incurred. If the buyer is the terminating party, it must make an equitable adjustment for any work in progress. The termination clause presents the possibility that buyer may terminate the order with notice prior to seller performing any acts. This does not obviate the fact that once work started, buyer is obligated to compensate seller. This is distinguished from buyer able to back out at any time prior to delivery. Therefore, the buyer doesn't have the right to cancel solely on notice and the second criteria is established.
The third and fourth criteria are met as the purchase order states that the "lump sum price (tax included) not to exceed $1,280,000.00". The order has tax included and fixes all costs at the outset.
Therefore, in response to your first two questions, fixed-price construction contracts entered into prior to July 1, 1993, have a 1/2 percent lower tax rate for materials supplied after July 1, 1993. The purchase order provided qualifies as a fixed-price construction contract eligible for the 1/2 percent lower tax rate, assuming that it was accepted by July 1, 1993.
As to the third question, if a general contract qualifies as being for a fixed price under Revenue and Taxation Code Section 6376.2 and is subject to the tax rates in effect prior to July 1, 1993, then the fixtures and materials subcontracts established pursuant to the general contract also qualify as fixed price. A seller may rebut the presumption that all gross receipts are subject to the sales tax by timely taking an exemption certificate. The certificate must certify that the property will be used for a purpose entitling the seller to regard a portion of the sales tax as exempt and the certificate must be taken in good faith.
If you need anything further, please do not hesitate to write again.
Sincerely,
Carl J. Bessent Staff Counsel | <urn:uuid:dfa37779-353b-4134-928a-6444a4ce7f5a> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 7,273 |
A
Szent Főnixmadár koncert egy magángyűjteményben szereplő hangfelvétel, amelyen
Szabados György A Szent Főnixmadár dürrögései albumának koncertfelvétele hallható.
A felvétel egy VHS-kazettán rögzített TV-adás hanganyaga.
A zenék Szabados György szerzeményei.
Kutatandó a pontos dátum és helyszín.
Track listing*
Musicians
- Szabados György – prepared piano, piano
* A VHS-ről Molnár Csaba által digitalizált egybefüggő felvételt a zeneanyag ismeretében 5 trackre bontottam és a címeket beírtam. Ez az összeállítás az eredetiből készült szerkesztett változat (az eredeti külön megőrizve).
No. 125 | <urn:uuid:873aa72b-3ed6-4fb5-8d87-54e73e887742> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hun_Latn/train | finepdfs | hun_Latn | 605 |
MASG Steering Committee 2021.01.11
Agenda:
1. Affirm notes from November 2020 meeting for posting on MASG web page.
Affirmed.
2. Advocacy Priorities:
Where are the connections with smart growth for potential coordination or possible conflicts with other members?
* Primarily State focus, but interested in local and federal as well.
o See google sheet in folder for today's meeting
* Local advocacy
o Portland-based members are observing:
- how will local initiatives impact Portland development and historic preservation.
- Portland can be seen the canary in the coalmine for these issues
3. Programming updates: coordination, collaboration, minimize redundancy
Working Communities Challenge
* Efforts w/ KVCOG
* Engaging in several efforts with KVCOG, Southern Arrostook,
* Talking with AVCOG about proposals from Lewiston and Franklin County.
o Linc noted
- Lewiston Chamber is the lead of their design,
- Misty Parker is City staff person on this.
- Food security and equity are likely areas of focus.
Energy Efficiency Community Campaign
* continuing,
* hiring of an AmeriCorps member to lead the efforts,
* first in Biddeford and Windham.
Freeport will have a vote in March for a $600K bond to fund bike/pad paths and approaches on both bridges over 295.
* Noted that this is divisive in town.
* MaineDOT requires a cost-share mechanism for these adaptations when they rebuild bridges.
* The town also retained a consultant to update the vision of Freeport evolving from retail to outdoor adventures.
o includes rethinking the downtown,
o could lead to master planning.
o Referenced the development proposal from last fall that was shut down due to public outcry. (Never waste a good crisis)
* Same work at Genesis Loan Fund as when at CEI,
o affordable housing and municipal investments.
o Working with Lewiston on CHOICE neighborhoods investments.
o Educating banks of fee-based loans instead of interest payments to address needs of Muslims who cannot pay interest due to religious beliefs.
Maine Preservation:
* Greg will be retiring in June, 2021.
* Supporting the tax credit bill will be a priority, along with several others mentioned today.
TNC:
* engaged in Millinocket within the Our Katahdin program.
* Sebago Clean Waters
o led by local land trust
o to develop a clean water fund to preserve forests in the Crooked River watershed
o to ensure clean water for communities.
* Climate work is critical:
o energy efficiency for municipalities with Efficiency Maine offering additional incentives for small municipalities (fewer than 4K residents)
o LED lighting and heat pumps will be the focus in the coming year.
Portland Downtown:
* partnering with GPCOG with an AmeriCorps member on https://www.mainewinterdine.com/
* Late February will host an Open Streets forum to ensure best practices in the coming season.
Hallowell
* beginning to discuss post covid economic development strategies.
* This led to discussion of removing barriers to economic development as we work to rebuild post-COVID. What is the appropriate role of public safety in this work?
MDCenter:
* Jan 28th "coffee" 8:30-10:00 awards with national speaker. Please help promote the event. "The Power of Main Street Businesses and the Opportunities Ahead" https://www.mdf.org/event/maine-downtown-center-annual-awards/
* Continuing regular zooms among downtowns as they navigate COVID
Note: Jared Woolston shared information on Municipal Climate Resiliency work and readiness interviews municipal climate resilience activities and readiness interviews
NEXT MEETINGS:
Emily Dufour will be in touch in the next week or so to set dates for quarterly meetings to fill out 2021 as well as confirming meeting notes to post on MASG's webpage. | <urn:uuid:aa8c7ea5-bed1-4daf-b769-aa696ba88f83> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 3,747 |
Les Secrets de nos Boîtes
À LA DÉCOUVERTE DU SAVOIR-FAIRE DES ENTREPRISES DU FINISTÈRE
2022-2023
www.visitesentreprises29.com
Les entreprises du Finistère
Avec l’appui des partenaires, l’opération « Finistère découverte économique » menée par la Chambre de commerce et d’Industrie Métropolitaine Bretagne Ouest vous propose de découvrir, dans la nouvelle édition du guide « Les Secrets de nos boîtes », les entreprises finistériennes et leurs savoir-faire.
Entrez, visitez nos entreprises !
Vous aimez les vacances “découvertes” et “insolites” ? Lancez-vous et percez les secrets de cidreries, d’imprimeries, de criées et autres lieux exceptionnels. En famille ou entre amis, découvrez les entreprises du Finistère qui vous ouvrent leurs portes et présentent leurs savoir-faire, gestes, et techniques innovantes ou traditionnelles. L’occasion aussi de se rendre dans des lieux hors du commun et de déguster des produits du terroir. En semaine, le week-end et tout au long de l’année, la convivialité, la qualité et l’authenticité sont au rendez-vous de ces visites toujours uniques !
Chers visiteurs,
Toute l’équipe et moi-même sommes heureux de vous faire découvrir la nouvelle brochure « Les Secrets de nos boîtes » éditée par la CCI Métropolitaine Bretagne Ouest. Elle vous permettra de partir à la rencontre des femmes et des hommes qui, dans une quarantaine d’entreprises du Finistère, souhaitent vous présenter leurs métiers et le fruit de leur travail. Cette année, nous mettons plus particulièrement en lumière les métiers de la pêche et les ports du Finistère, premier département côtier métropolitain qui voit débarquer chaque année un quart de la pêche fraîche française !
C’est une grande fierté, pour les équipes de notre CCI finistérienne implantées à Brest, Morlaix et Quimper, d’accompagner ces entreprises et leurs salariés au quotidien. Nous sommes très heureux de vous les faire découvrir et, à travers elles, le dynamisme et la diversité de nos territoires. Merci à elles d’ouvrir leurs portes. Et bonnes visites à tous !
Evelyne LUCAS
Présidente de la CCI MBO
Partez à la découverte des entreprises
Chaque année, 250 000 personnes partent à la découverte des entreprises du Finistère. L'occasion de rencontrer des hommes et des femmes passionnés par leurs métiers, de découvrir des lieux insolites ou de déguster des produits locaux...
Sommaire
Pays de Brest et de Morlaix
| Nom de l'entreprise | Ville |
|--------------------------------------------|----------------|
| Aéroport Brest Bretagne | Guipavas |
| Cidrerie de Rozavern | Telgruc-sur-mer|
| Chatillon chocolatier | Pleyben |
| La ferme aux insectes | Guipavas |
| Maison Le gris | Plouguerneau |
| Novatech Technologies | Pont-de-buis |
| Océanopolis [NOUVEAU] | Brest |
| Tout feu tout frais | Plabennec |
| Algoplus | Roscoff |
| Brasserie Coreff | Carhaix |
| Boulangerie Canevet [NOUVEAU] | Saint-Thégonnec|
| Cidrerie Cozmezou [NOUVEAU] | Plouégat-Guérand|
| Criée de Roscoff | Roscoff |
| Cosmétique Cosmae [NOUVEAU] | Saint-Thonan |
| Maison du lac/EDF | Brennilis |
| Torréfaction grain de Sail | Morlaix |
CENTRES D'ÉTUDE DES LANGUES DE VOTRE CCI
A BREST : 02 98 30 45 81
A MORLAIX : 02 98 62 39 28
A QUIMPER 02 98 98 29 83
Pays de Cornouaille
| Atelier de la galette | Pont-Aven |
|----------------------|-----------|
| Biscuiterie de Concarneau | Concarneau |
| Biscuiterie de la pointe du raz | Plogoff |
| Biscuiterie François Garrec | Bénodet |
| Biscuiterie Penven | Pont-Aven |
| Biscuiterie Traou Mad | Pont-Aven |
| Brasserie Tri Martolod | Concarneau |
| Cap'Helix Escargots **NOUVEAU** | Goulien |
| Cidrerie de Menez Brug | Fouesnant |
| Cidrerie de Tromelin | Mahalon |
| Cidrerie Manoir du Kinkiz | Quimper |
| Cidrerie Melenig | Elliant |
| Conserverie Courtin | Trégunc |
| Compagnie Bretonne Furic | Penmarc'h |
| Conserverie Kerbriant | Douarnenez |
| Conserverie Jean Burel **NOUVEAU** | Concarneau |
| Distillerie des Menhirs | Plomelin |
| Distillerie du Plessis | Quimper |
| Haliotika | Le Guilvinec |
| Esprit safran & cie | Pouldreuzic |
| Huîtrières du château de Bélon | Riec-sur-Bélon |
| Imprimerie du commerce | Quimper |
| Yprema | Pluguffan |
**LÉGENDE DES PICTOS**
- Scolaires, étudiants
- Individuels
- Professionnels
- Tout groupe
- Réervation obligatoire
- Animation
- Dégustation
- Accessibilité handicap
- Photos et vidéos autorisées
- Gratuit
1 AÉROPORT BREST BRETAGNE
TRANSPORT AÉRIEN
Morgane Troadec
Aéroport Brest Bretagne
29490 GUIPAVAS
02 98 32 86 30
www.brest.aeroport.bzh
firstname.lastname@example.org
VISITE
- Visites groupes toute l'année sur RDV uniquement (toutes associations, clubs seniors, scolaires...), du lundi au vendredi matin ou après-midi
- 40 visiteurs max.
- Durée : 2 h
- Tarifs : 10€/adulte ou 5€ pour les scolaires
Vous n'avez jamais pris l'avion ? Vous souhaitez approfondir votre connaissance du monde aéroportuaire et y découvrir ses métiers ? Venez passer un agréable moment au sein de l'aéroport Brest Bretagne en compagnie de votre guide. Il vous dévoilera les coulisses de cet univers dans une ambiance conviviale.
LE PETIT +
Découvrez les coulisses de l'aéroport en assistant à une démonstration des pompiers sur la plateforme.
2 CIDRERIE DE ROZAVERN
CIDRERIE ET DISTILLERIE
Jennifer Scouarnec
Kerferman
29560 TELGRUC-SUR-MER
06 66 67 72 22
www.rozavern.fr
email@example.com
VISITE
- De juin à août
- 50 visiteurs max.
- Durée : 1h
- Tarifs : gratuit.
Au cœur de la presqu'île de Crozon, du Parc naturel régional d'Armorique et du parc marin d'Iroise, Nicolas et Jennifer vous ouvrent les portes de leur cidrerie. De la conduite du verger en agriculture biologique à la découverte des ciders, jus, Pommeau et Lambig de Bretagne AOC, en passant par toutes les étapes de la transformation, la visite est adaptée selon les publics (scolaires, groupes d'amateurs, professionnels et internationaux). Elle est toujours suivie d'une dégustation conviviale avec vue sur la vallée et les pommiers.
DÉTAIL DES ANIMATIONS
Marchés de producteurs locaux « Bienvenue à la Ferme » organisés tous les lundis, de 17h à 20h à la cidrerie. Concert gratuit à 20h. Bar et restauration sur place. Agrément « Ferme Pédagogique ». Des animations toute l'année ! : consulter le site www.rozavern.fr
LE PETIT +
Une production traditionnelle et familiale s'inscrivant dans une démarche de développement durable (bâtiments neufs producteurs d'électricité photovoltaïque).
3 CHATILLON CHOCOLATIER
CHOCOLATIER
Michel Chatillon
46, place Charles De Gaulle
29190 PLEYBEN
02 98 26 63 77
www.chatillon-chocolat.com
firstname.lastname@example.org
VISITE
- Toute l'année de 9h à 12h et de 14h à 18h. Tous les jours sauf dimanche en hiver (se renseigner).
- Visite de groupes toute l'année sur RDV.
- 50 visiteurs max.
- Durée : 45 min
- Tarifs : gratuit.
Face au calvaire de Pleyben, la Maison Chatillon vous accueille pour vous faire découvrir 50 ans de savoir-faire ! Venez découvrir les coulisses d'une chocolaterie, la transformation de la fève de cacao en chocolat puis en délicieuses spécialités. Visitez notre laboratoire de fabrication de confiseries et galettes ou voyagez le temps d'un instant pour découvrir la récolte des fèves de cacao au travers d'une vidéo. Vous dégusterez nos spécialités comme les florentins bien entendu, et nos chocolats mais aussi nos galettes fines fabriquées à Pleyben de façon totalement artisanale, que nous enrobons également de chocolat.
LE PETIT +
Vous pourrez aussi découvrir notre dernière création, les Coeurs de Plougastel, un délicieux chocolat à la fraise de Plougastel.
4 LA FERME AUX INSECTES SAVÉOL
ÉLEVAGES D'INSECTES - PRODUCTEUR DE FRUITS ET LÉGUMES
Kervao
29490 GUIPAVAS
02 98 40 09 39
www.saveol.com
email@example.com
VISITE
- Visites guidées voir horaires sur www.saveol.com
- Durée : 1 h
- Tarifs : 2,5 € par personne à partir de 16 ans - 1 € par personne pour les 7 à 15 ans - Gratuit pour les < de 7 ans.
LE PETIT +
Profitez d'animations ludiques : loupes, vidéos, tablettes numériques pour mieux comprendre la protection biologique intégrée.
Venez découvrir comment la nature protège nos cultures. Une activité inédite et ludique pour toute la famille. Savéol met à disposition de ses 125 maraîchers, un élevage d'insectes pour éviter l'usage de pesticides de synthèse et assurer la pollinisation. Nous vous ouvrons les coulisses de cet élevage unique en Europe. À travers une visite guidée d'une heure, rencontrez nos amis les insectes protecteurs et nos bourdons pollinisateurs.
5 MAISON LEGRIS
OSTRÉICULTURE
Adrien
20 Kastell Ac'h (bar à huîtres)
492 Kastell Ac'h (chantier)
29880 PLOUGUERNEAU
02 98 04 56 87
www.legris.bzh
firstname.lastname@example.org / email@example.com
VISITE
- Visite de groupes du chantier ostréicole de juillet à août sur réservation le mardi à 15h. (RDV au bar à huîtres)
- 12 personnes minimum et 40 maximum
- Durée : 50 min
- Tarifs : visite gratuite + dégustation payante suivant carte.
LE PETIT +
Vente directe du producteur ou dégustation de nos huîtres et ormeaux dans le bar à huîtres Legris entièrement rénové en 2018.
La maison Legris, entreprise conchylicole depuis 1986, vous propose une aventure « ostréiculturelle ». Venez découvrir le métier de l'ostréiculteur et connaître l'histoire de l'huître Legris élevée dans l'archipel de Lilia, du naissain à l'assiette. Nous vous proposons une découverte grâce à une vidéo aérienne, de la manipulation de naissain et poches à huîtres, d'une visite du chantier (seulement pour les groupes). Possibilité d'une dégustation dans notre bar à huîtres face à la mer.
NOVATECH TECHNOLOGIES
FABRICATION DE CARTES ET DE SOUS-ENSEMBLES ÉLECTRONIQUES
Amélie Buhannic
2 impasse Henri Bideau
29590 PONT-DE-BUIS
02 98 81 32 08
www.novatech-groupe.com
firstname.lastname@example.org
VISITE
• Visites de groupes toute l’année sur RDV (carte d’identité demandée lors de l’inscription 15 min avant la visite).
• 12 visiteurs max. par groupe
• Durée : 1h30 à 2h
• Tarifs : gratuit.
Le groupe Novatech a été créé en 1985. Fort d’un savoir-faire de plus de 30 ans, nous sommes aujourd’hui un des acteurs majeurs de l’électronique européenne. Répondant aux exigences les plus complexes, notre groupe est un apporteur de solutions concrètes dans les domaines de l’étude et de la fabrication des produits électroniques (EMS : Electronic Manufacturing Services). Notre vocation est d’apporter de la performance à nos clients en lien direct avec leurs objectifs stratégiques. Nous sommes présents dans plusieurs secteurs d’activités tel que l’aéronautique, le spatial, la défense, le naval, le ferroviaire, le transport, le médical, le multimédia haut de gamme et bien d’autres.
OCÉANOPOLIS BREST
CENTRE NATIONAL DE CULTURE SCIENTIFIQUE DÉDIÉ À L’OCÉAN
Port de Plaisance du Moulin Blanc
Rue des Cormorans
29200 BREST
02 98 34 40 40
www.oceanopolis.com
email@example.com
VISITE
• Toute l’année. Calendrier de réservation disponible sur www.oceanopolis.com
• 12 visiteurs max.
• Durée : 1h
• Tarifs : 10€ + le tarif d’entrée à Océanopolis ou 15€ pour la visite des coulisses seule.
LE PETIT +
Nous avons su développer au fil des années de solides liens de partenariat avec nos clients et nos fournisseurs à travers le monde. Notre positionnement s’appuie sur des valeurs d’entreprise telles que la réactivité, la performance induite par l’amélioration et notre savoir-faire.
LE PETIT +
Une heure d’échange privilégiée avec un médiateur scientifique qui répondra à toutes vos questions sur les secrets d’Océanopolis.
Découvrez l’envers du décor d’Océanopolis ! Accompagnés d’un médiateur scientifique, découvrez des zones habituellement inaccessibles au public : salle de quarantaine du pavillon tropical, de filtration, de préparation de la nourriture…
Il vous expliquera le fonctionnement des aquariums et vous fera découvrir le travail des aquariologistes d’Océanopolis. Une visite exceptionnelle pour découvrir la face cachée des aquariums !
TOUT FEU TOUT FRAIS
FABRICATION SALADES COMPOSÉES ET PLATS CUISINÉS SANS ADDITIFS
Rue Antoine Lavoisier - ZA de Penhoat - BP 52
29860 PLABENNEC
02 98 37 00 00
www.toutfeu-toutfrais.com
firstname.lastname@example.org
VISITE
• Visites le mercredi toute l’année à 9h30, avec un minimum de 10 personnes inscrites. Nous nous réservons le droit d’annuler la visite si le nombre d’inscrits est inférieur à 10 personnes. Visites de groupes toute l’année sur RDV.
• 15 visiteurs max.
• Durée : 1h30 avec dégustation
• Tarifs : gratuit.
LE PETIT +
En fin de visite une expérience gustative vous sera proposée pour vous aider à dissocier les artifices du manger vrai.
Créée en 1980 et installée dans la ZA de Penhoat à Plabennec, Tout Feu Tout frais est une entreprise familiale spécialisée dans la préparation de salades composées, plats cuisinés et produits traiteurs. À travers cette visite guidée, vous allez découvrir le savoir-faire Tout Feu Tout Frais : une cuisine familiale basée sur une recherche de goût et d’authenticité qui a mené l’entreprise depuis plus de 20 ans sur le chemin du sans additif.
ALGOPLUS
ALGOPLUS ALIMENTAIRES ET CONSERVEUR
Monique Poulet
Zone du Bloscon
29680 ROSCOFF
02 98 61 14 14
www.algoplus-roscoff.fr
email@example.com
VISITE
• Horaires disponibles chaque mois sur notre site.
• Durée : 1h30
• Tarifs : gratuit.
LE PETIT +
Parution dans le guide du routard de la visite d'entreprise.
En 1993, l'émission Thalassa bouleverse définitivement la vie de deux passionnés du milieu marin... Commence alors une belle histoire consacrée aux algues alors que personne n'envisage encore d'en consommer. À travers nos visites guidées et gratuites, il vous est raconté le quotidien de cette aventure autour : du métier de goémonier, de la transformation d'algues alimentaires, d'une conserverie artisanale où vous apprendrez à reconnaître de vraies conserves de poissons. Au fil de nombreuses dégustations aux saveurs iodées, accompagnées de conseils culinaires et de recettes, vous découvrirez l'univers merveilleux de la mer avec ses trésors de délices méconnus et succulents élaborés avec amour au gré des rythmes de la nature.
BOULANGERIE CANEVET
BOULANGERIE-PÂTISSERIE BIO
Yves Canevet
ZI DE LA GARE
29410 SAINT-THEGONNEC
02 98 78 08 76
www.canevet.bio
firstname.lastname@example.org
VISITE
• Juillet-Août – Le lundi à 10h30
• 20 visiteurs max.
• Durée : 1 h
• Tarifs : 3€ / visiteur > 12 ans.
LE PETIT +
Lors de la visite, vous découvrirez notre fournil ainsi que notre moulin équipé de meules de pierre. Vous pourrez également déguster différents pains et céréales aux saveurs caractéristiques.
Nos pains sont le fruit d'une histoire de famille, de passion et de plaisir. Depuis 1986, nous produisons des pains au pur levain naturel à partir de céréales issues de l'agriculture biologique. Le grain est moulu sur meule de pierre, dans nos moulins. La fermentation longue au levain offre des saveurs authentiques. Depuis toujours, Canevet s'engage à faire de délicieux pains bio, avec nos paysans partenaires, dans le respect de l'environnement. Retrouvez également nos pains sur nos marchés et nos nombreux magasins partenaires.
BRASSERIE COREFF
PRODUCTION ET DISTRIBUTION DE BIÈRES ARTISANALES
2 place de la gare
29270 CARHAIX
02 98 93 00 70
www.brasserie-coreff.com
email@example.com
VISITE
• Toute l'année
• 70 visiteurs max.
• Durée : environ 1h30
• Tarifs : 2€/personne si groupe de + de 20 personnes. 3€/personne si groupe de - de 20 personnes.
LE PETIT +
Au sein de la brasserie, découvrez la Coreff Ambassad : un espace muséographique singulier autour de la bière celte, de la brasserie Coreff, de sa communauté et de ses produits. RDV ensuite à la Boutik.
Lorsque Coreff naît en 1985 dans le Finistère, elle est la première brasserie créée en France depuis la Seconde Guerre Mondiale. En 2005, elle déménage à Carhaix. Aujourd'hui, cette brasserie régionale doyenne est connue dans toute la Bretagne et réputée pour sa gamme très large : « À chacun sa Coreff ». Très à cheval sur la tradition, c'est devenu un vrai produit identitaire breton. Ne manquez pas la visite de la brasserie, très intéressante, suivie par une dégustation, possible toute l'année sur réservation. La bière régionale par excellence.
DÉTAIL DES ANIMATIONS
Nous proposons régulièrement des dégustations de nos bières artisanales à la Boutik Coreff. Laissez-vous guider par notre équipe pour découvrir notre gamme de produits.
QUAND L'ARMORIQUE ÉTAIT ROMAINE !
VORGIUM
CENTRE D'INTERPRÉTATION ARCHÉOLOGIQUE VIRTUEL
une visite ludique & interactive
un jardin archéologique
des expositions & animations
ouvert toute l'année
entrée gratuite
infos sur www.vorgium.bzh
CIDRERIE DE COZMEZOU
CIDRERIE ET VERGERS
Erwan Le Caer
Coz Mezou
29620 PLOUÉGAT-GUÉRAND
06 71 46 05 69
www.cidrieriecozmezou.fr
firstname.lastname@example.org
VISITE
- D'avril à fin septembre et lors des vacances scolaires.
- Visite de groupes toute l'année sur RDV.
- 30 visiteurs max.
- Durée : 1h
- Tarifs : 5€ par personne en groupe.
Entre Lannion et Morlaix, dans sa cidrerie située en face des vergers, Erwan vous propose de découvrir sa cidrerie et sa façon de travailler en commençant par un film montrant notamment le fonctionnement du pressoir en pleine saison. La découverte se poursuit par une visite explicative de l'atelier de production et de la cave. La visite s'achève par la dégustation des produits élaborés à la cidrerie (cidre, jus de pomme, pommeau, chouchen, fine de Bretagne etc.). Erwan vous propose également en plus de ses spécialités, des produits locaux (produits de la mer, miel, bières, whisky etc.).
LE PETIT +
La visite libre des vergers à partir de juin et jusqu'à la fin de l'été.
COSMAÉ
FABRICANTS D'INGRÉDIENTS POUR LA COSMÉTIQUE MAISON
Marion LAGADEC
249 impasse du Marais,
29800 SAINT-THONAN
02 98 07 23 65
www.cosmae.com
email@example.com
VISITE
- Toute l'année les mercredis après-midi
- 40 visiteurs max.
- Durée : 2h
- Tarifs : 3€. Tarif de groupe possible.
- Sur réservation par email :
firstname.lastname@example.org
Cosmaé, c'est la marque locale qui vous permet d'apprendre à fabriquer vos produits cosmétiques à la maison. Fabricant d'ingrédients et produits cosmétiques, Cosmaé ouvre les portes de son usine pour vous permettre de découvrir les étapes de production d'un produit cosmétique. A l'issue de la visite, un atelier de démonstration sera animé afin de vous apprendre à fabriquer vous-même vos produits de beauté et d'hygiène (crème hydratante, masque pour le visage, baume solide pour le corps, ou encore savon solide). Rendez-vous tous les mercredis après-midi chez Cosmaé à Saint-Thonan !
GALERIE DE VISITE DE LA CRIÉE DE ROSCOFF
DÉCOUVERTE DE LA FILIÈRE DE LA PÊCHE
Caroline Kergoat
Port du Bloson
29680 ROSCOFF
02 98 62 39 26
www.bretagne-ouest.cci.bz
https://www.facebook.com/visitecrieroscoff
VISITE
- De début avril à début novembre (nous consulter).
- 50 visiteurs max.
- Durée : 1h15
- Tarifs : Adulte : 5€ / Enfant (de – à 12 ans) : 3€ / Enfant – de 6 ans : gratuit.
Découvrez les coulisses de la pêche. Quel est ce poisson ? D'où vient-il ? Où est-il pêché ? Avec quelles techniques ? Comment se déroulait autrefois la vente à la voix et comment se déroule aujourd'hui la vente informatisée ? Laissez vous guider et suivez le fil des opérations de la capture du poisson en pleine mer >>> à l'assiette du consommateur.
LE PETIT +
Découvrez l'article « une journée à la criée de Roscoff » en page 21.
MAISON DU LAC / ESPACE DÉCOUVERTE EDF
CENTRE DE DÉCOUVERTE DE L’ÉNERGIE ÉLECTRIQUE
Service des visites
Centrale nucléaire de Brennilis
Site des Monts d’Arrée
29690 BRENNILIS
02 98 99 69 06
www.edf.fr/brennilis
email@example.com
VISITE
- Ouvert toute l’année. Tous les jours de juin à septembre. Les week-ends d’octobre à mai.
- Durée : Visite espace découverte : 1h. Accès libre toute l’année de 13h à 18h. Visite des installations : 2h30. Toute l’année sur rendez-vous.
- Tarifs : gratuit.
Nichée au cœur des Monts d’Arrée, face au Mont Saint-Michel de Brasparts, la centrale nucléaire en déconstruction de Brennilis est un acteur clé de l’histoire énergétique française et du patrimoine industriel local. Seul, en famille ou entre amis, EDF vous reçoit à la Maison du Lac pour vous permettre de plonger au cœur des enjeux énergétiques et environnementaux.
LE PETIT +
Inscrivez-vous et cheminez à travers l’installation nucléaire, parcourez les turbines à combustion du site et, une fois par mois, entrez au cœur de l’enceinte réacteur.
Nouveautés 2022
1 mini-golf de 9 trous, des jeux XXL (dames et échecs), 2 jeux de piste, 3 sentiers de randonnée balisés…
Balade poney (4-10 ans), balade encadrée en e-trottinette cross (à partir de 12 ans), location de VTT et VTT électriques…
Parcabout® de 1250 m², sensations et rigolades garanties !
Hébergements insolites et parc de loisirs
À 10 MINUTES DE MORLAIX
Le Treuscoat | 29410 Pleyber-Christ | 06 29 35 59 81
www.domaine-treuscoat.fr
A travers ce carnet spécial pêche, vous allez découvrir les coulisses riches et passionnantes du monde de la pêche.
Le saviez-vous ?
Le Finistère compte 8 criées. Un poisson sur cinq pêché en France (40 000 tonnes en 2021) est débarqué dans un des 12 ports de pêche finistérien. Cela confère au département la première place de pêche fraîche en France !
De la construction navale à la vente en passant par le mareyage ou la transformation du poisson, on estime qu’un emploi en mer génère trois à cinq emplois à terre.
Avez-vous déjà visité une criée ?
Flashez ce QR code pour vous immerger dans l’une d’entre elles et en découvrir les coulisses, comme si vous y étiez !
En dehors des visites encadrées, présentées dans le guide, les criées sont rarement accessibles au grand public.
Port de pêche ou criée
Port de commerce
Port de plaisance
CCIMBO :
siège à Brest et délégations à Brest, Morlaix et Quimper
A Loctudy, la criée dévoile ses secrets aux lève-tôt !
Le saviez-vous ? Loctudy a longtemps été un port de commerce, spécialisé dans l'export de pommes de terre. Il n'est devenu un port de pêche, célèbre pour ses fameuses langoustines, qu'à partir des années 1960. Pour découvrir d'autres secrets de la petite et la grande histoire de la pêche locale, le musée de la Conserverie lance une nouvelle offre de visites guidées, trois fois par semaine.
La guide, Valérie Dufour, est loin d'être étrangère à cet univers car elle est elle-même femme de marin-pêcheur. Son objectif : proposer des visites « sur-mesure » en petits groupes de quinze personnes, maximum. La plus longue et complète a lieu le mardi matin, à 5h30 ! Pendant 1h30, les visiteurs seront immergés au cœur du port, avec notamment une entrée dans la criée, habituellement complètement fermée et inaccessible au public. « La particularité de Loctudy, explique-t-elle, est qu'il y a des produits très variés qui y sont préparés. On trouve des oursins, des moules, des algues, et bien sûr les langoustines ! »
En fin de visite, une fois par mois, les courageux lève-tôt ont le droit à un petit-déjeuner au sein de la conserverie et une visite du musée, qui met un coup de projecteur sur l'aventure de la conserve de poissons pendant plusieurs décennies.
**PRATIQUE**
- **Mardi** : départ à 5h30 pour 1h30 de visite ; le premier mardi de chaque mois, départ à 5h30 puis collation au Musée + visite du Musée à 7h/7h30
- **Mercredi** : départ à 14h pour 45 minutes de visite du port de pêche et de la criée
- **Samedi** : départ à 14h pour 45 minutes de visite.
**PREMIÈRE SAISON POUR LE MUSÉE ALEXIS LE GALL**
La conserverie Alexis Le Gall, la seule de Loctudy, a connu son âge d'or de 1919 à 1954. Les bâtiments ont été conservés et entretenus par un héritier avant d'être transformés en musée, ouvert lors des journées du patrimoine en 2021. Classé bâtiment historique, il a été sélectionné pour participer au loto du patrimoine lancé par Stéphane Bern.
Une journée avec...
Guirec André, directeur de la criée de Roscoff
7h30 (ou 5h en fonction des ventes). Arrivée au travail. Si, pour certains, l'horaire peut sembler matinal, c'est presque l'occasion d'une grasse matinée pour Guirec André. « Si autrefois la vente se faisait à la voix, aujourd'hui tout se passe par internet ». La vente des poissons et crustacés arrivés la veille se fait maintenant depuis une salle informatique avec des acheteurs à distance. Moins éprouvant, surtout pour les cordes vocales.
9h. Débarquement. Après la vente d'un lot toutes les 5 secondes en matinée, la criée est complètement nettoyée par les agents. Aujourd'hui, elle emploie 32 personnes, soit... 27 de plus qu'il y a 30 ans ! Cela est dû à l'augmentation du nombre de bateaux débarquant à Roscoff. Justement, la vente à peine finie, il n'est pas rare de voir un nouveau débarquement en matinée.
12h-14h. Les équipes se relaient. Les amplitudes d'ouverture de la criée sont importantes et le travail physique. Les salariés qui commencent en matinée finissent donc en milieu de journée. Ils continuent de trier et peser les arrivages en vue de la prochaine vente. Guirec
André, lui, s'attèle à des tâches plus administratives. « Ce qui me plaît dans ce travail, c'est la diversité des missions et le travail de terrain. Je peux être un jour dans mon bureau, le lendemain suivre une vente et le jour d'après en réunion avec les marins-pêcheurs ». Une vie professionnelle qu'il n'échangerait pas pour revenir à celle d'avant. Guirec était à l'origine employé des PTT. Las, il a postulé à la criée de Saint Quay-Portrieux où il a décroché son premier emploi de crieur.
14h-minuit. Le tri continue. Pour faire face au débarquement des chalutiers, fileyeurs et côtiers, toujours plus important, les équipes reçoivent et trient le poisson en continué jusqu'à minuit. Chaque année, entre 4000 et 6000 tonnes de produits transitent sur place. La lotte est l'espèce la plus représentée, juste devant le merlan. Une équipe continuera jusqu'à minuit avant qu'une autre prenne le relai à 4h le lendemain pour la vente.
Dans les coulisses de la compagnie bretonne...
Fanchir la porte de la Compagnie bretonne, c'est immédiatement se plonger dans l'ambiance de cette conserverie familiale, dont les locaux flambants neufs ont été conçus pour accueillir le public. « Nous sommes fiers de montrer le savoir-faire d'une conserverie telle qu'elle est aujourd'hui, avec ses spécificités », explique Marie Fertil, responsable marketing. Pour ce faire, rien de mieux qu'une plongée au cœur des secrets de fabrication avec Marine, une des salariées. C'est elle qui nous guidera ce jour-là à travers les couloirs de l'entreprise. Première étape : une vidéo qui dévoile (sans trop en dire) les secrets de fabrication des soupes de poissons et de la mise en boîte. Surprise : quasiment rien n'est automatisé. Le geste du filetage, c'est-à-dire la mise en filet, se fait à la main, avec une paire de ciseaux. « Pour maîtriser la technique, il faut environ 6 mois », précise la guide. Elle nous conduit ensuite à l'étage où, à travers des vitres, on peut observer les salariés travailler en direct. Au mur, leurs portraits et leurs témoignages. L'occasion de découvrir l'attachement des 55 employés de production à leur entreprise, ancrée en Pays Bigouden.
Des gestes techniques, à la main
Cette plongée dans le concret donne des idées et des envies ! « On goûte quand ? », demande un jeune visiteur venu avec ses grands-parents. La dégustation est justement prévue dans le circuit. Au menu, ce jour : soupe de poissons et terrine de thon aux algues. Pour repartir avec un peu plus que cet échantillon, rendez-vous en boutique ou en épicerie fine !
SUR LE TERRITOIRE DEPUIS QUATRE GÉNÉRATIONS
Le savoir-faire de La Compagnie Bretonne est issu du travail du poisson de 4 générations. Le grand-père de Jean-François Furic a débuté une activité de marée en 1920 sur le port du Guilvinec. Quand Jean-François et ses trois frères rejoignent l'aventure, un armement et la conserverie sont créés. Dans le milieu des années 1990, cette même conserverie est vendue et délocalisée à Quimper. Pour conserver l'activité dans le Pays Bigouden, Jean-François Furic fonde la Compagnie bretonne à Penmarc'h, en 1998. Ses deux enfants, Sten et Maria, en sont aujourd'hui les gérants. Ils défendent des valeurs fortes : la promotion du territoire et la création d'emploi locaux.
Zoom sur le Pays de Cornouaille
MARiNARiUM CONCARNEAU
Ouvert tous les jours de février à décembre
Place de la Croix
29900 Concarneau
ATELIER DE LA GALETTE - BISCUITERIE DE PONT-AVEN
BISCUITERIE ET PATISSERIE BRETONNE
8 rue du Général de Gaulle
29930 PONT-AVEN
Tél. 02 98 09 14 20
www.biscuiteriedepontaven.fr
firstname.lastname@example.org
VISITE
- Toute l'année, du mardi au samedi de 10h à 12h30 et de 14h à 16h30 sur réservation.
- 60 visiteurs max.
- Durée : 30 min
- Tarifs : gratuit.
Venez assister à la fabrication du kouign amann et du far breton, dans la dernière biscuiterie au cœur de la cité des peintres. Élaborés selon les recettes d'antan, au beurre de baratte, tous nos produits vous sont proposés gratuitement à la dégustation avec une bolée de cidre !
DÉTAIL DES ANIMATIONS
Démonstration de fabrication de gâteaux (kouign amann, gâteau breton, far) et de galettes.
LE PETIT +
Vous pourrez également discuter du feuilletage à l'ancienne ou du travail de la pâte avec notre pâtissier...
BISCUITERIE DE CONCARNEAU
BISCUITERIE ET PATISSERIE BRETONNE
207 rue de Trégunc
29900 CONCARNEAU
02 98 70 54 45
www.biscuiteriedeconcarneau.com
email@example.com
VISITE
- Toute l'année du lundi au vendredi de 9h à 15h
- 60 personnes max.
- Durée : 15 min
- Tarifs : gratuit
La Biscuiterie de Concarneau vous propose un large éventail de biscuits à découvrir: la galette, le palet, la madeleine, le caramel au beurre salé ou encore le fameux Crakou, notre spécialité craquante au caramel. Tous nos produits sont fabriqués de manière artisanale avec du beurre de baratte frais. Venez observer le travail de nos pâtissiers, ils produisent devant vous chaque jour une spécialité différente. Pour clôturer la visite, une dégustation est offerte. Il est également possible de goûter aux produits de notre cave typiquement bretonne. Régalez-vous !
DÉTAIL DES ANIMATIONS
Vue sur la fabrication (caramel liquide, crakou, gâteaux frais).
LE PETIT +
Profitez en pour déguster des saveurs plus originales: le palet au caramel et à la fleur de sel, la galette au blé noir ou encore le "Crakou" à la pistache ou au chocolat pour les plus gourmands.
BISCUITERIE DE LA POINTE DU RAZ
BISCUITERIE ET PATISSERIE BRETONNE
Route de la Pointe du Raz
29770 PLOGOFF
02 98 70 60 73
www.biscuiteriedelapointeduraz.com
firstname.lastname@example.org
VISITE
- Visites toute l'année, du lundi au vendredi et tous les jours d'avril à septembre à 10h, 11h, 14h et 15h
- Visites de groupes toute l'année sur RDV.
- 60 visiteurs max.
- Durée : 20 min
- Tarifs : gratuit.
Les produits de la Biscuiterie de la Pointe du Raz sont fabriqués dans le pur respect des recettes traditionnelles depuis 1936. Le secret est lié à la fabrication artisanale et au choix des ingrédients comme le beurre de baratte frais qui donne au produit ce goût exceptionnel. Venez déguster gratuitement nos produits à leurs sorties du four !
DÉTAIL DES ANIMATIONS
Circuit de visite avec vue sur la fabrication des palets et galettes ainsi qu'un espace vidéo.
LE PETIT +
La galette et le palet se déclinent désormais aux doux parfums de blé noir, de caramel au beurre salé et fleur de sel ou de chocolat et orange...
Dessiné en 1986 par l'architecte Robert BERTHET, le parcours 18 trous est légèrement vallonné, technique et varié. Il comporte un mélange de trous en dog leg, parsemés de bunkers postés en sentinelles et d'autres défendus par de jolis plans d'eau. Les larges fairways, bordés de chênes centenaires et de pins, permettent aux longs frappeurs de s'exprimer. Le finish 16/17/18 est digne d'un parcours de championnat !
GOLFER EN PEU DE TEMPS
Le parcours 9 trous compact se joue en une heure environ et est accessible à tous.
TAPER QUELQUES BALLES
Un practice (dont 8 postes couverts), un putting et un Chipping-green permettent de s'entraîner.
S'INITIER OU AMÉLIORER VOTRE SWING
Des produits d'enseignement spécifiques pour chacun, pour tous les âges et accessibles à tous.
> Leçons individuelles ou collectives
> Stages adaptés à votre niveau pour adultes ou juniors
> École de golf
SE DÉTENDRE ET SE RESTAURER
Au sein du vaste club-house, un bar et un restaurant, ouverts à tous.
Tous les midis, formule menu et à la carte
GOLF BLUEGREEN L'ODET
Clohars Fouesnant • 29950 - Bénodet
02 98 54 87 88
email@example.com
bluegreen.fr
Les atouts du golf
- Proximité de Bénodet et des plages du Finistère Sud
- Qualité d'entretien des parcours
- Beauté et quiétude de l'environnement
- Restaurant avec vue panoramique sur le golf
- Une boutique d'une surface de 120m² qui propose les nouveautés textiles et matériels
- Partenariats hôteliers
BISCUITERIE FRANÇOIS GARREC
BISCUITERIE ET PÂTISSERIE BRETONNE
Sylvie GARREC
Route de Fouesnant - RD 44
29950 BÉNODET
02 98 57 17 17
www.garrec.com
firstname.lastname@example.org
VISITE
- Visites en juillet et août du lundi au vendredi à 10h30 et 14h30
- Visites le reste de l'année le jeudi et le vendredi à 11h.
- Visites de groupes toute l'année sur RDV.
- 15 visiteurs max.
- Durée : 30 min
- Tarifs : gratuit.
Fabrique artisanale de crêpes et de gâteaux bretons depuis 1967, les produits sont fabriqués à la main avec les mêmes recettes depuis plus de 40 ans. Vous pourrez découvrir le savoir-faire des crépières qui travaillent sur biligs et celui des pâtissiers qui détaillent les galettes avec des emporte-pièces.
LE PETIT +
Nos galettes sont entièrement faites à la main. Plus de 15 produits différents sont faits sous vos yeux. Unique en Bretagne !
BISCUITERIE PENVEN
BISCUITERIE ET PÂTISSERIE BRETONNE
Zone de Kergazuel
29930 PONT-AVEN
02 98 06 05 87
www.galettes-penven.com
email@example.com
VISITE
- Visites en juillet et août pour les particuliers, sur réservation.
- Visites de groupes toute l'année sur RDV.
- 30 personnes max.
- Durée : 45 min
- Tarifs : gratuit
La Biscuiterie Isidore Penven, du nom de l'inventeur de la galette à Pont-Aven en 1890, perpétue la fabrication de ses palets et galettes au bon beurre de baratte demi-sel. Ceux-ci sont fabriqués à Pont-Aven de manière artisanale, sans colorant, sans conservateur, ni arôme artificiel.
Venez nous rendre visite*, nous serons ravis de vous les faire déguster.
LE PETIT +
Venez découvrir notre large gamme de palets et galettes, ainsi que nos gâteaux bretons. NOUVEAUTÉ : nos biscuits salés.
*Suivant l'évolution de la situation sanitaire
BISCUITERIE TRAOU MAD
BISCUITERIE ET PÂTISSERIE BRETONNE
ZA Kergazuel
29930 PONT-AVEN
02 98 06 19 52
www.biscuiterie-loc-maria.fr
firstname.lastname@example.org
VISITE
• Pour les particuliers : du 6/07 au 27/08 les mardis, mercredis et jeudis à 10h, 11h30, 14h et 15h30 sur réservation - se présenter 15 minutes avant.
• Pour les groupes : toute l'année sur réservation. L'accès à l'unité de production est réservé aux personnes de plus d'1,20 m (raisons de sécurité).
• 30 visiteurs max.
• Durée : 45 min.
• Tarifs : 3 €/ adulte, 2€/ enfant de 13 à 16 ans, gratuit pour les - de 12 ans. Gratuit pour accompagnateurs de groupes.
Traou Mad®, autrement dit "choses bonnes" en breton est le nom d'un palet épais et beurré inventé par Alexis Le Villain, boulanger de métier en 1920. 30 ans plus tard, sa fille portée par le succès des Palets de Pont-Aven®, décide de développer la petite boulangerie familiale et invente la recette des célèbres Galettes de Pont-Aven®. Depuis 100 ans, la réussite de Traou Mad® repose sur un savoir-faire ancestral et des produits locaux de qualité : de la farine transformée au moulin de Pont-Aven, des œufs de poules élevées en plein air dans le Finistère et du beurre frais breton.
La société s'appuie sur le savoir-faire d'hommes et de femmes de métier ainsi que sur des techniques innovantes, pour créer et transformer au sein d'un atelier de plus de 4000 m².
Décoration intérieure et extérieure
CADR'AVEN
ENCADREMENTS
ZA de Cleun Nizon-Pont-Aven | 02 98 06 10 33
BRASSERIE TRI MARTOLOD
FABRICATION DE BIÈRES ARTISANALES
ZA de Colguen
29900 CONCARNEAU
02 98 66 20 22
www.trimartolod.fr
email@example.com
VISITE
• Visites libres toute l'année. Guidée du 15/06 au 15/09 les jeudi à 11h.
• 30 personnes max.
• Durée : 1h
• Tarifs : gratuit.
Tri Martolod ? Vous connaissez probablement la chanson. Pourtant il s'agit ici, non pas de musique, mais de bière artisanale. Notre histoire commence en 1999, lorsqu'une bande de copains décide de créer une SCOP pour produire la première Pils bretonne. 20 ans plus tard, les 15 associés salariés vous accueillent pour une visite de la brasserie qui vous mènera dans les coulisses de la fabrication de la bière et l'organisation de sa distribution en coopérative. Artisanale et indépendante dans un marché dominé par les industries multinationales, Tri Martolod, c'est LA bière coopérative de Concarneau.
DÉTAIL DES ANIMATIONS
Café, concerts, expos, bar, terrasse.
LE PETIT +
Tri Martolod propose également une cave à bières artisanales avec + de 100 références mais aussi du vin, du cidre, des spiritueux et du café bio torréfié sur place.
CAP'HELIX ESCARGOTS
HÉLICICULTURE
Didier et Jeannick BONIS
2 Breharadec
29770 GOULIEN
02 98 70 25 83
www.cap-helix.fr
firstname.lastname@example.org
VISITE
• Mi-avril à mi-septembre
• 15/20 visiteurs max. selon âge
• Durée : 40 min
• Tarifs : 5 € à partir de 16 ans, 3 € de 3 à 15 ans
À la ferme Cap'Hélix, les escargots petits-gris naissent en atelier climatisé, grandissent en parcs où ils sont protégés et où ils disposent d'une alimentation naturelle et de conditions idéales de croissance. Un dernier passage dans le laboratoire en fait de délicieux petits plats préparés (au naturel ou cuisinés ; frais, surgelés ou en conserves). La visite commentée dure environ 40 minutes et peut se prolonger par une dégustation.
LE PETIT +
Cap'Hélix est la première ferme hélicicole française certifiée en Agriculture Biologique. Elle s'est diversifiée et produit aussi œufs, légumes et fruits. La boutique est ouverte toute l'année.
Visite de mi avril à mi septembre, du lundi au samedi, sur rendez-vous de préférence, de 10 h à 12 h et de 15h à 18h.
Dégustation en option. Accès handicapés sur demande.
CIDRERIE DE MENEZ BRUG
Stéven et Lénaig Goenvec
54 Hent Carbon - Beg-Meil
29170 FOUESNANT
02 98 94 94 50
www.cidrerie-de-menez-brug.com
cidrerie@email@example.com
VISITE
- Visites guidées tous les mercredis du 15 juin au 15 septembre de 10h à 12h et 14h à 17h. Visites de groupes sur RDV. Le magasin est ouvert toute l'année : du 15 avril au 30 septembre : du lundi au samedi de 9h30 à 12h15 et de 14h à 19h. Du 1er octobre au 20 décembre : du lundi au samedi de 9h30 à 12h. Du 20 décembre au 15 avril : du lundi au vendredi de 9h30 à 12h et de 14h à 18h, et le samedi de 9h30 à 12h.
- 50 personnes max.
- Durée : 45 min
- Tarifs : forfait groupes
LE PETIT +
La visite de la cidrerie se passe toujours dans un cadre détendu et en toute convivialité !
La cidrerie est située dans la campagne verdoyante du Pays Fouesnantais. Nous vous ferons découvrir nos vergers, notre atelier familial, et les secrets de la fabrication du cidre de Fouesnant qui a la réputation d'être le meilleur du monde. Ce cidre, doux et amer, se distingue par sa texture et sa force.
CIDRERIE DE TROMELIN
L'équipe éducative
ESAT du CAP-SIZUN - Kan Ar Mor
Lieu-dit de Tromelin
29790 MAHALON
02 98 74 55 08
www.kanarmor.fr
firstname.lastname@example.org
VISITE
- Visites du 15 juin au 15 septembre.
- Visites guidées : les mardis et vendredis à 11h, 14h, 15h, 16h, et 17h.
- Visites libres : les lundis, mercredis et jeudis de 10h à 12h et de 13h30 à 18h.
- Visite de groupes toute l'année sur RDV.
- 50 visiteurs max.
- Durée : 40 min + dégustation
- Tarifs : gratuit.
LE PETIT +
La Cidrerie de Tromelin est un Établissement et Service d'Aide par le Travail (ESAT) de l'Association Kan Ar Mor.
La visite commentée, la vidéo et les panneaux explicatifs vous initient à l'élaboration du cidre traditionnel et du pur jus de pomme. Visite suivie d'une dégustation gratuite, moment d'échange privilégié avec le personnel de l'atelier.
CIDRERIE MANOIR DU KINKIZ
Maugane Seznec
75 chemin du Quinquis - Ergué-Armel
29000 QUIMPER
02 98 90 20 57
www.kinkiz-terroir.bzh
email@example.com
VISITE
- Visites toute l'année, du lundi au samedi (+10 pers. sur RDV) de 9h30 à 12h30 et de 14h à 18h30
- 50 personnes max.
- Durée : 1h à 1h30
- Tarifs : 2,50 €/pers pour les groupes ; gratuit pour les particuliers
LE PETIT +
Hervé Seznec a reçu la médaille d'or en 2019 pour son Pommeau de Bretagne AOC ainsi que la médaille d'argent pour son cidre de Fouesnant et une médaille de bronze pour son AOP Cornouaille.
Visitez une cave unique en Bretagne ! Héritier d'une longue tradition familiale, Hervé Seznec vous invite à découvrir le chai et les produits « Manoir du Kinkiz » élaborés dans la plus pure tradition cidricole. Une dégustation vous est proposée en fin de visite.
Cidrerie Melenig
Christian Toullec
Quenehaye
29370 ELLIANT
02 98 94 16 50
www.cidremelenig.fr
firstname.lastname@example.org
Visite
- Visites juillet et août, du lundi au vendredi à 14h30 et 17h
- Visite de groupes toute l'année sur RDV.
- 50 visiteurs max.
- Durée : 40 min + dégustation
- Tarifs : gratuit.
Près de la chapelle de Kerdevot, Christian Toullec vous accueille à la Cidrerie Melenig. Ici les vergers sont conduits en agriculture biologique et les pommes sont ramassées à la main. Vous découvrirez la fabrication de nos cidres fermiers et AOP Cornouaille, du jus de pomme, du pommeau et du lambig de Bretagne. Vous terminerez par une dégustation conviviale de ces produits.
Le Petit +
Une dégustation gourmande vous est proposée le jeudi à 18h en juillet-août pour associer les cidres et les produits locaux. Sur inscription.
La Coquille
Au cœur du port de pêche et face à la Ville Close, La Coquille vous offre une cuisine de terroir dans un cadre chaleureux et une atmosphère conviviale.
1, Rue du Moros, 29900 Concarneau | 02 98 97 08 52
email@example.com | www.lacoquille-concarneau.fr
Conserverie Courtin
Zone de Kerouel
29910 TRÉGUNC
02 98 97 01 80
www.conserverie-courtin.com
firstname.lastname@example.org
Visite
- Tous les jours y compris dimanche et jours fériés entre 9h et 19h. En juillet et août entre 9h et 20h.
- 60 personnes max.
- Durée : 1h
- Tarifs : gratuit.
Fondée en 1893, la conserverie Courtin est la plus ancienne conserverie de Concarneau. Venez découvrir la confection artisanale de nos soupes de poissons, nos rillettes de la mer et de notre fameux confit de noix de Saint-Jacques sur notre nouveau site de production. Assistez en direct à la fabrication de nos produits, visitez notre musée et découvrez notre histoire, dégustez nos spécialités de la mer.
Le Petit +
Tous les produits sont élaborés selon des recettes originales sans adjonction de colorant, de conservateur ni exhausteurs de goût.
La Compagnie Bretonne - Jean-François Furic
Romain Le Foll
105 Hent Yvon Buannic
29760 PENMARC'H
02 98 58 40 10
www.lacompagniebretonne.fr
email@example.com
Visite
- Visites individuelles toute l'année. Se conférer au site internet pour les horaires. Visites de groupes sur RDV.
- 55 visiteurs max.
- Durée : entre 1h et 1h30
- Tarifs : gratuit.
C'est à la pointe Sud-Ouest du Finistère, au cœur des ports Cornouaillais, que la famille Furic et toute l'équipe de La Compagnie Bretonne, préparent pour vous leurs conserves fines de la mer, fruit d'un savoir-faire transmis depuis trois générations. La compagnie Bretonne vous ouvre les portes de sa nouvelle usine à Penmarch', l'occasion de découvrir son histoire et son savoir-faire. En fin de visite, rendez-vous au comptoir pour la dégustation de quelques-unes de nos spécialités.
Le Petit +
Profitez-en pour déguster un des produits emblématiques de la conserverie : l'émietté de thon Germon à l'algue Wakamé.
CONSERVIERIE KERBRIANT
CONSERVIERE ARTISANALE PRODUITS DE LA MER
Marc Le Gal
Parc d’activités Lannugat Nord - 32, rue Jean Kervoalen
29100 DOUARNENEZ
02 98 70 52 44
www.kerbriant.fr
firstname.lastname@example.org
VISITE
• Février à octobre + vacances scolaires
• 30 visiteurs max.
• Durée : 1h + dégustation
• Tarifs : gratuit.
Dernière conserverie artisanale et familiale de produits de la mer de Douarnenez, nous élaborons et transformons tout sur place, à la main, quasiment à l’ancienne. Douceurs pour l’apéritif, plats cuisinés pour la famille ou pour les grands rassemblements, la gamme est appétissante et fait sienne la devise du patron : « il faut que les gens prennent du plaisir à manger ».
LE PETIT +
Recettes traditionnelles, fabrications à l’ancienne, adepte du « clean label » : le minimum d’ingrédients, pas de colorant, pas de conservateur, pas d’exhausteur de goût, sans gluten, sans sel ajouté...
Fort de son expérience de marin embarqué sur les thoniers concarnois pendant 20 ans, Jean BUREL fonde sa conserverie en 1990. Cuisinier de formation, sa soif de découverte le mène aux quatre coins du monde, il ramène dans ses valises des recettes alliant authenticité, qualité et originalité. Son savoir-faire se décline dans la préparation de la sardine. Ces flèches d’argent pêchées entre les îles Glénan et la baie de Douarnenez sont frites à l’ancienne, respectant la plus pure tradition concarnoise. Outre une gamme traditionnelle des produits de la mer, Jean Burel vous propose aussi à travers sa marque Algo d’Aure le meilleur du Bio.
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Des mets atypiques tels les ormeaux ou les pouces-pieds complètent nos 130 références.
DISTILLERIE DES MENHIRS
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29700 PLOMELIN
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Un whisky unique au monde : EDDU au blé noir. Des pommeaux et des lambigs. GWENAVAL, une blanche de pommes et cidres. Venez découvrir les différentes étapes de leur élaboration et partagez avec nous la passion et le savoir-faire qui animent cette entreprise familiale. À l’issue de la visite, une dégustation de nos produits vous sera offerte.
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La Distillerie des Menhirs est régulièrement primée au Concours Général de Paris. Elle est l’entreprise bretonne la plus primée pour la qualité de ses spiritueux.
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Distillateur liquoriste, Hervé Seznec perpétue avec passion la tradition ancestrale bretonne du bouilleur de cru, dans sa distillerie située tout près de la cidrerie Manoir du Kinkiz. Après la visite du musée, une dégustation de sa gamme originale vous sera proposée.
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La Distillerie a obtenu de nombreuses médailles aux concours régionaux et nationaux.
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Le port - Terrasse panoramique - BP 18
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2 visites de la criée :
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36 ESPIRIT SAFRAN & CIE
PRODUCTION DE SAFRAN ET D’ALOE VERA (AB)
Anne Roche
Kerintec
29710 POULDREUZIC
06 61 59 01 09
www.esprit-safran-et-cie.com
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le mardi et le jeudi 17h-18h30.
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Esprit Safran & Cie est une ferme familiale de dix hectares, située au cœur du Pays Bigouden, à Pouldreuzic. Nous y développons une activité équestre et une production de deux plantes rares et atypiques : le Safran et l’Aloé Vera, en Agriculture Biologique.
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Unique en France !
Nous vous proposons une dégustation de nos produits safranés en fin de visite.
Pour les amateurs d’aloé Vera : du 1/07 au 15/08 « les lundis atelier : Apprenez à faire votre gel vous-même » de 15 h à 17h30. 30€/personne. Sur réservation.
37 HUITRIÈRES DU CHÂTEAU DE BÉLON
François de Solminihac
Port du Bélon (rive droite)
29340 RIEC-SUR-BÉLON
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(Réservation Conseillée) Site libre d’accès toute l’année de 10h30 à 18h
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Première ferme ostréicole créée en 1864 par Auguste de Solminihac et Hippolyte de Mauduit sur la rivière de Bélon, les Huîtrières du Château de Bélon perpétuent l’affinage longue durée de la fameuse huître plate « Bélon ». Entrée libre au site et visites guidées sur rendez-vous, pour tout public.
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Vente directe d’huîtres, dégustation face à la rivière, expédition sous 24h aux particuliers sur toute la France. Domaine inscrit Monument Historique. Participation à « la ferme préférée des Français » de Stéphane Bern en 2021
Exploitation agréée « Ferme Découverte » du réseau ‘Bienvenue à la ferme’.
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Fêtes maritimes
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musiques de Bretagne et du monde
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20 rue Anne Robert Jacques Turgot - BP 21015
29551 QUIMPER Cedex 9
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Depuis 1984 l’imprimerie du Commerce, entreprise familiale depuis 4 générations, porte une attention toute particulière à faire partager à ses clients son souci de qualité et son sens de l’innovation.
Elle maîtrise deux procédés d’impression : offset et rotative, et tout en préservant l’avenir, l’entreprise s’est fortement investie dans le développement durable (certifications PEFC - FSC - Imprim’Vert).
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A strategic framework for Family Services
Service
Tool Templates 2006
reference guide
Coordination
A strategic framework for Family Services
Published by the Office for Children, Victorian Department of Human Services, Melbourne, Victoria.
January 2007
© Copyright State of Victoria, Department of Human Services, 2007
This publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any process except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968.
Authorised by the Victorian Government, 50 Lonsdale Street, Melbourne.
Also published on http://www.dhs.vic.gov.au/officeforchildren
Printed on
sustainable paper
by GT Graphics, 34 Stanley St, Collingwood.
Contents
The new policy and legislation places children's best interests at the heart of all decision making and service delivery.
This strategic framework focuses on children, young people and families in the greatest need. It will achieve greater consistency in targeting, prioritisation, demand management and service delivery.
1 Executive summary
This new strategic framework for the Department of Human Servicesfunded Family Services program is an opportunity for a contemporary approach to responding to vulnerable and atrisk children and their families. This framework is consistent with the significant reform agenda that led to new policy and legislation in 2005. This policy is outlined in the white paper: Protecting childrenthe next steps (July 2005).
Two new Acts legislate the new approach to children and their families:
* Child Wellbeing and Safety Act 2005
* Children, Youth and Families Act 2005.
The Victorian Government's vision is that every child should thrive, learn and grow, be valued and respected, and become an effective adult. The government's aspirations, articulated in its Outcomes Framework for all Victorian Children and Youth, are the same for vulnerable children and youth as for all children. Many families need occasional support to realise these aspirations, especially where their capacity to support and care adequately for their child is impaired. They may also require the additional support and targeted interventions of Family Services. Family Services has a critical role in promoting outcomes for vulnerable children and families, and provides a range of service interventions with a wholeoffamily focus, to:
* strengthen parent capability to provide basic care, ensure safety and promote their child's development
*
improve the
family's community
connections and
access to
community resources.
This requires building and supporting a reliable network of ongoing services, strong linkages and sustained engagement with relevant universal and adult services, and supporting these services to work effectively with vulnerable children and families.
The strategic framework provides the context for and an overview of the future service system that best reflects the intent of the policy and legislation, through descriptions of Family Service approaches and interventions to improve outcomes for vulnerable children, young people and families. It also describes the integration of Family Services and Family Support Innovation Projects into a single service description, and includes roles and responsibilities of the new Child and Family Information Referral and Support Teams, Child FIRST (communitybased intake), being established across Victoria from 2007 to 2009.
1.1 Evidence to support the changes
Early childhood safety, stability and development are the foundations for learning, behaviour and health through school years and into adult life. Children who have negative experiences in their first three years can have longlasting effects on brain development and are more likely to experience behavioural and learning problems, substance abuse, involvement in crime, poor physical health and practise poor parenting. Adequate nutrition and positive nurturing enhances physical, emotional, social and intellectual wellbeing.
Timely and effective identification and management of risk factors is critical to minimise negative impacts on children's and young people's safety, stability and development. A combination of risk factors may lead to an increase in the child's vulnerability, particularly if risks accumulate over time. The interaction between risk factors and protective factors is complex, but protective factors can reduce the likelihood of negative outcomes.
In order to minimise negative experiences on children and young people's safety, stability and development, intervention should occur as soon as the vulnerability or risk has been identified.
Family Support Innovation Projects (FSIPs) have been established across the state since 200203. The evaluation of the FSIPs gives a strong understanding of key service system characteristics required to support effective local responses to children and families. Key characteristics include:
* a network of coordinated communitybased services that share responsibility for service delivery
* a mix of low, medium and highintensity services that are comprehensive and flexible
* an approach to service delivery with capacity for:
assessment of the needs of children and young people to determine an appropriate service response
working with resistant and hardtoengage families
focusing on working with parents to address children's needs.
Our increasingly complex social environment contains many families who face growing issues raising their children, including family violence, mental illness and alcohol and drug abuse. Ongoing social, economic and demographic changes place further burdens on families, making them more vulnerable due to a lack of support. Many human services are reporting an increasing complexity of clients accessing services, including individuals and families with multiple problems and needs. These families often have simultaneous contact with multiple services, which need a betterintegrated and coordinated service response.
Outcomes for children, young people and families improve if services are integrated, coordinated and provided flexibly to meet individuals' needs. Methods to improve coordination and integration of services include the development of service networks, casework and planning approaches that involve all agencies working together, colocation of services to improve communication, single publicised entry points to the service system, and common assessment frameworks to improve identification of need and matching to appropriate service responses. The new Family Services strategic framework brings these factors together in one overarching approach.
1.1.1 Aboriginal families and communities
When considering the strategic framework, community service organisations need to understand the context for Aboriginal children and families. Aboriginal child and family welfare in Victoria is characterised by:
* overrepresentation in Child Protection and placement services
* underrepresentation in universal and preventative services
* underuse of family services
* a short and episodic pattern of engagement between Aboriginal children and families and family services
* a lack of sufficient Aboriginalspecific family services and culturally responsive mainstream services
* a lack of services targeted to vulnerable older Aboriginal children and young adolescents
* a lack of Aboriginalspecific therapeutic services.
Victoria needs to support Aboriginal communities to build service capacity and to support Aboriginal families and communities to access culturally competent mainstream and Aboriginalspecific universal and family services.
This strategic framework identifies some of the issues affecting Aboriginal children, young people, families and communities, and their interactions with broader society and mainstream services. It also reflects culturally sensitive practice approaches.
1.1.2 Culturally and linguistically diverse communities
Culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities are not homogeneous. The needs of each cultural community vary significantly, and should be supported by a culturally sensitive service system. The needs of both established and newly arrived communities should be considered in service system responses.
CALD communities are often disconnected from mainstream family services. This strategic framework identifies a range of strategies, including the development of catchment plans, which require an integrated response to the needs of children, young people and families from CALD communities.
The strategic framework shows that culturally appropriate services responses will be available within the service system. Further details regarding how these responses should be made available are included in the Standards for Family Services, developed concurrently with the strategic framework (see Section 5.2).
1.2 The strategic framework
The aim of Family Services is to promote the safety, stability and development of vulnerable children, young people and their families, and to build capacity and resilience for children, families and communities.
The Family Services framework supports and enables:
* a primary focus on the best interests of the child or young person in the context of their family and community
* a flexible response that recognises:
some children, young people and families may need ongoing support
some children and young people may occasionally require alternative care outside the family
ongoing movement in and out of the family service
services need to adjust to the changing needs of children, young people/and families
* the development of a strong focus on meeting the needs of vulnerable children and families from Aboriginal and CALD communities
* purposeful collaboration with other child and family services agencies, and other sectors
* flexibility of funding arrangements through family services sharing funding information with partners in the Child and Family Services Alliance to support needs.
The Family Services strategic framework identifies:
* 'best interests', which focus on the safety, stability and development of children and young people, and support positive relationships between children, young people, parents and families, and that these are at the core of the way family services practitioners work with children, young people and families
* a focus on childcentred, familyfocused practice, which recognises that a range of means exist to engage children and young people, and that services need to identify and consider their wishes and needs within the context of family circumstances and through interventions that focus on the family as a whole
* a broadening of thinking to include potential for cumulative harm caused by patterns of family behaviour over a period of time
* a common assessment approach for the Child Protection and Family Services sector, in order to strengthen services' capacity to manage complexity and risk and redress harms
* the provision of a range of services tailored to meet the individual needs and deliver specific outcomes for the family
* the need to work collaboratively with Child Protection to develop effective diversionary responses that try to prevent families' progression into the statutory Child Protection system
* a familystrengthening response to those families seeking reunification, promoting children's stability
* the importance of providing culturally appropriate services for families from CALD communities and links with appropriate services to do so
* a strong focus on meeting the needs of vulnerable children from Aboriginal communities using culturally competent service delivery approaches.
The strategic framework focuses on improving outcomes for vulnerable children, young people and families. In line with Protecting childrenthe next steps, outcomes focus on:
* safety, stability, health, development and learning of children and young people
* cultural connection for Aboriginal children, young people and families
* capacity of families to provide effective care, and of communities to support them
* effectiveness of the supports and services in meeting the changing needs of children, young people and families.
Outcomes will be measured at a statewide, catchment and individual/ family level.
The components of the strategic framework are presented in the following table.
5
Table 1 Family Services strategic framework
Table 1 Family Services strategic framework (continued)
Table 1 Family Services strategic framework (continued)
Table 1 Family Services strategic framework (continued)
Table 1 Family Services strategic framework (continued)
Components
Description
Service system accountability
Supporting quality improvement; organisational risk management
Family Services will be underpinned by a culture of quality and continuous improvement. The Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 includes:
* establishment of performance standards
* registration of providers capable of meeting the agreed standards of care
* monitoring compliance with the standards
* actions that can be taken when services do not meet the agreed standards.
New standards for Family Services are:
* Standard 1 Leadership and management provides clarity of direction, ensures accountability and supports quality and responsive services for children, youth and their families.
* Standard 2 Promoting a culture that values and respects children, youth and their families, caregivers, staff and volunteers.
* Standard 3 Staff and carers have the capacity to support positive outcomes for children, youth and their families.
* Standard 4 Creating a welcoming and accessible environment that promotes inclusion of children, youth and families.
* Standard 5 Promoting the safety, stability and development of children and youth.
* Standard 6 Strengthening the capacity of parents, carers, and families to provide effective care.
* Standard 7 Providing responsive services to support the best interests of children and youth.
* Standard 8 Creating an integrated service response that supports the safety, stability and development of children and youth.
Leadership in Family Services and Child Protection will be important in demonstrating the value of collaborative relationships, which then leads to shared responsibility for service delivery to vulnerable families.
Additional information
Once registered, the Act indicates that a family service must provide its services in the best interests of the child, ensure services are accessible and known to the public, prioritise based on the needs of vulnerable children, young people and families, and participate collaboratively with local service networks to promote the best interests of children.
Annual selfassessments and external reviews within a three year period against the standards will occur and lead to action plans to be agreed on by the community services organisation and the department.
Family services data will continue to be collected and monitored through IRIS until the introduction of CRISSP.
Quality improvement will be supported through reflective practice and adapting service responses to emerging evidence and the changing needs of families and communities, and underpinned by a culture of learning focusing on improving quality and safety of services in an open and blamefree environment.
11
2 Background
In considering the strategic framework for Family Services, it is useful to understand:
* the policy and legislative context
* early years science, risk and protective factors
* the needs of Aboriginal and CALD families and communities
* the evidence base for family services
* the evidence base for partnerships, integration and coordination of services to improve outcomes for families and communities
* strategies included in the Family and Placement Services Sector Development Plan.
2.1 Policy and legislative context
A range of documents provide the overarching policy and legislative context for the new strategic framework for Family Services, including:
* Growing Victoria Together
* A Fairer Victoria
* Strategic Directions for the Office for Children and Family and Placement Services Sector Development Plan
* The white paper: Protecting childrenthe next steps (July 2005)
* Child Wellbeing and Safety Act 2005
* Children, Youth and Families Act 2005.
The new legislation will be enacted in April 2007, and provides new directions and principles for the delivery of family services. These will be presented in further detail in the following sections.
Appendix 1 contains an overview of these policy and legislative documents, as well as a description of the universal, secondary and tertiary levels of the child and family services system.
2.2 Early years science, risk and protective factors
2.2.1 Early years development
A strong evidence base now shows that:
* early childhood safety, stability and development is the foundation for learning, behaviour and health through school years and into adult life
* negative experiences in the first three years of life can have longlasting effects on brain development
* children who experience negative experiences in early years are more likely to experience behavioural and learning problems, substance abuse, involvement in crime, poor physical health and subsequently demonstrate poor parenting in later life
* adequate nutrition and positive nurturing enhances physical, emotional, social and intellectual wellbeing.
[W]hat young children learn, how they react to the events and people around them, and what they expect from themselves and others are deeply affected by their relationships with parents, the behaviour of parents, and the environment of the homes in which they live.
(Shonkoff and Phillips, 2000)
Researchers have identified the intersection of neuroscience, developmental psychology and the economics of human capital formation and how this can advance the healthy development of young children. Nurturing and responsive relationships build healthy brain architecture, which creates a strong foundation for learning, behaviour and health. When protective relationships are not present, elevated levels of stress hormones disrupt brain architecture by impairing cell growth and interfering with the formation of healthy neural circuits.
The impacts of strong and prolonged activation of the body's stress management systems in the absence of the buffering protection of adult support can be significant. Precipitants include extreme poverty, physical or emotional abuse, chronic neglect, severe maternal depression, substance abuse and family violence. Any disruptions to brain architecture can lead to stress management systems that respond at relatively lower thresholds, thereby increasing the risk of stressrelated physical and mental illness. This affects children throughout the course of their lifefrom infancy through adolescence to adulthoodand affects learning, behaviour and physical and mental health. The earlier it is stopped, and the sooner remedial action begins, the higher the likelihood of success.
Services should respond to this impactpreventing it and addressing it when it happens. Services provided by Family Services should reflect our knowledge of the science. Prevention or reduction of harm through strengthening of positive, nurturing, stable relationships will enable healthy development early in life.
Our increasingly complex social environment contains many families who face growing issues raising their children, including family violence, mental illness and alcohol and drug abuse. Ongoing social, economic and demographic changes place further burdens on families, making them more vulnerable due to a lack of support. It is important that family services respond to this need.
2.2.2 Risk factors and development of protective factors
The management of risk factors and the provision of opportunities to maximise development and enhance individual and family resilience are central factors to ensuring the safety, stability and development of children.
Risk factors make a negative event more likely. They can be personspecific, be attributed to families, arise in response to the availability (or lack) of support and services or be found in the local community. Examples of risk factors associated with parental capacity include:
* relationship to child
* disabilities
* parental isolation
* parental education and unemployment
* welfare dependence
* lack of parental discipline
* poverty
* inadequate parenting skills
* poor health
* substance abuse
* mental illness
* family violence and conflict
* offending and imprisonment
* history of abuse and neglect
* grief and loss
* trauma
* stolen generations with previous history of removal.
While risk by itself is not causal, risk factors can reasonably be used to predict future behaviour. The ability to predict outcomes is increased if multiple, reinforcing risks are present alongside low levels of protection. A combination of risk factors may lead to an increase in the child's vulnerability, particularly if risks accumulate over time.
Several longitudinal studies identify risk factors associated with an increased likelihood of negative outcomes, and protective factors associated with a decreased likelihood of these. The Pathways to Prevention Report (1999) groups risk and protective factors across the dimensions of child factors, family factors, school context, life events and community and cultural events. Appendix 2 contains tables that list some protective and risk factors.
Specific risk factors for children and families from Aboriginal communities include:
* where a child's heritage becomes a source of risk if society is intolerant of diversity, has had a negative experience or has negative stereotypes, which then lead to discrimination
* a loss of family and community support networks, which leads to marginalisation and a sense of isolation.
Risk and protective factors have a complex interaction. Risk factors often cooccur, and may have a cumulative effect over time. The presence of several factors early in life that may be protective for children include the presence of a competent, stable caregiver attuned to the child's needs, who can provide sufficient nurturing to allow the child to establish a basic sense of trust.
The identification of factors of risk and protection provides a framework for earlier intervention in order to prevent adverse outcomes for children. Assessment processes need to incorporate the identification of risk and protective factors at the individual, family and community level.
13
2.3 Needs of Aboriginal families and communities
There has been a historic lack of culturally sensitive responses in Victoria to the needs of Aboriginal children and their communities. The context for Aboriginal child and family welfare in Victoria has been characterised by:
* overrepresentation in Child Protection and placement services
* underrepresentation in universal and preventive services
* underuse of family services
* a short and episodic pattern of engagement between Aboriginal children and families and family services
* a lack of sufficient Aboriginalspecific family services and culturally responsive mainstream services
* a lack of services targeted to vulnerable older Aboriginal children and young adolescents
* a lack of Aboriginalspecific therapeutic services.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare data indicates that 7,014 child abuse substantiations were recorded in Victoria in 200405. Aboriginal children were significantly overrepresented in this data, with a rate of 63 substantiations per 1,000 Aboriginal children, compared to a rate of 5.8 substantiations for nonIndigenous children. Aboriginal children are similarly overrepresented in rates of children on care and protection orders and in outofhome care.
These figures confirm that Aboriginal children and young people are significantly overrepresented in the Child Protection and placement system. Contributing factors include the forcible removal of children in the past (the stolen generation), lack of knowledge regarding Aboriginal childrearing practices and a lack of Aboriginal support services. Recent studies indicate a correlation between poverty and families likely to come into contact with Child Protection. Aboriginal communities are amongst the poorest and most disadvantaged communities in Australia, according to a range of socioeconomic factors.
A history of the forcible removal of Aboriginal children has resulted in Aboriginal families often being suspicious of health and welfare services, and concern that their children will continue to be removed on the basis of race.
Despite very high rates of Child Protection activity with Aboriginal children and families, until recently there has been limited investment in strategies designed to support Aboriginal agencies to intervene earlier with these families. Before 2003 only four Aboriginal community services organisations (CSOs) received Family Services funding. With the progressive establishment of Indigenous Family Support Innovation Projects, 11 Aboriginal CSOs are now funded to provide family services. Many of these CSOs are relatively new to the family services sector, often with limited experience in this type of work.
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The strategic framework demonstrates an understanding of the issues affecting Aboriginal children, young people, families and communities and their interactions with broader society and mainstream services. The framework also recognises the need to support Aboriginal communities to build service capacity and to support Aboriginal families and communities to access culturally competent mainstream and Aboriginalspecific universal and family services.
Section 4.4 Cultural responsiveness discusses further strategies for supporting Aboriginal families and communities.
2.4 Needs of children and families from CALD communities
Culturally and linguistically diverse communities are not homogeneous, and the needs of each cultural community should be supported by a culturally sensitive service system. This includes understanding and meeting the needs of established and newly arrived communities. Newly arriving communities include families of a refugee background and other migrants. The needs of people of a refugee background are often very significant, given their experiences of dislocation, torture and other forms of trauma.
CALD communities can better access family services when there are organisational policies and practices in place that actively promote culturally competent work practices.
A range of strategies need to be considered, including:
* understanding clients and their needs, which may include an analysis of service usage patterns, and strategies to engage and elicit views of CALD community groups
* regularly reviewing service access and service delivery models to ensure that services are culturally sensitive and that staff are trained in culturally competent practice
* identifying opportunities for formal and informal collaboration between mainstream and multicultural and ethnospecific organisations
* increasing the capacity of multicultural and ethnospecific organisations to provide secondary consultation to mainstream services
* developing recruitment and workforce strategies that seek to increase the number of bilingual/multilingual and/or CALD staff working in family services
* ensuring that all family services staff understand the importance of effective language services provision and are trained to recognise when interpreters and translated and/or other multilingual resources are required and how to use them.
The Department of Human Services (DHS) has a range of resources to assist services to respond better to the needs of CALD families. These include:
* the Cultural Diversity Guide
* the language services policy
* Making the Connection a multimedia language services training tool.
2.5 An evidence base for family services
2.5.1 Family Support Innovations Projects (FSIPs)
Since the 2002 strategic framework, the Family Service Innovation Projects (FSIPs) were developed and were an enhancement to the existing Family Services program and related universal and secondary supports.
The FSIPs were implemented in response to the growing number of notifications and renotifications to Child Protection, and the overrepresentation of Aboriginal children in the Child Protection system. The FSIPs are an innovative service response that improve outcomes for vulnerable families by:
* diverting a significant proportion of families from Child Protection to more appropriate communitybased services
* minimising the progression of families into Child Protection
* reducing the growth in demand for outofhome care services
* providing improved service capacity for vulnerable families at a community level. Evaluations of FSIPs identified several key service system characteristics required to support effective local responses to children and families, including:
* a network of coordinated communitybased services
* a shared sense of responsibility across community services organisations for vulnerable children and families
* a mix of low, medium and highintensity services that are comprehensive and flexible
* an approach to service delivery with capacity for:
assessment of the needs of children and young people to determine an appropriate service response
active engagement of families, for the purpose of offering services, where significant concerns for the wellbeing of a child have been identified
working with resistant and hardtoengage families
focusing on working with parents to address children's needs
focusing on the strengths of children, young people and families to build resilience
focusing on a family's broader context so that there is a supportive network of informal and formal supports
provision of flexible funds that can be used to meet the immediate needs of families and support creative service interventions
* the availability of sustained, enduring support that can be provided on a longterm basis when required
* responses that can be tailored to subregional/catchment area needs
* trained, professional and experienced staff.
These characteristics are discussed throughout the strategic framework.
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The evaluation of Family Support Innovation Projects also found that outcomes for vulnerable children and families were improved through:
* a centralised intake system involving shared dialogue, processes and decision making, with a focus on identifying highneed referrals and targeting the development of a coordinated response
* strong partnerships, characterised by tangible changes in service delivery, such as joint planning and delivery of services, joint client outreach activities, joint management of cases that improved information sharing, joint training and development, and staff colocation.
Between 200203 and 200506 FSIPs were rolled out to 44 LGAS in areas that account for 62 per cent of the state's Child Protection notifications. This represents 39 projects and includes 12 Aboriginal projects. Additional funding was received in the 200607 budget to enable a statewide rollout by 200809.
Thus the FSIPs have set the stage for new policy directions in family support, and the establishment of legislation to support this change. This new strategic framework for Family Services embeds the successful approaches evidenced through Family Support Innovations Projects into the new singleservice framework for all family services.
2.6 Partnerships, integration and coordination of services
There is a need to build partnerships between parents, communities and services to provide more responsive programs. Participation of children and parents in decisions that affect their lives is a critical component of forming partnerships between services and families. Participation in decision making is also necessary for supporting selfdetermination of Aboriginal children, families and communities.
Examples of efforts to improve partnerships, linkages and coordination of services exist across a range of policy and program areas, including primary health, child and family services, multiple and complex needs clients and mental health services. Service systems that provide unrelated responses often fail to provide coordinated care, particularly for people with multiple needs. Likewise, concerns about clients' confidentiality and privacy may impede information sharing, joint case planning and opportunities for coordinated responses. Outcomes for individuals and families improve if service delivery is integrated, coordinated and provided flexibly to meet individuals' needs.
Methods used to improve coordination and integration of services have previously included:
* introduction of communitybased service networks to build stronger linkages between services
* implementation of casework and planning approaches that respond to the holistic needs of children, young people and families and involve all agencies working together
* colocating services to achieve improvements in communication and to streamline service delivery
* use of publicised community intake points to enable easier navigation of the service system
* common assessment frameworks to minimise the number of times people need to tell their story, and to improve identification of need and matching of appropriate service responses.
The evaluation of the Family Support Innovations Projects added significant weight to the evidence base supporting the importance of partnerships to achieve a coordinated, integrated service system.
2.7 Family and Placement Services Sector Development Plan
The Family and Placement Services Sector Development Plan states that in order to support best possible outcomes for children, young people and their families, a robust and effective services sector is needed, which works in partnership with government.
Some of the critical characteristics of service delivery identified in the sector development plan are:
* listening to children, young people and families, as a means to promote service quality, inclusion and greater responsiveness to needs
* being outcomes driven, with a focus on assessing services according to the outcomes they achieve for children, young people and families, as well as to support continuous quality improvement
* stronger service models, with an emphasis on flexibility, innovation and evidence, informing and enabling more effective models of care
* greater emphasis on research and improved evidence
* a stable and effective paid workforce, contributing to better outcomes for children and young people
* strengthening of Aboriginal organisations
* partnership approaches, with funded community services and the Department of Human Services working collaboratively to achieve best outcomes for children, young people and families.
3 The new Family Services framework
3.1 Overview
This section provides an overviews of the new Family Services framework, and includes:
* the legislative context
* the Best Interests framework that will guide assessment of children and families across all child and family services
* principles for Family Services practice
* the target group for Family Services
* the Family Services operating model and governance arrangements through the establishment of child and family services alliances to support an integrated and coordinated service response for vulnerable children and families
* the establishment of child and family information, referral and support teams (Child FIRST communitybased intake)
* approaches to demand management and prioritisation.
Service delivery and practice approaches are also key components of the Family Services framework and are presented in Section 4.
The aim of Family Services is to promote the safety, stability and development of vulnerable children, young people and their families and to build child, family and community capacity and resilience. Developing systems and implementing approaches to service provision that apply Best Interests and Family Services principles will achieve this aim. Success will result in improved parenting, relationships, development for children and young people, and improved social connectedness and life skills.
The Children, Youth and Families Act 2005, together with the Family Services Innovation Projects and learning derived from other research and practices, has signalled the need for a new way of supporting vulnerable children, young people and their familiesa new Family Services model that will demonstrate:
* an understanding of the requirements of the Children, Youth and Families Act 2005
* 'best interests'which focus on the safety, stability and development of children and young people, and support positive relationships between children/young people and parents and familiesat the core of the way family support practitioners work with children, young people and families
* a focus on childcentred, familyfocused practice, which will recognise a range of means to engage children and young people, and identify and consider their wishes and needs within the context of family circumstances and through interventions that focus on the family as a whole
* a broadening of thinking to include consideration of the potential for cumulative harm caused by patterns of family behaviour over a period of time
* a common assessment approach for the Child Protection and Family Services sector, to strengthen services' capacity to manage complexity and risk and redress harms
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* provision of a range of services tailored to meet individual needs and deliver specific outcomes for the family
* working collaboratively with Child Protection to develop effective diversionary responses that prevent families' progression into the statutory Child Protection system, and to create change for the most complex families through integrated service responses
* providing a family strengthening response to families seeking reunification, supporting stability planning for the child
* recognition of the importance of providing culturally appropriate services for families from CALD communities and links with appropriate services to do so
* a strong focus on meeting the needs of vulnerable children from Aboriginal communities using culturally competent service delivery approaches.
These issues are discussed in the following sections.
3.2 Legislative context
The Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 (Section 22) outlines the basis for an integrated service response that addresses risk and supports the changing needs of children, young people and their families, through creating a new regulated capacity within registered communitybased child and family services to:
a) provide a point of entry into an integrated local service network that is readily accessible by families, that allows for early intervention in support of families and that provides child and family services;
b) receive referrals about vulnerable children and families where there are significant concerns about their wellbeing;
c) undertake assessments of needs and risks in relation to children and families to assist in the provision of services to them and in determining if a child is in need of protection;
d) to make referrals to other relevant agencies if this is necessary to assist vulnerable children and families;
e) promote and facilitate integrated local service networks working collaboratively to coordinate services and supports to children and families; and
f) provide ongoing services to support vulnerable children and families. Other relevant sections of the Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 include:
* Section 31, which provides for referrals to be made to a communitybased child and family service where there is significant concern for the safety, stability and development of a child
* Section 32, which provides for referrals to be made to a communitybased child and family service in relation to a child before their birth where there is significant concern for the safety, stability and development of a child after their birth
* Section 33, which specifies that a communitybased child and family service may respond by:
providing advice to the person who made the report
providing advice and assistance to the child or family of the child
referring the matter to an agency to provide advice, services and support to the child or the family of the child
* Section 41, which includes provisions to protect the identity of an individual who reports concerns about the safety and wellbeing of a child or young person to a communitybased child and family service
* Section 61, which states that a registered community service must:
a) provide its services in relation to a child in a manner that is in the best interests of the child; and
b) ensure that the services provided by the service are accessible to and made widely known to the public, recognising that prioritisation of services will occur based on need; and
c) participate collaboratively with local service networks to promote the best interests of children.
The Child Wellbeing and Safety Act 2005 also includes a set of principles for children that will be considered in the development and provision of government, government funded and community services for children and families, and these are listed in Appendix 1.
3.3 Best Interests framework for vulnerable children and youth
3.3.1 Best Interests principles
The Best Interest principles outlined in the Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 provide the legislative basis for services provided to children, young people and families. Section 10 of the Act states that:
* the best interests of the child must always be paramount
* when determining whether a decision or action is in the best interests of the child, the need to protect the child from harm, to protect their rights and to promote their safety, stability and development (taking into account their age and stage of development) will always be considered
* in determining what decision to make or action to take in the best interests of the child, consideration will be given to the following, where they are relevant to the decision or action:
the need to give the widest possible protection and assistance to the parent and child as the fundamental group unit of society, and to ensure that intervention in that relationship is limited to that necessary to secure the safety, stability and development of the child
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the need to strengthen, preserve and promote positive relationships between the child and the child's parent, family members and persons significant to the child
in relation to an Aboriginal child, the need to protect and promote their Aboriginal cultural and spiritual identity and development by, wherever possible, maintaining and building their connections to their Aboriginal family and community
the child's views and wishes, if they can be reasonably ascertained, will be given such weight as is appropriate in the circumstances
the effects of cumulative patterns of harm on a child's safety and development
the desirability of continuity and stability in the child's care
that a child is only to be removed from the care of their parent if there is an unacceptable risk of harm to the child
if the child is to be removed from the care of their parent, that consideration is to be given first to the child being placed with an appropriate family member or other appropriate person significant to the child, before any other placement option is considered
the desirability, when a child is removed from the care of their parent, to plan the reunification of the child with their parent
the capacity of each parent or other adult relative or potential caregiver to provide for the child's needs and any action taken by the parent to give effect to the goals set out in the care plan relating to the child
in order to promote attachment, safety and wellbeing, access arrangements between the child and the child's parents, siblings, family members and other persons significant to the child
the child's social, individual and cultural identity and religious faith (if any) and the child's age, stage of development, sex and gender identity
where a child with a particular cultural identity is placed in outofhome care with a caregiver who is not a member of that cultural community, the desirability of the child retaining a connection with their culture
the desirability of the child being supported to gain access to appropriate educational services, health services and accommodation, and to participate in appropriate social opportunities
the desirability of allowing the education, training or employment of the child to continue without interruption or disturbance
the possible harmful effect of delay in making the decision or taking the action
the desirability of siblings being placed together when they are placed in outofhome care.
The shift towards a focus on the best interests of children effectively places the child in the context of its family as the client for Family Services, with the best interests of the child being addressed based on the policy and legislative provisions outlined above. Communitybased child and family services will position outcomes for the child as the main focus for interventions.
3.3.2 Best Interests framework for vulnerable children and youth
To place children and young people's interest at the heart of all decision making and service delivery.
(Protecting children: the next steps, 2005)
This statement has practical implications for how child and family services work with children, young people and families.
To reflect this significant cultural and practice change, and to operationalise this new approach, the Department of Human Services' Office for Children has developed The Best Interests framework for vulnerable children and youth. The framework is consistent with the Best Interests principles, and creates a shared understanding, a common language and a consistent approach to ensuring the best interests of vulnerable children, young people and their families across the three core work functions involved with vulnerable children, young people and their families, namely:
* Assessmentwhich informs...
* Planningwhich guides...
* Actionwhich benefits the child.
The Best Interests framework also:
* gives the needs and interests of Aboriginal children and their families appropriate attention and prominence, and drives the development of more coherent and integrated service responses
* provides the basis for assessing the outcomes for vulnerable children, young people and their families
* establishes the means for evaluating the effectiveness of the overall service response in relation to the best interests of vulnerable children and young people.
The Best Interests framework is built on the following basic concepts:
* four dimensions of a child's experience:
age, stage, culture and gender
safety
stability
development.
Together these constitute the basis from which the child's best interests can be considered:
* parent/carer capability to protect and promote a child's best interests
* the relevance of the broader family composition and dynamics to a child's best interests
* the impact of community participation, social and economic environment on the protection and promotion of a child's best interests.
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The child's age, stage, culture and gender of life provide an overarching context for assessing a child's best interests.
The safety elements draw attention to the link between the impact of abuse and neglect on a child's development. Without these safety elements, a child may need protection.
The stability elements identify factors that build resilience in children. Resilience is enhanced by connectedness to family/carer, school, community and culture.
The developmental elements are the seven life domains identified in the Looking After Children (LAC) framework.
All interventions with children and families across the child and family services sector (which includes Child Protection, outofhome care and Family Services) will be informed by an approach that considers all elements in the context of the child's culture and age and stage of life. The emphasis given to these elements will vary depending upon the needs and particular circumstances of each child and family.
3.4 Family Services principles
The Family Services principles are consistent with the policy and legislative principles included in Protecting childrenthe next steps, and provide a specific focus for Family Services service delivery and practice approaches. These principles are presented in the context that families work voluntarily with Family Services.
The principles will underpin the way services work with families in order to enable better outcomes for children and young people. These principles will be considered along with the Best Interests principles outlined in the Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 and presented in Section 3.3.
1. Children's safety, stability and development is everybody's responsibility Identifying and supporting vulnerable children, young people and families is a shared responsibility of families, across the community and all service providers. Children's safety, stability and development should not be seen as the sole responsibility of Child Protection. All family services agencies will prioritise the most vulnerable clients to address their safety, stability and development.
2. The service system will intervene earlier to protect children and young people and improve family functioning
Many families are not effectively accessing services early enough, resulting in notifications being made to Child Protection. There will be clear pathways for vulnerable families to identify and access appropriate services. Likewise, the range of family services, along with the wider community, will be able to identify vulnerable families earlier and link them to an appropriate service response. Links between Family Services, early years services and statutory Child Protection services will be established and/or strengthened.
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3. All services will strengthen their focus on children's developmental needs
A focus on children's developmental needs will enhance assessments of, and service responses provided to, vulnerable children and families. This will lead to earlier identification of problems and risks (including cumulative harm), the development and implementation of child and family action plans that directly support and enhance children's development, and will improve outcomes for children.
4. Services will focus on building the capacity of parents, carers and families
The capacity of parents, families and carers to provide effective care strongly influences outcomes for children and young people. A strengthsbased approach encourages and empowers families to take responsibility for their lives.
5. Children's and Family Services will be integrated and coordinated Services will actively support the development and provision of an integrated and coordinated response at the local level. This may include a common point for referral into community child and family services, clear pathways to access services and establishing a shared responsibility for children's safety, stability and development.
6. Flexible, timely and solutionfocused services will be provided with the intention of improving family functioning
Flexible, timely and solutionfocused services have the potential to facilitate more effective responses to children and families. This will lead to improved family functioning and better outcomes for children.
7. Culturally competent service responses will be available for Aboriginal children and families
Services will understand and respond to the needs of Aboriginal children, young people and their families. Agencies will recognise the spiritual, cultural and social needs of Aboriginal children, young people and families and adapt service delivery accordingly.
Culturally specific service responses are currently limited, with many Aboriginal children and families accessing mainstream services. The further development of culturally specific services should reduce Aboriginal overrepresentation in Child Protection and outofhome care systems and strengthen selfmanagement.
Culturally competent service responses for Aboriginal communities will:
* always ask if a child or family member is Aboriginal
* enable selfdetermination for Aboriginal communities
* respect and understand Aboriginal cultures (including child rearing practices, kinship systems and cultural practices) and embed this into all aspects of service delivery
* understand the historical and contemporary context (including social, economic and health disadvantage, and the past relationship between government agencies and Aboriginal people regarding the Bringing Them Home report and the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody) in which Aboriginal children and families engage with government agencies, service providers and family services
* provide positive and mutually respectful engagement between Aboriginal agencies, their services and mainstream services, which is reflected in organisational structures, practice and skills development
* acknowledge and recognise the value of the cultural knowledge and understanding held by Aboriginal agencies and staff, and how this positively influences engagement with Aboriginal children and families
* take a holistic approach in working with Aboriginal children and families
* recognise that connection to culture is a protective factor for Aboriginal children.
8. Culturally sensitive service responses will be available for children and families from culturally and linguistically diverse groups
Services will be sensitive to the particular needs of culturally and linguistically diverse children, young people and their families, and adapt services accordingly. The particular needs of established and newly arrived migrant families will be addressed in developing culturally sensitive service responses.
9. Family services will be outcomes focused in their service delivery and practice approaches
Family Services will focus on:
* the safety, stability, health, development, learning and wellbeing of children and young people
* the capacity of families to provide effective care, and of communities to support them
* the effectiveness of the supports and services in meeting the changing needs of children, young people and families.
These principles provide the overarching directions to guide Family Services under the new strategic framework.
3.5 Target group
Into the future, family support services will have a more targeted role to assist the most vulnerable children, young people and families.
…The Children, Youth and Families Bill goes further to build a shared responsibility for protecting children and young people, but also to actively promote their development and longerterm wellbeing.
Our approach is based on building a flexible and graduated range of service responses. It involves major system reform to bring the earlier intervention and child protection sector together, and link them to early childhood services to form a more coordinated framework.
Extract from Minister Garbutt's Second Reading Speech, 6 October 2005
Accordingly, Section 61 of the Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 requires Family Services to prioritise services based on need. The primary target for Family Services is vulnerable children and young people and their families who are:
* likely to experience greater challenges because the child or young person's development has been affected by the experience of risk factors and/or cumulative harm
* at risk of concerns escalating and becoming involved with Child Protection if problems are not addressed.
Vulnerable children, young people and families are likely to be characterised by:
* multiple risk factors and longterm chronic needs, meaning that children are at high risk of developmental deficits
* children, young people and families at high risk of longterm involvement in specialist secondary services, such as alcohol and drugs, mental health, family violence and homelessness services, and Child Protection
* cycles of disadvantage and poverty resulting in chronic neglect and cumulative harm
* single/definable risk factors that need an individualised, specialised response to ameliorate their circumstances
* single/definable risk factors that may need specialised oneoff, shortterm, or episodic assistance to prevent or minimise the escalation of risk.
The target group for Family Services includes circumstances where concerns may have been raised about the safety, stability, development and overall wellbeing of children, but where families are unwilling to acknowledge the need for, or to seek, assistance. While acknowledging the voluntary nature of family services, active engagement of families will be demonstrated. This is more fully described in Section 4 Practice approaches.
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Children, young people and families experiencing these types of challenges need support and intervention in relation to:
* emotional and behavioural development, cognitive and educational development, socialisation and connectedness, building capacity for selfcare and identity
* making healthy choices about how they live their lives
* maintaining and strengthening cultural identity, especially for Aboriginal children and young people, and also for children and young people from CALD backgrounds
* enhancing family capacity to provide appropriate safe, developmentally appropriate and stable care.
The intention is to provide services to the target group earlier, to protect children and young people and improve family functioning. This is consistent with the third Family Services principle outlined in Section 3.4. Earlier intervention occurs when a child, young person or family's vulnerability has been identified. Family services will provide critical, timely and responsive services before the risks and concerns escalate and lead to Child Protection intervention. By contrast, in this context, the term 'early intervention' refers to intervention at a stage before vulnerability has been identified and is seen to be the primary responsibility of universal services.
A differentiated and flexible range of responses will be available within the suite of family services to match the needs of vulnerable children, young people and families. These are described in Section 4.
Case study 1
'Nada', a young woman from a CALD community, settled in Australia several years ago with her then husband, from whom she is now divorced. She currently lives in public housing in metropolitan Melbourne with her new partner. Nada had no wider family support in the area. Her older two children, aged 5 and 7, were living temporarily with their father until the birth of her third child.
Nada's baby had a health concern at birth, which the hospital arranged to be followed up. Before discharge from hospital the social worker made a referral to Child FIRST. The social worker identified that Nada needed practical and emotional supports in relation to isolation, addressing family violence issues and mental health issues.
Child FIRST arranged a case conference at the hospital with the mother, hospital social worker, family services agency worker, cultural worker, communitybased Child Protection worker, paediatrician and enhanced maternal and child health nurse. This nurse made arrangements for home visiting postdischarge to monitor both mother and baby's safety and wellbeing.
The family services agency took on the lead caseworker role and continued to consult with the communitybased Child Protection worker to ensure that the immediate medical concerns of the infant and the safety concerns regarding family violence were monitored. The cultural worker supported the family services agency to engage appropriately with the father of Nada's older children to facilitate ongoing living arrangements for these children.
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3.5.1 Implications of prioritising the target group for family services
With the increased focus on vulnerable children, young people and families, there has been some concern that some clients currently receiving services may be excluded from the service system in the future. That effect is not intended or desirable. However, family services will need to demonstrate that service provision is effectively targeted and that vulnerable children, particularly those at higher risk, do not miss out on timely access to services. In addition, family services will need to consider the effects of cumulative harm to the child when prioritising service access.
3.5.2 Outcomes for children, young people and families
The Victorian Government's vision is that every child should thrive, learn and grow, be valued and respected, and become an effective adult. The government's aspirations, articulated in its Outcomes Framework for all Victorian Children and Youth, are the same for vulnerable children and youth as for all children. Many families need support occasionally to realise these aspirations, especially where their capacity to support and care adequately for their child is impaired. They may also require the additional support and targeted interventions of Family Services.
Family Services has a critical role in promoting outcomes for vulnerable children and families, and provides a range of service interventions with a wholeoffamily focus to:
* strengthen parent capability to provide basic care, ensure safety and promote their child's development
* improve the family's community connections and access to community resources.
This requires building and supporting a reliable network of ongoing services, strong linkages and sustained engagement with relevant universal and adult services, and supporting these services to work effectively with vulnerable children and families.
The white paper: Protecting childrenthe next steps states that having an outcomes focus means that those involved in helping vulnerable children and young people have a shared set of outcomes toward which they work. These outcomes will focus on the:
* safety, stability, health, development, learning and wellbeing of children and young people
* cultural connection for Aboriginal children, young people and families
* capacity of families to provide effective care, and of communities to support them
* effectiveness of the supports and services in meeting the changing needs of children, young people and families.
The outcomes framework is set out in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Outcomes for children, young people and families
The child
* Optimal antenatal and infant development
* Optimal physical health
* Adequate nutrition
* Free from preventable disease
* Optimal social and emotional development
* Healthy teeth and gums
* Optimal language and cognitive development
* Healthy weight
* Adequate exercise and physical activity
* Positive child behaviour and mental health
* Successful in literacy and numeracy
* Safe from injury and harm
* Pro-social teenage lifestyle and law abiding behaviour
* Healthy teenage lifestyle
* Teenagers able to rely on supportive adults
* Young people complete secondary education
The community
* Safe from environmental toxins
* Communities that enable parents, children and young people to build connections, and draw on informal assistance
* Accessible local recreation spaces, activities and community facilities • Low levels of crime in community
g so
mm
ca
Supports and services
The family
* Healthy adult lifestyle
* Parent promotion of child health and development
* Good parental mental health
* Free from abuse and neglect
* Free from child exposure to conflict or family violence
* Ability to pay for essentials
Child who is safe, healthy, and continuing to develop, learn and achieve wellbeing
* Quality antenatal care • Early identification of child health needs • High quality early education and care experiences available • Adequate supports to meet needs of families with children with a disability • Children attend and enjoy school • Adult health and community services that meet the needs of parents critical to parenting • Adequate supports for vulnerable teenagers
Outcome measures will be identified as follows:
* statewide populationbased outcomes that determine improvements in the general population in relation to safety, stability and development of children and young people
* identification of outcomes at a catchment level in relation to catchment plan objectives, such as evidence of an effective integrated and collaborative service model and a decrease in the number of children and young people being referred to Child Protection
* outcomes for individual children, young people and families as outlined above.
Outcome measurement processes for Family Services will be developed. Outcome measurements will include mechanisms to measure statewide, catchment and individual outcomes. They may draw on the client outcomes tool developed for the evaluation of the Family Support Innovation Projects and could include modules that can be selected by the worker which measure:
* school attendance
* parentchild relationship
* stability of housing
* Adequate family housing
* Positive family functioning
* personal safety (child safety)
* financial security and access to material necessities
* parental skills
* connectedness/social capital
* general health, safety, stability and development
* clientworker relationships
* family violence
* drugs and alcohol.
Where possible, data will be collected from the worker, child and the parent. The outcome measurement tool will be linked to the Best Interests framework. The use of an outcome measurement tool will be an important element in evaluating outcomes for children, young people and families at an individual, catchment and statewide level. This will lead to continuous service improvements over time.
3.6 Governance of child and family services
3.6.1 Governance overview
Family Services will provide services that are aligned with the directions described in the Family and Placement Services Sector Development Plan, developed by the Department of Human Services in conjunction with the sector. One mechanism to achieve this will be through the establishment of clear governance arrangements to oversight the child and family services operating model. The operating model is a key element of the Family Services strategic framework.
Governance of the child and family services system can be characterised by activities undertaken at three levels:
* statewidecoordinated and led by the Office for Children, in conjunction with key advisory groups, sector stakeholders and peak bodies
* regionalcoordinated by the Department of Human Services and community services organisations, and responsible for monitoring and performance of services
* subregional catchmentsChild and Family Services Alliances responsible for catchment planning, operational management and service coordination.
Child and family services, in conjunction with the Department of Human Services, are best placed to determine the operating model in each catchment.
3.6.2 Statewide and regional activities
Statewide activities coordinated through the Office for Children include:
* the establishment of mechanisms to focus on the outcomes of children and young people:
Victorian Children's Council, made up of professionals and experts
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the Children's Services Coordination Board, made up of secretaries of the departments of Treasury and Finance, Premier and Cabinet, Human Services, Education and Training, Justice, Victorian Communities and the Chief Commissioner of Police
the Ministerial Advisory Committee for Vulnerable Children and Families and
the Child and Family Services Advisory Group
* development of a statewide plan for children
* development of quality frameworks for early years services, child and family services and youth justice
* development of the Family and Placement Services Sector Development Plan (refer to Section 2.7)
* implementing the policy outlined in Protecting childrenthe next steps and the Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 and the Child Wellbeing and Safety Act 2005.
At a regional level, the Department of Human Services and community services organisations are responsible for:
* partnering to implement the child and family services reforms outlined in the policy and legislation, including determining catchment areas within the region
* monitoring of funded agency performance under funding and service agreements
* collection and collation of data using IRIS/CRISSP.
3.6.3 Catchment activitiesChild and Family Services Alliances
To support the effective operation of child and family services at the catchment level, Child and Family Services Alliances will be established. These will include partners from Child FIRST, all funded family services, Child Protection, Department of Human Services partnerships staff and, where capacity exists, an Aboriginal controlled family service. In catchments where an Aboriginalcontrolled family service does not exist or does not have capacity, alliance partners should make all efforts to consult with the Aboriginal community on alliance activities.
Other sector representatives can be invited to participate in activities as determined by the alliance partners. Partnerships with universal services will be a particularly important aspect of Child and Family Service Alliance activities to support identification, prevention and intervention with children experiencing chronic neglect. Strategies to establish partnerships with other secondary services, such as drug and alcohol services and mental health services, should also be considered by alliance partners.
Alliances will have three key functions:
* undertake catchment planning
* provide operational management
* coordinate service delivery at the catchment or local level.
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Figure 2 Catchment operating model
Catchment
Planning
Service
Delivery
Coordination
Operational
Management
Child & Family
Services Alliance
Child
Protection
Family
Services
Child FIRST
DHS
Partnerships
Other
Services
Alliances will be established in each subregional catchment area. The determination of catchments will occur collaboratively between the Department of Human Services, community services organisations and other funded child and family services. Catchments will be based on the needs of communities and will, where possible, align with the Primary Care Partnership catchments, Child Protection catchments, Best Start partnerships, education networks, Family Violence networks and other key networks that may already exist.
While alignment of catchment areas will not be mandated, decisions about catchments will consider distribution of relevant services and possible synergies that could be achieved across health and community services providers.
Existing Family Support Innovations networks may be used as the starting point for establishing the alliances. Alliance partners will review existing child and family networks and partnerships in the catchment and reconfigure if necessary to achieve the objectives of the Family Services operating model and the catchment plan.
Catchments may determine the location of activities and responsibilities based on identified needs and the alliance partners' preferred approaches. Descriptions of catchment planning, operational management and service coordination are provided as a guide for alliances, and are not intended to be prescriptive. The implementation of a preferred approach to delivering each of the three key functions will be a critical decision of each Child and Family Services Alliance when established.
Facilitation of the alliance
For coordination and collaboration to be established and to operate effectively, an alliance facilitation function will be established in each catchment. The function will be flexible and based on catchment needs. This role may be performed by the Child FIRST agency or be shared across portfolios of key family services managers or agencies. The methodology is likely to differ across Child and Family Services Alliances.
Alliance facilitation will occur under direction of the alliance partners, and may:
* support and facilitate implementation of the catchment plan
* coordinate and facilitate the use of data across the Child and Family Service Alliance
* develop and maintain directories for child and family services for the alliance
* develop and maintain partnerships with other relevant subregional catchment networks, partnerships and services
* support and facilitate workforce development and training. The Child and Family Services Alliances will be progressively phased in to coincide with the phased introduction of Child FIRST across the state.
3.6.4 Catchment planning
The Child and Family Services Alliance partners will develop the Child and Family Service Alliance's catchment plan. Senior representatives (chief executive officers and senior managers) from the regional Department of Human Services partnerships staff, Child Protection and Child FIRST and Family Services will sign off the catchment plan. The catchment plan will guide the changing and developing service system at a strategic level. Partnerships with universal services such as Maternal and Child Health, and other sectors, such as Family Violence Services will be an important aspect of Child and Family Service Alliance activities.
The Child Protection and Child FIRST Agreement on Local Procedures and Requirements will form a component of the catchment plan, and will provide the core statewide features, within which further specification of local arrangements can be made.
Where possible, alliances should build on existing placebased planning and community building activities such as Municipal Early Years plans, Municipal Health plans and Neighbourhood Renewal projects which will provide information about population and service needs and inform catchment planning. It is not intended that catchment plans duplicate these existing activities.
Alliances will invite and mutually support a representative from the local Aboriginal service to participate, recognising that in some areas the capacity of Aboriginal services to participate may currently be limited.
Alliance partners will share information about funding allocation and distribution across the catchment. This will enable more accurate and efficient planning and will support operational management and service coordination activities.
Core features of catchment plans will be consistent across the state, while also reflecting catchment conditions and circumstances. The purpose of catchment planning will be to enhance service system capacity by:
* promoting children's safety, stability and development
* improving outcomes for children and families
* aligning service planning and development
* identifying catchment priorities to determine service needs
* identifying approaches to support and enable capacity building within Aboriginal controlled services
* developing a catchment plan, including core features, to bring together agencies and the Department of Human Services, to achieve:
a more integrated and coordinated service system, inclusive of processes describing assessment, prioritisation, referral, accountabilities and outcomes
improved earlier intervention and prevention approaches
strengthened pathways between family services and other sector services
strong linkages with local placebased community building initiatives
an improved focus on enabling provision of culturally competent services for Aboriginal persons and those from CALD backgrounds
* working collaboratively to support quality improvement, performance measurement and use of data for service planning
* developing a catchment child and family services training and workforce strategy.
The catchment plan may also include:
* population and service needs for the catchment
* performance and outcome measures for the catchment
* strategies to support services to meet catchment plan objectives, which could also include incentives and strategies to address service performance issues
* identifed and implemented linkages and coordination points with other networks and partnerships within the region or catchment.
The catchment planning group will consider developing capacity building and mutual mentoring strategies to support Aboriginal and mainstream family services to provide more culturally competent services.
Consideration will be given to identifying funding within agencies that can be used to support capacity building for mainstream agencies and Aboriginal services to respond to the particular needs of Aboriginal children, young people and families.
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3.6.5 Operational management
A key role of operational management will be the development of a formal agreement or Memorandum of Understanding between all child and family services in the alliance, which includes:
* the alliance's roles and functions in relation to catchment service delivery
* protocols on consultation, information sharing and cooperation
* processes for cooperative prioritisation and allocation of referrals
* the role of the communitybased Child Protection worker within the alliance
* expectations regarding development of culturally competent services for Aboriginal children, young people and families
* mutual accountability between all alliance partners.
Family services CEOs and senior Department of Human Services managers that form the Child and Family Services Alliance will endorse the MOU. This will act to 'bind' the partners into supporting and implementing the new operating model.
For effective operational management and service coordination, alliance partners will cooperatively identify the organisation that is best positioned to take the facilitating partner or coordinating role. Without the endorsement and support of the alliance partners, the identified organisation will not have the authority to undertake their roles and responsibilities, rendering operational management and service coordination ineffective. The organisation may include small, medium and larger organisations, and may be a Child FIRST and/or a Family Services organisation. In areas that have established Family Support Innovation Projects, the identified organisation may have already been appointed.
Operational management functions will include:
* implementing the catchment plan
* developing agreed processes and procedures that are consistent with statewide and regional policies and processes for activities such as intake, assessment, prioritisation, allocation of children and families to agencies, monitoring demand, and conflict resolution
* implementing processes and procedures that include culturally competent practices for child and family community services organisations providing services to Aboriginal children, young people and families
* establishing strategies to support capacity building in Aboriginalcontrolled services, such as secondments between mainstream services, mutual mentoring and joint training
* monitoring and reviewing operations of family services in the catchment
* collection and consideration of data against identified outcomes, in relation to operational and planning issues
* preparing workforce development strategies
* responding to and managing daytoday issues that arise at an operational level.
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3.6.6 Service delivery coordination
The key function of service coordination is, on a daytoday basis, to implement and coordinate service delivery activities. Alliance partners will identify team leaders and staff to participate in service coordination activities.
Representatives of Child FIRST, Family Services, Child Protection and the Aboriginal Family Service (where capacity permits) will participate in service delivery coordination, with universal/primary, other secondary and tertiary services invited to participate as appropriate. Collaboration and coordination of services will enable the alliance to achieve its identified priorities. Without the active participation and support of alliance partners, the alliance will have difficulty meeting the expected improvement in outcomes for children and families in the catchment.
While operational management will generally be undertaken at a catchment level, the Child and Family Service Alliance will determine if service delivery coordination is best undertaken across a catchment or local government area.
Purpose of service delivery coordination
The purpose of service delivery coordination will be to implement and manage:
* processes and procedures developed by the Child and Family Services Alliance for the operation of the Family Services system in the catchment or local area, including:
referral pathways, including those specifically for Aboriginal children, young people and families
criteria to determine priority for service access (consistent with statewide policy on demand management and prioritisation based on greatest need)
allocation processes and decision making criteria
disclosure of capacity at agency level
mechanisms for monitoring availability of Family Services to provide a range of interventions at any point in time
information sharing
culturally sensitive service responses for children and families from CALD communities
culturally competent service responses for Aboriginal children and families
dispute resolution mechanisms between Child and Family Services Alliance partners (Child FIRST, Family Services and Child Protection)
* identification of gaps in the range of available services to meet client needs
* provision of professional development and/or peer supervision at catchment level
* identifying issues impacting on service delivery at the local and/or catchment level to inform catchment planning.
The development of the above activities will be guided by the catchment plan and undertaken as part of operational management functions.
Service coordination and other services
The core members of the alliance, including Child FIRST and all family services (including Aboriginal and CALD family services) and Child Protection will undertake service delivery coordination.
In addition, a range of other services may also be engaged occasionally in service coordination activities, including:
* universal services (such as early years, schools and school support staff, and health)
* other secondary services (such as mental health, alcohol and drug treatment, disability, and Commonwealthfunded family relationship centres)
* tertiary services (such as outofhome care, police, family violence, Juvenile Justice and housing)
* other key referral groups, community building activities such as Neighbourhood Renewal projects and local initiatives.
The involvement of universal services will be particularly important when responding to the needs of children experiencing chronic neglect and cumulative harm.
The Child and Family Services Alliance partners will determine the participants in service coordination activities. A key operational management and service coordination task will be to ensure close linkages with other locally based services and networks to support integrated service delivery for vulnerable children, young people and families.
Case study 2
A homelessness service contacted Child FIRST with concerns regarding 'Ally', a 14 year old who had been seeking support from the homelessness service since leaving home several days prior, after an altercation with her mother. Further information gathering indicated that Ally and her family had involvement with both Child Protection and Family Services previously for a range of issues, including substantial emotional trauma for Ally, associated with alcohol abuse by her father, physical and verbal abuse and highrisk selfharming behaviour. Ally had not attended school for the previous six months and was associating with older males.
Ally's mother Betty was invited to meet with the homelessness service and Child FIRST. Ally was also invited but did not attend. Betty indicated in this meeting that she was at a loss as to how to manage Ally's increasingly challenging behaviours and was unsure of her ability to ensure Ally's safety in the family home, even if Ally was willing to return. Betty did indicate a willingness to receive support from a family services agency.
The homelessness service agreed to provide shortterm accommodation and support for Ally, on the understanding that she attended parentadolescent mediation with her mother. A family services agency that provides this specialist service delivery approach (adolescent mediation) was allocated the case and initial separate meetings were held between the family services caseworker and Ally, and the caseworker and Betty. Both family members agreed to engage with mediation and a first session was planned. The homelessness worker and the family services worker arranged regular contact to ensure that once the mediation sessions were underway, there was capacity for further case planning in relation to Ally's risktaking behaviour and school attendance.
Local governments play a key role in local area planning and service delivery and representatives will be invited to participate in the alliance. Similarly, community health centres provide a range of services to children and families, including family services, and this perspective will be captured at the catchment level.
Family relationship centres, funded by the Commonwealth, are currently being established in Victoria. These will provide counselling and support services to separating couples and families. It will be mandatory for couples with children who are separating to have contact with a family relationship centre before proceeding to the Family Court. The role of family relationship centres will be considered as part of the wider service system that may participate in the delivery of child and family services. They could also be invited to participate in the service coordination activities, where appropriate.
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The Department of Human Services Mental Health Branch is implementing the FaPMI Strategy (families where a parent has a mental illness), which will also provide services to vulnerable children and families. The FaPMI strategy:
* improves the capacity of services to respond to the needs of families where a parent has a mental illness through the introduction of capacity building roles within Mental Health services
* promotes the engagement of infants, children, young people and parents in mainstream services that are better able to recognise and respond appropriately to their particular needs.
A key part of the strategy is to develop more systematic approaches to the provision of early supports for parents experiencing a mental illness, and to enhance prevention and early intervention responses for children who may be at increased risk of such problems themselves. Regional coordinator positions will be located in primary mental health teams. These coordinators could be invited to participate in the activities of the Child and Family Services Alliance to consolidate practice level opportunities for collaborative service delivery supported by the new policy directions.
3.7 Child FIRSTChild and family information, referral and support teams
3.7.1 The importance of clearly defined and accessible referral pathways
For some families, knowing how and where to access the service system is challenging. Professionals may also have difficulty navigating the service system to refer children, young people and families to an appropriate service that will meet their needs. This difficulty has inadvertently led to the Child Protection system often becoming a default point of contact for many vulnerable children and families requiring support and intervention to reduce risk and promote stability.
To facilitate access to family services, an identifiable point of entry to services is needed in each catchment. Studies show that many families were at crisis point before they knew of the existence of support services. For example, the Maroondah Intake Final Report indicated that twothirds of clients surveyed did not know how to access the family services support they needed.
Family Services referral data shows that approximately onethird of referrals are selfreferrals, with another five per cent of referrals being from family and friends. This indicates that around sixty per cent of referrals come from a range of other sources, principally community welfare and local government services. Child Protection accounts for approximately 12 percent of direct referrals to family services.
Clearly defined referral and service access pathways are a critical component of more effective service delivery to vulnerable and atrisk children, young people and their families.
3.7.2 Scope and purpose of Child FIRST
The primary purpose of Child FIRST (child and family information, referral and support teams) is to ensure that vulnerable children, young people and their families are linked effectively into relevant services.
Child FIRST will establish a strong profile within the catchment, with a particular focus on key professional groups and organisations.
It is likely that a wider group of families, beyond vulnerable families, will access or be referred to Child FIRST. Child FIRST can play an important preventive role by providing advice and information to these families, or to the professionals or organisations that may have referred them. This will focus on linking or connecting the families to relevant universal or secondary services that can meet their needs. Child FIRST is not intended, and will not have the necessary capacity to, provide a service response beyond the provision of basic information and advice to such families.
3.7.3 Child FIRST functions
The functions of Child FIRST were formulated on the basis that clearly visible and accessible entry into family services in a designated subregional catchment needs these functions:
* a single telephone number
* provision of information and advice
* initial needs identification and assessment of underlying risk to the child or young person in consultation with Child Protection and other services
* identification of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status of children, young people and families
* identification of CALD status
* identification of differentiated service responses for families related to the assessment of needs and underlying risks
* active engagement with the child, young person and their family
* determination of the priority of a response, and allocation of families to family services, in consultation with Family Services and Child Protection (where required)
* timely responses through provision of or oversight of 'active holding responses' involving shortterm work with children and families before allocation of family services.
There may also be a limited capacity for family services within a subregional catchment to pick up direct referrals. This capacity will be subject to agreed arrangements governing assessment, prioritisation, allocation and coordination of data set out by the subregional catchment Child and Family Services Alliance.
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Case study 3
A primary school principal contacted Child FIRST regarding concerns about seven year old Matthew. His attendance at school was becoming irregular and when he did attend he appeared hungry and without adequate clothing. The principal was aware that Matthew has a four year old sister, Amy, and that the parents have a history of misusing alcohol and prescription medication.
Following a joint visit to the family home by a Child FIRST staff member, the parents agreed that the children required alternative care until they were able to stabilise their alcohol use and had their medication assessed. Respite care was arranged with extended family and the parents agreed to attend a case conference to make further plans for the ongoing care of Amy and Matthew.
A family services agency was allocated the case and called the case conference. Those participating included Amy and Matthew's parents, extended family, Child FIRST, communitybased Child Protection worker, kindergarten teacher, school principal, alcohol and drug counsellor, GP and priest. The family services agency took on case management of the family and a plan was put in place that ensured the parents met their appointments with the appropriate psychiatric and alcohol and drug support services.
It was also identified that although Amy was eligible to attend a kindergarten program she was not enrolled. The family services agency sought a place for Amy and assisted her family with the enrolment process, including information about access to fee subsidy, and worked with the centre to develop a fee payment plan that was manageable for the family. The agency maintained regular contact with the kindergarten and the school to monitor the ongoing safety, stability and development of the children, and with the priest, who arranged practical supports to meet the material needs of the family.
The children returned to the care of their parents. The family services agency was the first point of contact for any of the support services if further concerns arose regarding the safety, stability and development of the children.
3.7.4 Operation of Child FIRST
Child FIRST will be key partners of the Child and Family Services Alliance in each catchment, and will contribute to:
* ensuring consistent standards of intake and assessment across services
* promoting an understanding and awareness of the Child FIRST service
* implementing timely and effective referral pathways between all services
* providing advice about the interface with Child Protection, including protocols and procedures for decision making and daytoday relationships with the communitybased Child Protection worker
* providing advice about the interface with universal and other secondary services
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* implementing processes, in conjunction with an Aboriginal family service, to consult on the cultural needs of children, young people and families referred to Child FIRST, and to involve an Aboriginal family service in decision making and planning, either directly or through secondary consultation (where this can occur within information sharing provisions)
* implementing processes to ensure that the needs of children and families from CALD communities are actively considered during intake and assessment
* providing advice about information management and capacity to share information, as specified in legislative provisions
* developing processes to identify a lead organisation or caseworker for each child and family following initial assessment
* establishing and maintaining strong linkages with the Department of Human Services regional Child Protection and Family Services programs within the catchment.
In practice, the operation of Child FIRST will mean that:
* Over time, it is likely that an increasing proportion of referrals, particularly from professionals, will come through Child FIRST. However, Family Services will continue to receive direct referrals and request for services from children, young people and families, particularly where an established relationship exists, or where a family selfrefers to an organisation. These selfdirected referrals will be subject to the catchment service coordination processes for assessment, prioritisation, allocation, monitoring and review. All referrals must be included in the catchment's entrylevel data.
* While service delivery may be coordinated on a LGA basis, family services agency participation in catchment processes is intended to enable a range of broader service responses that may be available across the subregional catchment, to meet needs of families better.
* Family services organisations and the regional Child Protection program will need to actively participate in Child FIRST arrangements, and in the Child and Family Services Alliance activities, and in particular, service coordination activities.
* There will be a clearer, more consistent and betterdefined process for moving through the phases of prioritisation assessment, referral and service provision for vulnerable children, young people and families.
Family services receiving direct referrals will need to participate in service coordination activities to enable all referrals to be prioritised and allocated based on greatest need.
Establishment of Child FIRST is not intended to change or alter current service delivery arrangements. The majority of family services casework interventions are currently delivered at a single LGA level, and this remains the preferred locus of service delivery.
3.8 Child FIRST and Aboriginal children, young people and families
Aboriginal children, young people and families may not access Child FIRST at the same level as nonAboriginal children, young people and families. They are more likely to access the organisations they know, trust and have had previous positive engagement with. For many Aboriginal children and families, such organisations are Aboriginal.
For this reason, intake arrangements will be flexible to ensure Aboriginal children and families can readily access and receive timely and appropriate family services regardless of whether their first point of contact is with Child FIRST or through an organisation of their choice. Assessment processes will be culturally engaging and competent, identifying the Aboriginal status of family members and information about the involvement of any Aboriginal services. To achieve this, Child and Family Services Alliances will include representation from either Aboriginalcontrolled services or community, where possible, and should plan and coordinate their approach to intake for Aboriginal children and families accordingly. Developing agreed approaches to referral with local Aboriginal services will be an important component of this work.
Case study 4
'Jessica', a 16 year old Aboriginal girl, lived with her mother and two young brothers. Jessica's mother and brothers were not Aboriginal. Both the boys were displaying significant behavioural problems at home and at school. The family led a transient lifestyle, but appeared to be settled at their current address. Jessica's father was Aboriginal and had little contact with his daughter. Jessica had not seen her father for approximately two years. Before this Jessica visited her father on two occasions but both times he was alcohol affected and verbally abusive towards her. As a result Jessica did not want to have any further contact with him.
The relationship between Jessica and her mother was volatile and her mother had difficulty managing Jessica's behaviour. Jessica had been expelled from two secondary schools and had been involved with police due to her aggressive behaviour.
The primary school social worker, where the boys attended school, made a referral to Child FIRST. Child FIRST undertook an initial assessment and after consideration of the referral by the Child and Family Service Alliance partners, which included the local Aboriginal cooperative, it was agreed to refer the matter to a mainstream family service. They undertook a detailed assessment with the family, including Jessica's father, and developed a child and family action plan. The service consulted with the Aboriginal cooperative to enable reconnection and links with the Aboriginal community to be fostered and supported for Jessica.
Jessica was referred to a mainstream community youth access program that offered vocational guidance, educational classes and life skills, and attended regularly. Jessica also commenced involvement with the Aboriginal community through a 'young Aboriginal girls group' and participated in community programs and camps. The Aboriginal cooperative also helped Jessica establish contact with members of her paternal extended family. Jessica now has regular contact with this side of her family. Jessica's brothers and mother were also provided with the opportunity to participate in NAIDOC and school holiday activities organised by the Aboriginal cooperative to gain an understanding and awareness of Jessica's heritage.
The mainstream family service and the Aboriginal cooperative continued to work in partnership to monitor and review the child and family action plan and to support Jessica, her family and extended family.
3.9 When to refer to Child Protection or Family Services
Professionals involved with vulnerable children, young people (017 years) and their families, including families with an unborn child, may occasionally consider they should report or refer a concern either to the Victorian Child Protection Service or the new Child FIRST being progressively established across the state.
A guide for professionals has been developed to support decision making regarding the most appropriate referral pathway. The guide includes:
What circumstances and factors should determine whether to make a report to Child Protection or refer to Child FIRST?
There may be many factors, or combinations of factors, within family life that adversely affect children's safety, stability and development. You may already have considered these factors, and the following lists are intended to provide some further basic guidance on how to decide whether to refer a matter to Child FIRST or make a report to Child Protection.
A referral to Child FIRST may be the best way of connecting children, young people and their families to the services they need, where families exhibit any of the following factors that may affect a child's safety, stability or development:
* significant parenting problems that may be affecting the child's development
* serious family conflict, including family breakdown
* families under pressure due to a family member's physical or mental illness, substance abuse, disability or bereavement
* young, isolated and/or unsupported families
* significant social or economic disadvantage that may adversely impact on a child's care or development.
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A report to Child Protection should be made in any of the following circumstances:
* serious physical abuse of, or nonaccidental or unexplained injury to, a child (mandatory reporters must report)
* a disclosure of sexual abuse by a child or witness, or a combination of factors suggest the likelihood of sexual abusethe child exhibiting concerning behaviours, for example, after the child's mother takes on a new partner or where a known or suspected perpetrator has had unsupervised contact with the child (mandatory reporters must notify)
* serious emotional abuse and ill treatment of a child affecting their healthy development
* persistent neglect, poor care or lack of appropriate supervision, where there is a likelihood of significant harm to the child or their development
* serious or persistent family violence or parental substance misuse, psychiatric illness or intellectual disabilitywhere there is a likelihood of significant harm to the child or their development
* where a child's actions or behaviour may place them at risk of significant harm and the parents are unwilling or unable to protect the child
* where a child appears to have been abandoned, or where the child's parents are dead or incapacitated, and no other person is caring properly for the child.
Many cases will not neatly fit into these categories, and it may be harder to determine whether the level and the nature of any risk are such that the child needs protection. The following questions may help resolve the best course of action in such cases:
* What specifically has happened to the child that has caused your concerns, and what is the impact on their safety, stability and development?
* How vulnerable is the child?
* Is there a history or pattern of significant concerns with this child or other children in the family?
* Are the parents aware of the concerns, and capable and willing to take action to ensure the child's safety and promote their health, wellbeing and development?
* Are the parents able and willing to use support services to promote the child's safety, stability and development?
A referral to Child FIRST should be considered if, after consideration of the available information, you are, on balance, more inclined to form a view that:
* the concerns currently have a low to moderate impact on child and the immediate safety of the child is not compromised.
On receiving a referral from a professional or community member, the Child FIRST team will conduct further assessment of the family and may consult an experienced communitybased Child Protection worker based in each Child FIRST
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team. This assessment may lead to the involvement of a local family services organisation. In most circumstances, Child FIRST will inform you of the outcome of your referral.
Where a Child FIRST team or a registered family services organisation forms a view that a child or young person needs protection they must report the matter to Child Protection.
A report to Child Protection should be considered if, after consideration of the available information you are, on balance, more inclined toward a view that:
* the concerns currently have a serious impact on the child's immediate safety or development, or the concerns are persistent and entrenched and likely to have a serious impact on the child's development
Upon receipt of a report containing such factors, Child Protection will seek further information, usually from professionals who may also be involved with the child or family, to determine whether further action is required. In determining what action to take, Child Protection will also consider any previous concerns that may have been reported about the child or young person. In most circumstances Child Protection will inform you of the outcome of your report.
3.9.1 Relationship between Child FIRST and Child Protection
The Children, Youth and Families Act 2005:
...promotes stronger relationships between family support and child protection services. Recognising that family circumstances change, consultations are permitted while a family is involved with a family support service. This will enable child protection to provide support, advice and referrals between services as necessary. If a family support agency forms a belief that a child may be at risk of significant harm, they will be required to inform child protection.
Extract from Minister Garbutt's second reading speech, 6 October 2005 In recognition of this, a statewide agreement between Child FIRST and child protection has been developed, detailing clear processes and procedures for referral and consultation, including the role of the communitybased child protection worker. Regional arrangements will be agreed and documented on the basis of this statewide agreement. The agreement describes:
* the role of Child Protection in the Child and Family Services Alliance
* eferral pathways and protocols for Child Protection to refer matters to Child FIRST (statewide)
* referral pathways and protocols for Child FIRST to report matters to Child Protection (statewide)
* procedures for joint decision making and joint visiting/contact with children, young people and families (regional and catchment).
Referrals from Child Protection to Child FIRST will be considered alongside other referrals and will be prioritised based on the assessed needs of the child or young person. Similarly, referrals from placement services and/or Child Protection to Child FIRST for services to support the reunification of the child or young person home will be considered based on priority of need. A child or young person's legal status, if subject to a Children's Court Order, should not preclude referrals being made to Child FIRST for reunification support.
There will be many families where both Child Protection and Family Services are working in a coordinated manner to support the family to achieve agreed outcomes.
Communitybased Child Protection worker
Communitybased Child Protection workers will work collaboratively with Child FIRST and Family Services to support their work with more vulnerable children, young people and families. The communitybased Child Protection worker will also operate using the proposed Best Interests framework outlined in Section 3.3. Along with the unit manager, community partnerships, they will also have a critical role in the operation of the Child and Family Services Alliance in identifying strategies to strengthen the relationships between Child Protection, Family Services and the broader service system. It is important that the communitybased Child Protection worker has sufficient expertise to deliver these roles within the community.
3.9.2 Demand management and prioritisation
Family Services and Child FIRST will implement effective systems and strategies for managing demand that move away from traditional waiting list models and facilitate the linking of timely and responsive support for children, young people and families.
Principles of demand management and prioritisation will be equally applicable for Child FIRST and all other family services, to take into account that the majority of referrals will come through Child FIRST. The principles do not apply to referrals seeking information and advice only which can generally be responded to and closed.
Key principles of demand management include:
* Referrals will be acted on based on priority of need. This reflects the emphasis on responding to more complex, vulnerable and atrisk, children, young people and families.
* In order to determine priority of response, each child or young person will undergo an initial safety and needs assessment.
* Actively engaging children, young people and families at the point of referral and, if appropriate, providing initial brief interventions that address immediate needs (preventing the need to refer on to a family service).
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* Case allocation will occur in partnership across the catchment area through the Child and Family Services Alliance service coordination functions. This will ensure that the organisation, in the best position from both a case load and service delivery perspective, will be allocated the case, allowing casework to commence at the earliest possible time following referral.
* The most appropriate service within the catchment will be identified for the active holding response.
* In the context of demand management, Family Services will participate in collaborative planning, working together within the Child and Family Services Alliance to manage current demand better and build an understanding of changing demand. Child FIRST will have a coordinating role in this process.
Demand management in relation to smaller organisations
There are currently 99 statefunded community child and family services organisations. About 50 of these organisations receive less than $100,000 in family services funding annually, and together represent less than 10 per cent of total Family Services funding.
These organisations fall into several categories, including:
* Aboriginal organisations funded to deliver family services, Family Support Innovation Projects and, in some cases, both service types
* a small number of local government and community healthprovided family services, which often operate within a broader suite of services delivered by these organisations
* CALD organisations providing services to one or more CALD communities
* organisations delivering a specialist function or service to a specific, identified client group.
Although small, the services provided by these organisations can play an important, specialist role within catchments or Child and Family Services Alliances. However, as these organisations are generally funded for less than one fulltime staff, there may be insufficient capacity or the wideranging skills and competencies to provide effective casework to highly vulnerable children, young people and their families. These services may also not be in a position to participate in all operational management and service coordination activities in the catchment, due to limited capacity.
Active holding response
Demand management and prioritisation will be supported by an active holding response. In some cases a family service in the best position to meet a child's, young person's or family's identified needs will not be able to allocate a caseworker immediately or provide a service response through the range of available practice approaches. The child and family will receive an active holding response, such as a oneoff intervention and/or lowlevel monitoring and support until the case is allocated. The active holding response may include phone contact with the client, an initial home visit, case conferencing, provision of brokerage
funding, participation in a group, volunteer support, negotiation with other service providers and/or client advocacy. The active holding response will also provide shortterm intervention that leads to case closure.
The Child and Family Services Alliance's catchment planning role will determine the point of delivery of the active holding response. Families being supported by the active holding response will be reviewed and prioritised based on need alongside new and existing referrals for family services as part of demand management.
4 Service delivery approaches for family services
This section provides an overview of service delivery for family services, and includes:
* a childcentred, familyfocused approach
* the importance of considering the effects of cumulative harm
* assessment, planning and action within the context of the Best Interests framework
* a range of intervention approaches, informed by the Family Services principles
* a stronger focus on achieving culturally competent practice approaches for Aboriginal children, families and communities
* a stronger focus on achieving culturally sensitive practice approaches for CALD children, young people and families
* the importance of information sharing to support the needs of vulnerable children, young people and families.
These service delivery approaches are key components of the Family Services framework.
4.1 An overview
The Family Services framework brings together Family Services and Family Support Innovation Projects into one service model, which is characterised by:
* a primary focus on the best interests of the child or young person in the context of their family and community
* a flexible response that recognises:
* some children, young people and families may need ongoing support
* some children and young people may occasionally need alternative care outside the family
* there could be ongoing movement in and out of the Family Service
* services can adjust to the changing needs of children, young people and
families
* the development of a strong focus on meeting the needs of vulnerable children and families from Aboriginal and CALD communities
* purposeful collaboration with other child and family services agencies, and other sectors
* flexibility of funding arrangements to support needs.
4.1.1 Childcentred, familyfocused practice
A child and young personcentred, familyfocused approach is the preferred approach to service delivery, which:
* recognises that the best interests of children and young people are paramount
* recognises the crucial significance of the family in achieving positive outcomes for children and young people
* builds on family strengths, and seeks to build a partnership approach between families and professionals.
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Listening to the child or young person (via direct or indirect means) within families, and taking their needs and wishes into account in the assessment and planning processes, is important. Effective childinclusive practices include:
* appropriate, safe and userfriendly service environments that meet the needs of children and young people of all ages
* intake and assessment processes that are welcoming, professional and flexible to deal effectively and appropriately with the client's first contact with the agency
* effective direct or indirect work with children that builds on strong initial assessments
* flexible and professional approaches to work with families, utilising:
effective engagement between workers and clients
an inclusive model of listening to children
application of family systems and development perspectives
culturally appropriate approaches
clear feedback to families on objectives and progress.
4.1.2 Cumulative harm
Assessment and planning will be historically grounded. This recognises that behaviours associated with ongoing neglect and repeated emotional abuse result in cumulative harm, and that the child's safety, stability and development may be affected.
The Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 established a focus on cumulative harm through the Best Interest principles (Section 3.3 of the framework). All actions and decisions must take account of 'the effects of cumulative patterns of harm on a child's safety and development' (Section 10(3)(e) of the Act). This involves understanding the interactional patterns of connectedness within the family as part of a repeating pattern, which may have serious consequences on the child's safety, stability and development. Practitioners should view neglect and abuse in a historical context, taking into account the experiences of all the children in the family, rather than as discrete, unconnected episodes.
Concerns about the impact of the underrecognition of cumulative harm has highlighted:
* The need for a framework that operates across the child and family services sector. Currently under development by the Office for Children, this framework will enable the identification and analysis of the complexities of neglect and attachment to occur in a way that supports effective and timely intervention and the provision of the most appropriate support.
* The need for a wholeofcommunity approach in responding to children, young people and families. For Family Services, this includes the promotion of shared responsibility for the safety, stability and development of the child across family, community and service sectors, which includes a high level of collaboration and
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communication between agencies, crosscultural training and the use of external consultancies to develop reflective case practices. It also involves skilful working in partnership with children, families and communities around the sharing of responsibility for supported change.
The Victorian Child Death Review Committee undertook an analysis of child deaths and developed recommendations to guide effective responses to chronic neglect. Best practice principles were developed and these will guide assessment, planning and action for children exposed to chronic neglect. This approach will:
* ameliorate and redress harms to children arising from chronic neglect
* assess and respond to lack of change within the family, using a goaldirected approach and formal periodic reviews of progress
* maintain a persistent, sustainable approach to practice, in which case reviews, case conferences and supervision are used to change direction and strategy as required
* refer to secondary support services in a proactive, supportive manner, which acknowledges the family history of participation with services, and ensures meaningful engagement has occurred prior to case closure.
Greater explanation of how these approaches will align with the core functions of Family Servicesassessment, planning and actionis discussed in the following sections.
4.2 Assessment, planning and action
4.2.1 Assessment
Effective intake, initial assessment and ongoing assessment are fundamental to positive intervention. They facilitate the engagement of children, young people and families to understand all the factors that affect children's, young persons' and families' functioning, so that these can be collectively addressed to support the safety, stability and development of children and young people.
Purpose of initial assessment
The purpose of initial assessment is to commence the development of a child and family action plan, including:
* identifying the Indigenous status of a child, young person and/or their family
* holistically identifying a child or young person's risks, needs and strengths in the context of their family situation, individuality, developmental stage, social circumstances and cultural or Indigenous identity
* understanding the history and progression of the child's, young person's and family's risks and needs, and the nature of the previous engagements with Child Protection, Family Services and related services
* highlighting the issues (for both the child and family unit) that will be addressed in order to ensure the child's or young person's safety and stability, and improve their emotional, physical and psychological wellbeing
* defining objectives and goals for intervention cooperatively with children, young people and their families and other agencies involved
* identifying the range and type of service responses needed
* identifying the family services, and other related universal, secondary and specialist services within the catchment that are best positioned to support the children, young people and family involved
* determining an appropriate lead caseworker or organisation (in the case of referral from Child FIRST to a family services organisation)
* seeking secondary consultation to support assessment.
Best Interests framework for Child Protection, Child FIRST and Family Services
The Department of Human Services Office for Children is currently developing the Best Interests framework for vulnerable children and youth, which will form the framework for integrating the concepts associated with Best Interests principles. It will apply to Child Protection, including placement services, Child FIRST and all family services, to reflect the requirements of the Children, Youth and Families Act 2005, and will be further supported by an assessment and practice framework.
The Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 allows communitybased child and family services to receive referrals and take appropriate action where there is a concern about the development of a child. This creates an alternative pathway from Child Protection intake for vulnerable children, young people and their families, and changes the basis for Child Protection intervention.
An assessment and practice framework applied across the child and family service system will help to inform whether a child needs intervention and/or support from Family Services due to the impact of current, future or cumulative harm. A common assessment framework will also support a consistent and integrated approach across the child and family services system, considering the best interests of children and young people.
The use of a common Best Interests assessment and practice framework by all family services within the Child and Family Services Alliance will improve transition and transfer between services, and will support coordinated and integrated service delivery, which will in turn lead to improved outcomes for children, young people and families.
Overall, common assessment will strengthen services' capacity to manage complexity and risk, and will improve their ability to assess and address need and to undertake effective and consistent interventions.
Ongoing assessment
Ongoing assessment is a critical aspect of service delivery, planning and regular case reviews. The continuous process of assessment of children and young people in the context of their familythen goal setting, putting in place service interventions and monitoring and reassessmentwill ensure that support provision and interventions continue to be appropriate and that outcomes are achieved.
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Child and family action plans
A child and family action plan identifies objectives and goals of intervention, details the interventions to be undertaken, and the roles and responsibilities of the child, young person and family and each of the organisations providing services to the family. The assessment and goals of intervention will be discussed and agreed (where possible) with the child, young person and their family.
The child and family action plan also contains timelines for the length of intervention and for monitoring and review. The frequency of review will increase for high priority cases, consistent with duty of care expectations.
4.3 Practice approaches
Family Services provides a comprehensive range of services and approaches, including:
* a strengthsbased approach and comprehensive needs and risk assessment
* identification of pathways and key transition points that focus on earlier intervention, prevention and diversion
* capacity to provide intensive, multidisciplinary responses
* authorisation to consult with or make reports to Child Protection when a child is believed to be in need of protection.
Whether a child and family are referred to Family Services or Child Protection, the first option for support and intervention should always begin from the strengthsbased premise that, given appropriate support, families will make changes in their child's best interests. At the same time, a conjoint understanding of risks that the child is or may be exposed to ensures that the primary focus is always the safety of the child.
However, focusing on risk does not preclude strengthsbased beliefs about families and their potential for change. The CYFA 2005 includes varied responses that provide the capacity to escalate responses. These may range from general family services referrals to the reporting of significant concerns about the wellbeing of a child to Family Services, or to a Child Protection report, if change is not realised and concerns for the child continue.
In order to support the needs of more vulnerable children, young people and families, Family Services will use active engagement approaches to service provision, by:
* engaging children, young people and families in their family environments and communities, where they are most likely to be comfortable and receptive
* providing culturally responsive practices for Aboriginal children, young people and families, which focus on cultural connection
* working with universal services to develop joint prevention, diversion and earlier intervention responses to community needs
* working with secondary and tertiary services to provide specialist and intensive support to the most vulnerable families
* working in a culturally responsive way with children, young people and families from CALD communities
* enacting legislative authorisations regarding significant concerns about the wellbeing of children (see below)
* make reports to or consult with Child Protection about children believed to be in need of protection.
4.3.1 Significant concerns about wellbeing referrals to Family Services
All children eligible to receive support from Family Services are vulnerable, and therefore there are associated dutyofcare requirements for quality service. Referrals of children with significant concerns about wellbeing constitute a subgroup of vulnerable children. For these children, responses to better ensure the safety, stability and wellbeing require escalated statutory authority, to:
* provide the option of protecting the identity of the referrer (Sections 40, 41)
* consult with specified bodies for the purposes of risk assessment or to determine the appropriate service (Section 36)
* consult with Child Protection about any purpose of the communitybased child and family service (Sections 38, 39).
Where one or more of these authorities are indicated or required, a child and family are assessed as having significant concerns about wellbeing. As with all Family Services interventions, the emphasis is on taking action to provide support to better ensure the safety, stability and healthy development of the child or young person.
Children with significant concerns about their wellbeing require heightened vigilance to better ensure their safety and promote their development and stability. This may include regular assessment and case planning, focusing on cumulative patterns of harm and the child's age, stage of development, culture and gender, and the other principles consistent with the child's best interests (Section 10 of the Act).
4.3.2 Casework framework
Casework will be provided in a way that enables family services to meet the Family Services standards. An overview of the proposed standards is included in Section 5.2 of this document. The components of casework and approaches to service provision described below will be evaluated to determine the efficacy of interventions to achieve improved outcomes with vulnerable children, young people and families. The evaluation will focus particularly on the efficacy of responses to the impact of cumulative harm resulting from chronic neglect.
Casework is the framework within which family services will be delivered. Casework practice includes an assessment of needs, establishing objectives and goals, development of a child and family action plan, ongoing engagement, ongoing assessment, implementation of the plan, monitoring and review, and case closure.
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Family Services casework uses a range of different intervention modes and approaches to effect change for children and families. Therefore, the implementation of the child and family action plan may include the worker undertaking a range of intervention activities within their casework. These are described as the 'intervention modes and approaches' below.
Good casework practice also emphasises multidisciplinary/multiagency collaborations to support coordinated service planning and delivery. Implementation of the child and family action plan also includes the development and coordination of a system of comprehensive services targeted to families who have a range of presenting issues. Collaborative approaches will be coordinated by a lead caseworker where there are services involved other than family services. The Family Services caseworker is expected to undertake the key role in the ongoing coordination and monitoring of multidisciplinary (crosssector) services pertaining to the goals within the child and family action plan, unless an alternative lead caseworker with these responsibilities is agreed to and designated within the plan.
The casework approach for Aboriginal children and families will also focus on providing culturally competent services. To achieve this, there will be:
* continual and effective involvement of Aboriginal agencies in casework
* effective use of family decision making in establishing goals, desired outcomes and strategies to achieve these.
4.3.3 Service duration and intensity
The emphasis placed on each stage of the casework process will be determined by the characteristics of the individual child, young person and family and the complexity of the needs to be addressed. Casework will operate as a cyclical process of goal setting, intervention, monitoring and reassessment in response to the changing needs of children, young people and their families. Casework will also connect families to universal services and their community.
Service intensity and duration will vary according to the needs of individual children, young people and their families. The service model includes shortterm or oneoff interventions, that may occur face to face or by telephone. Some families may need support at transition points or critical life stages, and may therefore need several episodes of service delivery.
Other families with complex and diverse needs may need longerterm support, and they may cycle through maintenance or intervention phases of service delivery. Some families may need assistance to support the transition of their child from outofhome care to the family home.
Service intensity and duration will be determined through ongoing assessment of each child's, young person's and their family's needs. In consultation with the child and their family, Family Services will develop and review a child and family action plan specifying goals and types of services to be provided. More intensive and specialised services will be provided to children and families where harm may have occurred, with the aim of preventing a recurrence.
4.3.4 Intervention modes and approaches
Vulnerable children and families often require a range of supports to meet their diverse and complex needs. Casework draws on a range of interventions to achieve Family Services' objectives of enhancing:
* parenting skills and capacity
* parentchild relationships
* child physical, social, emotional, intellectual and cultural development
* social inclusion and connectedness to family and community, in order to promote the safety, stability and healthy development of the child.
Family Services interventions are used singularly or in combination to address the child, young person's or family's assessed need. Research indicates that:
…the strongest evidence base that supports positive outcomes for children and families emerges from homebased services to prevent abuse and neglect, while promoting maternal and child health, using social support and instructional interventions at all system levels. Approaches use parent management skills and training; cognitivebehavioural strategies to improve parenting practices for physical abuse, neglect, and sexual abuse; and techniques for strengthening parentchild interactional and relational skills.
(Thomlison, 2003)
Casework interventions are determined by an assessment of need and development of a child and family action plan to address the needs identified. This plan determines the goals of intervention for the child and family and details the interventions to be undertaken.
Intervention modes and approaches to enhance parenting capacity and skills, parentchild relationships, child development and social connectedness include:
* advocacy, information and advice
* active engagement
* practical support and/or material aid
* outreach
* shortterm service
responses
* inhome support
* family decision making, family group conferencing
* crisis intervention
* group work
* counselling
* skills enhancement
* parentchild interaction
* a youth focus
* community connection and social inclusion
* brokerage
* access to universal services
* crosssectoral interventions
* secondary consultations
* ongoing support.
Information, advice and advocacy
This involves provision of accurate information and advice at a time when children, young people and families need support to address their needs. It may enable more effective or informed decision making, prevent escalation of the issue and reduce the need for further or more intensive intervention.
Active engagement
Active engagement approaches will engage many vulnerable children, young people and families who may not otherwise actively seek services. Family Services will continue to develop a range of nontraditional active engagement strategies, to ensure families have every opportunity to engage in the support they need.
Following initial contact, some children, young people and families may be unwilling to participate in continued engagement. These families often experience repeat notifications to Child Protection. Family Services will offer a commitment and level of expertise in persevering with families who may be difficult to engage over the medium to longer term, and will use innovative strategies to bring about change.
While active engagement may be resource intensive, this approach is necessary to ensure that vulnerable families with high needs can access services and support to address issues that would otherwise affect their children's health and development. Active engagement strategies are needed to address high refusal rates, high attrition rates and barriers to accessing services. They aim to increase the initial uptake of services and increase the retention of families within the service system. Active engagement strategies that influence the initial uptake of services by families at the caseworker level include:
* prompt initial response
* quick followup
* facetoface contact
* frequent maintenance of contact
* multiple followups if there is no response
* active community outreach
* joint outreach with a trusted universal service or partnership with a community based child protection worker.
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To increase retention rates, active engagement strategies include:
* a focus on the importance of the communication style, such as respecting the family, being supportive and nonpunitive, starting 'where the family is at', using verbal encouragement, including the family in decisions
* providing practical, material support early
* providing services in a way that is easily accessible for parents
* maintaining contact with the family.
Practical support and/or material aid
This involves the provision of practical, handson assistance and support for issues such as parenting and household management. Modelling will be undertaken to build skills, change specified behaviours and improve relationships or communication skills. It also includes practical assistance to access services, travel to appointments or receive material aid. Practical or material support early in intervention is a key strategy in fostering initial engagement by the family (Berry, 2005).
Outreach
Outreach provides support for children, young people and families in the family home or community environment. It may be the preferred approach for ongoing work with the family, due to issues of transport, disability or when the home is the appropriate venue for intervention.
In addition, to enhance family capacity it is important that family services understand how the child, young person and their family operates in their environment or the community. While centrebased services may be appropriate for group work, some interventions are more effective if conducted in the family environment. Family Services will provide outreach to enhance outcomes for children and families.
Shortterm service response
Some children, young people or families have lowerlevel needs and will require oneoff or shortterm assistance to address these. Sometimes family needs are complex, but the family is only willing or able at the time to commit to short, goal focused intervention. Short services include mediation, crisis intervention or single session therapy. Referral to followup services may form part of the closure. Catchment planning will identify the location of shortterm service responses within the service system.
Inhome support
Inhome support assists families to build skills, implement behaviour management programs and/or enhance relationships and communication skills. It is designed to increase family capacity, independence and strengths. Evidence suggests that in home support is an effective active engagement strategy.
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Family decision making
Family decision making and family group conferencing models are an effective way of empowering children and young people, parents and other family members, by supporting them to participate in discussions and influence decisions. Providing children with a voice is a strong contributor to children and young people's stability, because they are more likely to respond and engage with services when they have had the opportunity to be involved in their design and implementation.
Crisis intervention
This involves flexible and immediate casework responses that address the needs of families faced with an immediate crisis or traumatic event. In the context of earlier intervention, these events will be planned for as much as possible, with strategies implemented to minimise crises. Crises may recur across the cycle of intervention, and when risk is increased, may necessitate active safety planning and community based child protection worker involvement.
Group work
A wide variety of group work can be provided, with short or longterm groups that have fixed or changing membership. Groups can provide an education focus, provide skills training or offer therapeutic or selfhelp intervention. Group work will not replace inhome support when this has been assessed as the preferred method of intervention. Groups may involve several family members (for example, a parent and child at a playgroup), or only one member of the family (for example, young mothers or fathers at a parenting group).
Group work can be used in a structured manner as an active holding response, which supports engagement and builds a trust relationship with clients until the case is allocated. Group work can also provide social inclusion activities aimed at reconnecting with community and universal sectors. Group work can be an effective mechanism to maximise the availability of services in the context of limited resources.
Counselling
Counselling approaches include applying techniques such as reflection, constructive confrontation and problem solving. The aim is to improve interpersonal relationships, health, social functioning and/or quality of life. Counselling can be undertaken with children, young people, and parents or carers or families as groups. Family therapy has a role in improving family communications, family control imbalances and family relationships. Where specialist counselling or therapy services are available to address an issue (such as sexual assault services or drug and alcohol services), the individual or family will be referred to the specialist provider by the family services provider for intervention. The family service provider will remain in contact to ensure that engagement with the specialist agency occurs. This will be particularly important in providing treatment for children and young people to address the impact of abuse and emotional deprivation.
Skills
enhancement
Numerous programs are available, for example:
Parent education programs
Parent education programs assist families primarily by increasing parental knowledge and reducing parental stress. Parent education programs achieve these results by training parents in behavioural management techniques, problem solving and personal coping skills. Several researchers provide further intervention models with effective outcomes in increasing parenting skills and capacity (see for example, Berry, Charlson and Dawson and Thomlison).
Parentchild interaction
This involves several different interventions, often employing a range of modalities (for example, onetoone, inhome, group work and family), which are aimed at improving the parentchild relationship. This may include:
Parentadolescent mediation
This involves planned intervention that enables family members in dispute (in particular, young people and their parents) to reach a point of understanding and agreement, resulting in an enhanced capacity for resolving conflict and agreeing on decisions for the future.
Family skills training
This involves providing structured activities that help to improve parentchild bonding or attachment, for example, where parents are coached in special therapeutic play to improve parentchild attachment and improve child behaviour. This approach is effective in families with psychiatrically disturbed and behaviourally disordered children (work by Kumpfer and Alvarado, Thomilson and Berry provides further examples).
Youthfocused
For hardtoreach and atrisk young people, research (such as that of Cameron and Karabanow) suggests that singlepronged interventions are less effective than those that employ a range of different approaches to intervention. These include programs that build social competency, connection to peers, family and community, as well as access to drug and alcohol, health, pregnancy, education and individual, family or group counselling services.
Community connection and social inclusion
Family Services practice approaches aim to increase children's, young people's and their family's connection to their community through social inclusion and resilience building activities. Activities could include a dropin centre, where parents can share and access information, information sessions on a range of topics of interest, and training and information to members of a CALD community to enable them to support their own community within the context of local service systems. Community connection activities can support the inclusion of children, young people and their families in a range of universal services. Social network interventions are well supported in the literature as effective interventions for strengthening informal networks and improving parenting adequacy for families with chronic neglect.
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Securing extended family support
This involves building the capability of the extended family to provide support and strengthen informal networks.
Volunteer support
This utilises the skills and support of suitably experienced persons to provide a narrow range of supports to families (or individuals within families), usually after a more formal period of intervention has occurred (or at least a formal assessment). Programs include volunteer support workers integrated with paid workers, providing separate or combined service delivery functions to families. Some Family Support Innovation programs have used volunteers creatively to assist with initial engagement or with practical support before formal allocation.
Establishing strong linkages with local, placebased initiatives
Family services should proactively seek opportunities to support community building activities such as Neighbourhood Renewal projects.
Brokerage
Services have the flexibility to set funds aside for brokerage to utilise new approaches to working with the client group. Brokerage can be an effective tool for engaging families, alleviate shortterm hardship and provide developmental opportunities for children experiencing emotional deprivation and chronic neglect. Brokerage funds can be allocated for the following purposes:
* purchase of a specific service to address the client needs, for example specialist assessment, specialist short term counselling, respite foster care, or child care;
* provision of one off payment to address immediate hygiene or safety issues in the client home or immediate environment; or
* assistance with oneoff payment of utilities or material aid. Family Services will be expected to meet their service delivery targets inclusive of brokerage funds.
Accessing universal services
Family Services have an important role in promoting families' participation in universal services. This includes assisting children and their families to participate in the maternal and child health service, playgroups, childcare, kindergarten and school, and to establish a regular and consistent general practitioner.
To increase the earlier intervention capacity of family services, organisations may seek a range of supports to be provided for families in partnership with universal services, and/or may use universal services as the platform for service delivery. This includes activities such as facilitating a bonding and attachment group in partnership with community health, providing specialist support to a maternal and child health postnatal depression group, or linking volunteer mentors with children in primary schools. Supports may be provided in partnership with schools and neighbourhood houses. This will encourage children, young people and families who may not otherwise access support services to participate in programs, without the stigma associated with seeking services from more traditional 'welfare' organisations.
It also enables families to develop further their ability to assess their own needs, and utilise and access local services. A close relationship with universal service providers will assist in the identification and referral of families in need of additional support.
Crosssectoral interventions
This involves a range of multidisciplinary and crosssectoral models of service, which may include accessing universal services or counselling services as described above. The increased incidence of multiple presentations of family violence, substance abuse, mental illness and disability in Child Protection investigations, along with the high rates of renotifications, were major contributors to the initial development of the Family Support Innovation Projects. Many vulnerable children and families accessing family services required a network of coordinated communitybased services across the continuum of support to meet their complex needs. As described previously, oversight and coordination for these crosssectoral service plans is undertaken by a Family Services case worker, unless another lead worker is identified in the plan, and reviewed and adapted to the family's changing needs.
Secondary consultation
Family Services will provide secondary consultation to universal and/or other secondary services on working with children, young people and their families.
This involves advice/consultation to professionals working directly with a family. Provision of information to other service providers facilitates the delivery of support and/or intervention to children, young people and families without the family services organisation being directly involved.
This service type may be beneficial for specialist ethnospecific or Aboriginal organisations and more remote or isolated services to facilitate them in supporting children, young people and families.
Ongoing support
The strategic framework for Family Services integrates the capacity for sustained, intensive interventions previously introduced as part of Family Support Innovations Projects funding, to the integrated platform of Family Services. Family Services' capacity to provide ongoing support to vulnerable children and families was legislated as a primary purpose of communitybased child and family services within the Section 22(f) of the Act. A key component of ongoing support is the 'capacity to keep working with hardtoengage and resistant families'.
4.4 Cultural responsiveness
The strategic framework indicates that there should be a stronger focus on meeting the needs of vulnerable children, young people and their families from Aboriginal and CALD communities.
Initiatives will need to be developed collaboratively as part of the catchment plan to improve the availability and delivery of culturally appropriate interventions and services.
4.4.1 Aboriginal children and families
The Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 and the Child Wellbeing and Safety Act 2005 specify decision making principles for Aboriginal children. These apply to communitybased child and family services. Section 12 of the Act states:
In recognition of the principle of Aboriginal selfmanagement and selfdetermination, in making a decision or taking an action in relation to an Aboriginal child, the Secretary or a community service must also give consideration to the following principles:
in making a decision or taking an action in relation to an Aboriginal child, an opportunity will be given, where relevant, to members of the Aboriginal community to which the child belongs and other respected Aboriginal persons to contribute their views;
a decision in relation to an Aboriginal child, will involve a meeting convened by an Aboriginal convener who has been approved by an Aboriginal agency and, wherever possible, attended by the child, the child's parents, and members of the extended family of the child and other appropriate members of the Aboriginal community as determined by the child's parent;
in making a decision to place an Aboriginal child in outofhome care, an Aboriginal agency must first be consulted and the Aboriginal Child Placement Principle must be applied.
The Act also includes the Aboriginal Child Placement Principle (Section 13) and further principles for the placement of an Aboriginal child (Section 14). These sections of the Act must also be complied with by communitybased child and family services placing Aboriginal children on a voluntary basis.
The white paper Protecting childrenthe next steps specifies that a charter for Aboriginal children's safety, stability and development will be developed by the Department of Human Services, Aboriginal communities and communitycontrolled agencies and mainstream health and community services. The charter will describe roles and responsibilities of families, communities, communitycontrolled agencies and mainstream services in making a positive difference in the lives of Aboriginal children and young people.
The number of Aboriginal children and young people involved with Child Protection is a serious issue. With the shift in focus of family services to prioritising services based on need, both mainstream services and Aboriginal services will need to develop an appropriate localised response.
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A statement quoted in Protecting childrenthe next steps provides a caution for developing a Family Services approach for Aboriginal children, young people and families:
A key to the successful reform of children's and family services for Aboriginal communities will be ensuring they are developed in an holistic manner. It will not be sufficient to add an Indigenous element to, for example, the assessment and investigation procedure or to make modifications to the outofhome care processes for Aboriginal children without considering whether the system as a whole is inclusive of Indigenous cultures and values. This will necessitate a greater recognition than is currently the case that the Indigenous communities should be able to exercise a significant measure of control over the provision of services delivered to their communities.
(Freiberg, Kirby and Ward, 2004)
Protecting childrenthe next steps states that the government is committed to strengthening Aboriginal communitycontrolled organisations to enable a broader range of child, young persons and family services to be delivered to Aboriginal people by Aboriginal people. In addition, strategies are provided for improving the responsiveness of mainstream services that include the development of practice guidelines, developed in consultation with Aboriginal communities.
In developing culturally competent family services, the Child and Family Services Alliance and Aboriginal services should mutually ensure that there is an ongoing forum to bring together Aboriginal services and communities and mainstream services in the catchment. The purpose of this ongoing forum will be to:
* determine a coordinated culturally appropriate approach to providing family services to Aboriginal children, young people and families within the catchment or local area, which may include sharing and pooling resources across agencies
* reduce duplication of services and overintervention
* assist in identifying improvements in access to mainstream services. An approach will be developed that:
* recognises the specific and unique needs of Aboriginal children, young people and families in the local area
* actively involves respected Aboriginal community members in planning and decision making
* recognises their preferred method of accessing services, as well as allowing Aboriginal children and families the choice of mainstream and/or Aboriginal services
* encourages the use of leading practice approaches that best engage, effectively intervene and support Aboriginal children, young people and families to reduce vulnerability and risk
* identifies service capacity within the Aboriginal service system and supports the development of an approach to managing increased demand and prioritisation of access
* identifies how Aboriginal organisations can support mainstream agencies to develop more culturally competent services
* identifies how mainstream organisations can support Aboriginal organisations to provide services to Aboriginal children and families
* fosters a culture of partnership, mutual understanding and continual learning between mainstream and Aboriginal organisations within the catchment
* considers a cultural perspective of neglect of children in Aboriginal communities and develops responses that address the impact of cumulative harm
* designs initiatives that more adequately address the overrepresentation of Aboriginal children in Child Protection and outofhome care.
The above list is not exhaustive. The Child and Family Services Alliances and Aboriginal organisations and communities are better placed to determine approaches to meet the local need.
4.4.2 Culturally and linguistically diverse families
As part of the development of a catchment plan, the needs of children, young people and their families from CALD communities will be specifically addressed. Family services are expected to be accessible and sensitive to the needs of CALD communities. The catchment plan will include cultural training needs for staff in the catchment and will define the preferred approach for mainstream and culturally and linguistically diverse organisations to provide integrated services to vulnerable children, young people and families.
In developing a preferred local approach to Child FIRST, consideration will be given to the needs of children, young people and families. This will include an emphasis on the following issues:
* Understanding the needs of the children, young people and families in their catchment. Gathering information about cultural diversity of the catchment is a key aspect of planning for the service needs of CALD communities. This may indicate a need to develop new strategies targeted to certain cultural groups or target interventions to tackle particular issues.
* Partnerships with multicultural services. In order to support more responsive and effective service delivery to CALD communities, Child FIRST will identify all relevant culturally and linguistically diverse services in the catchment and seek to develop appropriate community linkages partnerships.
* Developing and maintaining a culturally diverse and aware workforce. Family Services will consider employing staff who speak other languages, or come from backgrounds that reflect the cultural mix of the catchment in order to improve awareness and sensitivity to the community it supports.
* Ways to include CALD communities in service planning and delivery. For example, through establishing a multicultural reference group or preparing a newsletter to inform the community about CALDspecific child and family services activities.
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4.5 Information sharing
Strengthened informationsharing provisions are fundamental to building coherent and effective alliances of child and family services, to enable earlier intervention and prevention and to strengthen collaboration between secondary and tertiary services.
The development of trusting relationships with children, young people and families requires that they be responded to with dignity and respect. Family services will be provided on a voluntary basis that is underpinned by consent and choice.
Under the Children, Youth and Families Act 2005, (Part 3.2 Concern about the child), registered community child and family services will have the capacity to share information. It provides for referral to communitybased child and family services:
* where a person has a significant concern for the safety, stability and development of a child, or an unborn child, they can refer the child to a registered child and family service (Child FIRST and Family Services) (Sections 31, 32)
* for the purposes of assessing risk and determining which is the appropriate service to engage the family, child and family services are authorised to consult with a range of services including Child Protection, universal, adult and specialist services specified in the Act
* anyone referring to Child FIRST has their identity protected, although they are encouraged to disclose and assist with engaging the family with Family Services
* legal and professional indemnities also apply.
Ongoing disclosure of information between agencies for the purposes of coordinating service delivery will need the consent of the family.
Sharing information to promote children's safety and development under the Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 (Guidelines for professionals) provides advice to professionals who come into contact with children and families in the course of their work, and who may therefore come into contact with Family Services and Child Protection.
5 Service system operating modelaccountability
This section:
* establishes the need for a quality culture
* provides an overview of registration requirements and standards
* specifies the importance of focusing on outcomes for children, young people and families
* indicates that outcome measures developed at an individual, catchment and statewide level will lead to continuous service improvement
* ndicates that data will continue to be collected to support monitoring of performance against these outcome measures.
5.1 The need for a quality culture
The Victorian Government's policies Growing Victoria Together and A Fairer Victoria provide a strong context for a focus on quality. A Fairer Victoria focuses on 'creating the sort of society we want for Victoria's future', by addressing disadvantage for children, young people and families (and other disadvantaged groups), and strengthening the community as a whole.
This emphasises that all Victorians share an interest in addressing disadvantage, and in supporting access to quality services for vulnerable children and young people, as a means to achieve this. Underpinning this is the need for a culture of quality and continuous quality improvement.
To support a focus on culture, both A Fairer Victoria and the Growing Victoria Together policy emphasise the importance of working closely with communities and measuring progress, to enable continuous improvement in terms of service responsiveness, effectiveness and outcomes.
This focus will be maintained in relation to community, child and family services, with services using the new Standards for Family Services to support compliance, and a culture of innovation, flexibility and continuous improvement in the quality of service provision to children, young people and families.
5.1.1 Legislative basis for quality
The quality assurance processes established by the Act will support the establishment of a more integrated service system, with the aim of improving the quality of services.
The white paper: Protecting childrenthe next steps states that a quality framework will be developed for child, young persons and family services, with the objective of building a strong culture of shared responsibility for children among families, communities, service providers and Child Protection.
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The Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 includes the following changes to the accountability practices, which will affect family services and outofhome care providers:
Establishment of performance standards
The legislation extends and enhances the powers of the minister to set outcomes based standards for all child, family and placement services in relation to:
Organisation issues:
* governance
* probity
* information management
* financial viability
* preemployment checks and preplacement checks
* privacy and confidentiality
* complaints management
* human resource management
* compliance with the Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 and the associated regulations.
Client and delivery issues:
* client care, including cultural standards applicable to client care
* service delivery and casework
Registration of providers who are capable of meeting agreed standards of care:
* this provides a stronger mechanism for entrylevel registration of government funded family services, outofhome care services and specialist support services
* it will ensure that entrylevel requirements are comparable with the level of risk and responsibility involved in delivering these services
*
relevant services
are required
to reapply
for registration
every three
years.
Monitoring compliance with the standards:
* this provides new powers for the minister to instigate a review of a service
* it ensures that relevant providers are monitored by an independent, external reviewer, as verification of the standard of care and support being provided.
Actions where providers do not meet agreed standards:
* where services fail to comply with standards, the minister has powers to impose consequences
* these include the appointment of an administrator and directing an organisation to comply with government policy.
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The new quality assurance mechanisms will apply to family services, outofhome care and other relevant child and family services that will be required to be registered under the new legislation.
As a requirement of the new legislation, the annual declaration of compliance will lead agencies and services to examine their performance and report failures to meet standards every year. This will enable the secretary of the Department of Human Services to undertake further examination and remedial action if needed. Monitoring of standards will also be enhanced by the ministerial power to instigate an independent review at any time, enabling an effective response to any exceptionally adverse reports or incidents.
5.2 Registration and standards
5.2.1 Registration
The Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 states that the Secretary must maintain a register of outofhome care providers and may require communitybased child and family services to be registered.
Policy development is currently being undertaken to guide the application of the registration requirements to community child and family services. It is likely that registration requirements will apply:
* once community child and family services reach a defined threshold in terms of funding received from the Department of Human Services
* to all agencies performing the Child FIRST function
* to all agencies taking a lead role in work with vulnerable children and families.
Once registered, the Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 indicates that a communitybased child and family service must:
* provide its services in relation to a child in a manner that is in the best interests of the child
* ensure that the services provided by the service are accessible to and made widely known to the public, recognising that prioritisation of services will occur based on need
* participate collaboratively with child and family services alliance to promote the best interests of children.
These registration requirements provide a clear overview of key activities to be undertaken by family services and support the approach to service delivery and service system governance outlined earlier in this document.
5.2.2 Standards for family services
New standards for family services were developed concurrently with the strategic framework. The standards and performance measures will:
* support a focus on quality outcomes for children, young people and their families
* ensure consistency of quality in family services for children, young people and families
* define the minimum standard of care or support that children, young people and their families can expect to receive
* provide guidance about best practice approaches to support children, young people and families
* enable communitybased providers to assess performance, and consider ways to continuously improve the quality and responsiveness of services to the needs of children, young people and families.
Organisational and programs standards for family services are as follows:
* Standard 1Leadership and management provides clarity of direction, ensures accountability and supports quality and responsive services for children, youth and their families (Leadership and management).
* Standard 2Promoting a culture that values and respects children, youth and their families, caregivers, staff and volunteers (Organisational culture).
* Standard 3Staff and caregivers have the capacity to support positive outcomes for children, youth and their families (Staff capacity).
* Standard 4Creating a welcoming and accessible environment that promotes inclusion of children, youth and families (Welcoming and accessible environment).
* Standard 5: Promoting the safety, stability and development of children and youth (Safety, stability and development).
* Standard 6: Strengthening the capacity of parents, carers and families to provide effective care (Strengthening caregiving capacity).
* Standard 7: Providing responsive services to support the best interests of children and youth (Responsive services).
* Standard 8: Creating an integrated service response that supports the safety, stability and development of children and youth (Integrated service response).
Format for the standards
Each standard has four components:
* a statement of rationale, indicating why the standard is important
* practice outcomes, describing the expected outcomes for children, young people and their families
* performance criteria, outlining the strategies organisations need to put in place to achieve the standard
* examples of practice evidence that will assist organisations to demonstrate compliance with the standards.
Monitoring compliance with standards
The quality assurance strategy for family services and outofhome care services will include:
* annual self assessments against the standards, with an action plan to be developed and agreed between the CSO and the department
* external review or audit within a threeyear period, with an action plan to be developed and agreed between the CSO and the department
* statewide overview monitoring and evaluation conducted by the Office for Children.
5.3 Data collection
Family services activity will continue to be collected and monitored through the Integrated Reporting Information System (IRIS) until the introduction of CRISSP in 200809. IRIS will be modified to capture data required by the new strategic framework. Child FIRST will use an enhanced IRIS data collection until CRISSP is made available. The data collection system will continue to identify the family as the client, but will be modified to enable each child in the family to be recorded.
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6 Supporting service quality improvement and organisational risk management
Community intake is very welcome, giving us some of the benefits enjoyed by European systems for many years, but in a society which...plays the 'blame game' very hard when things go wrong, there are obvious risks associated with shifting risk. We need to find ways of sharing responsibility so that communitybased organisations feel safe enough to partner the State in this enlightened approach.
(Dorothy Scott, Director, Australian Centre for Child Protection, Function,
2006)
University of South Australia, Every Child, Every Chance Federation Square, 13 April
Leadership in Family Services and Child Protection will be important in demonstrating the value of collaborative relationships, which then leads to shared responsibility for service delivery to vulnerable families. This will be supported through reflective practice and adapting service responses to emerging evidence and the changing needs of families and communities.
Children's and young people's safety depends on an open and nonpunitive environment where information is freely shared and responsibility broadly accepted.
This is particularly important because the Children Youth and Families Act 2005, creates a need for:
* joint decision making with Child Protection about whether Family Services can provide an appropriate response, or alternatively the matter should be referred to Child Protection
* joint responsibility for managing cases.
This means that Family Services and Child Protection will be addressing the issue of risk to children and young people in a linked way. However, this will also lead to new challenges for the child and family services sector as a whole, and individual catchments to develop consistent approaches to addressing and managing risk. This will require leadership from within Family Services and Child Protection to encourage:
* a focus on the 'system' in which family services are delivered
* a culture of collaboration and shared responsibility
* a culture of learning.
6.1 Systems focus
Experience with quality improvement, both in Australia and internationally, has highlighted the importance of a stronger focus on the system within which care is delivered for improving the quality and safety of care.
75
6.2 Collaboration and shared responsibility
Leadership in Child Protection and Family Services demonstrates the value of collaborative working relationships and role modelling. Using this approach, staff working in Child Protection and Family Services start to share responsibility for service delivery to vulnerable families.
An important part of creating shared responsibility for managing risk in this new environment will be the way communitybased Child Protection workers and Family Services work together in a collaborative wayto identify, understand, manage and, wherever possible, design risk out of system performance. Leaders in Child Protection and Family Services need to endorse these directions, and operationalise them in their daytoday practice.
We cannot change the human condition but we can change the conditions under which people work.
(James Reason, 2000)
6.3 A culture of learning
Family Services and Child Protection workers will be encouraged to take an approach that supports bringing mistakes out into the open, sharing responsibility appropriately and learning from these. In this manner, the different cultural approaches to risk in Child Protection and Family Services can be drawn together to create shared expectations, which will ultimately support the safety, stability and development of children and young people.
Appendix 1 Policy and legislative context
The following documents provide the broader policy context for the new strategic framework for Family Services.
Growing Victoria Together
The Victorian Government's Growing Victoria Together (GVT) policy outlines a vision for making 'Victoria a stronger, more caring and innovative state'. The focus is on working closely with the Victorian community to continuously improve services, community life and infrastructure. Strategies that provide directions for family services include:
* Working towards a fairer society that reduces disadvantage and respects diversity. The emphasis is on strengthening opportunities for all Victorians for an equal chance in life, recognising that lack of opportunity for children and young people can affect outcomes throughout life.
* Supporting greater public participation and more accountable government. The focus is on actively involving people in decision making when issues affect their communities and local services. This focuson inclusion and providing children, young people and families a voice in decisions that affect themis an important direction for family services.
The policy also highlights the government's focus on monitoring progress towards achieving the best possible outcomes for the community, which sets a strong context for working towards better quality and more responsive child and family services.
A Fairer Victoria
A Fairer Victoria, launched in April 2005, outlines the Victorian Government's plan to address disadvantage within Victoria by creating opportunities and reducing barriers to full participation in daily life experienced by those who are disadvantaged. The five to tenyear plan outlines the key social principles and the actions that will be taken to improve the lives of disadvantaged people. The Victorian Government acknowledges that 'the needs of some groups will be met by providing better access to mainstream services, while other groups with more complex needs will require more targeted, innovative responses'.
The following specific actions from A Fairer Victoria provide directions for family services:
* ensuring universal services provide equal access to all
* reducing barriers to opportunity through earlier intervention and prevention
* providing a more coordinated and more localised services
* strengthening assistance to disadvantaged groups and higher areas of risk
* involving communities in decision making, to make it easier to work with government.
77
Strategic Directions for the Office for Children
The Office for Children (OfC) was established in 2005 to support the Minister for Children to ensure that children are given higher priority across all government policies, programs and activities. The mission of the Office for Children is to maintain and improve the safety, health, development, learning and wellbeing of all Victoria's childrenparticularly children and young people who are fairing poorly or at risk of harm or of harming othersby providing the resources, and building the systems of support that parents and carers need to give their children the best start in life.
The OfC provides a new model through which the Victorian Government, and the Victorian community, can focus their efforts to help parents and children get the best possible support during the early years and beyond. The office will support the development of a more integrated child, young persons and family service system, a system in which all family services, including Child Protection, will work collaboratively to protect children from harm and promote their healthy development.
Policy context
The strategic framework has been developed based on the extensive policy and legislative reform work that has been undertaken over the past five years, and presented in the following documents:
* An Integrated Strategy for Child Protection and Placement Services, September 2002
* A Strategic Framework for Family Services, October 2002
* The ministerial statement: Putting Victoria's Children First, June 2003
* Protecting Children: the Child Protection Outcomes Project, September 2003
* The report of the panel to oversee the consultation on Protecting Children: The Child Protection Outcomes Project, April 2004
* Protecting Children: ten priorities for children's wellbeing and safety in Victoria, August 2004
* Technical options paper, August 2004
* Protecting childrenthe next steps, July 2005.
The Integrated Strategy specifically identified the need for:
* earlier intervention and prevention
* better integration of services delivered to vulnerable children and families
* more flexible and intensive responses to better meet complex and chronic family needs.
In response to the findings of the Integrated Strategy and findings of a review of homebased care, the Minister for Community Services released the ministerial statement: Putting Victoria's Children First in June 2003. This committed the government to work on a comprehensive approach to improve Child Protection through a review of policy, practice and legislation in Victoria.
79
Protecting Children: the Child Protection Outcomes Project identified the need for a broader approach to the protection of children, combining policies on children's safety, improving children's lives as a whole and enhancing family functioning. This report also reiterated some of the key themes of the Integrated Strategy, namely:
* promoting greater inclusion of vulnerable families in their local communities
* clearer entry points and focus on engaging vulnerable families into community based services and supports
* clearer pathways between voluntary and statutory responses.
The Child Protection Outcomes Project report also emphasised the importance of continuous improvement of family support services and outofhome care. The department then commissioned an independent panel to oversee stakeholder consultations regarding the findings of the Child Protection Outcomes Project report.
The report of the panel to oversee the consultation on Protecting Children: The Child Protection Outcomes Project recommended a slightly modified set of priorities for reform, which included:
* a childfocused approach to reform
* embedding children's developmental needs in an expanded range of services and programs
* a stronger focus on the stability of vulnerable children
* the need for consultation with Aboriginal communities on how best to address severe overrepresentation of Aboriginal children in the Child Protection system
* a greater focus on solutions in protective interventions.
The discussion paper Protecting Children: ten priorities for children's wellbeing and safety in Victoria (August 2004) provided a strategic framework for change aimed at producing measurably better outcomes for vulnerable children. A more detailed Technical options paper, which discusses options for policy, system, practice and legislative change, supported the discussion paper. Together, these two documents examined the next steps in reforming children's and family services in Victoria.
The above documents led to the development of the white paper: Protecting childrenthe next steps (July 2005) and the new legislation.
Protecting childrenthe next steps
The white paper: Protecting childrenthe next steps, released in July 2005, indicates that the main directions for reform include:
* placing children and young people's best interests at the heart of all decision making and service delivery across the service system
* focusing on achieving stability for children and young people who cannot live safely at home, in a timely way, to ensure their healthy development
* increasing earlier intervention where families have problems
* child, youth and family services forming an integrated service system so that families receive the mix of services they need in a coordinated way
* targeting secondary services at the most vulnerable groups and communities in Victoria
* strengthening cultural responsiveness of services so that community services are inclusive of children and young people from Aboriginal and other cultural backgrounds
* keeping Aboriginal children and young people connected to their culture and community.
This document provides a comprehensive overview of policy for child, youth and family services and is referred to throughout this strategic framework.
New legislation
Child Wellbeing and Safety Act 2005
The Child Wellbeing and Safety Act 2005 creates an overarching legislative framework designed to encourage and support a shared commitment toward children, by:
* articulating overarching objectives and principles that are relevant to the broad range of universal, secondary and tertiary services delivered to children, young people and their families in Victoria
* establishing the Victorian Children's Council to provide the Premier and the Minister for Children expert independent advice about policy for Victorian children
* establishing the Children's Services Coordination Board to further cross government collaboration to achieve positive outcomes for children, particularly the most vulnerable
*
providing the
legislative functions
and powers
of the
Child Safety Commissioner.
Part 2
of the
Act specifies
the following
principles for
children:
1. The development and provision of services for children and families should be based upon the fundamental principles that
a) society as a whole shares responsibility for promoting the wellbeing and safety of children;
b) all children should be given the opportunity to reach their full potential and participate in society irrespective of their family circumstances and background;
c) those who develop and provide services, as well as parents, should be given the highest priority to promotion and protection of a child's safety, health, development, education and wellbeing;
d) parents are the primary nurturers of child and Government intervention into family life should be limited to that necessary to secure the child's safety and wellbeing, however, it is the responsibility of Government to meet the needs of the child when the child's family is unable to provide adequate care and protection.
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2. Services for children and families should be designed and developed:
a) to readily identify harm and damage to the child and to provide for intervention by providers of services to remove or ameliorate the causes of that harm or damage and to strengthen the capacity and efforts of parents, their families and communities to support the child as early as possible in the child's life;
b) to accord with the needs of each local community with the active involvement of that community's cultural groups, and to be accessible and responsive to the particular cultures, languages and circumstances of the community and to be properly planned and coordinated with services provided by other local and regional communities;
c) to give the highest priority to making appropriate and sufficient levels of assistance available to children and families in communities or population groups that are known to have the greatest need;
d) to promote continuous improvement in the quality of those services, based on the best available knowledge of the needs of children and their stages of development.
3. The providers of services to children and families should:
a) protect the rights of children and families and, to the greatest extent possible, encourage their participation in any decision making that affects their lives;
b) acknowledge and be respectful of the child's individual identity, circumstances and cultural identity and be responsive to the particular needs of the child;
c) make decisions about intervention by the providers of services into a child's or family's life and about access by a child or family to those services in a timely manner being mindful of any harmful effects that may be caused to the child by a delay in making decisions or providing services;
d) ensure that families are made aware of the services available to them and of the benefits these services can provide, especially to those families in most need of assistance;
e) cooperate with other services or professionals to work in the interests of the child and family.
The Children, Youth and Families Act 2005
The Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 provides a contemporary legislative base for the delivery of secondary child, young persons and family services and Child Protection, Juvenile Justice and Children's Court provisions. This Act sits within the overarching framework provided by the Child Wellbeing and Safety Act 2005.
Key reform measures included as part of the Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 include:
* common principles to guide practice and decision making, including the use of a 'best interests' principle to guide service delivery and decision making by all child and family service providers, Child Protection and the Children's Court
* pathways to connect vulnerable children and families to the prevention and earlier intervention services they may need
* more flexible Child Protection responses to reports, including a requirement to provide the most appropriate response: investigation by Child Protection of those matters assessed by the Child Protection practitioner as meeting the threshold for notification providing a service response through the community intake or providing advice and closing the matter
* a new focus on cumulative harm
* maintaining vulnerable Aboriginal children within their communities
* promoting stability in care arrangements and beyond
* a capacity to intervene in cases where children aged over 10 but under 15 years are engaging in sexually abusive behaviours
* a capacity to receive prebirth notifications where there is a likelihood that a newborn infant may be subject to serious and immediate risk
*
powers and orders of the Children's Court
* a framework for registration and quality assurance of community services and carers
* clearly authorised information sharing to promote children's safety, stability and development.
The new legislation:
* formally positions Family Services as part of a continuum of child and family services and establishes communitybased intake (Child FIRST)
* establishes a set of principles and regulatory requirements to underpin the future delivery of family services
* seeks to embed new approaches that have emerged in the Family Support Innovation Projects
* enables information flows to support earlier intervention.
83
The broader child and family services system
There are many different definitions of the child and family service system. One definition that encompasses the health, community and early childhood services is presented in Protecting childrenthe next steps. These services play a critical role in supporting children, young people and their families and are split into three major categories:
* universal services, such as kindergartens, maternal and child health services and education services that provide the critical foundations for health and learning for all children, including vulnerable children and young people and their families
* secondary and specialist services, such as family services, early childhood intervention services, drug and alcohol, health, mental health, disability and housing services, which provide more intensive and targeted support where a problem has been identified
* tertiary child protection and outofhome care services for children and young people who need protection.
Family services in Victoria fit within the secondary tier of the continuum and should have effective links with both tertiary and universal services. They are provided by a diverse range of providers, including community services organisations, community health, local government, Aboriginal agencies, CALD and specialist services.
Appendix 2 Protective and risk factors
The tables below provide a list of protective and risk factors.
Protective factors
85
Risk factors
Glossary
* the worker developing a mutually acceptable child and family action plan with the family agreeing on the services to be provided, when and by whom
* providing a single contact for the family to obtain information about available services and discuss satisfaction with the services being provided, and any changes they would like to make in relation to the current child and family action plan
Caseworker/manager
Catchment planning
Child and family action plan
Child and family services
Child and Family Services Alliances
87
* ensuring that, across the service system, the functions of screening, assessment, planning, implementation, review and closure occur, and that duplication of these functions is minimised
* ensuring that the family is aware of and has given prior consent to any information being shared between services, except where this is permitted by legislation
* facilitating continuity of care.
The person allocated the primary responsibility of overseeing implementation of the child and family action plan.
Activity undertaken by the Child and Family Services Alliance. The purpose of catchment planning will be to enhance service system capacity to promote children's, young people's and families' wellbeing and improve outcomes for children, young people and families.
The document that results from assessment and planning with the family. The child and family action plan will address:
* resources and services needed and who will provide them;
* tasks to be undertaken and the person/s responsible;
* timelines for tasks to be undertaken;
* timelines for review;
* case coordination across services (if required).
The length and complexity of the child and family action plan will vary according to the family's needs and the type of service being provided.
The range of services provided to protect children and young people from the risk of abuse or neglect, including services delivered by the department, CSOs and other agencies and professionals.
These will be established in each catchment and will include Child FIRST, Family Services, Child Protection, Department of Human Services partnerships staff and representatives from other sectors/professional groups, as agreed by the core members. Representation will include an Aboriginal service representative where there is capacity and need for this to occur. Alliances will provide operational management, service delivery coordination and catchment planning.
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89
91
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References
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), 2006, Child Protection Australia
Department of Human Services, 2004, Cultural diversity guide
Department of Human Services Office for Children, 2005, Policy and Funding Plan
Department of Human Services, 2003, Public Parenting: A Review of HomeBased Care in Victoria
Latrobe University, 2005, Family Support Innovation Projects: Evaluation Reports 20042005, Department of Human Services
Lownsborough, H. and Leary, D., 2005, The Leadership Imperative: Reforming Children's Services from the Ground Up, Gatenby Sanderson
Maroondah Family Services Working Group, March 2006, Intake Project Final Report
National Crime Prevention Pathways to Prevention, 1999, Developmental and early intervention approaches to crime in Australia, Attorney General's Department Canberra
Reason, James, 2000, 'Human error: models and management' in British Medical Journal, 320: 76872
SCRGSP (Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision) Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage: Key Indicators 2005, Productivity Commission, Canberra
Shonkoff and Phillips, 2000, From Neurons to NeighbourhoodsThe science of early childhood development, National Research Council and Institute of Medicine
The Allen Consulting Group, September 2003, Protecting children: the Child Protection Outcomes Project
Thomlison, B., 2003, 'Characteristics of EvidenceBased Child Maltreatment Interventions' in Child Welfare, Vol 82(5)
Victorian Child Death Review Committee, July 2006, Child Death Group Analysis: Effective responses to chronic neglect
Service
Tool Templates 2006
reference guide
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Aug. 11, 2015
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
CONTACT: Sheila O'Connor Executive Director, Office of Public Affairs 402-457-2733 firstname.lastname@example.org mccneb.edu
Reception to award 157 students full-tuition scholarships
OMAHA, Neb. — Metropolitan Community College will hold a scholarship reception for 157 Board of Governors scholarship recipients on Tuesday, Aug. 18, from 5:30-7 pm at the South Omaha Campus Industrial Training Center, Room 120, at 27 th and Q streets. This is the largest number of Board of Governors scholarships given in one year at MCC in the 40 year history of the College.
The scholarships will be awarded to outstanding high school seniors based in Dodge, Douglas, Sarpy and Washington counties. Students receiving scholarships must have demonstrated academic success in cumulative GPA or by high rank in their graduating class. This prestigious MCC award covers tuition and fee charges for two years (eight consecutive quarters) for up to 18 credits per quarter.
The MCC Board of Governors represents five districts, with one member at large. The board governs the College, sets policy, approves the budget and sets the local College tax levy.
###
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RFP No.: APSFL/ IMS/308/2018, Dated 30/05/2018
SUPPLY, INSTALLATION & MAINTENANCE OF IMS
Corrigendum 5, Dt: 06/07/2018
Bidders may please note that this corrigendum document is part of this RFP. The items listed in the corrigendum will supersede the corresponding clauses in RfP
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| 1 | 1. Inviting Authority | 1.1 (7) | Last date and time for submission of proposal (Proposal Due Date): 06/07/2018 at 3:00 PM | 7 |
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ACTA STOMATOLOGICA CROATICA
www.ascro.hr
Pavel Kobler
Suradnja Stomatološkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu i Hrvatske komore dentalne medicine
Cooperation between the School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb and the Croatian Dental Chamber
Zamjenik predsjednika Hrvatske komore dentalne medicine Deputy president of the Croatian Dental Chamber
Sažetak
Hrvatska komora dentalne medicine povijesno je usko povezana sa Stomatološkim fakultetom Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Nakon utemeljenja samostalne države Hrvatske 1994. godine, na Fakultetu je osnovana radna skupina koja je predložila prvi statut te institucije. Stomatološki fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu i Hrvatski liječnički zbor, uz suglasnost Ministarstva zdravstva, prihvatili su 14. srpnja 1994. godine Odluku o osnivanju Hrvatske stomatološke komore, danas Hrvatske komore dentalne medicine.
Uvod
Zaprimljen: 10. rujna 2012.
Prihvaćen: 11. rujna 2012.
Adresa za dopisivanje
Tel: 01 4886710
Prof.dr.sc. Pavel Kobler Hrvatska komora dentalne medicine Kurelčeva 3 10 000 Zagreb firstname.lastname@example.org
Ključne riječi
društva, stomatološka; obrazovanje, stomatološko; stručno djelovanje; Hrvatska
Introduction
Povijest Hrvatske komore dentalne medicine, naravno, nije tako dugačka kao povijest Stomatološkog fakulteta u Zagrebu. No, tijekom godina je ipak bila s njime usko povezana. Nakon utemeljenja samostalne države Hrvatske 1994. godine na Fakultetu je osnovana radna skupina koja je predložila prvi statut te institucije. Tada je dekan bio prof. dr. sc. Goran Knežević, a svu pravnu potporu pružao je tajnik Matko Kuna. Svaki početak je težak, pa je tako trebalo dosta truda i napora kako bi sve bilo usklađeno s našim zakonima te da bi Komora doista zaživjela i preuzela djelatnosti koje pripadaju u njezin djelokrug rada. Stomatološki fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu i Hrvatski liječnički zbor, uz suglasnost Ministarstva zdravstva, prihvatili su 14. srpnja 1994. godine Odluku o osnivanju Hrvatske stomatološke komore. Utemeljena je 26. lipnja 1995. te upisana u Trgovački sud u Zagrebu kao neovisna staleška i stručno-poslovna organizacija doktora dentalne medicine sa statusom pravne osobe i javnim ovlastima. Osnovana je kako bi se zaštitila prava i interesi njezinih članova te zbog brige o ugledu i unaprjeđenju struke.
Teško je nabrojiti sve dužnosti i djelatnosti koje obavljaju nastavnici Fakulteta. Od početka su dekan i nastavnici aktivno sudjelovali radu svih tijela i povjerenstava. Dekan Stomatološkog fakulteta član je Skupštine, najvišega tijela Komore
The history of the Croatian Dental Chamber is not as long as the history of the School of Dental Medicine, of course. But, the Chamber is historically strongly linked to the School of Dental Medicine in Zagreb. After the independence of Croatia, in 1994 a working group was formed at the School that worked on the first draft of the statute of the Chamber. The Dean was prof. dr. sc. Goran Knežević, and legal aid was given by the Secretary of the School, Matko Kuna. Every beginning is difficult, so substantial effort was demanded so it would all be based upon Croatian laws, and so that the Chamber would really "come to life" and take over the services that are meant for it. On 14 July 1994, the School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb and the Croatian Medical Association, with the confirmation by the Ministry of Health, have reached a decision on founding the Croatian Dental Chamber. The Chamber was founded on 26 June 1995 and registered and the Commercial court in Zagreb as an independent professional organization of doctors of dental medicine as a legal person with public authority. It was founded to protect the rights and interests of its members, as well as to care about the dignity and improvement of the profession.
It is difficult to count all the areas that are covered by the faculty. From the beginning, the Dean and the staff have
i član Upravnog vijeća koje ima ukupno devet članova. Zamjenici predsjednika uvijek su bili birani iz akademske zajednice. Budući da je trajna edukacija dio djelatnosti svih fakulteta, ali i komora, sve do danas predsjednik Povjerenstva za stručno usavršavanje pri Komori bio je nastavnik Stomatološkog fakulteta.
Komora je postigla vrlo dobru suradnju sa studentima Stomatološkog fakulteta. Jedan od poznatih projekata je Zubić vila u kojem su studenti uspjeli djeci približiti zahvate u usnoj šupljini te su ih jednostavno i zanimljivo podučili kako trebaju održavati higijenu usne šupljine.
Upravo u području cjeloživotnog usavršavanja postignuta je visoka razina suradnje. Zapravo bi bilo nezamislivo da Fakultet nije najvažniji partner u organizaciji tečajeva i da u tome ne sudjeluju nastavnici s velikim iskustvom. Temeljem takvih spoznaja 17. studenoga 2007. godine dvije su institucije potpisale Sporazum o suradnji u provođenju stručnog usavršavanja. Kako se s vremenom pokazalo da se održava previše tečajeva, pa je postojala opasnost od pada kvalitete, u dogovoru s fakultetima i stručnim društvima HLZ-a prihvaćen je Pravilnik o stručnom usavršavanju članova Komore kojim se propisuje ukupan broj tečajeva koji se svake godine vrjednuju (boduju).
Kako bi konačno cijeli tim koji radi u stomatološkim ambulantama obuhvatili radom u Komori, osnovan je i Razred dentalnih tehničara i dentalnih asistentica. Štoviše, Komora je potaknula i školovanje dentalnih asistentica i asistenata na srednjim medicinskim učilištima, pa je prošle godina upisana prva generacija. U izradi standarda zanimanja, standarda kvalifikacija i posebice pri izradi kurikuluma, aktivno su sudjelovali djelatnici Fakulteta.
Zaključak
Suradnja i razumijevanje između dviju institucija varirali su u različitim razdobljima. No uvijek je to bilo na akademskoj razini i u stalnom napretku, nadamo se na zadovoljstvo našeg članstva. Uvijek se može bolje i nadamo se da će tako biti. Komora, otkako je za predsjednika izabran mr. sc. Hrvoje Pezo, potiče suradnju, otvara nove mogućnosti suradnje kao što je Akademija pri HKDM-u, razvija se izdavaštvo i slično. Nadamo se da će se ubrzo izgraditi i Dom hrvatskih stomatologa, pa će se tako riješiti sadašnji loši prostorni uvjeti Komore i omogućiti još uspješniji razvoj uzajamnih odnosa.
Abstract
actively participated in the bodies and committees of the Chamber. The Dean of the School of Dental Medicine is a member of the Assembly; even today, the president of the Committee for Continuous Education is a teacher from the School of Dental Medicine.
The Chamber was able to achieve very good cooperation with the students of the School of Dental Medicine. One of well-known projects is "Tooth fairy" that helps dental students approach children and teach the youngest about the importance of oral hygiene in a simple and interesting way.
It is the field of life-long learning that the high degree of cooperation has been achieved between the School and the Chamber. It would be unthinkable that the School would not be the most important partner in education; that the faculty would not participate in the education with their great experience. Based on this, on 17 November 2007 an agreement was signed on the cooperation in professional education. It was noted that as with time the number of courses grew, the quality of these courses decreased; in agreement with professional organizations and schools the Act on professional education was accepted, that numbers the total amount of courses that are given educational points every year.
In order to complete the dental team in the Chamber itself, the Chamber founded departments for dental technicians and dental assistants. The Chamber has supported the education of dental assistants at medical schools; first generation was enrolled last year. The standards of the profession were actively created by the School of Dental Medicine staff.
Conclusion
Cooperation and understanding among these two institutions has varied in different time periods. But they were always on high academic level and constantly evolving, hopefully to the satisfaction of our members. It can always be better and we are hoping it will be so. Since the election of mr. sc. Hrvoje Pezo for president, the Chamber constantly supports cooperation and opens new possibilities, such as the Academy of the Chamber, in publishing, and other fields. We hope that the House of Croatian Dentists will soon be built so the conditions and area in which the Chamber now works will be improved; this will open new possibilities for new cooperation.
Croatian Dental Chamber is historically strongly connected to the School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb. After the independence of Croatia, in 1994 a working group was formed at the School that worked on the first draft of the statute of the Chamber. On 14 July 1994, the School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb and the Croatian Medical Association, with the confirmation by the Ministry of Health, have reached a decision on founding the Croatian Dental Chamber.
Received: September 10, 2012
Accepted: September 11, 2012
Address for correspondence Professor Pavel Kobler DMD, PhD Croatian Dental Chamber Kurelčeva 3 10 000 Zagreb
Tel: +385 1 4886710 email@example.com
Key words
Societies, Dental; Education, Dental; Professional Role; Croatia | <urn:uuid:d03eb587-c0b6-4f2a-8ebc-826edcd2a595> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hrv_Latn/train | finepdfs | hrv_Latn | 9,306 |
Rezolvat¸i ˆın mult¸imea numerelor reale ecuat¸ia
Ediția a IV-a 2012-2013
∗∗∗ | <urn:uuid:88ee4271-6f8e-437e-83ad-38fb2e61fd74> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ron_Latn/train | finepdfs | ron_Latn | 79 |
TOWN COUNSEL
The Town of Falmouth is accepting applications for Town Counsel. This position occupies a position of responsibility and trust requiring the highest ethical standards, discretion, and judgment. Reporting to the Town Manager, this position is a key advisor to town officials and represents the town in litigation before courts and regulatory agencies.
Responsibilities include: Advises town officials and boards on legal issues arising from the conduct of town business; interprets local, state and federal laws and statutes and state and federal court decisions; represents the town in legal proceedings and quasi-judicial or administrative proceedings before courts and regulatory agencies. Reviews and approves as to form all town contracts with vendors, consultants and contractors. Provides advice to town officials on recent developments in the law pertaining to functional areas. Renders legal opinions on conflict-of-interest law, open meeting law and public records law. Assists town officials with the development of municipal policy. Resolves disputes between town boards and departments. Prepares articles for town meetings and provides assistance to the Moderator and the Town Clerk at town meetings. Serves as a member of the bylaw and charter review committees; reviews and interprets the charter and bylaws for town officials. Serves as legal advisor to various town boards and performs other duties as required by law and town charter.
Juris Doctor Degree; member of the Massachusetts Bar; seven years of experience including experience in municipal law; or an equivalent combination of education and experience. Knowledge of municipal law, and all related subjects; knowledge of court procedures; knowledge of municipal government and intergovernmental relations. Annual salary is $109,166-$142,417 commensurate with experience.
Full job description, employment application and instructions for applying can be found at Falmouth Job Opportunities. Applications accepted until position is filled with a preliminary review to take place on September 13, 2021. The Town of Falmouth is proud to be an EEO/AA employer https://ma-
falmouth.civicplushrms.com/CareerPortal/JobDetail.aspx?RequisitionId=82402&SourceId=6834 | <urn:uuid:8a90e780-ff03-4c0b-b731-5cc4a2bb4a86> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 2,248 |
Training school
The use of Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry analysis to improve allergenicity risk assessment strategies.
November 29 th – December 1 st , 2017
Liège University
Liège - Belgium
For more information please visit: http://imparas.eu/training-schools/
Contact: Marloes van der Wal (firstname.lastname@example.org / email@example.com)
Video : https://youtu.be/NPyc_G2CMnI
Philosophy of the Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Prof. E. De Pauw
* Fundamental research
* Research driven high quality services
* High end instrumentation
* Dedicated expertise
* Flexible collaborative schemes ranging from "standard" services to customized developments and consulting
* Service activities within a quality (traceability and SOP) management environment
Analytical Chemistry Laboratory – CART - ISO17025 LSM-CART-GIGA Proteomics platform – AFMPS agreement
Training program
ESRs will be trained on gel-based and MS- based proteomic methods enabling the study of the physico-chemical properties of allergens
Theory :
- Advanced techniques including de novo sequencing, post translation modifications analysis, crosslinking MS, ion mobility mass spectrometry, absolute quantitation assay, MALDI imaging
- Basics of mass spectrometry and gel-based proteomics
Hands-on :
- Optimized protein digestion experiment and LC-MSMS analysis for full PTMs and protein sequence determination
- Entire protein mass determination analysis
- Glycoproteomic analysis
- 2D Gel- immunoblotting
- Bioinformatic tools
Hands-on will be performed on samples provided by the trainees (limited number of samples, provided in September). If available, the reference pair of allergens (Tropomyosins) will be analyzed.
th
Wednesday 29
of November th
Thursday 30
of November st
Friday 01
of December
Practical info
Organizers:
Gabriel Mazzucchelli (local) Paola Roncada With the help of Marloes
Dates and location:
November 29 th – December 1 st , Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Prof. E. De Pauw, University of Liège, Belgium
Travel grants:
12 travel grants available for meal and accommodation expenses
August 29 th :
Registration open
September 7 th :
Registration deadline
Mid-September:
Acceptance letter to selected applicants
End of September:
Collecting samples
Welcome in
LIEGE | <urn:uuid:1cb41d3d-18cf-4098-aa98-ab74a13c9233> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 2,292 |
Referat møde LUU/LEU
Den 19. juni 2024 kl. 09.00 – 12.00
Dagsorden
| Bilag | Bilag 2.1 (til referat) - Orientering om indledt fusion |
|---|---|
| Referat | Powerpoint med informationer sendes ud med referat (se bilag 2.1) Social- og sundhedsskolens bestyrelse sammenlægges med Skive-Viborg HF&VUCs bestyrelse. Her med en opmærksomhed på LUUs arbejde ind i bestyrelsen med en blandet baggrund. |
| Kl. 09.30 – 09.40 | | 3. Godkendelse af principper for udarbejdelse af |
|---|---|---|
| | | skole-oplæringsplaner samt skoleoplæringsplaner |
| | | for 2025. |
| | | v/Pia Klostergaard |
| Sagsfremstilling | Skolen har igangsat en undersøgelse af, hvilke principper der kan være styrende for udarbejdelse af skole/oplæringsplaner, såfremt gabet mellem GF2 og hovedforløbet fjernes. På møde i LUU/LEU d. 1. juni 2023 gennemgik skolen mulige principper for udarbejdelse af skoleoplæringsplaner. LUU/LEU drøftede oplægget til principper og besluttede, at principperne skulle genbesøges i Arbejdsgivernetværket (tidl. Arbejdsgiver- skoleforum) med henblik på en indstilling til drøftelse og endelig vedtagelse i LUU/LEU i efteråret 2023. Arbejdsgivernetværk Midt og Nord drøftede principperne på møder hhv. d. 21. august og 22. august 2023. Her fandtes et behov for at se ind i konkret eksempler på en skoleoplæringsplan (hjælper og hovedforløb) jf. fremsatte principper – dette med henblik på at gennemskue konsekvenser ved samme og på denne baggrund kvalificere beslutningsgrundlaget for LUU/LEU. Efter udsendelse af dagsorden til Arbejdsgivernetværk Midt og Nord hhv. 30. og 31. oktober 2023, fandtes et behov for uddybende materiale med henblik på at kunne kvalificere det videre arbejde. For at kunne imødekomme dette behov, indstillede Arbejdsgivernetværk Midt og Nord følgende til LUU/LEU: Der nedsættes en arbejdsgruppe bestående af en repræsentant for arbejdsgiver + regioner samt skole mhp. at lave en uddybende konsekvensanalyse af flyt af to årlige optag på social- og sundhedsassistent-uddannelsen. | |
| | Indstilling blev på møde i LUU/LEU d. 16. november 2023 godkendt uden bemærkninger. Den nedsatte arbejdsgruppe har afholdte første møde d. 6. februar 2024 og har besluttede, at der var behov for at arbejde videre med et forslag om at flytte assistent-optag til: • GF2 januar HF juni • GF2 maj HF oktober • GF2 september HF februar På andet møde i arbejdsgruppen omkring optag og principper for uddannelsesstart d. 12. april 2024, blev der udarbejdet et notat med arbejdsgruppens bemærkninger til skolens udkast til oplæringsplaner – se bilag 2.2. Det blev på mødet aftalt, at skolen med afsæt i skolens oplæg samt arbejdsgruppens bemærkninger skulle udarbejde konkrete uddannelsesplaner for 2025. Disse konkrete uddannelsesplaner er nu udarbejdet og gennemgået af Arbejdsgivernetværk Nord og Midt hhv. d. 21. og 29. maj 2024, se bilag 2.3 samt 2.4. Dertil er der på Arbejdsgivernetværks opfordring udarbejdet en oversigt over skoleoplæringsplaner 2025-2028 for assistenthold – se bilag 2.5. Arbejdsgivernetværk Nord og Midt har på møder d. 21. samt 29. maj indstillet følgende til LUU/LEU: • Godkendelse af principper for udarbejdelse af skole- oplæringsplaner • Godkendelse af skoleoplæringsplaner for 2025. |
|---|---|
| Bilag | Bilag 3.1 - Oplæg til principper for udarbejdelse af skole- oplæringsplaner jun2024 Bilag 3.2 - Opsamling fra møde med arbejdsgruppe omkring optag og principper for uddannelsesstart 12.04.2024 Bilag 3.3 – Skole-oplæringsplaner 2025 Thisted Bilag 3.4 – Skole-oplæringsplaner 2025 Skive-Viborg Bilag 3.5 – Oversigt skole-oplæringsplaner assistenthold 2025- 2028 |
| Indstilling | Det indstilles, at LUU/LEU godkender følgende: • Principper for udarbejdelse af skole-oplæringsplaner • Skoleoplæringsplaner for 2025. |
| Referat | Region Midt tilkendegiver tilfredshed med at være en del af den konkrete proces og at der er søgt at belyse konsekvenserne af et forslag om ændringer i forløbene. Det er |
| Kl. 09.40 – 10.05 | | 4. Muligheder og dilemmaer ift. Dimensioneringstal |
|---|---|---|
| | | jf. ny bekendtgørelse med særlig opmærksomhed |
| | | på merit for ansøgere med gymnasial uddannelse. |
| | | v/Pia Klostergaard |
| Sagsfremstilling | Pr. 1. august 2024 træder nye uddannelsesbekendtgørelser i kraft for vores uddannelser. Mest indgribende er reglen om tvangsmerit for ansøgere med gymnasial eksamen; De har ikke adgang til uddannelsesspecifikke fag på GF2 eller grundfagene. Dog skal ansøgere have et afkortet grundforløb på 2,5 dag (førstehjælp og brand), som skal være erhvervet inden påbegyndelse af hovedforløbet og skal derfor indgå som en del af uddannelsesaftalen. Ovennævnte betyder et mindre antal elever på skolen grundforløb 2 (se bilag 3.1), hvilket får økonomiske konsekvenser for skolen. Om meritmuligheden vil give større søgning til hovedforløbene er uvist, eftersom uddannelsen kan afkortes med ca. et halvt år, er endnu uvist. Der er flere dilemmaer forbundet med ovenstående: | |
| | • Hvordan sikrer vi et mere ensartet flow i holdstørrelserne/optagene af hensyn til skolens pædagogiske tilrettelæggelse af undervisningsforløbene (og økonomi) samt af hensyn til driftens (oplæringsstedernes kapacitet og arbejdsgivernes økonomi/budget • Kan/vil/skal arbejdsgivere tilbageholde elevpladser fra GF2 til ansøgere på hovedforløb? • Hvordan ”fastholder” vi ansøgere med gymnasial uddannelse, der ønsker vores uddannelser, når de ikke har adgang til det grundforløb først. Er kommunerne fx interesseret i at ansætte som ufaglært indtil uddannelsesstart? • Hvad gør vi, når en elev med gymnasial uddannelse på trods af gymnasiale studiekompetencer ikke har de faglige kompetencer til at gennemføre hovedforløb (mangler de 12 ugers uddannelsesspecifikke fag på GF2). Hvordan undgår vi, at denne gruppe ikke har markant frafald indenfor prøvetiden? På mødet ønskes en drøftelse af ovennævnte med henblik på at adressere yderligere opmærksomheder til arbejdsgivernetværket (møder i 3. kvartal). |
|---|---|
| Bilag | Link til nye bekendtgørelser: - Pædagogisk assistent - Social- og sundhedsassistent - Social- og sundhedshjælper Bilag 4.1 – 2024-05-02 Elever med X2 |
| Indstilling | Det indstilles, at LUU/LEU drøfter de nye bekendtgørelser mhp. at identificere opmærksomheder forbundet med håndteringen af samme. |
| Referat | Kommunerne er vant til at arbejde ind i diversitet. Det er vigtigt at være åben overfor den nye ”gruppe” (studenter) med en stærk faglig baggrund. ”X” eleverne må ikke tilmeldes et GF2 forløb. Skolen har eleverne i det afkortet grundforløb på tre dage, hvor eleverne gennem erhvervelse af certifikatfag får muligheden for at blive onboardet til skolen/uddannelse inden start på hovedforløb. Ift. onboarding udarbejder en læsevejledning, hvor eleverne kan få adgang til den grundlæggende teori fra GF2. Det vil dog være frivilligt for eleverne. |
| | SOSU STV samarbejder med SOSU Østjylland om naturfag som en del af det afkortet grundforløb, målrettet ansøgere med GF2 pædagogisk assistent eller pædagogisk assistentuddannelse. Opmærksomhed på ansøgere med en udenlandsk eksamen på gymnasialt niveau. De har ikke adgang til grundforløb 2, men vil kunne være udfordret på dansk på D. niveau. |
|---|---|
| Kommunikation | |
| Kl. 10.05- 10.30 | | 5. TEMA-drøftelse: Muligheder for at markere sig i |
|---|---|---|
| | | kommunernes grundskoler. |
| | | v/Malene Lykke Praus og Pia Klostergaard |
| Sagsfremstilling | Jf. LUU/LEUs årshjul, afvikler udvalget en årlig drøftelse under temaet ”markedsføring”. Kommunikationsmedarbejder, Malene Lykke Praus, deltager under punktet mhp. at berette om projekt Ungdomsbyen. Ungdomsbyen Ungdomsbyens erhvervsforløb "Sammen passer vi på fremtiden" giver elever viden om aktuelle uddannelsesmuligheder inden for social- og sundhedsområdet og klæder dem bedre på til et fremtidigt uddannelsesvalg i branchen. Gennem et 3-dages forløb præsenteres eleverne for Social og sundheds-branchen og dens kompetenceområder, herunder velfærdsteknologi og professionel omsorg. Eleverne får praktiske, sjove og udfordrende aktiviteter, der giver dem indblik i, hvad det vil sige at arbejde som social- og sundhedshjælper. Forløbet fokuserer på fagene teknologi, biologi, dansk og samfundsfag, og lægger vægt på, at eleverne danner erfaring og får indsigt i Social- og Sundhedsuddannelserne Inden forløbet har Olivia fra Ungdomsbyen en undervisnings dag sammen med de to undervisere der afvikler forløbet. De to dage på erhvervsskolen SOSU STV giver eleverne mulighed for at opleve, hvordan det er at være elev på skolen og få en fornemmelse af uddannelsens muligheder. På den afsluttende dag besøger eleverne Skive Bibliotek (kan være andre steder) hvor de får mulighed for at interviewe en flok seniorer og få indblik i, hvilken betydning en social-og sundhedsmedarbejder har eller kan have i den seniorers hverdag. | |
10.30 – 10.40 PAUSE
| Kl. 10.40 – 11.05 | 6. Status på skolens internationale aktiviteter |
|---|---|
| | v/Maren Møller Korsgaard og Pia Klostergaard |
| | internationale ophold til det samlede læringsudbytte i oplæringsperioder? - LUU/LEUs vejledning til prioritering af de internationale initiativer. - Muligheder for at udbrede skolen internationale initiativerne mhp. rekruttering. |
|---|---|
| Bilag | Bilag 6.1 (til referat) - Skolens internationale aktiviteter jun24 |
| Indstilling | Det indstilles, at LUU/LEU tager status til efterretning og drøfter fremsatte punkter. |
| Referat | Maren fortæller om en højere aktivitet de sidste par efter lang coronapause. Skolen sender elever til Holland i efteråret To medarbejdere har besøgt demenslandsby i Holland (efterår2023) Fem medarbejdere har været i Norge for at besøge Ulsrud videregående skole og Makerspace (forår 2024) Ekstra medarbejderudvekslingsophold til Tanzania. Tre medarbejdere har været sendt afsted i uge 22-23 sammen med Morsø U-landsforening, med det formål at kunne sende elever afsted i oplæring i udlandet og reseach i forhold til fremtidige projekter, herunder containerforsendelse. Der undersøges, om vi allerede kan undersøge elever afsted til Tanzania til efteråret. Næste step er, at der skal sendes container med udstyr afsted til september. Maren sender liste ud med ønsker til forsendelse, og søger hjælp ud i netværket til at formidle det ud. FOA understreger fokus på sikkerheden i Tanzania, og at der sendes flere afsted på samme tid. Maren fortæller, at Morsø U- landsforening har en del erfaring med at sende elever afsted, og skolen er opmærksom på, at det kræver en ekstra indsats og et særligt fokus på en god forberedelse samt at have tæt kontakt til eleverne, når der sendes elever til Afrika. Susanne nævner, at sygeplejestudiet i Viborg også samler ind, så måske man kunne være undersøgende på at koordinere en indsats. SOSU STV har indtil videre ikke haft så mange genbesøg: Thisted har haft en enkelt elev fra Finland i praktik. |
| Kl. 11.05 – 11.15 | | 7. STUK-projektet: Øget gennemførelse på SOSU- |
|---|---|---|
| | | uddannelserne. |
| | | v/Maren Møller Korsgaard |
| Sagsfremstilling | Skolen er, sammen med de øvrige 13 SOSU-skoler, med i STUK-projektet: Øget gennemførelse på SOSU-uddannelserne STUK frigav d. 27. maj en række indsatser, som skolen kunne vælge imellem. Skolen har valgt følgende indsats: Sprogstøtte til elever, som ikke har dansk som modersmål. Formålet med indsatsen er at styrke dansksproglige færdigheder hos elever, som ikke har dansk som modersmål og som har dansksproglige udfordringer, gennem individuel sprogstøtte med henblik på at øge deres sandsynlighed for at gennemføre deres SOSU-uddannelse. Målgruppen for indsatsen er alle SOSU-elever, som ikke har dansk som modersmål, det vil sige både social- og sundhedshjælperelever (SSH) og social- og sundhedsassistentelever (SSA), som har behov for at få styrket deres dansksproglige færdigheder. Denne indsats omfatter dermed kun SOSU-elever, der ikke har dansk som modersmål- | |
| Kl. 11.15 – 11.45 | 8. Rambøll-rapport |
|---|---|
| | v/Pia Klostergaard |
| Sagsfremstilling | |
| | 3. Simulation i første oplæring: Ved at bruge simulerede scenarier kan eleverne træne praktiske færdigheder og forberede sig bedre til det virkelige arbejdsmiljø. 4. Overgangssamtaler og Onboarding: En struktureret overgang fra grundforløb til hovedforløb, hvor eleverne får individuel vejledning og støtte 5. Gruppevejledning: Vejledning i mindre grupper, hvor eleverne kan udveksle erfaringer og støtte hinanden 6. Deltids- og fuldtidsvejledere: Vejledere, der er tilgængelige for eleverne på både fuldtids- og deltidsuddannelser. Med afsæt i rapportens seks fremhævede indsatser, ønskes en drøftelse af, hvilke af indsatserne LUU/LEU vil anbefale arbejdsgivernetværket og uddannelsesnetværket på SOSU STV at udfolde nærmere i det tætte samarbejde mellem skole og oplæring med henblik på at øge gennemførelsen og mindske frafaldet. |
|---|---|
| Bilag | Bilag 8.1 – Rambøll rapport om øget gennemførsel, marts 2024 Bilag 8.2 (til referat) - Seks virksomme indsatser |
| Indstilling | Det indstilles, at LUU/LEU drøfter indsatserne mhp. at udpege indsatser til særlig behandling i arbejdsgivernetværk samt uddannelsesnetværk. |
| Referat | Pia gennemgår de seks virksomme indsatser og sætter lidt flere ord på dem (se bilag 8.2) Nina redegør for tidligere afprøvninger med overgangssamtaler og onboarding i Thisted Kommune, hvor man arbejdede målrettet med særlig individuelle tiltag og med faste overgangsamtaler for alle elever med SPS. Onboarding finder bl.a. sted gennem virksomhedsforlagt oplæring (VFO) på GF2, hvor eleven er ude i praksis i fire dage og følger vejlederne og introduceres til forløbet og stedet. Det tilstræbes efterfølgende, at eleverne kommer samme sted hen i første oplæring, som de er i VFO. Gruppedrøftelserne bidrog med anbefalinger til videre bearbejdning i arbejdsgiver/uddannelsesnetværk: • Galioner: Etablering af flere ”ung til ung” (og ældre) sparringspartnere. Vær opmærksom på vigtigheden af at sætte rammen for både oplæring og skole. ”Elev til elev” kan noget; det giver øget trivsel, der kan give gode fortællinger og det er økonomisk realiserbart. |
Det kan være "et sted" hvor eleverne kan få sparring i oplæringsperiode, som giver tryghed, og det kan tage trykket af "det som fylder"
* Mentorkorps (rekrutteringen), kan man gøre noget på tværs af de fire kommuner (en specialpædagogisk indsats), som kan understøtte oplæring (inddrage en form for "screening")
* Overgangssamtaler og onboarding – Kig ind i "Thistedmodellen" VFO → arbejde på at få et match med 1. oplæringsperiode.
9. Status fra kursusafdelingen
v/Helle Damsgaard
Nedenstående fremsættes som en skriftlig orientering fra kursusafdelingen og er dagsordenssat mhp. LUU/LEUs eventuelle bemærkninger til samme:
Samarbejdsaftale med konsulenthuset Affectum
Kursusafdelingen har for første gang indgået et samarbejde med den private aktør konsulenthuset Affectum om kompetenceudvikling og efteruddannelse lokalt på plejecentre og i hjemmeplejen i kommunerne. Peter og Helle har haft møde med Affectum, der arbejder med konsulentbistand lokalt på plejecentre og i hjemmeplejen i kommunerne.
Formålet med aftalen er at understøtte et samarbejde mellem konsulenthuset Affectum og SOSU STV med henblik på at fremme kompetenceudvikling og forandringsprocesser i ældreplejen. Aftalen beskriver rammer, kvalitet og vilkår for samarbejdet, hvor konkrete forandringsprocesser på arbejdspladser understøttes af målrettet, handlingsorienteret kompetenceudvikling via arbejdsmarkedsuddannelser (AMU).
Samarbejdet mellem SOSU STV og Affectum om gennemførelse af efteruddannelse er afgrænset, og foregår specifikt på plejecenter på Mors, som er en del af SOSU STVs optageområde, der omfatter Viborg Kommune, Skive Kommune, Morsø Kommune og Thisted Kommune. Konsulenthuset Affectum vil fremadrettet informere SOSU STV, hvis de indleder et samarbejde med en anden kunde i SOSU STVs optageområde.
SOSU STVs Kursusafdeling oplever et stadig større pres og konkurrence fra private aktører på markedet både lokalt og nationalt. Dette emne er meget aktuelt og drøftes meget både
Kommunikation
Kl. 11.45 – 11.50
Sagsfremstilling
i kursuslederkredsen og på direktørniveau. Hvordan kan vi arbejde og samarbejde med disse private aktører, så vi både imødekommer vores samarbejdspartneres behov, samtidig med at vi fortsat sikrer og udvikler kvaliteten i kompetenceudvikling, undervisning og service til gavn og glæde for deltagere og arbejdspladserne?
Kursusafdelingen indgår i projektansøgning for servicekoncept
Danske SOSU-skoler, vil på vegne af landets SOSU-skoler, med dette projekt udvikle et dynamisk servicekoncept, der understøtter velfærdssektoren med strategisk uddannelsesplanlægning, kursustilmelding, hjælp til hjemsøgning af godtgørelse m.m. Servicekonceptet udvikles i samarbejde med Den opsøgende indsats for uddannelse og kompetenceudvikling, FEVU og andre relevante eksterne aktører og i en koordineret indsats med aktørerne, så det imødekommer det behov sektoren efterspørger. Servicekonceptet skal levere service ind i en offentlig og politisk styret sektor og skal bidrage til, at den offentlige sektor kan levere kvalitet i den offentlige velfærd.
Bagtæppet for ansøgningen er, at der forventes en øget efterspørgsel efter velfærdsuddannede, og der forudses vanskeligheder med at rekruttere uddannede medarbejdere i de kommende år. Det gør det svært for arbejdspladserne at planlægge opkvalificeringsindsatser, og der er derfor behov for en mere direkte understøttelse og vejledning rekvirenterne fra efteruddannelsesudbydernes side, men også en langt mere koordineret indsats, hvor flere aktører – på både udbyder- og rekvirentside - samarbejder om at nå målet.
Formålet med dette projekt er at kunne imødekomme behovet for opkvalificering blandt medarbejdere i velfærdssektoren ved gennem udvikling og implementering af et servicekoncept at hjælpe rekvirenterne med strategisk efteruddannelsesplanlægning og etablere en dynamisk serviceordning, der gør det enkelt for rekvirenten at planlægge og afvikle kompetenceudvikling for medarbejderne.
Faglig dag med Videnscenter for Værdig Ældrepleje på SOSU STV i september 2024
Sundhedsstyrelsens og Videnscenter for Værdig Ældrepleje (VVÆ) afvikler en faglig dag på SOSU STV den 5. september 2024. Arrangementet løber fra ca. 09.00 til 15.00, og der forventes maks. 40 deltagere – herunder uddannelseskonsulenter fra praksis, oplæringsvejledere og undervisere på
| | både eud, eux og AMU. Der er forplejning på temadagen. (morgenmad, frokost, eftermiddagskaffe samt kaffepauser) Danske SOSU-skoler opretter et link til tilmelding, som vi sender ud til relevante samarbejdspartnere og egne interesserede medarbejdere. Danske SOSU-skoler står for registrering af deltagere etc., og vi planlægger at have tilmelding på plads medio juni. Det bliver efter først til mølleprincippet. |
|---|---|
| Bilag | |
| Indstilling | Det indstilles, at LUU/LEU tager orientering fra kursusafdelingen til efterretning med eventuelle bemærkninger til samme. |
| Referat | LUU tager orienteringen til efterretning. Helle sender tilmelding til uddannelseskonsulenterne 19/6 og informere omkring hurtig tilmelding med tilmeldingsfrist allerede mandag d.24/6 kl.12.00 |
| | Kl. 11.50 – 11.55 | 10. Orientering fra skolen |
|---|---|---|
| Sagsfremstilling | | |
| | Kl. 11.55 – 12.00 | 11. Eventuelt |
|---|---|---|
| Sagsfremstilling | | |
| Referat | | |
| Kommunikation | | |
Kl. 12.05 – 12.30
FROKOST | <urn:uuid:6f38c3d0-1e4d-44d7-98d3-1e1be32c1a30> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/dan_Latn/train | finepdfs | dan_Latn | 19,542 |
Plan pracy i plan kształcenia
Chorągwi Zachodniopomorskiej
Związku Harcerstwa Polskiego na rok 2016
Plan pracy powstał w oparciu o Program Rozwoju Chorągwi Zachodniopomorskiej ZHP przyjęty na XIX Zjeździe Chorągwi w dniu 18.10.2014 oraz aktualne potrzeby wynikające z bieżącej pracy.
Plan pracy obejmuje okres od 1 stycznia do 31 grudnia 2016r.
Cele pracy
I KIERUNEK STRATEGICZNY :: Dobry program drużyny
Cele strategiczne:
1. Staranne przygotowywanie kadry do pełnionych funkcji.
a. przygotowywanie repertuaru szkoleń odpowiadających na aktualne potrzeby kadry hufców;
b. jasny przepływ informacji do kadry hufców, w tym drużynowych na temat form rozwoju warsztatowego, kursowego, metodycznego - emaile, informacje w serwisie internetowym KCh, profilu Facebook, informacje na odprawach komendantów;
c. reagowanie na bieżące potrzeby w zakresie kształcenia i doskonalenia drużynowych i instruktorów.
2. Wsparcie programu ZHP, który powstaje w drużynie.
a. przygotowanie propozycji programowej wspierającej metodyczną pracę drużynowych adresowaną do poszczególnych pionów metodycznych w oparciu o działania związane z przygotowaniem Zlotu Chorągwi Zachodniopomorskiej „Wyzwolić Kolory";
b. przygotowanie warsztatów programowych skierowanych do drużynowych;
c. organizacja konkursu Funduszu 1% ukierunkowanego na działania programowe podstawowych jednostek ZHP;
d. wsparcie pracy drużynowych przez Inspektoraty i Zespoły działające przy Komendzie Chorągwi;
e. organizacja Zlotu Chorągwi Zachodniopomorskiej "Wyzwolić Kolory";
f. umożliwienie kadrze wzajemnej wymiany doświadczeń m.in. poprzez rozpowszechnianie i promowanie imprez przygotowywanych w poszczególnych środowiskach.
3. Wsparcie hufców w bieżącej pracy z kadrą instruktorską.
a. stworzenie chorągwianej listy korespondencyjnej opartej o usługę list dyskusyjnych, której celem będzie rozpowszechnianie informacji
o inicjatywach programowych realizowanych w różnych środowiskach chorągwi;
b. organizacja kształcenia kadry hufców z tzn. umiejętności miękkich sprzyjających lepszej pracy wychowawczej;
c. zorganizowanie spotkania wyjazdowego, poświęconego na wspólne omówienia programu, analizę sytuację, integrację.
II KIERUNEK STRATEGICZNY :: Prosta dokumentacja, e-zhp
Cele strategiczne:
1. Czytelna i prosta dokumentacja.
2. Wdrożenie elektronicznego systemu obiegu dokumentów.
Sposób osiągnięcia celów:
a. ustalenie jasnych i czytelnych zasad przepływu dokumentów w chorągwi opracowanie "Instrukcji obiegu dokumentów", przy jednoczesnym uproszczeniu ich treści i ilości.
b. stopniowa migracja domen pocztowych chorągwi i hufców na usługi Office 365;
c. tworzenie w oparciu o Office 365 usług elektronicznych wprowadzających elektroniczny obieg dokumentów;
d. wsparcie hufców w zakresie wykorzystywania usług Office 365 w swojej pracy.
III KIERUNEK STRATEGICZNY :: Motywowanie i promowanie kadry
Cele strategiczne:
1. Wzmocnienie poczucia wspólnotowości ponad podział terytorialny jednostek Chorągwianych.
2. Istnieje możliwość organizacyjna, programowa i finansowa podnoszenia kwalifikacji kadry komend hufców.
3. Kadra hufców jest zmotywowana i odpowiedzialna, ma doprecyzowane cele działania - jasne zakres kompetencji kadry.
4. Utrwalanie wizerunku chorągwi i harcerstwa, jako solidnego i profesjonalnego partnera wychowania młodego człowieka.
5. Istnieje jasny i przejrzysty system wyróżnień, motywacji i promocji kadry w Chorągwi oraz w środowisku lokalnym, który zakłada promowanie najlepszej kadry w środowisku jej działania.
6. Stworzenie miejsc prezentowania dorobku działalności hufców.
Sposób osiągnięcia celów:
a. egzekwowanie wymogu przeszkolenia do funkcji przed mianowaniem na funkcję drużynowego;
b. położenie nacisku na profesjonalizację działania oraz jego zgodność z prawem w programach kursów instruktorskich;
c. promocja działań Komisji Satysfakcjonowania Komendy Chorągwi Zachodniopomorskiej ZHP,
d. powołanie w każdym hufcu osoby/zespołu ds.satysfakcjonowania kadry hufca;
e. rozpowszechnianie Odznaki Zasłużonego Instruktora Chorągwi Zachodniopomorskiej ZHP oraz możliwych odznaczeń organizacyjnych i pozaorganizacyjnych we wszystkich hufcach - wzrost liczby odznaczeń wewnątrz i zewnątrzorganizacyjnych;
f. informowanie o możliwościach rozwoju instruktorów Hufców w oparciu o zagraniczne formy kształcenia i wymian skautowych. Pomoc w ich organizacji.
IV KIERUNEK STRATEGICZNY :: Lepszy stan i czytelność finansów
Cele strategiczne:
1. Należy wzmocnić świadomość odpowiedzialności finansowej za organizację wśród jej wszystkich członków.
2. Każdy instruktor powinien znać sytuację finansową hufca i Chorągwi i aktywnie przyczyniać się do jej poprawy.
3. Gospodarowanie przychodami i kosztami oraz majątkiem na wszystkich szczeblach organizacji powinno być jawne i czytelne dla wszystkich instruktorów
4. Ustabilizowanie sytuacji finansowej Chorągwi Zachodniopomorskiej,
5. Promowanie dobrych praktyk w zakresie pozyskiwania środków finansowych.
Sposób osiągnięcia celów:
a. bieżące organizowanie odpraw komend hufców oraz systematyczne informowanie komend o aktualnej sytuacji finansowej Chorągwi;
b. podsumowujące roczne przedstawienie kadrze instruktorskiej sytuacji finansowej w hufcach i w Chorągwi;
c. próby pozyskiwania przez Komendę Chorągwi środków finansowych ze źródeł zewnętrznych;
d. racjonalizacja wydatków i bieżąca kontrola kosztów.
V KIERUNEK STRATEGICZNY :: Przyjazna struktura
Cele strategiczne:
1. Struktura organizacyjna Chorągwi sprzyja twórczej pracy hufca
2. zaangażowanie komend hufca w rozwój Chorągwi
Sposób osiągnięcia celów:
a. jasne zdefiniowanie zadań każdego z członków Komend oraz zespołów działających w strukturze Chorągwi/Hufca oraz nadanych mu kompetencji na poziomie Chorągwi/Hufców - wprowadzenie umów wolontariackich na każdym szczeblu działania;
b. bieżące analizowanie przez komendy wszystkich regulacji dotyczących organizacji i reagowanie na przypadki "jej przerostu nad ruchem", uproszczenie obiegu dokumentacji;
c. udostępnianie budynku oraz zaplecza materiałowo - multimedialnego dla celów programowych i kształceniowych hufców i zespołów chorągwianych.
Plan kształcenia Chorągwi Zachodniopomorskiej ZHP na rok 2016
Rok 2016 w Chorągwi Zachodniopomorskiej, to rok w którym pracę zaczynają nowowybrane władze hufców. Dla kształcenia to także rok wyzwań, ponieważ w aż 9 na 12 hufców dokonała się zmiana komendantów i komend.
W tworzeniu planu kształcenia chorągwi wzięto pod uwagę zapotrzebowania środowisk oraz zakres szkoleń, które są przypisane poziomowi Chorągwi. Ważnym elementem, który pokazał kierunki pracy na ten rok jest także „Plan Rozwoju Chorągwi Zachodniopomorskiej na lata 2014 – 2018" przyjęty przez ostatni Zjazd Chorągwi.
W Chorągwi działa od 2009 roku Zespół Kadry Kształcącej Chorągwi Zachodniopomorskiej w składzie:
* Hm. Jakub Cichocki
ZOKK
- szef ChZKK
* Hm. Anna Brejwo
* Hm. Dorota Szymańska
SOKK
SOKK
* Phm. Leszek Nagot
BOKK
W minionym roku zespół uszczuplił się o 2 osoby, które podjęły decyzję o skierowaniu swej ścieżki instruktorskiej na inne tory. W swej pracy Zespół korzysta także z pomocy innych instruktorów posiadających Odznaki Kadry Kształcącej oraz dodatkowe uprawnienia specjalistyczne.
Od roku 2014 ChZKK przyjął nazwę – KOMPAS, wokół której budowana jest obrzędowość zespołu oraz związana z nim nazwa i obrzędowość prowadzonych szkoleń. To kolejny etap rozwoju zespołu i budowania jego tożsamości.
Na chwilę obecną w Chorągwi Zachodniopomorskiej formalnie działają tylko 2 Hufcowe Zespoły Kadry Kształcącej przy hufcu Szczecin Pogodno i Hufcu Szczecin. Istniejące do tej pory zespoły straciły swe uprawnienia z powodu nie przedłużenia Odznak Kadry Kształcącej przez ich członków.
Instruktorzy w naszej Chorągwi posiadają: 4 BOKK, 4 SOKK i 2 ZOKK. To wyraźny spadek, szczególnie jeśli chodzi o Brązowe Odznaki Kadry Kształcącej. Wszyscy członkowie ChZKK sa absolwentami I modułu szkolenia Lider + organizowanego przez CSI ZHP. 2 osoby są
trenerami tego modułu. Połowa członków ChZKK jet absolwentami II modułu szkolenia Lider +.
Cele Zespołu Kadry Kształcacej chorągwi zachodniopomorskiej na rok 2015:
* Do końca 2017 roku we wszystkich hufcach naszej Chorągwi są powołane i aktywnie działają HZKK (w tym międzyhufcowe).
* Analiza sytuacji i potencjału kształceniowego w Hufcach oraz opracowanie drogi rozwoju kadry poszczególnych hufców w zakresie kształcenia i pracy z kadrą
* kształcenie podharcmistrzowskie
* wdrożenie „Strategii ZHP na lata 2012-2017"
* realizacja „Planu rozwoju Chorągwi" przyjętego przez Zjazd Chorągwi.
* wsparcie działań oraz powstawania hufcowych zespołów kształcenia
* wsparcie hufców w organizacji i prowadzeniu kursów przewodnikowskich i drużynowych.
* wsparcie hufców w prowadzeniu kształcenia swoich instruktorów. – poprzez organizację warsztatów oraz umożliwienie udziału kadry hufców w prowadzonych przez zespół formach kształceniowych.
* zwiększenie ilości Brązowych Odznak Kadry Kształcącej w hufcach, tak aby na koniec roku 2015 w przynajmniej połowie hufców Chorągwi była przynajmniej jedna osoba z BOKK.
* stworzenie wspólnoty kształceniowej poprzez formy wymiany doświadczeń pomiędzy kadrą kształcącą, a także pomiędzy uczestnikami kursów.
* Wsparcie zespołu programowego Chorągwi w zakresie kształcenia i rozwijania kadry programowej w Chorągwi.
* szkolenie „Lider +" dla Komend Hufców – moduł 1
* Pozyskanie nowych osób do pracy w Chorągwianym Zespole Kadry Kształcącej – zwiększenie jego liczebności.
Dla realizacji celów zespół będzie współpracował z:
- Komendą Chorągwi
- Komisją Stopni Instruktorskich
- Zespolem Programowym Chorągwi
- Centralną Szkołą Instruktorską
- hufcowymi Zespołami Kształcenia
- instruktorami posiadającymi Odznaki Kadry Kształcącej.
Zespół Kadry Kształcącej Chorągwi będzie także promował działania kształceniowe hufców chorągwi zachodniopomorskiej, tak by były otwarte dla całego środowiska chorągwianego. Harmonogram działań na rok 2016 | <urn:uuid:360e70f2-8e79-4d32-a1a4-dec9d8bb64a5> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/pol_Latn/train | finepdfs | pol_Latn | 9,934 |
BATATA - SINOPSE VIRTUAL 03/2019
Batata: Guarapuava tem problemas na segunda parte da safra
Data: 06/03/2019
Disponível em:
https://www.noticiasagricolas.com.br/noticias/hortifruti/231358-batataguarapuava-tem-problemas-na-segunda-parte-dasafra.html#.XIEFKyJKjcd
Em março, a região de Guarapuava (PR) tem previsão de colher cerca de 30% de sua produção do segundo período da safra das águas. As altas temperaturas e o excesso de umidade, entre o final de janeiro e fevereiro, devem resultar em quebra estimada de 10 a 15% na produtividade dessas lavouras, além de prejudicar a qualidade do produto – o que deve reduzir os preços.
A incidência de pragas e doenças foi muito alta, especialmente em relação à canela preta e ao ataque de larva-alfinete (Diabrotica spp). Isso deverá dificultar a recuperação financeira dos produtores da região.
Batata: Não dá para colher com tanta chuva
Data: 01/03/2019
Disponível em:
https://www.noticiasagricolas.com.br/noticias/hortifruti/231211-batatanao-da-para-colher-com-tanta-chuva.html#.XIEHZyJKjcd
Entre os dias 25/02 e 1º/03, a batata padrão ágata especial foi comercializada nos atacados paulistanos a R$ 172,13/sc de 50 kg, alta de 24,99% em relação à semana passada. A valorização do tubérculo se deve ao grande volume de precipitações nas lavouras do Sul (Guarapuava/PR, Água Doce/SC e RS) e de Minas Gerais (Sul e Cerrado MG) – que atrapalharam as atividades no campo. Segundo colaboradores, produtores tentaram colher para aproveitar os bons preços, mas nessa situação em muitos casos a qualidade acaba sendo prejudicada. As cotações chegaram até R$ 250,00/sc – para os produtos com excelente qualidade (pele clara/lisa) e calibre graúdo. Com o clima chuvoso, o shelf life está bastante reduzido, sobretudo das batatas mineiras e gaúchas. Além do excesso de chuvas, as elevadas temperaturas foram responsáveis por acelerar o ciclo de desenvolvimento em regiões como na Chapada Diamantina (BA), o que fez com que a colheita fosse adiantada. Para a próxima semana, com o feriado de carnaval, a comercialização pode ser um pouco prejudicada, mas a oferta ainda deve estar menor.
Feijão, tomate e batata encarecem a cesta básica de fevereiro
Data: 28/02/2019
Disponível em: https://www.folhadelondrina.com.br/economia/feijaotomate-e-batata-encarecem-a-cesta-basica-de-fevereiro-1027786.html
A cesta básica está 13,4% mais cara em fevereiro em comparação com o mês anterior. Feijão, tomate e batata foram os produtos que mais aumentaram de preço.
O feijão subiu 62,5%. A alta está associada a redução da área plantada do grão, em função de problemas climáticos e desilusão do produtor com o preço da saca.
O tomate teve alta de 34,4% e a batata, de 23,8%. Aumentaram também a banana (21,1%), carne (8%) arroz (7,1%), margarina (4,9%), leite (3,7%) e pão (0,7%).
A carne é o produto com maior peso na cesta básica, este mês representou 38,6% do preço, ficando em média R$ 22,28 o quilo. No mês passado estava a R$ 20,64 na média. O preço mais barato encontrado foi de R$ 15,69 e o mais elevado de R$ 26,59. A carne tem como referência sempre o coxão mole.
A farinha (-5,8%), café (-4,5%), açúcar (-2,8%) e o óleo (0,5%) apresentaram queda.
Mas, em uma situação mais real, se o consumidor comprar todas as mercadorias que compõe a cesta básica no supermercado que apresenta os menores preços pagará por ela R$ 334,85 ou 12% mais barato que a média, porém, se comprar naquele que estiver mais caro, pagará R$ 448,17, 18% mais caro que a média.
O valor médio da cesta básica é de R$ 380,58, obtido a partir dos preços dos dez supermercados. No entanto, se o consumidor se dispusesse a adquirir os produtos de menor preço em cada um dos supermercados pesquisados, conseguiria esta mesma cesta 28,2% mais barata, ou seja, pagaria R$ 322,38.
Portugal - Preço da batata dispara 100%
Data: 02/03/2019
Disponível em: https://expresso.pt/economia/2019-03-02-Preco-dabatata-dispara-100#gs.DlvbAxKh
O principal culpado foi o mau ano agrícola que afetou não apenas Portugal mas quase toda a Europa
O mais natural é entrarmos no supermercado, metê-las no carrinho das compras juntamente com outros bens de consumo, chegar à caixa, pagar e nem sequer darmos conta do valor que está inscrito na etiqueta ou do que estava referido na prateleira.
Mas a verdade é que, desde julho/agosto do ano passado até agora o preço da batata aumentou 100%, em média, tendo passado dos 50 cêntimos por quilo para cerca de um euro, dependendo do sítio onde estivermos a fazer as compras.
Com nutrição e manejo corretos, cultura da batata possui grande potencial de aumento de produtividade
Data: 27/02/2019
Disponível em:
https://www.noticiasagricolas.com.br/noticias/hortifruti/231050-comnutricao-e-manejo-corretos-cultura-da-batata-possui-grande-potencialde-aumento-de-produtividade.html#.XIENsSJKjcd
A batata é o terceiro produto mais consumido no mundo, atrás apenas do trigo e do arroz. A Ásia é responsável por 50% da produção mundial, sendo que os cinco maiores países produtores da cultura são China, Índia, Rússia, Ucrânia e Estados Unidos. O Brasil possui 102 mil hectares destinados à cultura, concentrados em São Paulo, Minas Gerais e nos estados da região Sul, e conta com uma produção média de 27 toneladas/hectare.
Nesse contexto de disputa internacional, é importante que o agricultor fique atento ao grande potencial de incremento à produtividade, considerando adequar a época de plantio à região, fazer análise do solo e investir em alta qualidade de sementes, nutrição equilibrada e na utilização da agricultura digital.
A nutrição adequada da batata com macro e micronutrientes, especialmente nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, magnésio, enxofre, boro e zinco, é fundamental para melhorar a qualidade da planta e a tolerância à seca, diminuir a suscetibilidade às doenças e aumentar o número de tubérculos, maximizando a produtividade e aumentando a rentabilidade do agricultor.
Além disso, a oferta de outras variedades de batatas presentes na Europa, com diferentes cores, formatos, texturas e sabores, também
Pesquisa realizada pela Yara, em parceria com o Ipacer (Instituto de Pesquisa Agrícola do Cerrado), sobre a influência de fontes de nitrogênio na produtividade da cultura, mostrou que a presença do nitrato de cálcio aumentou o tamanho dos tubérculos, a eficiência do uso de nitrogênio e a produtividade da cultura.
pode contribuir para aumentar a demanda e o valor agregado e permitir ao produtor nacional uma rentabilidade muito maior.
Sobre Yara
Em colaboração com clientes e parceiros, a Yara cultiva conhecimento para alimentar o mundo e proteger o planeta de forma responsável, para cumprir sua visão de uma sociedade colaborativa, um mundo sem fome e um planeta respeitado.
Nossas soluções para nutrição de plantas e agricultura de precisão permitem aos produtores aumentar a produtividade e melhorar a qualidade do produto, enquanto reduzem o impacto ambiental. Nossas soluções ambientais e industriais melhoram a qualidade do ar e reduzem as emissões, além de serem ingredientes-chave na produção de uma ampla linha de produtos. Adotamos uma cultura aberta de diversidade e inclusão que promove a segurança e a integridade de nossos colaboradores, contratados, parceiros de negócios e da sociedade em geral.
Fundada em 1905 para resolver a emergente crise de fome na Europa, a Yara está presente no mundo todo, com mais de 16.000 colaboradores e operações em mais de 60 países. Em 2017, a Yara registrou uma receita de US$ 11,4 bilhões.
Festa da Batata chega a 8ª Edição no Engenho Central
Data: 04/03/2019
Disponível em: http://www.jornaldepiracicaba.com.br/festa-da-batatachega-a-8a-edicao-no-engenho-central/
A partir de quinta-feira (7), a 8ª edição da Festa da Batata dá início a sua programação gratuita, que se estende até sábado (9) no Engenho Central em Piracicaba.
A programação abre com um show do grupo Samba e Prosa. Na sexta (8), é a vez de Juca Ferreira e banda, e no sábado, o estilo do interior finaliza o evento com a dupla sertaneja Claudemir e Moisés.
Segundo o coordenador da festa, Eduardo Romani, serão vendidos em torno de três mil quilos de batata em diversas receitas. "O cardápio vem sendo aprimorado a cada edição, para melhor atender o publico, que em todos os anos nos prestigiam. Nesta edição, temos uma novidade: a batata recheada de bacon com cheddar ao molho branco", conta Romani.
Para quem gosta de batatas, as opções dessa edição são variadas: batata recheada de frango, brócolis, calabresa e presunto; batata aperitivo; batata frita; e espetos de carne e pastel. As bebidas vendidas
no local são água, suco, refrigerante, cerveja e chopp, além de churros e outros doces.
Eduardo destaca que toda a renda arrecadada na festa será transmitida para a Associação Atlética Educando pelo Esporte, organizadora do evento.
Romani afirma que o evento deve ter a colaboração de 170 voluntários. "Nossa expectativa é de um público maior que a do ano passado, por ser a primeira vez no Engenho Central. Estamos ansiosos", comenta o coordenador.
SERVIÇO
Quinta-feira das 19h às 23h; sexta-feira das 19h às 0h e sábado das 18h às 0h. Entrada gratuita com estacionamento dentro do engenho. Proibido a entrada de bebidas, comidas e cooler. Informações: (19)3433-5085.
Batata é escolhida pela Bangu para simbolizar a união entre todas as tribos
Data: 03/03/2019
Disponível em: https://www.carnavalesco.com.br/batata-e-escolhidapela-bangu-para-simbolizar-a-uniao-entre-todas-as-tribos/
"Vamos plantar a paz". Este é um verso do samba-enredo do Unidos de Bangu que apresenta a importância de cuidar do que é cultivado, e aborda o tema da agricultura e o combate à miséria. Para ilustrar a apresentação, o símbolo escolhido foi a batata. Do junk-food ou fitness, alimento está presente na maioria dos pratos brasileiros e estrangeiros. Neste sentido, a capacidade do legume de reunir todas as tribos recebeu destaque no quarto carro da agremiação, "Batata: símbolo de união e paz".
A escolha do carnavalesco Alex de Oliveira foi uma aposta criativa. Partindo do contexto histórico, ele introduziu figuras de grande relevância neste contexto durante o desfile. Além do último carro, a 11ª ala também chamou atenção. Intitulada "Versailles e Antoine Permentier", representou um chefe de cozinha, com algumas batatas compondo a decoração. A proposta foi apresentar a figura de mestres da gastronomia que comandam a cozinha.
Para Valquíria, que acompanha um grupo de turistas europeus, a combinação de comida e samba gera um atrativo cultural. "A maior parte do grupo é formada por foliões da Inglaterra, país de origem da batata, e de muitas pessoas da França. O último carro foi uma alegoria internacional que falou da união dos povos, e a batata foi escolhida porque é um alimento presente em todos os países e de várias maneiras diferentes", disse ela, que veio da França para desfilar na agremiação.
A francesa Naomie Pereira também deixou o país por uns dias para cruzar a Sapucaí pela Bangu. Para ela, a abordagem da batata no samba-enredo torna o tema da escola ainda mais criativo. A estreante na avenida ainda disparou "Amo batatas fritas e parmentier".
A veterana Sandra Raquel, que desfila na escola há mais de 20 anos, também elogiou a escolha da Bangu. "A escola buscou explicar de onde vem a batata, além de ter falado sobre a terra, a colheita e o consumo do legume dentro e fora do Brasil", concluiu.
Fé, homenagens e a história da batata: o 2º dia da Série A do carnaval carioca na Sapucaí
Data: 03/03/2019
Disponível em: https://br.sputniknews.com/brasil/2019030313427806serie-a-carnaval-sapucai/
A Império da Tijuca desfilou contando do Vale do Café e surpreendeu a plateia com a comissão de frente. Interpretando escravos dos cafezais, os bailarinos arrancavam a pele falsa das mulheres, representando a libertação do corpo negro. Já a Porto da Pedra cantou a história do ator Antônio Pitanga. O desfile contou com a participação ilustre de vários amigos do homenageado, como Camila Pitanga, Zezé Motta e Milton Gonçalves.
A chuva fraca que caía sobre o desfile pareceu combinada com o enredo da Estácio de Sá, que este ano trouxe à avenida o tema "A fé que emerge das águas". A escola apostou em contar a história do Cristo Negro do Panamá, escultura de madeira encontrada por pescadores no litoral de Portobelo, no país que divide a América Latina. A miss Panamá 2018, Rosa Montezuma, foi uma das estrelas da noite.
Renascer de Jacarepaguá e Unidos de Bangu representaram a superação na avenida. As duas escolas sofreram com a falta de verbas para produção do desfile. No caso da primeira, a homenageada foi Iemanjá, usada também como fio condutor de um desfile com forte inspiração nas religiões de matriz africana. A escola de Bangu, porém, trouxe o samba "Do Ventre da Terra, raízes para o mundo", sobre a história da batata.
O encerramento da noite foi responsabilidade da Acadêmicos do Cubango, escola de Niterói que este ano falou sobre objetos em que as pessoas depositam a fé.
Seis escolas marcharam sob chuva fraca na esperança de conseguir uma vaga no Grupo Especial do ano que vem.
Em defesa das batatas
Data: 21/02/2019
Disponível em: duppa/em-defesa-das-batatas/
http://www.opopularpr.com.br/opiniao/isidorio-
Iéu vindo publicamente dar cara pra apanhar em defesa do direito dos vegetal. Iéu resolveu comprar iésta causa por causa que tanta gente se incomodando pra fazer iéstas ongue em defesa de coisa que non me interessando muito, que ném a proteçon dos cachoro de rua e non se incomodon com as pessoa que drumindo na rua. Defesa dos direito das dona de casa que apanhando do marido, inventaron uma lei se chamando Maria tá prenha, non que iéu sendo a favor dos marido dar cassete nas esposa, inté acho erado se iéla non merecendo, mais tanta das esposa que don cassete nos marido e num inventaron lei que protejendo os marmanjo. Mas minha luta tá sendo quanto a discriminaçon vegetal das batata. Tudo mundo sabendo que a batata sendo base da alimentaçón de muito polaco e também o sustendo finacero para os agricultor que plantando e vendendo nas banca de bera de estrada, enton porque discriminar a coitada da batata falando coisas que non pertence a iéla? Veja o exemplo, ponharon a batata como pedaço de corpo humano, iéu tem certeza que vosse que tá lendo penso na "batata da perna", que que iésto tem a ver com batata Vegetal? Ainda estando numa parte inferior do corpo. Zóia otro exemplo: Levou um chute nas batata! Pior ainda, além de discriminar o vegetal ton também discriminando o saco, onde as batata ficando. Quando vossé quer despachar uma pessoa que anda incomodando o que falando? Vá plantar batata! Como se quem plantando batata fosse só pessoa que incomodando? Isto inté sendo discriminaçón racial dos polaco e podendo dar processo. Quer mais? Enton veja: desde tempo da escolinha perfessora ensinado o poeminha "Batatinha quando nasce se esparama pelo chon, a menina quando dorme poe na mon no coraçón", que que iesto tem a ver com verdade, que que tem menina drumindo com batata nascendo, as batata só nascendo nos piá. Despóis, batata quando nasce espalha a rama pelo chon e non se esparama. Batata só se esparama pelo chon em duas situaçón, quando fura saco ou quando tomba um caminhon com placa de Contenda. Quando pessoa sendo gorda e careca do que que chamam? De Feio? Non, de Batata. Quando pessoa acerta resposta de alguma coisa? Batata. Quando coisa estando muito fácil sem ter chance de dar erado: Vai lá que é Batata. Nois podendo ficar falando umas 10 coluna sobre o assunto das batata sendo usada como coisa que non prestando pelas pessoa, Por iesto, iéu convidando vossé entrar nesta luta pela defesa moral das batata e quem sabe nois montemo iéste orgo de defesa e fiquemo desfilando nas rua fazendo movimentaçón por causa justa. Viva a batata! | <urn:uuid:532ad661-cab6-4e98-b6fc-d43ef8c90de3> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/por_Latn/train | finepdfs | por_Latn | 15,851 |
1. Podaci o naručitelju
Naziv i sjedište naručitelja: NARODNE NOVINE d.d., Savski gaj XIII. 6, 10020 Zagreb, Hrvatska
Nacionalni reg. broj (OIB): 64546066176
2. Podaci o postupku nabave
Naziv postupka nabave: Nabava i održavanje VMWare licenci
Procijenjena vrijednost nabave: 55.000,00 EUR
Vrsta postupka javne nabave: Otvoreni postupak
Evidencijski broj nabave: 07-70/02-24 MN
Broj poziva na nadmetanje iz EOJN RH: 2024/S FO2-0006376
Datum slanja poziva: 26.06.2024
Datum objave poziva: 27.06.2024
3. Podaci o otvaranju
Mjesto otvaranja: Zagreb, Savski gaj XIII. 6, I. kat
Datum i vrijeme početka postupka otvaranja: 18.07.2024 09:00:02
Otvaranje ponuda: EOJN automatski otvara elektorničke dijelove ponuda
4. Podaci o ponudama
Do isteka roka za dostavu 18.07.2024 09:00:00 naručitelj je zaprimio 1 ponude/a sljedećih ponuditelja, i to po redoslijedu zaprimanja:
| Red.br. | Gospodarski subjekt | Oznaka koju je dodijelio GS | Predmet/Grupa | Datum i vrijeme zaprimanja |
|---------|---------------------|---------------------------|---------------|--------------------------|
| 1 | SETCOR d.o.o., OIB: 69149293370, Čabdin 73, 10450 Jastrebarsko, Hrvatska | 1207JMS-2024 | Nabava i održavanje VMWare licenci | 12.07.2024 12:40:15 |
### 4.1. Detalji zaprimljenih ponuda
| Red.br. | Ponuditelj | Oznaka ponude | Predmet nabave | Broj dijelova | Procijenjena vrijednost predmeta nabave | Ukupna cijena bez PDV-a | Ukupna cijena sa PDV-om |
|---------|------------|---------------|----------------|---------------|----------------------------------------|-------------------------|-------------------------|
| 1 | SETCOR d.o.o., OIB: 69149293370, Čabdin 73, 10450 Jastrebarsko, Hrvatska | 1207JMS-2024 | Nabava i održavanje VMWare licenci | 2 | 55.000,00 EUR | 62.469,12 EUR | 78.086,40 EUR |
### 5. Rok za izjavljivanje žalbe
Rok za izjavljivanje žalbe iznosi deset (10) dana i to od dana otvaranja ponuda u odnosu na propuštanje naručitelja da valjano odgovori na pravodobno dostavljen zahtjev dodatne informacije, objašnjenja ili izmjene dokumentacije o nabavi te na postupak otvaranja ponuda.
### 6. Podaci o dijelovima koji se ne dostavljaju elektroničkim putem EOJN-a
#### 6.1. Detalji o zaprimljenim dijelovima ponuda koji se dostavljaju odvojeno
| Red.br. | Ponuditelj | Oznaka ponude | Grupa | Vrsta rada / dokumenta | Opis | Podneseno | Napomena |
|---------|------------|---------------|-------|------------------------|------|-----------|----------|
| 1 | SETCOR d.o.o. | 1207JMS-2024 | Nabava i održavanje VMWare licenci | Izvornik jamstva | Bjanko zadužnica predana u Narodne Novine | Dostavljeno |
6.2. Podaci o nazočnim na otvaranju dijelova ponuda koji NISU dostavljeni putem EOJN
Ime i prezime nazočnih članova stručnog povjerenstva za javnu nabavu:
- ANA FLORJAN
- MARKO DOLOVČAK
7. Podaci o završetku otvaranja
Datum i vrijeme završetka postupka otvaranja: 18.07.2024 09:03:34 | <urn:uuid:63e3e811-9024-4185-aa78-e6647829fd68> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hrv_Latn/train | finepdfs | hrv_Latn | 2,931 |
Závlaha svojpomocne - ako postupovať
Rozmýšľate nad tým, ako si vytvoriť úsporný automatický závlahový systém svojpomocne a ušetriť tak nejaké náklady? Nemusíte sa ničoho obávať a s potrebnými informáciami to zvládnete aj vy. V tomto článku sa pozrieme na to, ako postupovať a čo by ste nemali vynechať, aby bola automatická závlaha správne urobená.
1. Zakreslite si pozemok na štvorčekový papier v mierke 1:100. To znamená, že jeden meter v skutočnosti bude mať na papieri 1 cm.
2. Určite si miesto programovacej jednotky a plastovej rozvodovej šachty, v ktorej budú elektroventily.
3. Ďalej si určite body, v ktorých sa budú nachádzať rozstrekovače. Pre lepšie umiestnenie použite kružidlo, pomocou, ktorého budete môcť rozmiestniť rozstrekovače tak, aby na seba navzájom nadväzovali a bola zavlahovaná celá plocha.
4. Pokiaľ máte všetko na papieri, tak sa môžete pustiť do výkopu pre jednotlivé zariadenia, ako sú rozvod vody, šachta, elektroinštalácie a rozstrekovače.
5. V ďalšom kroku prirobíte dažďový senzor a to na nechránené miesto tak, aby bol na slnku i na daždi.
6. Keď máte správne umiestnený a pripojený aj dažďový senzor, môžete natiahnuť káble k riadiacej jednotke, k elektromagnetickým ventilom a k dažďovému senzoru.
7. Ešte predtým, než zahrniete všetky rozvody zeminou, vyskúšajte závlahu trávnika. Tak zistíte, či funguje všetko ako má a ako ste plánovali. Ak niekde nájdete chybu, môžete ju jednoducho opraviť bez toho, aby ste museli všetko nanovo vykopávať.
8. Akonáhle máte závlahový systém vyskúšaný a všetko správne funguje, môžete zahrnúť výkopy a následne nastaviť rozstrekovače a riadiacu jednotku.
Toto boli kroky, podľa ktorých môžete postupovať pri inštalácii závlahového systému. Najdôležitejšia časť celého postupu je správne zakreslenie systému na papier, teda vypracovanie realizačného návrhu.
Pokiaľ si na tento krok netrúfate, my vám projekt vypracujeme zadarmo v prípade, ak si od nás zakúpite materiál.
Publikovanie alebo ďalšie šírenie obsahu média je bez písomného súhlasu majiteľa originálu zakázané. | <urn:uuid:344ebe84-c741-4167-997b-ed4a2b5a0e9a> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/slk_Latn/train | finepdfs | slk_Latn | 2,050 |
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AVISO
Nuno José Simão Vieira, Presidente da Junta de Freguesia de São Martinho do Porto, concelho de Alcobaça:
Avisa que, a reunião de Junta, mensal, com intervenção reservada ao público, do mês de agosto, será no dia 08 de agosto de 2023 (terça-feira), às 21:00H.
Para conhecimento e devidos efeitos, se torna público o presente Aviso, que vai ser afixado nos lugares do costume.
Junta de Freguesia de São Martinho do Porto, 01 de agosto de 2023.
O PRESIDENTE DA JUNTA
Nuno José Simão Vieira
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Mémorial
du
Grand-Duché de Luxembourg.
Samedi, le 28 juillet 1956.
N° 40
Memorial
des
Großherzogtums Luxemburg.
Samstag, den 28. Juli 1956.
Loi du 26 juillet 1956 portant complément et modification de la loi du 21 mai 1951 ayant pour objet la création d´une Caisse de Pension des Artisans, telle qu´elle a été modifiée par la loi du 24 décembre 1955.
Nous CHARLOTTE, par la grâce de Dieu, Grande-Duchesse de Luxembourg, Duchesse de Nassau, etc., etc., etc. ;
Notre Conseil d´Etat entendu ;
De l´assentiment de la Chambre des Députés ; Vu la décision de la Chambre des Députés du 17 juillet 1956 et celle du Conseil d´Etat du 23 juillet 1956, portant qu´il n´y a pas lieu à second vote ;
Avons ordonné et ordonnons:
Art. 1 er . La loi du 21 mai 1951 ayant pour objet la création d´une Caisse de Pension des Artisans, telle qu´elle a été modifiée par la loi du 24 décembre 1955, est modifiée et complétée comme suit :
1) L´article 15 est remplacé par le texte suivant : « Art . 15. Les pensions de vieillesse et d´invalidité se composent :
1) d´une part fixe de 15.000 francs ;
2) d´une majoration de
a) 27 fr. pour chaque cotisation mensuelle de la classe I ;
b) 34 fr. pour chaque cotisation mensuelle de la classe II ;
c) 46 fr. pour chaque cotisation mensuelle de la classe III ;
d) 69 fr. pour chaque cotisation mensuelle de la classe IV.
Ces montants constituent la pension annuelle et correspondent au nombre-indice de base (100) du coût de la vie. »
2) L´article 27 est remplacé par le texte suivant :
« Art. 27. Il sera formé quatre classes de cotisations suivant le revenu professionnel imposé des assurés.
Appartiendront à la classe I les assurés dont ledit revenu ne dépassera pas 45.000 francs;
à la classe II ceux dont ledit revenu sera supérieur à 45.000 francs, sans toutefois dépasser 60.000 francs ;
à la classe III ceux dont ledit revenu sera supérieur à 60.000 francs, sans toutefois dépasser 100.000 francs;
à la classe IV ceux dont ledit revenu dépassera 100.000 francs et qui auront déclaré leur accord avant l´âge de 45 ans. Cet accord sera révocable.
Ces chiffres correspondent au nombre-indice 100. Ils seront augmentés ou diminués proportionnellement toutes les fois que la moyenne des 12 nombresindices de l´exercice de référence varie de 5% ou d´un multiple de 5 par rapport à l´indice 100. Sérviront de revenu de référence aux fins ci-dessus les revenus imposés de l´exercice qui aura précédé l´année de cotisation.
Le classement de chaque assuré vaudra pour un exercice de cotisation à courir du 1 er juillet au 30 juin suivant.
Lorsqu´un assuré n´atteint plus le minimum de revenu de référence de la classe à laquelle il avait appartenu, il sera maintenu dans cette classe sur demande écrite, sans préjudice de son droit de se faire inscrire ultérieurement par une déclaration écrite dans la classe correspondant à son revenu professionnel imposé.
Lorsqu´un assuré qui remplit les conditions pour être porté à la classe IV n´aura pas déclaré l´accord prévu à l´alinéa 2 du n° 2 du présent article, il sera maintenu dans la classe III.
Les assurés nouveaux seront immatriculés dans la classe I ; pour leur classement ultérieur le revenu professionnel de la première année sera divisé par le nombre de mois entiers pendant lesquels ils auront été établis, et multiplié par 12. »
3) L´alinéa 1 er de l´article 28 aura la teneur suivante:
« La cotisation mensuelle sera de 250 francs dans la classe I, de 320 francs dans la classe II, de 425 francs dans la classe III et de 575 francs dans la classe IV. »
Art. 2. La part fixe des pensions transitoires prévues à l´article 66 de la loi précitée du 21 mai 1951 est fixée à 12.000 francs.
Le Ministre des Finances ,
Pierre Werner.
Art. 3. Dispositions transitoires. Les assurés qui dépasseront l´âge de 45 ans dans les six premiers mois qui suivent l´entrée en vigueur de la présente
Le Commissaire Général aux Affaires Economiques, Membre du Gouvernement,
Paul Wilwertz.
Arrêté ministériel du 19 juillet 1956 concernant l´allocation au personnel de l´Administration des Douanes des traitements et indemnités belges.
Le Ministre des Finances,
Vu l´article 17 alinéa 2 de la Convention du 25 juillet 1921, établissant une Union Economique entre le Grand-Duché.et la Belgique ;
Vu l´arrêté royal belge du 2 juillet 1956 modifiant l´arrêté royal belge du 30 mars 1955 fixant les échelles des grades particuliers du Ministère des Finances ;
Après délibération du Gouvernement en Conseil ;
Arrête :
Article unique. L´arrêté royal belge susvisé du 2 juillet 1956 sera publié au Mémorial pour être exécuté dans le Grand-Duché conformément à l´article 17 de la Convention d´Union Economique.
Luxembourg, le 19 juillet 1956.
Le Ministre des Finances , Pierre Werner.
Arrêté royal belge du 2 juillet 1956 modifiant l´arrêté royal du 30 mars 1955 fixant les échelles des grades particuliers du Ministère des Finances.
BAUDOUIN, Roi des Belges,
A tous, présents et à venir, Salut.
Vu l´article 66, alinéa 2, de la Constitution ;
Vu l´arrêté royal du 16 février 1953 portant statut pécuniaire du personnel des Ministères ; (1)
Vu l´arrêté royal du 30 mars 1955 fixant les échelles des grades particuliers du Ministère des Finances ;(2)
(1) Mém. 1953 p. 653.
(2) Mém. 1955 p. 715.
loi pourront, avant l´expiration de ces six mois, faire la déclaration prévue pour être portés à la classe IV.
Dans le même délai les assurés qui, lors de l´entrée en vigueur de la présente loi, auront dépassé l´âge de 45 ans sans avoir cependant dépassé l´âge de 60 ans, pourront faire la même déclaration.
Mandons et ordonnons que la présente loi soit insérée au Mémorial pour être exécutée et observée par tous ceux que la chose concerne.
Cabasson, le 26 juillet 1956.
Charlotte.
Vu l´avis du Comité de consultation syndicale ;
Vu l´accord de Notre Premier Ministre ;
Sur la proposition de Notre Ministre des Finances,
Nous avons arrêté et arrêtons :
Article 1 er . A l´article 7 de l´arrêté royal du 30 mars 1955, sous la rubrique « 1° Personnel administratif soumis au statut des agents de l´Etat ou au statut des agents temporaires » :
a) l´échelle C/48,000-69,600 est remplacée par l´échelle C/48,000-73,200 pour le grade de sous-brigadier des douanes ;
b) la disposition suivante est insérée sous la mention « Préposé des douanes » :
« Est fixé dans l´échelle C/46,000-69,400, le traitement du préposé des douanes dont le complément atteint 3,600 francs.
» L´article 28 de l´arrêté royal du 16 février 1953 s´applique comme si le grade de préposé des douanes appartenait exclusivement au groupe B. »
Art. 2. L´article 41 de l´arrêté royal du 30 mars 1955 est remplacé par la disposition suivante :
« Art. 41. Le régime transitoire établi par le présent article est applicable au préposé des douanes ou à l´ancien préposé des douanes qui, depuis le 1 er mars 1953 au plus tard, a toujours fait partie d´un service de l´Etat.
» § 1 er . 1° Le préposé des douanes ou l´ancien préposé des douanes bénéficie d´un accroissement du traitement minimum de son échelle de :
» 1,800 francs s´il est titulaire d´une échelle relevant du groupe A, B ou C ;
» 2,700 francs s´il est titulaire d´une échelle relevant du groupe D ou Dbis.
» Dans ce cas, sont toutefois rejetés pour le calcul du complément, les trente-six premiers mois de services admissibles prestés, avant la nomination en qualité de préposé des douanes définitif ou stagiaire, dans un grade autre que celui de préposé des douanes.
» 2° Le traitement du préposé des douanes est fixé dans l´échelle C/46,000-69,400 lorsque ses services admissibles autres que ceux qui sont rejetés, en vertu du § 1 er , 1°, atteignent trois ans.
» § 2. Le transfert de l´agent définitif ou stagiaire ne le prive pas du bénéfice des dispositions établies par le § 1 er . »
Art. 3. L´article 30 de l´arrêté royal du 30 mars 1955 est abrogé.
Art. 4. Le présent arrêté sort ses effets le 1 er janvier 1956.
Art. 5. Notre Ministre des Finances est chargé de l´exécution du présent arrêté.
Donné à Bruxelles, le 2 juillet 1956.
BAUDOUIN.
Arrêté ministériel du 24 juillet 1956 portant institution d´un Comité de recherche spécialisé pour l´Artisanat et le Commerce.
Le Commissaire Général aux Affaires Economiques ,
Membre du Gouvernement,
Sur les propositions des organisations professionnelles intéressées et de la Commission d´études pour la création d´un Institut de documentation et de recherche spécialisé pour le Commerce et l´Artisanat ;
Arrête :
Art. 1 er . Il est institué un Comité de recherche pour l´Artisanat et le Commerce qui a pour mission :
a) l´étude de la structure, de l´organisation et de l´évolution conjoncturelle des professions artisanales et des professions commerciales y compris les branches touristiques ;
b) de donner son avis sur les questions d´ordre économique et social qui lui sont soumises par le Gouvernement, la Chambre de Commerce ou par la Chambre des Métiers ;
c) d´étudier ou d´assurer sur le plan scientifique la coordination des travaux concernant l´Artisanat et le Commerce ; d´établir et d´entretenir la coopération avec les institutions qui poursuivent des missions similaires à l´étranger, de constituer et de diffuser une documentation générale.
Art. 2. Le Comité est nommé pour une période de 3 ans. Il est composé de 6 membres proposés par la Chambre de Commerce, de 6 membres proposés par la Chambre des Métiers, et d´un délégué du Ministère des Affaires Economiques à titre de membre-secrétaire ; un délégué suppléant du Ministère des Affaires Economique est désigné en tant que remplaçant du membre-secrétaire.
Les propositions des 2 Chambres sont présentées sur des listes doubles qui indiquent à nombre égal des noms de personnes exerçant effectivement une profession artisanale ou commerciale et de personnes adonnées à l´étude théorique des problèmes afférents.
Art. 3. Le Comité élit parmi ses membres un Président et deux Vice-Présidents.
Le membre-secrétaire doit être porteur d´un diplôme de fin d´études universitaires.
Le Président, les Vice-Présidents, le Secrétaire et un autre membre désigné par le Comité forment la Commission de gestion chargée des affaires courantes.
Art. 4. Les études du Comité sont effectuées par des Sous-Commissions de travail qui peuvent s´adjoindre des experts.
Le secrétaire organise et surveille l´exécution matérielle des travaux. Ces travaux sont exécutés par les Services du Ministère ayant l´Artisanat et le Commerce dans ses attributions.
Les membres du Comité et ceux d´une sous-commission exerceront leurs fonctions à titre gratuit. Ils n´auront droit qu´au remboursement des frais de déplacement dépensés dans l´exercice de leurs fonctions, ainsi qu´à un jeton de présence, fixé à 200 francs. Pour des travaux d´expertise et d´études, il peut être alloué, en outre, des indemnités supplémentaires.
Art. 5. Le financement sera annuellement fixé d´un commun accord entre le Gouvernement et les Chambres professionnelles du Commerce et des Métiers.
Art. 6.
Le présent arrêté sera publié au
Mémorial.
Luxembourg, le 24 juillet 1956.
Le Commissaire Général aux Affaires Economiques,
Membre du Gouvernement,
Paul Wilwertz.
Arrêté ministériel du 16 juillet 1956 remplacant l´arrêté du Ministre de l´Instruction Publique en date du 10 juin 1939, portant création d´un Insigne Sportif National, tel qu´il a été modifié par les arrêtés des 29 avril 1946, 3 septembre 1948, 5 avril 1950, 21 avril 1951, 30 octobre 1952 et 30 mars 1953.
Le Ministre de l´Education Physique et des Sports ;
Vu les articles 14 et 15 de l´arrêté grand-ducal du 8 octobre 1945 concernant l´éducation physique, l´organisation sportive et l´hygiène sociale ;
Vu l´arrêté du Ministre de l´Instruction Publique en date du 10 juin 1939, portant création d´un Insigne Sportif Nati nal ;
Vu les modifications y apportées par les arrêtés ministériels des 29 avril 1946, 3 septembre 1948, 5 avril 1950, 21 avril 1951, 30 octobre 1952 et 30 mars 1953 ;
Sur la proposition du Comité Olympique Luxembourgeois, le Commissaire Général aux Sports entendu en son avis ;
Arrête :
L´arrêté du Ministre de l´Instruction Publique en date du 10 juin 1939, portant création d´un Insigne Sportif National, tel qu´il a été modifié par les arrêtés des 29 avril 1946, 3 septembre 1948, 5 avril 1950, 21 avril 1951, 30 octobre 1952, 30 mars 1953, est abrogé et remplacé par les dispositions suivantes :
Art. 1 er . Il est créé un Insigne Sportif National dans le but de propager la pratique de l´éducation physique et des sports tant chez les jeunes gens que chez les adultes.
Art. 2. L´Insigne Sportif National est créé en trois classes :
a) L´insigne en bronze = brevet d´aptitudes physiques peut être obtenu par les jeunes gens des deux sexes de 16 à 20 ans.
b) L´insigne en argent = brevet d´aptitudes sportives peut être obtenu par les sportifs de 23 à 35 ans et par les sportives de 22 à 30 ans.
c) L´insigne sportif en vermeil = brevet d´endurance peut être obtenu par les sportifs de plus de 35 ans et par les sportives de plus de 30 ans.
Art. 3. L´Insigne Sportif National est décerné à la suite d´un examen portant sur un ensemble de six épreuves différentes qui devront être accomplies dans une période de douze mois consécutifs.
Art. 4. Pour l´obtention de l´Insigne Sportif, l´affiliation à une fédération sportive n´est pas requise.
Art. 5. Tout athlète participant aux Jeux Olympiques devra être titulaire du brevet correspondant à son âge.
Il sera statué individuellement sur des cas d´exception.
Art. 6. L´Insigne Sportif National en vermeil ne peut être décerné qu´aux détenteurs du brevet en argent.
Art. 7. L´admission aux épreuves pour l´obtention de l´Insigne Sportif National est subordonnée à la présentation d´un certificat médical.
Art. 8. Un arrêté ministériel déterminera les conditions d´organisation des épreuves pour l´obtention de l´Insigne Sportif National.
Art. 9.
Le présent arrêté sera inséré au
Mémorial.
Luxembourg, le 16 juillet 1956.
Le Ministre de l´Education Physique et des Sports,
Victor Bodson.
Arrêté ministériel du 16 juillet 1956 remplaçant l´arrêté du Ministre de l´Instruction Publique en date du 10 juin 1939, portant règlement des épreuves pour l´obtention de l´Insigne Sportif National, tel qu´il a été modifié par les arrêtés des 29 avril 1946, 3 septembre 1948 et 5 avril 1950.
Le Ministre de l´Education Physique et des Sports ;
Vu les articles 14 et 15 de l´arrêté grand-ducal du 8 octobre 1945 concernant l´éducation physique, l´organisation sportive et l´hygiène sociale ;
Vu l´arrêté du Ministre de l´Instruction Publique en date du 10 juin 1939, portant règlement des épreuves pour l´obtention de l´Insigne Sportif National ;
Vu les modifications y apportées par les arrêtés ministériels des 29 avril 1946, 3 septembre 1948 et 5 avril 1950 ;
Sur la proposition du Comité Olympique Luxembourgeois, le Commissaire Général aux Sports entendu en son avis ;
Arrête :
L´arrêté du Ministre de l´Instruction Publique en date du 10 juin 1939, portant règlement des épreuves pour l´obtention de l´Insigne Sportif National, tel qu´il a été modifié par les arrêtés des 29 avril 1946, 3 septembre 1948, 5 avril 1950, est abrogé et remplacé par les dispositions suivantes :
Art. 1 er . Les épreuves pour l´obtention de l´Insigne Sportif National sont placées sous le contrôle du Comité Olympique Luxembourgeois. -
Art. 2. Les personnes qui désirent concourir pour l´obtention de l´Insigne Sportif National devront adresser leur demande au Comité Olympiqpe Luxembourgeois soit directement, soit par l´intermédiaire de leur fédération.
Art. 3. Le Comité Olympique Luxembourgeois fixera la date des épreuves ainsi que l´endroit où elles se dérouleront et désignera le jury. Un délégué qualifié du Comité Olympique Luxembourgeois assistera aux épreuves et contresignera les pièces officielles.
Art. 4. Les épreuves pour l´obtention de l´Insigne Sportif National pourront avoir lieu lors des réunions sportives du Comité Olympique Luxembourgeois ou des fédérations sportives. Des réunions spéciales pourront être organisées, soit pour l´ensemble, soit pour une série des épreuves prescrites.
Le Comité Olympique Luxembourgeois pourra autoriser les fédérations sportives à organiser elles-mêmes les épreuves de l´Insigne Sportif National à l´intention de leurs membres.
Les personnes non-affiliées sont à admettre à ces épreuves sur avis du Comité Olympique Luxembourgeois. Si une fédération ne cultive pas ou n´a pas réglementé l´un ou l´autre des exercices prescrits, elle fera appel au Comité Olympique Luxembourgeois pour avoir les juges nécessaires.
Art. 5. A chaque épreuve il y aura au moins deux juges qui signeront la feuille de pointage et le procèsverbal de constatation.
Ne pourront être juges aux différentes épreuves que les personnes nommées comme tels par les fédérations qui ont réglementé les épreuves en question.
Art. 6. Avant de commencer la première épreuve du concours les candidats devront présenter un certificat du contrôle médico-sportif officiel ou prouver avoir passé le même examen médical duquel il résulte qu´ils sont aptes à faire les efforts requis. Le certificat devra être délivré dans l´année même qui précède la date des épreuves.
Art. 7. Les performances qui composent les épreuves pour l´obtention de l´Insigne Sportif National devront être réalisées dans trois demi-journées.
La suite des épreuves sera établie par l´organisateur après entente avec le Comité Olympique Luxembourgeois.
Dans chacun des six groupes d´épreuves renseignés au tableau annexé au présent règlement, les candidats pourront librement choisir un exercice à leur convenance.
Toutefois, au groupe 6, leur choix ne pourra pas porter sur un exercice qu´ils auront déjà choisi dans un autre groupe.
Les épreuves seront régies par les règlements et usages en vigueur dans les fédérations sportives du pays.
Art. 8. Le candidat qui n´aura pas atteint l´un des minima prévus, pourra se présenter à un examen supplémentaire dans un délai choisi par lui de façon que l´ensemble des six épreuves soit réalisé dans la période réglementaire de douze mois.
Art. 9. Le Comité Olympique Luxembourgeois adressera la liste des épreuves, avec les procès-verbaux des opérations au Ministère de l´Education Physique et des Sports qui délivrera les insignes.
Art. 10. Les établissements d´enseignement moyen et professionnel de même que la Force Armée sont autorisés à organiser dans leur propre sein, sous le contrôle de leurs professeurs d´éducation physique et du Comité Olympique Luxembourgeois, les épreuves pour l´obtention de l´Insigne Sportif National.
Le Comité Olympique Luxembourgeois leur prêtera, sur demande, aide utile à cette fin. L´organisation des épreuves devra être approuvée par le Ministre de l´Education Physique et des Sports.
Art. 11. Pour les sportifs ayant obtenu l´insigne en argent antérieurement au 1 er janvier 1956, les épreuves du groupe 4 sont facultatives et peuvent être remplacées par une seconde épreuve du groupe 6.
Art. 12. Chaque année, le Ministre de l´Education Physique et des Sports, sur proposition du Comité Olympique Luxembourgeois et après avis du Conseil Supérieur d´Education Physique, fera publier le tableau des épreuves pour chaque classe de l´Insigne Sportif National.
Art. 13. Le présent arrêté sera inséré au Mémorial.
Luxembourg, le 16 juillet 1956.
Le Ministre de l´Education Physique et des Sports,
Victor Bodson.
INSIGNE SPORTIF NATIONAL. TABLEAU DES EPREUVES.
A. Epreuves pour Hommes.
I.
Brevet d´aptitudes physiques.
(Insigne en bronze).
Courir
1 er groupe :
a) 80 mètres en 11 sec. 8/10
b) 100 mètres en 14 sec. 2/10
c) 300 mètres en 50 sec.
2
e
groupe :
Sauter
a) en hauteur 1.20 m.
b) en longueur 4.40 m.
Lancer
a) lancement du poids (5 kg.) : 8 m.
b) lancement du javelot (600 gr.) : 28 m.
c) lancement du disques (1500 gr.) : 22 m.
Nager
(
eau morte
)
a) nager pendant 3 minutes
b) nage libre : 100 mètres en 2 minutes
c) plonger et ramener d´une profondeur de 3.75 mètres un objet pesant au moins 2kg. 1/2
d) parcours sous l´eau de 17 mètres en eau morte, le corps complètement immergé, départ plongé
e) plongeon de tremplin de 1 mètre à choisir parmi les 10 plongeons en avant.
Les épreuves de ce groupe pourront être remplacées par une 2 e épreuve du groupe 6.
5 e groupe:
Epreuve d´endurance
a) course de 1 000 mètres en 3 minutes 30 sec.
b) nager 500 mètres en 12 minutes (eau morte)
c) cyclisme : 20 km. en 50 minutes sur route peu accidentée
d) canotage : course de 3 km.
1) canot pliant monoplace-sport : 22 minutes (eau courante) 24 minutes 10 sec. (eau tranquille)
2) kayak rigide monoplace-course : 18 minutes 30 sec. (eau courante) 19 minutes (eau tranquille).
3
e
groupe :
e
groupe :
4
6 e groupe : Adresse sportive
a) course de 100 mètres en 13 sec. 6/10
b) course de 300 mètres en 47 sec.
c) saut en hauteur : 1 mètre 30
d) saut en longueur : 4 mètres 80
e) lancement du poids (5 kg.) : 10 mètres
f) lancement du javelot (600 gr.) : 35 mètres
g) lancement du disque (1500 gr.) : 27 mètres
h) gymnastique : engin de suspension suivant prescriptions de l´U.S.L.G., degré moyen imposé ou à volonté. Note : 8 pts.
i
) gymnastique : engin d´appui suivant prescriptions de l´U.S.L.G., degré moyen imposé
ou à volonté. Note : 8 points
j) nager 100 mètres en 1 minutes 50 sec. (eau morte)
k) nager 300 mètres en 6 minutes 50 sec. (eau morte)
l) cyclisme sur route peu accidentée : 50 km. à une moyenne de 30 km. à l´heure
m) cyclisme sur piste : 500 mètres en 45 sec.
n) poids-haltères : épaulé et jeté d´un haltère au poids suivant : la moitié du poids du candidat, lorsque l´exercice est exécuté d´un seul bras, l´équivalent de ce poids, lorsque l´exercice est exécuté des deux bras.
o) canotage : course de 400 mètres
1) canot pliant monoplace-sport: 3 minutes 40 sec. (eau courante, 4 minutes (eau tranquille)
2) kayak rigide monoplace-course: 3 minutes (eau courante), 3 minutes 15 sec.(eau tranquille)
p) football : course d´adresse à 12 obstacles; parcourir en dribblant le ballon une piste de 130 mètres règlement de la course suivant prescription de la FLF (temps maximum : 50 secondes)
q) escrime : épreuve disciplinaire individuelle devant un maître d´armes agréé, portant sur un commandement minimum de 25 phases d´armes que le candidat doit exécuter aux 4/5 au moins sans faute, suivant règlement établi par la F. L. F.
II.
Brevet d´aptitudes sportives.
(Insigne en argent)
Courir
a) 100 mètres en 13 sec. 8/10
b) 400 mètres en 64 sec.
Sauter
a) en hauteur: 1.30 m.
b) en longueur: 4.70 m.
c) saut à la perche: 2.40 m.
d) cheval-sautoir : placé en longueur à 1.20 m. Saut jambes écartées. Note : 8 points.
Lancer
a) Lancement du poids (7.250 kg.): 7.50 m.
b) lancement du javelot (800 gr.) : 28 m.
c) lancement du disque (2 kg.): 22 m.
d) lancement d´une pierre de 20 kg. successivement des deux bras, avec élan, total: 8 m.
1
er
e
2
3
groupe :
e
groupe :
groupe :
e
4
groupe :
5 e groupe :
Nager
(
eau morte
)
a) nager pendant 6 minutes
b) nage libre : 100 mètres en 1 minute 50 sec.
c) nage libre : 300 mètres en 7 minutes
d) plonger et ramener d´une profondeur de 3.75 m. un objet pesant au moins 5 kg.
e) parcours sous l´eau de 27 mètres en eau morte, le corps complètement immergé. Départ plongé
f) plongeon du tremplin de 3 mètres à choisir parmi les 10 plongeons en avant.
Epreuve d´endurance
a) course de 1500 mètres en 5 minutes 50 sec.
b) course de 5000 mètres en 22 minutes
c) nager : 1000 mètres en 25 minutes (eau morte)
d) cyclisme : 20 km. en 45 minutes sur route peut accidentée ou en 40 minutes sur piste
e) canotage : course de 10 km.
1) canot pliant monoplane-sport en 75 minutes (eau courante) 82 minutes 30 sec. (eau tranquille)
2) kayak rigide monoplace-course en 60 minutes (eau courante) 65 minutes 30 sec. (eau tranquille).
6 e groupe : Adresse sportive
a) course de 100 mètres en 12 sec. 8/10
b) course de 400 mètres en 60 secondes
c) course de 1500 mètres en 5 minutes
d) course de 5000 mètres en 18 minutes 30 sec.
e) saut en hauteur: 1.45 m.
f) saut en longueur : 5.10 m.
g) saut à la perche : 2.60 m.
h) lancement du poids (7.250 kg.) : 9 mètres
i) lancement du disque (2 kg.) : 27 mètres
j) lancement du javelot (800 gr.) : 35 mètres
k) gymnastique : engin de suspension suivant prescriptions de l´U. S. L. G., degré fort imposé ou à volonté. Note : 8 points
l) gymnastique: engin d´appui suivant prescriptions de l´U.S.L.G., degré fort imposé ou à volonté. Note : 8 points
m) gymnastique : un exercice au sol suivant prescriptions de l´U. S. L. G. Catégorie B. Note : 8 points
n) épaulé et jeté d´un haltère au poids suivant : la moitié du poids du candidat, lorsque l´exercice est exécuté d´un seul bras; l´équivalent de ce poids lorsque l´exercice est exécuté des deux bras
o) nager: 100 mètres en 1 min. 40 sec. (eau morte)
p) nager : 300 mètres en 5 min. 50 sec. (eau morte)
q) canotage : course de 1 000 mètres :
1) canot pliant monoplace-sport : 6 min. 55 sec. (eau morte), 7 min. 35 sec. (eau tranquille)
2) kayak rigide monoplace-course : 5 min. 20 sec. (eau courante), 5 min. 35 sec. (eau tranquille)
r) cyclisme : course de 100 km. sur route peu accidentée à une moyenne de 25 km. à l´heure
s) cyclisme sur piste : 1 km. en 1 minute 30 sec.
t) football : même épreuve que pour l´insigne en bronze, temps maximum : 45 secondes
u) escrime : comme insigne en bronze.
1
er
2e groupe :
3
e
groupe :
4
e
e
5
6
e
groupe :
groupe :
groupe :
B. Epreuves pour dames et jeunes filles.
I.
Brevet d´aptitudes physiques.
(Insigne en bronze).
Courir
a) 60 mètres en 11 secondes
b) 100 mètres en 17 secondes
Sauter
a) saut en hauteur: 1.05 m.
b) saut en longueur: 3.10 m.
c) saut par suspension aux barres à hauteurs inégales, avec élan. Mention à obtenir : 8 points
Lancer
a) lancement de la petite balle de 80 gr.: 20 m.
b) lancement du poids (4 kg.): 5.50 m.
Natation
(
eau morte
)
a) nager pendant 2 minutes
b) nage libre : 100 mètres en 2 min. 50 sec.
c) plonger et ramener d´une profondeur de 2.50 mètres un objet pesant au moins 2½ kg.
d) parcours sous l´eau de 15 mètres, le corps complètement immergé, départ plongé
e) plongeon en avant du tremplin de 1 mètre.
e
Les épreuves de ce groupe pourront être remplacées par une 2
groupe:
Epreuve d´endurance
a) course de 300 mètres en 74 secondes
b) course de 1000 mètres en 6 minutes 30 secondes
c) nager 600 mètres en 21 minutes (eau morte)
d) canotage : course de 1000 mètres
1) canot pliant monoplace-sp0rt : 9 min. 20 sec. (eau courante), 10 min. 15 sec.(eau tranquille)
2) kayak rigide monoplace-course : 6 min. (eau morte), 6 min. 30 sec. (eau tranquille)
Adresse sportive
a) course de 60 mètres en 10.5 sec.
b) course de 100 mètres en 15.5 sec.
c) saut en hauteur: 1.15 m.
d) saut en longueur : 3.30 m.
e) lancement de la petite balle : 30 m.
f) lancement du poids (4 kg.): 6.50 mètres
g) exercice rythmé sur disque ou piano à difficulté moyenne, durée : Env. 2 minutes, taxation avec mention «bien» = 8 points
h) gymnastique : aux barres à hauteurs inégales, degré moyen imposé ou à volonté, suivant prescriptions de l´U.S.L.G. Note : 8 points
i) gymnastique : un exercice au sol avec ou sans accompagnement musical, difficulté moyenne, durée 1 à 1.50 min. (Note: 8 points)
j) nager 100 mètres en 2 min. 20 sec. (eau morte)
k) nager 300 mètres en 9 min. (eau morte)
l) canotage : course de 400 mètres
1) canot pliant monoplace-sport : 4 min. 35 sec. (eau courante), 5 min. (eau tranquille)
2) kayak rigide monoplace-course : 3 min. 50 sec. (eau courante), 4 min. (eau tranquille)
m) escrime : comme messieurs.
épreuve du groupe 6.
1
er
e
2
groupe :
groupe:
II. Brevet d´aptitudes sportives.
(Insigne en argent)
Courir
a) 60 mètres en 10.5 sec.
b) 100 mètres en 16.5 sec.
Sauter
a) saut en hauteur : 1.10 m.
b) saut en longueur: 3.30 m.
c) saut par suspension aux barres à hauteurs inégales, avec élan et 1/2 tour. Mention à obtenir : 8 points.
a) lancement du poids (4 kg.) : 6 mètres
b) lancement du javelot (600 gr.): 20 mètres
c) lancement du disque (1 Kg.) : 20 mètres
d) lancement de la petite balle (80 gr.): 28 mètres.
3e groupe : Lancer
4 e groupe : Nager (eau morte
)
a) nager pendant 5 minutes
b) nager 100 mètres en 2 min. 20 sec.
c) plonger et ramener d´une profondeur de 3.50 mètres un objet pesant au moins 2½ kg.
d) parcours sous l´eau de 20 mètres, le corps complètement immergé. Départ plongé
e) plongeon en avant du tremplin de 3 mètres.
5 e groupe : Epreuve d´endurance
a) course de 300 mètres en 72 sec.
b) course de 1000 mètres en 6 min.
c) nager 600 mètres en 18 min. (eau morte)
d) canotage : course de 1000 mètres :
1) canot pliant monoplace-sport : 8 min. 20 sec. (eau courante), 9 min. 10 sec. (eau tranquille)
2) kayak rigide monoplace-course : 6 min. (eau courante), 6 min. 30 sec. (eau tranquille).
6 e groupe : Adresse sportive
a) course de 60 mètres en 10 sec.
b) course de 100 mètres en 15 sec.
c) saut en hauteur: 1.20 m.
d) saut en longueur: 3.50 m.
e) lancement du poids (4 kg.) : 7 mètres
f) lancement du javelot (600 gr.): 23 mètres
g) lancement du disque (1 kg.) : 23 mètres
h) lancement de la petite balle (80 gr.) : 35 mètres
i) gymnastique : exercice au sol avec ou sans accompagnement musical, difficulté moyenne, durée 1 à 1.50 min. Note : 8 points
j) gymnastique : aux barres à hauteurs inégales, degré moyen imposé ou à volonté, suivant prescriptions de l´U.S.L.G. Note: 8 points
k) natation: 100 mètres en 2 min. (eau morte)
l) natation : 300 mètres en 7 min. 50 sec. (eau morte)
m) canotage : course de 400 mètres:
1) canot pliant monoplace-sport : 4 min. 30 sec. (eau courante), 4 min. 50 sec. (eau tranquille)
2) kayak rigide monoplace-course : 3 min. 50 sec. (eau courante), 4 min. (eau tranquille)
n) escrime : comme messieurs.
C. Brevet d´endurance (Hommes et Dames).
(Insigne en vermeil).
Les épreuves du concours pour l´insigne en vermeil sont les mêmes que pour celui en argent. Le candidat aura cependant la faculté de choisir trois des épreuves dans le tableau de la classe inférieure.
Avis. Emprunt grand-ducal 3,5% de 1935.
L´amortissement à la date du 15 août 1956, de l´emprunt grand-ducal 3,5% de 1935 pour lequel une somme de 610.000 francs nom. est prévue, a été fait partiellement par rachats en bourse. Pour le remboursement du reste il a été procédé à un tirage au sort.
Le tirage au sort a donné le résultat suivant :
Litt. A.
4
obligations à 1000 francs.
2401
Litt. B.
2402
2403
2404
2
obligations à
143
195
Litt. C.
28
obligations à
10.000
francs.
Les obligations suivantes n´ont pas encore été présentées au remboursement :
Lit. A. à
1000
francs.
Toutes les obligations remboursables ne peuvent être remboursées que lorsqu´elles sont dûment munies du certificat d´identification luxembourgeois.
Les obligations pourront être présentées directement à la Caisse Générale de l´Etat à Luxembourg. Les intérêts cesseront de courir à partir du jour de l´échéance des titres. 19 juillet 1956,
5.000
francs.
Avis.
Emprunt grand-ducal 4% 1949.
Le tirage au sort des obligations de l´emprunt grand-ducal 4% de 1949 remboursables le 1 er septembre 1956 par 1.850.000, francs a donné le résultat suivant:
Les obligations suivantes n´ont pas encore été présentées au remboursement :
Litt. A. à 1000 francs. 2144 (3) 2731 (1) 2751 (1) 2871 (1) 2984 (1) 3041 (1) 3111 (1) Litt. B. à 5000 francs. 41 (3) 821 (2) 1082 (1) 1141 (1) 1199 (1) Litt. C. à 10.000 francs. 1466 (1) 1) obligations amorties le 1 er septembre 1950. 2) obligations amorties le 1 er septembre 1953. 3) obligations amorties le 1 er septembre 1955.
Le remboursement se fera sans frais, entre les mains du porteur à Luxembourg, à la Caisse Générale de l´Etat, en espèces ayant cours dans les caisses publiques de l´Etat.
Les intérêts des obligations sorties au tirage du 13 juillet 1956 cesseront de courir à partir du 1 er septembre 1956. 19 juillet 1956.
Avis. Indigénat. Par déclaration d´option faite le 14 février 1955 devant l´officier de l´état civil de la commune de Mersch, en conformité de l´art. 19,3 de la loi du 9 mars 1940, la dame Kramer Lori-MinneGrete, épouse Thys Camille-Jean-Nicolas, née le 4 novembre 1928 à Sarrebruck/Sarre, demeurant à Mersch, a acquis la qualité de Luxembourgeoise.
Cette déclaration sort ses effets trois jours francs après la présente publication.
Par déclaration d´option faite le 3 novembre 1955 devant l´officier de l´état civil de la commune de Waldbillig, en conformité de l´art. 19,3 de la loi du 9 mars 1940, la dame Schumacher Ingeborg, épouse Simon Jean-Pierre, née le 27 décembre 1925 à Trèves/Allemagne, demeurant à Marscherwald/Consdorf, a acquis la qualité de Luxembourgeoise.
Cette déclaration sort ses effets trois jours francs après la présente publication.
Avis. Convention entre la Belgique, le Grand-Duché de Luxembourg et les Pays-Bas, relative à la coopération en matière de douanes et d´accises, signée à Bruxelles, le 5 septembre 1952. Ratifications et entrée en vigueur.
La Convention désignée ci-dessus, approuvée par la loi du 13 décembre 1954 ( Mémorial 1954, pp. 1528 et ss), a été ratifiée, conformément à son article 21. Les différents instruments de ratification ont été déposés à Bruxelles aux dates suivantes :
par la Belgique, le 6 juillet 1953, par le Luxembourg, le 18 janvier 1955,
par les Pays-Bas, le 30 juin 1956.
La Convention est entrée en vigueur le 1 er juillet 1956.
Luxembourg, le 21 juillet 1956.
Le Président du Gouvernement, Ministre des Affaires Etrangéres,
Joseph Bech.
Avis. Titres au porteur. Rectification. Les numéros 3.196 9.035/50 10.983 65.858/60 66.422/54 75.157 89.048 102.260 121.016/23 132.811/17 135.953 précédés d´un D qui figurent sur les obligations 5% HADIR 1920 ne sont pas frappés par les effets de l´opposition du 5 mai 1956, publiée au Mémorial N° 27 du 15 mai 1956. 20 juillet 1956.
Avis. Accord général sur les privilèges et immunités du Conseil de l´Europe, signé à Paris, le 2 septembre 1949 ; Ratifications et adhésions.
(Mémorial 1952, pp. 1031, 1384).
L´Accord désigné ci-dessus a été ratifié par le Danemark et la Grèce. La République Fédérale d´Allemagne, l´Islande et la Sarre y ont adhéré.
Luxembourg, le 25 juillet 1956.
Le Président du Gouvernement, Ministre des Affaires Etrangères, Joseph Bech.
Avis. Protocole additionnel à l´Accord général sur les privilèges et immunités du Conseil de l´Europe, signé à Strasbourg, le 6 novembre 1952; Ratifications, adhésions, entrée en vigueur.
(Mémorial
1953, pp. 605, 1034).
Le Protocole désigné ci-dessus a été ratifié par la Belgique, le Danemark, la Grèce, l´Italie, la Norvège, les Pays-Bas, le Royaume-Uni et la Suède. La République Fédérale d´Allemagne, l´Islande et la Sarre y ont adhéré.
Conformément à son article 7, alinéa b), le Protocole est entré en vigueur le 11 juillet 1956.
Luxembourg, le 25 juillet 1956.
Le Président du Gouvernement, Ministre des Affaires Etrangères, Joseph Bech.
Agents d´assurances agréés pendant le mois de juillet 1956.
Commissions d´agents d´assurances annulées pendant les mois de juin et de juillet 1956.
31. juillet 1956,
AVIS. POSTES.
Le 10 août 1956, l´Administration des Postes, Télégraphes et Téléphones mettra en vente une série de timbres-poste spéciaux en l´honneur de la COMMUNAUTÉ EUROPÉENNE DU CHARBON ET DE L´ACIER, à l´occasion du quatrième anniversaire de l´installation de la HAUTE AUTORITÉ à Luxembourg.
Cette série comprendra les 3 valeurs couleurs et sujets suivants :
2, fr. bordeaux, une usine sidérurgique flanquée à gauche d´un appareil Bessemer en activité et à droite des contours des 6 pays membres de la C.E.C.A.;
3, fr. bleu foncé, une poutrelle T portant sur le côté une carte de l´Europe avec, en clair, les contours des 6 pays membres de la C. E.C. A. La poutrelle est surmontée de la silhouette de la Ville de Luxembourg ;
4, fr. vert bleuâtre, six chaînons d´acier représentant les 6 pays membres, entourant une lampe de mineur représentant le charbon.
Les projets ont été sélectionnés par la voie d´un concours ouvert aux ressortissants des 6 pays membres de la Communauté.
Les timbres ont été imprimés en taille douce dans les ateliers de l´Imprimerie Joh. Enschedé en Zonen à Haarlem, au format de 40 × 25,7 mm, en des feuilles de 50 unités.
Ils resteront en vente jusqu´à l´épuisement des stocks et seront valables pour l´affranchissement des correspondances jusqu´à révocation. 23 juillet 1956.
Avis. Postes, Télégraphes et Téléphones. Par arrêté grand-ducal du 29 juin 1956 Monsieur Emile Dostert, commis-rédacteur des postes à Luxembourg-Gare, a été nommé sous-chef de bureau à LuxembourgTélégraphes. 30 juin 1956.
Avis. Assurance maladie. Par décision du 28 juin 1956 de Monsieur le Ministre du Travail et de la Sécurité sociale, la modification suivante, apporté le 8.5.1956 à l´art. 14 des statuts de la Caisse de maladie des employés privés par l´assemblée générale de ladite caisse, a été entérinée.
Texte de la modification :
Le premier alinéa de l´art. 14 est remplacé par le texte suivant :
« La cotisation est fixée à 3,9% de la rémunération ou pension brute effective, sans que la rémunération annuelle puisse dépasser le plafond cotisable calculé en multipliant par douze le montant double du salaire minimum légale applicable aux emploxés adultes ; le minimum de la rémunération de référence est déterminé par ce même salaire minimum légal.
Lorsqu´un assuré est au service d´un employeur déterminé pendant une partie seulement d´un mois ou d´une année, le montant maximum de rémunération cotisable est réduit proportionnellement. »
Cette disposition est valable avec effet au 1 er janvier 1956. 28 juin 1956.
Avis. Consulats. Par arrêté grand-ducal du 3 mars 1956, Monsieur Girolamo Bellavista a été nommé Consul général honoraire du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg à Rome, avec juridiction sur les provinces de Rome, Viterbo, Rieti, Frosinone et Latina.
L´exequatur pour le libre exercice de ses fonctions lui a été accordé le 7 avril 1956.
Par arrêté grand-ducal du 7 juillet 1956, Monsieur Prospero Morra a été nommé Vice-Consul honoraire du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg à Rome. 11 juillet 1956.
Imprimerie de la Cour Victor Buck, S. à r. l., Luxembourg. | <urn:uuid:4e6521ae-5734-4fb9-bb79-65c48d2b97d0> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 38,382 |
Figure S1. Average daily seawater temperature at the two sites where photosynthetic measurements were made during 2013. 6 m depth in Alphabet Bay and 14 m depth at North Reef. The two sites were 220 m apart on the west side of Goat Island, northeastern New Zealand. Data is from half hourly measurements from Onset Pendant Hobo loggers.
Figure S2. *Ecklonia radiata*. Seasonal relationship between photosynthetic parameters and biomass (lamina dry weight, g) of kelp at 6 and 14 m depth. (a) maximum photosynthetic rate $P_{\text{max}}$, (b) respiration rate $R_a$, (c) photosynthetic efficiency alpha ($\alpha$), (d) saturation irradiance $E_s$, and (e) compensation irradiance $E_c$. Significant relationship ($r^2 = 0.63$, $p = 0.03$) between biomass and $P_{\text{max}}$ for kelp at 6 m depth in Summer is shown (a).
Table S1. Parameter data used for *E. radiata* productivity modelling. Data was obtained from *in situ* photosynthetic measurements, and dry weight (DW) was quantified in the laboratory, except for Autumn and Spring at 14 m depth which were estimated for modelling purposes (shown in italics). Measured on *in situ* kelp: mean (SE) dry weight (DW) of lamina (g), photosynthetic parameters and respiration rates, at 6 m depth in summer 2013, autumn 2012, winter 2013, spring 2013, and at 14 m depth in summer 2013 and winter 2013. $P_{\text{max}}$: maximum rate of photosynthesis (expressed in terms of net primary production (NPP) $\mu$mol O$_2$·g$^{-1}$·dw·h$^{-1}$); $\alpha$: photosynthetic efficiency, initial slope of the curve at sub-saturating irradiances; $E_k$: saturation irradiance ($\mu$mol photons m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$); $E_c$: compensation irradiance ($\mu$mol photons m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$); $R_d$: respiration rate ($\mu$mol O$_2$·g$^{-1}$·dw·h$^{-1}$); $r^2$: fit of $P-E$ curve.
| Depth (m) | Season/Year | dw | $r^2$ | $P_{\text{max}}$ | $\alpha$ | $R_d$ | $E_k$ | $E_c$ |
|-----------|-------------|----------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------|-------|
| 6 | Summer 2013 | 104.8 | 0.95 | 56.6 | 0.65 | -13.0 | 104.0 | 28.1 |
| | n = 7 | (7.6) | (0.01)| (10.3) | (0.13) | (0.8) | (19.9)| (7.1) |
| | Autumn 2012 | 51.3 | 0.99 | 71.4 | 0.98 | 8.9 | 87.5 | 10.2 |
| | n = 5 | (6.5) | (0.01)| (7.1) | (0.20) | (1.3) | (23.8)| (1.8) |
| | Winter 2013 | 28.6 | 0.98 | 67.6 | 0.87 | -13.0 | 80.3 | 15.0 |
| | n = 6 | (4.2) | (0.01)| (5.4) | (0.08) | (2.8) | (7.8) | (2.8) |
| | Spring 2013 | 43.3 | 0.98 | 143.2 | 0.88 | -21.3 | 178.4 | 26.5 |
| | n = 10 | (4.4) | (0.01)| (10.2) | (0.13) | (2.9) | (14.0)| (3.2) |
| 14 | Summer 2013 | 42.1 | 0.98 | 164.4 | 1.01 | -11.5 | 186.6 | 11.2 |
| | n = 5 | (4.2) | (0.01)| (29.8) | (0.13) | (2.6) | (19.9)| (1.8) |
| | Winter 2013 | 29.7 | 0.98 | 102.2 | 1.19 | -5.7 | 91.9 | 5.1 |
| | n = 6 | (1.6) | (0.01)| (4.5) | (0.14) | (2.8) | (10.7)| (0.8) |
| | Autumn & | 35.3 | | 130.5 | 1.12 | -8.6 | | |
| | Spring 2013 | (2.8) | | (16.2) | (0.1) | (1.6) | | |
Text S1. Chlorophyll analysis
Tissue samples were collected from all kelp that were incubated for photosynthetic measurements. The tissue pieces were collected from secondary laminae from the basal third of the primary lamina and stored frozen until pigment analysis was conducted. Chlorophyll (chl) $a$ and $c$ were extracted using dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and methanol (1:4 v/v) following methods detailed by Duncan and Harrison (1982). The absorbance of chl $a$ and $c$ were determined spectrophotomically and concentrations of pigments calculated according to the equations of Jeffrey and Haxo (1968).
Figure S3. Mean ± SE chlorophyll $a$ (a), chlorophyll $c$ (b), and chlorophyll $c:a$ ratios (c) in *E. radiata* from 6 m depth in summer 2013 ($n = 7$) and winter 2013 ($n = 6$) and 14 m depth in summer 2013 ($n = 5$) and winter 2013 ($n = 6$).
LITERATURE CITED
Duncan MJ, Harrison PJ (1982) Comparison of solvents for extracting chlorophylls from marine macrophytes. Bot Mar 25:445–447
Jeffrey SW, Haxo FT (1968) Photosynthetic pigments of symbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) from corals and clams. Biol Bull 135:149–165 | <urn:uuid:208a7d31-3869-4f66-a978-19a03b69e4d0> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 4,541 |
Presented by: Jerry Lynch
MYTHS ABOUT WORK-LIFE BALANCE
Myth #1: Work-life balance means spending 50% of your time at home
Myth #2: Work-life balance is synonymous with work-family balance or family support
Myth #3: Having work-life balance means getting to do everything you want to do in a given day, week or month
WHAT EXACTLY IS WORK-LIFE BALANCE?
Some Examples of How Successful Leaders Define Work-Life Balance:
Jack Welch – GE
Chris Golec - Demandbase
There's no such thing as work-life balance. There are work-life choices, and you make them, and they have consequences.
Jack Welch
People tend to act like there's a formula for work-life balance, but there isn't. Work-life balance is about not requiring unnatural things of people.
Chris Golec
WHAT DO YOU THINK WORK-LIFE BALANCE IS?
WORK-LIFE BALANCE
A term used to describe the balance an individual needs between time allocated for work and other aspects of life.
MY LIFE AND WORK DEMANDS OFTEN INTERFERE WITH EACH OTHER.
TRUE FALSE
SOMEONE ELSE HAS CONTROL OVER MY WORK SCHEDULE.
TRUE FALSE
I SPEND A LOT OF TIME RESPONDING TO PERSONAL EMAILS AND PHONE CALLS WHEN I AM AT WORK.
TRUE FALSE
I HAVE FREQUENT HEADACHES AND/OR STOMACH ACHES.
TRUE FALSE
I CATCH MYSELF MAKING MISTAKES ON THE JOB INCREASINGLY OFTEN.
TRUE FALSE
I FIND MYSELF WORRYING A LOT ABOUT HOW I'LL GET EVERYTHING DONE.
TRUE FALSE
IT'S HARD NOT TO BE IRRITABLE AND LOSE MY TEMPER.
TRUE FALSE
I DRINK MORE THEN THREE CUPS OR SHOTS OF CAFFEINATED DRINKS PER DAY.
TRUE FALSE
SCORING
MOSTLY TRUE: YOU ARE IN SERIOUS DANGER OF INCURRING A STRESS-RELATED ILLNESS OR INJURY, HAVING A MAJOR PERSONAL PROBLEM OR GETTING FIRED. YOU'RE TAKING ON TOO MUCH AND NEED TO GET MORE SUPPORT EITHER AT WORK OR AT HOME, OR BOTH.
SCORING
EQUALLY TRUE AND FALSE: YOU MAY BE AT RISK OF BURNING THE CANDLE AT BOTH ENDS. YOU MIGHT WANT TO EXAMINE YOUR COMMITMENTS, RESPONSIBILITIES AND LEVEL OF CONTROL OVER YOUR LIFE.
SCORING
MOSTLY FALSE: YOU HAVE A GOOD FIT FOR WORK AND LIFE DEMANDS. YOU TAKE CARE OF YOURSELF. YOU'RE AT LOW RISK OF BURNOUT AND ARE A GOOD ROLE MODEL OF WORK-LIFE BALANCE FOR OTHERS.
WHO IS AFFECTED?
90% OF WORKING MOTHERS
95% OF WORKING FATHERS
REPORT WORK FAMILY CONFLICT -CENTER FOR AMERICAN PROGRESS
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS
51% MISSED LIFE EVENTS 50% LESS TIME SPENT WITH FAMILY AND FRIENDS 40% TIME SPENT WITH FAMILY RUINED 38% LACK OF ENGAGEMENT WHEN WITH FAMILY
CAUSES OF BAD WORK-LIFE BALANCE
BAD BOSSES CONSTANT OVERTIME INFLEXIBLE WORK SCHEDULE INCOMPETENT COLLEAGUES LONG COMMUTES UNPRODUCTIVE MEETINGS EMPLOYER ISSUED DEVICES THAT CAN'T BE TURNED OFF NON-STOP E-MAILS/TEXTS/CALLS BAD CLIENTS
-WORKFRONT SURVEY
STRESS
OUTCOME OF POOR WORK-LIFE BALANCE
FINANCIAL COST TO INDUSTRIES
$200 - $300 BILLION LOST PRODUCTIVITY – LESS PROFIT ABSENTEEISM – CAUSING ADDITIONAL STRESS TO COWORKERS – LESS PROFIT HIGH TURNOVER – LESS PROFIT INCREASED HEALTH CARE PREMIUMS – LESS PROFIT
AFFECTS OF STRESS
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE WEAKER IMMUNE SYSTEM HEADACHES STIFF MUSCLES POOR COPING SKILLS IRRITABILITY INSECURITY EXHAUSTION DIFFICULTY CONCENTRATING
STRESS MAY PERPETRATE
SMOKING
16% OF ALL ADULTS SMOKE
- THE LEADING CAUSE OF PREVENTABLE DEATH
ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
65 MILLION AMERICANS BINGE DRANK LAST MONTH
STRESS MAY PERPETRATE
QUICK SUMMARY
SO FAR WE'VE LEARNED:
WHAT WORK-LIFE BALANCE IS OR ISN'T WHETHER AS INDIVIDUALS WE ARE BALANCED WHO IS AFFECTED BY WORK-LIFE BALANCE WHAT IS CAUSING THE IMBALANCE WHAT THE EFFECTS OF THE IMBALANCE ARE
NOW…WHAT CAN BE DONE
AS AN INDIVIDUAL
REALIZE THERE IS NO PERFECT BALANCE -STRIVE FOR REALISTIC SCHEDULE -BALANCE IS ACHIEVED OVER TIME PRIORITIZE YOUR HEALTH -LESS WORK MISSED -MORE PRODUCTIVE AT WORK MAKE SURE YOU LIKE YOUR JOB -IF YOUR JOB IS DRAINING YOU, IT IS MORE DIFFICULT TO BE ENGAGED OUTSIDE OF WORK DON'T BE AFRAID TO UNPLUG -UNWIND TIME IS CRITICAL TO SUCCESS MAKE TIME FOR YOURSELF -PRIORITIZE ACTIVITIES THAT MAKE YOU HAPPY
AS AN EMPLOYER
LEAD BY EXAMPLE
-IF THE BOSS IS ON 24/7 EVERYONE ELSE THINKS THEY NEED TO BE
OFFER AVENUES FOR EMPLOYEES TO IMPROVE HEALTH
-BIOMETRIC SCREENING
-COACHING
-CLASSES
-EDUCATION
DEFINE AND COMMUNICATE THE PATHWAYS TO PROMOTION
-ACCOUNT FOR VARIATIONS IN SCHEDULES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
WHERE APPROPRIATE BE FLEXIBLE
-FLEXIBLE HOURS
-ON-LINE MEETINGS
-WORK FROM HOME
QUESTIONS
Jerry Lynch
Owner and COO
Central Wellness
email@example.com | <urn:uuid:adfedd8d-24b9-4891-84b1-d30aa82a1cac> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 4,432 |
VOLMERANGE INFOS
N° 32/ octobre 2016
Lettre d'Informations Municipales de Volmerange-les-Mines
Collège de Volmerange les Mines
Monsieur Patrick WEITEN, Député de la Moselle, Président du Conseil Départemental de la Moselle, l'a confirmé samedi 15 octobre à la rencontre des élus de la 9 ème circonscription de Moselle à Basse Ham : le collège de Volmerange les Mines ne fermera pas.
Le Conseil Municipal, après en avoir délibéré, à l'unanimité, a décidé de prendre la motion suivante concernant le projet de l'A31 bis :
Motion concernant le projet d'A31 bis
« Le Conseil Municipal demande que l'A31bis soit financée sans mettre à contribution l'usager local et dans des délais réalistes, que des clés de financement de cette infrastructure européenne soient trouvées auprès de l'Union Européenne et de l'Etat
Luxembourgeois, que soient étudiées toutes les solutions alternatives et innovantes présentant une meilleure empreinte carbone. Le Conseil Municipal craint que la mise en place de péages sur l'autoroute A31bis incite les travailleurs frontaliers à utiliser les axes secondaires déjà extrêmement encombrés (actuellement la moyenne journalière est de 10 800 véhicules/jours pour la Commune de Volmerange-Les-Mines). Une fréquentation supplémentaire renforcerait le sentiment d'insécurité routière existant des riverains lié aux incivilités routières des usagers et multiplierait les risques d'accidents sur des routes non adaptées à recevoir ce type de trafic. De plus, les nuisances sonores et la pollution déjà importantes seraient encore amplifiées. Ce phénomène a déjà été constaté lors de la mise en place des contrôles routiers sur l'autoroute A31 suite aux attentats que notre pays a subi fin 2015 : les ralentissements et encombrements jusque sur les voiries communales avaient alors été nombreux. Il en est de même lorsque des accidents se produisent sur l'autoroute. »
La municipalité va s'engager dans les jours qui viennent à l'élaboration d'une pétition contre le projet de péage de l'A31 qui pourra être signée sur le site internet de la commune ou en mairie.
MATNA, traiteur coréen, vous invite à son inauguration le samedi 22 octobre de 12h à 18h.
Ouverture de MATNA, traiteur coréen
Unique dans la région, MATNA vous propose des plats typiquement coréens à emporter.
48 B avenue de la Liberté
MATNA est ouvert du lundi au vendredi de 11h30 à 13h30 et de 16h à 20h et le samedi de 11h à 20h.
Food Truck salades et pâtes fraîches : « A Croquer »
– www.matnadelice.com
Lise LOYOT propose des salades à composer soi-même, des pâtes fraîches avec des sauces maison ainsi que des soupes et des desserts maison tous les lundis soir à partir du lundi 7 novembre de 18h à 21h, place Raymond Locatelli.
Ruisseau des Quatre Moulins
Selon l'article L. 215-2 du Code de l'environnement, le lit des cours d'eau non domaniaux (ancienne appelation : cours d'eau non navigables et non flottables) appartient aux propriétaires des deux rives. Si les deux rives appartiennent à des propriétaires différents, chacun d'eux a la propriété de la moitié du lit, suivant une ligne que l'on suppose tracée au milieu du cours d'eau, sauf titre ou prescription contraire.
Le changement de statut du Ruisseau des Quatre Moulins, qui traverse Volmerange, est intervenu cette année.
Il en résulte que l'entretien du cours d'eau incombe aux propriétaires riverains, en vertu de l'article L. 215-14 du Code de l'environnement.
Randonnée découverte
Le propriétaire riverain est tenu à un entretien régulier du cours d'eau. L'entretien régulier a pour objet de maintenir le cours d'eau dans son profil d'équilibre, de permettre l'écoulement naturel des eaux et de contribuer à son bon état écologique ou, le cas échéant, à son bon potentiel écologique, notamment par enlèvement des embâcles, débris et atterrissements flottants ou non, par élagage ou recépage de la végétation des rives.
Amoureux de balades, Gilbert THILE, adjoint au Maire, et la commission environnement vous invitent à une randonnée pédestre au travers d'un circuit découverte d'environ 9 km le samedi 12 novembre. Rendez-vous à 9h00, place Raymond Locatelli.
Inscription en mairie au 03.82.50.61.07 ou par mél email@example.com.
Prévoir K-way, bottes…
Venez découvrir un « coin » de votre commune que vous ne connaissez pas !
En 30 ans, le combat des parents pour la vie de leurs enfants atteints de maladies rares est devenu le combat de tous.
LE TELETHON FETE SES 30 ANS : TELETHON-VOLME REPOND « PRESENT »
.
Fidèle au rendez-vous annuel, TELETHON-VOLME prépare sa journée de solidarité samedi 3 décembre
Quelques associations ont répondu également « présent » pour vous proposer des activités qui se dérouleront place Raymond Locatelli le matin, au gymnase l'après midi
Une équipe de bénévoles s'est déjà engagée pour vous cuisiner un excellent bœuf bourguignon et une soupe d'automne.
Si vous souhaitez participer activement en aidant à la préparation, au montage des stands, en proposant des activités, en offrant des légumes ... contactez : Sylviane Zastawnik Tel. 03 82 50 64 19 / firstname.lastname@example.org
Merci d'avance de nous rendre visite et de réserver votre repas.
Volmerange au quotidien : aménagements et travaux en cours ou à venir
* Des travaux sont prévus également dans le parc de la mairie. Celui-ci sera fermé pendant cette période.
* Les travaux d'enrobés route de Molvange dans la descente vers les HLM Moselis devraient débuter lundi 24 octobre.
*
*
Un passage piétonnier va être aménagé entre la route de Dudelange et l'avenue de la Liberté au niveau des cellules commerciales.
Chasse
Les travaux de renforcement du réseau électrique par ENEDIS (ex ERDF) rue de la Paix et rue du Cimetière débuteront à partir du mercredi 2 novembre et devraient s'achever le 16 décembre.
Les chasses en battues reprennent. La vigilance aux alentours des forêts doit être présente. Soyez prudent !
Les secteurs de chasse sont indiqués sur les panneaux d'affichage, le site internet de la commune et la chaîne locale.
Les deux prochaines battues auront lieu le dimanche 23 octobre et le samedi 5 novembre.
D'autres chasses peuvent être organisées dans les bois privés. Nous n'en connaissons pas les dates.
La municipalité remercie tous les bénévoles et les enfants qui ont participé au nettoyage de la commune le samedi 24 septembre pour leur dynamisme et leur enthousiasme.
Nettoyage du village
Ramasser est un geste simple. Accompli par chacun, chaque jour, il permettrait d'éviter la pollution et de conserver les espaces publics propres.
« Prévention technique de la malveillance ou comment mettre en place des mesures simples pour prévenir les actes délictueux »
Correspondant sûreté
Il s'agit de préconiser un ensemble des mesures qui peuvent limiter, voire empêcher, la commission d'actes de malveillance auprès
MISSIONS : Mettre en place un dispositif pour dissuader, bloquer, ralentir, détecter, interpeller le délinquant des chefs d'entreprises, commerçants, artisans locaux, élus, bâtiments communaux et les particuliers.
dans le but de diminuer le gain potentiel, accroître les difficultés pour atteindre le gain potentiel.
Vous pouvez contacter et prendre rendez vous avec le correspondant sûreté pour réaliser une consultation de sûreté de votre domicile, de votre entreprise, de vos locaux...
Tous les conseils ainsi apportés sont totalement gratuits et oraux
Gendarme PECQUEUR Jimmy, Brigade de Proximité d' AUMETZ
Dégrèvement d'impôts directs : pertes de récoltes – intempéries de l'année 2016
2 rue Joliot Curie 57 710 AUMETZ Tél 06.26.41.25.73
Les contribuables sont prévenus que les listes des parcelles faisant l'objet de dégrèvements au titre des pertes de récoltes, ainsi que le montant de ceux-ci, peuvent être consultés en Mairie.
Les dégrèvements pour pertes de récoltes sont prononcés au nom du propriétaire qui doit les répercuter à son fermier.
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La commune vous invite….
11h00 Rassemblement place Raymond Locatelli
Vendredi 11 novembre à 11h00
Commémoration du 11 novembre 1918.
11h15 Cérémonie au Monument aux morts : Textes et Marseillaise par les enfants de l'école élémentaire – dépôt de gerbe
11h45 Vin d'honneur offert par la municipalité à la salle des fêtes.
- Soirée Halloween :
Ce qui fait bouger les volmerangeois !
Entrée gratuite. Restauration sur place.
Le Comité Culturel Municipal organise une projection de films le samedi 29 octobre
à la salle des fêtes.
Ouverture des portes à 18h00.
Venez nombreux…et déguisés !
18h30 (pour tous) : La famille Addams / 21h00 (interdit aux moins de 12 ans) : Halloween
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L'OHV fête ses 60 ans
: demandez le programme !
11h00 : concert des 60 ans de l'Harmonie, suivi d'un vin d'honneur offert par la Municipalité
L'Harmonie de Volmerange fête cette année ses 60 ans d'existence. A cette occasion, les anciens musiciens et les plus jeunes se sont rassemblés pour donner un concert à la salle des fêtes le dimanche 20 novembre.
13h00 : repas sur réservation ponctué de surprises musicales
15h30 : photo souvenir de toutes les personnes ayant œuvré pour l'Orchestre d'Harmonie.
* La mairie sera fermée lundi 31 octobre.
Informations diverses
* La société Bormann procédera au balayage des caniveaux le lundi 7 novembre (sous toutes réserves).
*
*
Permanence de la Mission Locale Mobile Rurale le mercredi 26 octobre et le mercredi 16 novembre de 9h45 à 10h30 place Raymond Locatelli.
* La collecte en faveur des Restos du Cœur aura lieu du lundi 21 novembre au samedi 26 novembre inclus.
Rappel : L'arrêt et le stationnement sont interdits au rond-point avenue de la Liberté (parking gymnase) pendant la période scolaire le matin entre 8h et 9h et le soir entre 16h et 18h afin de sécuriser le ramassage scolaire (présence simultanée de deux bus scolaires).
* Madame Joëlle GENDT, écrivain public, tient ses permanences le mercredi de 9h à 11h en mairie.
*
Contact pour rendez-vous : Marc CHATEL 06.50.70.12.18
Monsieur Marc CHATEL, conciliateur de justice assurera ses permanences, sur rendez-vous, le vendredi 28 octobre, le vendredi 4 novembre et le vendredi 18 novembre de 15h à 17h, en mairie. | <urn:uuid:3c30165f-2509-4094-873b-64b110989103> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 10,153 |
CURRENT STATUS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON ACTIVE DEBRIS REMOVAL AT JAXA
Satomi Kawamoto\textsuperscript{(1)}, Yasushi Ohkawa\textsuperscript{(1)}, Hiroyuki Okamoto\textsuperscript{(1)}, Kentaroh Iki\textsuperscript{(1)}, Teppei Okumura\textsuperscript{(1)}, Yasuhiro Katayama\textsuperscript{(1)}, Masato Hayashi\textsuperscript{(1)}, Yuta Horikawa\textsuperscript{(2)}, Hiroki Kato\textsuperscript{(2)}, Naomi Murakami\textsuperscript{(2)}, Toru Yamamoto\textsuperscript{(2)}, Koichi Inoue\textsuperscript{(2)}
\textsuperscript{(1)} JAXA, 7-44-1, Jindaiji-Higashi-Machi, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan, email@example.com
\textsuperscript{(2)} JAXA, 2-1-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
ABSTRACT
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is investigating a cost-effective active debris removal (ADR) system to remove large debris objects such as rocket bodies in crowded orbits. A small satellite to rendezvous, capture and deorbit debris using an electrodynamic tether (EDT) has been studied. As the first step toward realizing a debris removal system, a flight experiment on using EDT as a key technology for cost-effective ADR was conducted in 2017, followed by a study on removal of the upper stage of a Japanese rocket by a small satellite as the next step. This paper describes the required technologies, scenario and roadmap for realizing ADR, such as non-cooperative rendezvous and motion estimation using optical cameras, and the attachment of the end of the tether using an extensible boom mechanism to the payload attachment fitting of the rocket’s upper stage, and deorbiting using EDT. It also introduces the current status of research and development regarding these key technologies and system studies, such as the results of numerical simulations and on-ground experiments.
1 INTRODUCTION
Space debris is becoming a critical problem for sustainable space development and utilization activity. The Research Team for Space Debris Comprehensive Measures of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is holistically conducting research and development regarding space debris. There are various sizes of debris ranging from small (less than 1 mm) to large intact debris (larger than a few meters), such as defunct rocket bodies or spacecraft, and countermeasures for each form can be considered, such as collision avoidance maneuvers (CAM), protection by shielding, mitigation, and remediation. Of these countermeasures, the most effective means should be taken, such as CAM for debris that can be tracked from the ground, protection against small-size debris, but there is also critical size debris that cannot be efficiently avoided or protected against, ranging from millimeters to a few centimeters. Such critical debris can cause critical damage to spacecraft upon impact, and require too much cost in trying to track it from the ground or in providing shielding protection. Thus, preventing the generation of critical size debris to an acceptable level is a more efficient way to suppress the total cost against space debris, including launching replacement spacecraft in case of damage by critical size debris, operation for CAM, building more ground facilities to achieve CAM for smaller debris, and protective design against larger debris. These costs are increasing annually. Post mission disposal (PMD) of spacecraft entails a temporary cost, but is accepted worldwide as a necessary means of preventing further degradation of the space environment. The mutual collisions between debris that have already exist in orbit are predicted and the quantity of debris will continue to increase even with the good compliance of commonly adopted mitigation measures, and remediation measures, such as active debris removal (ADR), should be considered to stabilize the future LEO environment[1,2]. The removal of small debris is inefficient given its widespread dispersal in the vast space, and the removal of large debris—the source of numerous small debris in case of fragmentation—is important for preventing future cost increases. An evolutionary debris model showed that five to ten debris objects should be removed every year in order to stabilize the environment. If the cost for ADR is too high, it is less expensive to launch replacement spacecraft in case of damage, and ADR will not be realized. Should ADR be deemed necessary in the future, however, it would be too late or too expensive to start ADR. Thus, cost-effective ADR is necessary to start ADR soon. Reference [3] estimated the debris-related cost and showed that ADR is inappropriate if the average ADR cost is 140 M Euro, as the ADR cost continues to be more expensive than the damage cost in the future. If the ADR cost is less expensive the break-even point between the ADR cost and damage cost in the future comes earlier, making ADR acceptable just like PMD. We should note that cost estimation is very difficult because we cannot predict the future expansion of space development, such as the recently proposed mega-constellation system. The prediction is uncertain and it would be too late should ADR be deemed necessary not only because it takes a long time to develop ADR technologies and related space
law but also because smaller debris would be difficult to remove after being generated. Furthermore, the increased reliability of PMD requires additional cost and ADR could help to alleviate the severe requirement of spacecraft reliability. Once ADR technologies become both technologically feasible and economically viable, discussions about the responsibility for debris remaining in orbit will advance; currently, no blame is assessed for leaving debris on orbit because there is no technology to remove it. Therefore, cost-effective ADR is necessary for sustainable space development.
JAXA has been studying cost-effective ADR. This paper describes the current status of related research and development.
*Figure 1. Debris costs increase annually. If the ADR cost is too expensive, the break-even point between the ADR cost and debris cost will be in the distant future (left). If the ADR cost is not so expensive, the break-even point will be in the near future, similar to the cost for PMD, which is widely accepted today.*
2 TARGET OF REMOVAL AND REQUIRED TECHNOLOGIES
We set the target of removal as large intact objects in crowded LEO regions which have a high probability of collisions. GEO is also congested and the burdens of CAM should be alleviated by ADR, but urgent priorities are given to LEO. There are some crowded regions such as Sun-Synchronous Orbit or a specific inclination such as 74 deg. or 83 deg. These debris objects are too heavy to remove by lasers or sweepers using current technologies at acceptable cost, and thus require that a removal satellite be launched into the crowded orbit. The upper stages of rockets and satellites are types of target debris, and upper stage debris is a suitable target both technologically and non-technologically. First of all, unlike some satellites, upper stages do not possess such appendages as solar paddles that pose a collision risk in proximity operations. Their axisymmetric shape means that their attitude motions are likely to be simple with no complicated tumbling. Some studies have shown that rotational motions can be stopped due to the interaction between their metal bodies and the geomagnetic field. The attitude of a Japanese H-IIA rocket body observed by German TIRA radar in 2006 was almost stable with gravity gradient torque. The light curve observations using a ground optical telescope also showed that some rocket bodies have stable attitude motion, while some objects exhibit frequent changes in the light, indicating their rotation. In addition to these technological points, it is also suitable from a non-technological point of view: design details of the upper stages of rockets are less confidential than those of satellites.
Target objects requiring removal are studied using evolutionary debris models. Many studies have concluded that debris objects having high mass [kg] multiplied by collision probability should be targets, but sometimes debris objects at a lower altitude can be selected with this index. If the target debris object is in a lower orbit, the fragments will soon re-enter the Earth’s atmosphere, even in case of collisions. Thus, the parent objects that may cause many fragments in the future are selected as targets [4].
*Figure 2 shows the required technologies for removing rocket bodies in a crowded orbit (at an altitude of 800-1000 km). The targets are non-cooperative, uncontrolled objects that possess no marker or reflector for rendezvous, or a handle to capture. And deorbit requires large dV. There are various types of debris with different shapes or attitude motions, and we propose to start developing ADR technologies for less challenging targets at first, because a general-purpose capture mechanism often becomes costly. We focus on less challenging cases with almost stable attitude motion with known geometries to step out for ADR, and will expand the target range in the future to include satellite debris or rotating debris (Figure 3) [5]. We also propose the use of a small removal satellite, as a small size is important to lower the cost including launch, and it has less impact on the environment even in case of failure. Given the possibility of colliding with critical size debris in crowded orbital regions, another removal satellite should be inserted into orbit to try again in case of such collision. In that sense, the electrodynamic tether (EDT) is promising since it enables a small satellite to achieve ADR, as will be described in a later section.*
*Figure 2. Scenarios for debris removal in final operation.*
3 CURRENT STATUS OF EACH TECHNOLOGY
This section describes each technology for ADR and its current status at JAXA.
3.1 Non-cooperative rendezvous
A rough estimate of a debris position can be obtained from the observed orbits of debris objects published as Two Line Elements (TLE). However, these data contain observation and propagation errors, and the positional accuracy is a few km in LEO. A removal satellite must therefore use sensing within the vicinity of the target debris to avoid colliding with it. There is much experience with cooperative rendezvous docking, but rendezvousing with debris is more difficult because debris objects are non-cooperative and do not possess any navigation aids such as markers or laser reflectors. Navigation sensors applicable to non-cooperative targets are being investigated, and detectability analysis models are being developed. The optical camera and the infrared camera are selected as the nominal sensor combination, and LIDAR is considered optional. The navigation sensor usage matrix has also been designed [6].
The target object located within tens of km is expected to be observed by using cameras, but it is observed as a point in the distance. Thus a navigation using only the direction information is studied. This is called Angles-Only Navigation (AON). When the removal spacecraft comes within a few kilometers of the target object, the target object can be observed at a multi-pixel resolution, and the primary navigation method is switched to Model Matching Navigation (MMN), a model based tracking algorithm to provide relative position information. The navigation filter design is studied and rendezvous simulations are carried out to examine the navigation and trajectory design (Figure 4). Linear Covariance Analysis (LCA) were performed for various simulation and it is shown that investigating of the trajectory dispersions from LCA would clarify the requirements for relative navigation sensors/system. Passive abort safety for avoiding collisions with debris in case of failure, is also being considered (Figure 5) [7].
3.2 Proximity operations
After the removal satellite comes to close to the debris, it must apply to thrust to the debris object for deorbiting. It can push, pull through a tether, or irradiate an ion-beam or laser, and the requirement for capture depends on how to apply thrust. If the debris object is pulled, connecting points are not limited, but torque and the center of mass
should be controlled in case of pushing it. It also requires a rigid and firm connection. We studied the application of thrust using a tether at first because it is less challenging, as well as estimating motion for attaching the end of the tether end.
Since the attitude of debris objects is not controlled, the relative attitude and relative position of the debris object should be measured in order to attach a propulsion system to deorbit it. Since the target is assumed to be a non-cooperative target without markers or reflectors, it is proposed that such quantities be measured or estimated by using passive imaging. However, the on-orbit visual environment has two characteristics that make image processing difficult: collimated, intense sunlight, and no diffuse light source other than the albedo of Earth. This results in very high image contrast. At JAXA, small model rocket bodies are set in an optical simulator in order to simulate the images taken by optical cameras in the orbital environment (Figure 6) In the optical simulator, a light to simulate solar light and a screen to simulate Earth in the background are set in a dark room, in order to evaluate the measurement accuracy of the relative motion of a non-cooperative target when the direction of light changes momentarily. An algorithm for estimating the motion (relative attitude and relative position) of an object has been studied.
There are many ideas for capture such as a robot arm, net, harpoon, and others. We are studying the capture for the less challenging target, and a simple boom mechanism for the upper stages of rockets is being studied [8]. Many upper stages have a payload attachment fitting (PAF) to mount payload. An extensible boom will be inserted into the large hall of PAF, and spread inside for hooking (Figure 7). This method requires less accurate relative position and attitude. PAF-Tracking Navigation (PTN) is used to estimate relative position and relative attitude with respect to the surface of the PAF.
Another candidate is a “puncher” (similar to a harpoon) that drives the tip of a harpoon through the wall of the debris object. The harpoon will be ejected from a distance, while the puncher will be ejected by touching the wall, so as to decrease its reaction force and attitude accuracy requirement [9]. We are also studying a stretching gripper to capture both PAF and the nozzle of a rocket’s upper stage [10, 11]. The stretching gripper has the V-shaped tips, which enables to grasp the target robustly even in the presence of position error. The impedance control for a free-flying robot to adapt the gripper position was proposed and verified experimentally using an air-floating system with a realistic robot and a target (Figure 8).
3.3 Deorbit
For cost-effective ADR, deorbit using EDT is being studied. When a tether is deployed in orbit, it is vertically stabilized by gravity gradient force. Electromotive force
is set up within a conductive tether as it moves through the geomagnetic field in its orbit around Earth. If a cathode at the end of the tether (where electric potential is low) emits electrons, the electrons are collected from the ambient plasma by the other end of the tether (i.e., on the side with higher electric potential) when the tether is bare (i.e., uninsulated). The electric current flows through the tether by closing the circuit via the ambient plasma. The tether then generates a Lorentz force due to the interaction between the current and the geomagnetic field (Figure 9). Therefore, EDT systems can provide deceleration without the need for a propellant. Previous studies showed that debris objects that should be removed from crowded orbits can re-enter the Earth’s atmosphere within one year with a 10-km EDT [12]. The Lorentz force is small enough and no thrust vector control is required throughout the deorbiting phase. Hence, the tether can be attached anywhere onto a debris object. Thus, the operation is comparatively less challenging than fixing a conventional thruster to the target, which requires it to be fixed to strong points and in the right direction. If a bare tether is used for collecting electrons directly from the plasma, and Field Emission Cathodes (FEC) are used, no propellant is required for deorbiting.
The tethered tug concept is also being studied. We can use any propulsion system other than EDT, such as electric propulsion or chemical propulsion. In case large thrust is applied through the tether, the tether should be deployed horizontally to tow the debris. However, gravity gradient torque stabilizes the tether’s vertical direction, while a horizontal tether is unstable for a long time. Thus, a vertically deployed tether will be used to apply thrust at a proper timing to prevent unstable tether motion such as tumbling. A properly timed thrust can control the libration of tether for stable operation. Controlled re-entry through a tether is also being studied. However, this controlled re-entry by tethered tug requires not only a lot of fuel for re-entry but also additional intensity for the capture point; therefore, we consider that controlled re-entry will be achieved in the future [13].
4 KITE Experiment
4.1 Objectives of KITE
A demonstration of EDT using the H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV, or “Kounotori”) called the Kounotori Integrated Tether Experiment (KITE) was planned [14]. The objective of the KITE experiment is to demonstrate the EDT system, deploy a bare tether on orbit, and drive electric current by emitting electrons from FEC (Figure 9). An end mass where a 700-m tether is installed will be ejected from the HTV. The tether deployment dynamics are measured by a rendezvous radar onboard the HTV that is used to rendezvous with the ISS. Only reflectors on the end mass are needed for measuring its relative position; that is, no electronic devices are required. A maximum current of 10 mA flowing through the tether was planned. HTV thrusters were planned to be used to suppress the tether libration.
4.2 Results of KITE
HTV6 was launched in December 2016, and after it detached from the ISS, the KITE experiment was started. The tether should have been deployed on Jan. 2017, but the end mass could not be ejected from the HTV. The most possible cause of failure is considered that one of four actuators for fixing the end mass did not work. The investigation into the cause of the tether not deploying is ongoing, although it may not be used for the case of debris removal, as the tether will be deployed from a debris object after its end is attached to the debris. Although on-orbit tether deployment could not be achieved, the technology level of EDT was advanced by analysis and ground tests during development phases, such as manufacturing and winding of bare tether, and tether dynamics for stable operation and control.
FEC was conversely operated without critical trouble throughout the one-week experiment. Electron emission characteristics to the ambient space plasma was obtained.
even though the tether was not deployed as positive parts of the HTV collected electrons from the plasma. Electron emission ability was better than expected by the ground experiment. Figure 11 shows a comparison of electron emission characteristics between on-orbit and the ground experiment. In this figure, emission current is plotted against plasma (or anode) potential with reference to FEC potential. FEC was operated in a dense Atomic Oxygen (AO) environment compared with the environment where ADR will be performed in the future; therefore, it was operated under an accelerated test condition. It was also shown by a potential monitor [15] that the potential of the HTV can be controlled using FEC.
The next demonstration step is now being re-examined.
4.3 Small satellite system and other studies
System studies are also being conducted. We investigated the feasibility of an ADR mission using a small satellite weighing around 200 kg and about 1 m in length which could be launched as part of a dual launch, or as clusters. The demonstration using H-IIA rocket’s upper stage as a target was investigated. If the satellite is launched into near orbit from the already existing H-IIA rocket’s upper stage, the removal satellite can wait for several months to arrive in the orbit of the target by utilizing nodal regression of the orbit. Figure 12 shows one of the concept of the removal satellites. The removal satellite attaches one end of the tether to the debris object, and then deploys the tether from an onboard reel with its thrusters. The removal satellite functions as the end mass of the tether and deorbits with the debris. Trade-off of various ADR options and parameters (architecture, spacecraft size, de-orbit propulsion type, etc...) in terms of cost needed to remove a massive debris are also conducted [16]. For the removal of debris objects in Geo-Synchronized Orbit (GEO), ion beam irradiation is studied [17].
5 CONCLUSION
The paper introduced the current status of research and development regarding ADR at JAXA. JAXA has been studying cost-effective ADR using a small satellite and some key technologies such as non-cooperative rendezvous, motion estimation, capture, and deorbit by EDT. As the first step toward realizing a debris removal system, a flight experiment on using EDT was conducted in 2017, and FEC was operated without critical trouble, although the tether was not deployed. Electron emission ability was better than expected by the ground experiment. Removal of the upper stage of a Japanese rocket by a small satellite is being studied as the next step demonstration toward the realization of ADR.
6 REFERENCES
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Figure 11. Electron emission characteristics of on-orbit and the ground experiment.
Figure 12. The concept of the removal satellite.
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12. Kawamoto, S., Makida, T., et al. (2006). Precise Numerical Simulations of Electrodynamic Tethers for an Active Debris Removal System, Acta Astronautica 59 pp.139-148.
13. Kawamoto, S., Ohkawa, Y., et al. (2016). A Flight Experiment of Electrodynamic Tether Using HTV toward the Realization of Debris Removal, Transactions of JSASS, Aerospace Technology Japan, Vol.14, No. ists30.
14. Ohkawa, Y., Kawamoto, S., et al. (2016). Preparation for On-Orbit Demonstration of Electrodynamic Tether on HTV, Transactions of JSASS, Aerospace Technology Japan, Vol.14, No. ists30.
15. Okumura, T., Miura, Y., et al. (2016). Development of Potential Monitor and Electron Emitter Module for EDT Experiment on HTV-6, 14th Spacecraft Charging Technology Conference.
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17. Kitamura, S., Hayakawa, Y. & Kawamoto, S. (2014). A reorbiter for large GEO debris objects using ion beam irradiation, Acta Astronautica, 94, 2, pp.725-735. | <urn:uuid:731f8fdc-bb8c-4df6-8b75-5a9bfbf17056> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 25,237 |
Estimation of aggregate size of red blood cell by introducing reference power spectrum measured for hemispherical ultrafine wire
To cite this article: Kyohei Higashiyama et al 2022 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 61 SG1046
View the article online for updates and enhancements.
Estimation of aggregate size of red blood cell by introducing reference power spectrum measured for hemispherical ultrafine wire
Kyohei Higashiyama\textsuperscript{1}, Shohei Mori\textsuperscript{2}, Mototaka Arakawa\textsuperscript{1,2,*}, Satoshi Yashiro\textsuperscript{3}, Yasushi Ishigaki\textsuperscript{3}, and Hiroshi Kanai\textsuperscript{1,2}
\textsuperscript{1}Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
\textsuperscript{2}Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
\textsuperscript{3}Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3695, Japan
*E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Received November 2, 2021; revised December 16, 2021; accepted December 26, 2021; published online May 30, 2022
Noninvasive measurement of the degree of red blood cell (RBC) aggregation is useful for evaluating blood properties. In the present paper, we proposed a method to estimate the size of RBC aggregates without using the power spectrum of the posterior wall by introducing a reference scattering spectrum. The reference power spectra were calculated using the power spectrum measured for an ultrafine wire with a hemispherical tip. They were applied to the size estimation of microparticles simulating RBC aggregates. The estimated sizes were close to the true values, which shows that the calculated reference power spectra were suitable for accurate size estimation. The proposed method was also applied to in vivo measurements, and the estimated sizes between at rest and in RBCs aggregated by avascularization were successfully differentiated. This demonstrates that the proposed method will be useful for estimating the size of RBC aggregates. © 2022 The Japan Society of Applied Physics
1. Introduction
Red blood cells (RBCs) in blood adhere to each other at a low shear rate.\textsuperscript{1–3)} This reversible phenomenon is called RBC aggregation. RBC aggregation in plasma is enhanced by factors such as increased levels of macromolecular compounds (fibrinogen and macroglobulin) in the blood. Excessive RBC aggregation is frequently observed in diseases such as type II diabetes, deep vein thrombosis, and sepsis,\textsuperscript{4–6)} and is thought to interfere with vasmotor tone, leading to the progression of high blood pressure. It may negatively affect the microcirculation and nutrient supply.\textsuperscript{7,8)} The increase in RBC aggregation is known to increase the blood viscosity in large vessels, such as veins in the lower extremities with low shear force,\textsuperscript{5,9)} and it is an indicator highly related to blood properties. Therefore, the evaluation of RBC aggregation is clinically meaningful for the evaluation of blood properties as well as the screening of these diseases.
Increased RBC aggregation can be observed as the increased brightness of the vessel lumen (smoke-like echo) on ultrasound B-mode images.\textsuperscript{10,11)} Although the evaluation of blood properties based on the smoke-like echo is useful, it is qualitative.\textsuperscript{12,13)}
There are several studies on the quantitative evaluation of RBC aggregation using ultrasound. Shung et al. observed changes in the brightness of porcine blood echoes during a cardiac cycle,\textsuperscript{14,15)} and Patat et al. observed the changes in the sound velocity and the scatterer size during blood coagulation using human whole blood \textit{in vitro}.\textsuperscript{16,17)} All of these evaluation methods were applied to the blood drawn by blood sampling; therefore, they were invasive.
The evaluation of ultrasound backscattering characteristics is a quantitative method for tissue characterization. By estimating the backscatter coefficient and the attenuation coefficient of the tissue based on the frequency spectrum of the radiofrequency (RF) signal obtained from the object, the structural parameters, such as, the shape, size, and concentration can be estimated. This method has been applied for the analysis and classification of various tissues, such as, the liver, skin, lymph nodes, and blood.\textsuperscript{18–27)}
Cloutier et al. calculated the backscattering coefficient from the RF signal obtained from the vascular lumen and estimated the attenuation coefficient of tissues and the parameters indicating the structure of the RBC aggregates,\textsuperscript{24–26)} and showed the possibility of monitoring the systemic inflammatory state by in vivo measurements.\textsuperscript{27)} However, few studies using these methods have involved human subjects, and diagnosis using this method has not been clinically established.
We have studied a noninvasive and quantitative method for measuring blood properties.\textsuperscript{28–37)} Saito et al. assumed that RBCs aggregate as a single-sphere scatterer and estimated the size from the scattering characteristics extracted by normalizing the power spectrum measured from the vessel lumen with that from the rear wall using a focused ultrasound transducer.\textsuperscript{28–32)} We also examined the relationship between RBC aggregation using ultrasound and blood glucose level. Sakaki et al. compared the blood glucose levels with the parameters determined from changes in the scattering power spectra of the echoes from the vascular lumen before and after avascularization.\textsuperscript{33,34)} Fukase et al. studied the relationship between the blood glucose levels and the brightness values of the B-mode image.\textsuperscript{35)} However, there are still problems, such as the low correlation between these parameters and the blood glucose levels and the lack of reproducibility of the results because of the variation in the data among the measurements. The development of a more accurate method for evaluating the degree of RBC aggregation would solve these problems.
In our estimation method of the RBC aggregate size, we regarded the rear wall of the vessel as the reflector, and the reflection property at the rear wall was assumed to be independent of frequency. However, because high-frequency ultrasound with a center frequency of approximately 40 MHz was used, the reflection characteristics of the rear wall might have frequency dependence owing to the surface roughness and the slope of the vessel wall to the probe surface. This causes errors in the size estimation results.
Moreover, Fukase et al. suggested that the effect of elevational misalignment of vessels in the long-axis measurement on the evaluation of the degree of RBC aggregation
could be reduced by short-axis measurement.\textsuperscript{36} However, in the short-axis measurement of the vessel, few beams can be used as the signal of the rear wall, making it difficult to remove the dips that appear on the averaged power spectrum. Therefore, robust size estimation using short-axis measurements could be difficult.
To directly estimate the size of the RBC aggregates using only the scattering power spectrum obtained from the vascular lumen, we measured the power spectra for the three wires with a hemispherical edge assumed to be a single-sphere scatterer to calculate the reference scattering power spectra. Subsequently, the ratios of the power spectra measured for the two wires with different diameters were calculated using three combinations. The ratios were compared with those of the theoretical scattering power spectra corresponding to the diameters of the wires to evaluate the accuracy of the reference power spectra.\textsuperscript{57} In the present paper, we estimated the size of the microparticles with different diameters to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed size estimation method using the reference scattering power spectrum. Moreover, we investigated the clinical usefulness of our method by estimating the size of RBC aggregates in the dorsal hand vein.
2. Principle and methods
2.1. Calculation of the reference power spectra
In the present paper, the RBC aggregate was assumed to be a single-sphere scatterer with numerous point sources on the surface. The theoretical power spectrum obtained by irradiating a plane wave is expressed as
\[
\frac{Q(ka)}{4\pi a^2} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{2n+1}{(ka)^2} \sin^2[\delta_n'(ka)],
\]
where \( Q(ka) \) is the scattering cross section, \( k \) is the wavenumber, \( a \) is the radius of the scatterer, \( n \) is the number of point sources on the surface of the scatterer, and \( \delta_n'(ka) \) is the derivative of the phase difference between the incident and scattered waves.\textsuperscript{38} Figure 1(a) shows the power spectra calculated using Eq. (1) for scatterer sizes of 2–60 µm. Here, the biological sound speed (\( c = 1540 \text{ m s}^{-1} \)) was assumed, and the wavenumber \( k \) was converted to frequency \( f \) using the relation \( f = ck/2\pi \). As shown in Fig. 1(a), the slope of the power spectrum decreased as the scatter size increased. The size of the RBC aggregate was estimated using the inclination differences in the frequency dependence among the scatterer sizes.
In the present paper, the scattering power spectrum \( P_s(f, d) \) was obtained by measuring the vascular lumen at a depth \( d \). \( P_s(f, d) \) includes not only the scattering property \( S(f) \) but also the frequency dependence of the applied signal \( X(f) \), transmission and reception properties of the ultrasonic transducer \( G(f) \), sound pressure property of the ultrasound probe at depth \( d \), \( H(f, d) \), and attenuation property \( A(f, d) \). Therefore, the scattering power spectrum \( P_s(f, d) \) from the vascular lumen at depth \( d \) is given by:
\[
P_s(f, d) = |S(f)X(f)G(f)H(f, d)A(f, d)|^2.
\]
Thus, the reference power spectrum \( P_{RD}(f, d) \) for the comparison with \( P_s(f, d) \) is given by
\[
P_{RD}(f, d) = |S_D(f)X(f)G(f)H(f, d)A(f, d)|^2,
\]
where \( S_D(f) \) is the theoretical scattering property of a single sphere with diameter of \( D \). In the present paper, the reference power spectrum \( P_{RD}(f, d) \) was calculated by measuring the ultrafine wire with a hemispherical tip. Let us define the power spectrum \( P_0(f, d) \) obtained from the ultrafine wire at depth \( d \) in water as
\[
P_0(f, d) = |S_0(f)X(f)G(f)H(f, d)A_w(f, d)|^2,
\]
where \( A_w(f, d) \) is the attenuation property of the water. The reference scattering power spectrum \( P_{RD}(f, d) \) with an arbitrary diameter \( D \) is obtained by the product of \( P_0(f, d) \) and the ratio \( |S_D(f)|^2 / |S_0(f)|^2 \) of the theoretical power to the power of the wire, as follows:
\[
P_{RD}(f, d) = P_0(f, d) \times \left| \frac{S_D(f)}{S_0(f)} \right|^2.
\]
2.2. Estimation of the size of RBC aggregates
Wires in water were used as the targets to obtain the reference power spectrum. Ultrasound propagates in the skin and blood.
after propagation in the water in the membrane attached to the probe in vivo. Therefore, it is inappropriate to directly fit the measured power spectrum to the calculated reference scattering power spectra because there is an attenuation characteristic difference owing to the different propagation paths of the two measurements. The correction component \( C_s(f, d) \) which shows the difference in propagation attenuation characteristics between in vivo and wire measurements, was calculated using the propagation path of the skin \( d_c \), that of the blood \( d_b \), and the attenuation coefficient of the skin \( \alpha_c(f) \), that of the blood \( \alpha_b(f) \), and that of the water \( \alpha_w(f) \) as follows:
\[
C_s(f, d) = 2d_c \alpha_c(f) + 2d_b \alpha_b(f) - 2(d_c + d_b) \alpha_w(f).
\]
(6)
The first and second terms on the right-hand side of Eq. (6) shows the propagation attenuation in the in vivo measurement, and the third term shows that in the measurement of the wire.
The attenuation coefficient of the skin \( \alpha_c(f) \) was calculated by correcting the difference in the sound pressure properties for the difference in the power spectra measured at the different depths \( d_1 \) and \( d_2 \) in the target.\(^{32}\) The ratio of the measured power spectra \( P_t(f, d_1) \) and \( P_t(f, d_2) \) at different depths \( d_1 \) and \( d_2 \), respectively, by setting the focal point at a depth of \( d_0 = d_w + d_c/2 \) in Fig. 1(b) corresponds to the sum of the difference in the attenuation properties \( |A_c(f, d_1)|^2 / |A_c(f, d_2)|^2 \) and difference in the sound pressure properties \( |H(f, d_1)|^2 / |H(f, d_2)|^2 \) as follows:
\[
10 \log_{10} \frac{P_t(f, d_1)}{P_t(f, d_2)} = 10 \log_{10} \frac{|S_c(f) A_w(f, d_w) A_c(f, d_1 - d_w) H(f, d_1) G(f) X(f)|^2}{|S_c(f) A_w(f, d_w) A_c(f, d_2 - d_w) H(f, d_2) G(f) X(f)|^2}
= 10 \log_{10} \frac{|A_c(f, d_1 - d_w)|^2}{|A_c(f, d_2 - d_w)|^2} + 10 \log_{10} \frac{|H(f, d_1)|^2}{|H(f, d_2)|^2},
\]
(7)
where, \( S_c(f) \) is the scattering characteristics of the skin. Subsequently, the attenuation property \( |A(f, d)| \) is expressed using the attenuation coefficient \( \alpha(f) \) as:
\[
|A(f, d)| = e^{-2d \times \frac{\alpha(f)}{8.686}},
\]
(8)
where, \( e \) is the base of the natural logarithm, and \( 10 \log_{10} e^2 = 8.686 \). From Eqs. (7) and (8), the attenuation coefficient \( \alpha_c(f) \) can be expressed as follows:
\[
\alpha_c(f) = \frac{1}{2(d_2 - d_1)} \left\{ 10 \log_{10} \frac{P_t(f, d_1)}{P_t(f, d_2)} - 10 \log_{10} \frac{|H(f, d_1)|^2}{|H(f, d_2)|^2} \right\} [\text{dB mm}^{-1}].
\]
(9)
The difference in the sound pressure properties is acquired in advance by the measurements for a reflector set at different depths in water. The ratio of the power spectra \( P_t(f, d_1) \) and \( P_t(f, d_2) \) for the reflector measured at different depths \( d_1 \) and \( d_2 \), respectively, corresponds to the sum of the difference in sound pressure properties \( |H(f, d_1)|^2 / |H(f, d_2)|^2 \) and the difference in the attenuation properties of water \( |A_w(f, d_1)|^2 / |A_w(f, d_2)|^2 \) as follows:
\[
10 \log_{10} \frac{P_t(f, d_1)}{P_t(f, d_2)} = 10 \log_{10} \frac{|R_0 A_w(f, d_1) H(f, d_1) G(f) X(f)|^2}{|R_0 A_w(f, d_2) H(f, d_2) G(f) X(f)|^2}
= 10 \log_{10} \frac{|H(f, d_1)|^2}{|H(f, d_2)|^2} + 10 \log_{10} \frac{|A_w(f, d_1)|^2}{|A_w(f, d_2)|^2},
\]
(10)
where, \( R_0 \) is the reflectance property of the reflector. By solving Eq. (10) for \( 10 \log_{10} |H(f, d_1)|^2 / |H(f, d_2)|^2 \), the difference in the sound pressure properties can be obtained as follows:
\[
10 \log_{10} \frac{|H(f, d_1)|^2}{|H(f, d_2)|^2} = 10 \log_{10} \frac{P_t(f, d_1)}{P_t(f, d_2)}
- 10 \log_{10} \frac{|A_w(f, d_1)|^2}{|A_w(f, d_2)|^2}.
\]
(11)
The difference in the attenuation properties of water \( |A_w(f, d_1)|^2 / |A_w(f, d_2)|^2 \) can be calculated from Eq. (8) using the attenuation coefficient of water \( \alpha_w(f) \).\(^{39}\) The attenuation coefficient \( \alpha_c(f) \) can be calculated by substituting \( |H(f, d_1)|^2 / |H(f, d_2)|^2 \) in Eq. (9). In addition, the attenuation coefficient of blood \( \alpha_b(f) \) is calculated using the same procedure by setting the focal point at the center of the vascular lumen. That is, \( P_t(f, d_1) \) and \( P_t(f, d_2) \) are calculated by changing the analysis window positions for the measured signal to obtain the power spectrum measured from the vascular lumen \( P_b(f, d) \).
After correcting the power spectrum measured from the vascular lumen \( P_b(f, d) \) by multiplying the calculated correction term \( C_s(f, d) \), the corrected power spectrum \( P'_b(f, d) \) and the reference scattering power spectra were fitted using the weighted least-squares method, as shown in Eq. (12). Thereafter, the size of the RBC aggregate was estimated by minimizing the following error \( \Delta P_b \).
\[
\Delta P_b = \sum_{k=0}^{N-1} w(f_k) [10 \log_{10} P'_b(f_k, d)
- 10 \log_{10} P_{RD}(f_k, d) + b]^2,
\]
(12)
where \( b \) is the intercept of the theoretical spectrum and \( w(f_k) \) is the weighting function defined to use a reliable frequency range for the fitting and is calculated by dividing the power spectrum in water without the object from the obtained scattered power spectrum \( P_b(f, d) \).
### 2.3. Experiment
#### 2.3.1. Measurement for the ultrafine wires.
An ultrafine wire with a hemispherical tip was set parallel to the beam direction (\( z \)-axis direction) of the ultrasonic probe for the ultrasound measurement, as shown in Fig. 2(a), where \( d_w \) is the propagation path length of water. Figure 2(b) shows a micrograph of the wire (diameter \( \phi = 40 \mu \text{m} \)). An ultrasound system (Toney UD-8000) was used. The sampling frequency was 240 MHz. A mechanical scanning linear probe with an operating center frequency of 30 MHz (frequency range: 19–40 MHz) was used. The focal length of the probe, this is composed of a concave transducer and a mechanical scanner, was 8.75 mm, and the distance between the ultrasonic transducer and the tip of the wire \( d_0 \) was set to 8.75 mm.
Ultrafine wires with diameters \{ \phi \} of 20, 30, and 40 \( \mu m \) were used. To accurately align the measurement position of the tip of the wire, the mechanical scanning of the ultrasound probe was stopped and it was manually moved with a 2 \( \mu m \) step in each of the x-axis and y-axis directions to obtain the largest amplitude of the signal from the tip of the wire. The power spectrum \( P_0(f, d_0) \) was calculated by windowing the RF signal with a rectangular window with a width of 0.2 \( \mu s \).
In addition, when the accurate scattering property \( S(f) \) is included in the calculated power spectrum \( P_0(f, d_0) \), the ratio of the scattering power spectra obtained from single-sphere scatterers with different diameters \( \phi_1 \) and \( \phi_2 \) agree with that of the theoretical powers with diameters \( \phi_1 \) and \( \phi_2 \), as
\[
\frac{P_{\phi_1}(f, d)}{P_{\phi_2}(f, d)} = \left| \frac{S_{\phi_1}(f)G(f)X(f)H(f, d)A(f, d)}{S_{\phi_2}(f)G(f)X(f)H(f, d)A(f, d)} \right|^2 \\
= \left| \frac{S_{\phi_1}(f)}{S_{\phi_2}(f)} \right|^2.
\]
This relationship was used to evaluate the accuracy of the scattering characteristics included in the power spectrum \( P_0(f, d_0) \) measured for the wire.
### 2.3.2. Phantom experiment
To evaluate the accuracy of the proposed size estimation method, the sizes of the microparticles simulating RBC aggregates were estimated using reference power spectra. Based on Eq. (5), the reference power spectra \( P_{RD}(f, d_0) \) were calculated with a 1 \( \mu m \) step in the range of \( D = 2–60 \mu m \) using the power spectrum \( P_{20}(f, d_0) \) obtained from the wire with a diameter of 20 \( \mu m \). Blood-simulating phantoms were prepared by suspending microparticles with diameters of 5 and 20 \( \mu m \) in water. Accurate measurements are difficult for microparticles with high volume ratios because of the large attenuation owing to the large difference in acoustic impedances between the particles and water. Thus, the volume ratio of the particles was set to 1%.
The experimental system for the B-mode is shown in Fig. 2(c). The number of beams was 113, and 20 frames were acquired. The scattering power spectrum was calculated by windowing the acquired RF signal with a Hanning window of width 0.15 \( \mu s \) centered at a depth of \( d_0 = 8.75 \) mm. The power spectrum for the size estimation, \( P_m(f, d_0) \), was calculated by averaging the scattering power spectra with 113 beams. The term to compensate for the difference in the attenuation properties between the wire measurement and phantom measurement, \( C_m(f, d) \), is given by:
\[
C_m(f, d) = 2d_m \{ \alpha_m(f) - \alpha_w(f) \},
\]
where \( d_m \) is the propagation path length of the blood-simulating phantom, and \( \alpha_m(f) \) is the attenuation coefficient of the phantom. \( \alpha_m(f) \) was calculated from the power spectra of phantom calculated as the depths of \( d_1 = 8.2 \) mm and \( d_2 = 9.0 \) mm by correcting the sound pressure characteristics difference.\(^{32}\) The literature value was used as the attenuation coefficient of water \( \alpha_w(f) \).\(^{39}\) The corrected power spectrum \( P'_m(f, d_0) \) was obtained by multiplying the correction term \( C_m(f, d) \) to \( P_m(f, d_0) \) for each frame, and the size of the microparticles was estimated by fitting the corrected power spectrum \( P'_m(f, d_0) \) with the reference scattering power spectra \( P_{RD}(f, d_0) \).
### 2.3.3. In vivo measurement
The size of the RBC aggregate was estimated by in vivo measurements for a healthy subject in their 20s. First, to calculate the attenuation coefficient of the skin, \( \alpha_s(f) \), the RF signal was measured from the skin by long-axis measurement by setting the focal point at a depth of \( d_0 = d_w + d_c/2 \). The power spectra were calculated by windowing the RF signal with the Hanning window at the depths of \( d_1 = 8.2 \) mm and \( d_2 = 9.0 \) mm, and the attenuation coefficient of the skin, \( \alpha_s(f) \), was determined. Next, the RF signal was obtained from the vascular lumen using ultrasonic short-axis measurements. The focal point was set as the center of the lumen of the dorsal hand vein, as shown in Fig. 3(a). RBC aggregation is more likely to occur under low-shear-rate conditions. Therefore, in addition to the measurements at rest, the RF signals were measured under the condition of avascularization using crucible scissors.\(^{35}\) The blood flow was stopped by pressing two points on the fingertip side and the heart side of the vein, as shown in Fig. 3(b), to prevent the backflow of the blood. Five frames were obtained every 10 s for 0–190 s, and the blood flow was stopped from 60 to 190 s. Fifteen beams (\( \pm 7 \) beams for the beam passing through the center of the vascular lumen) were used in each frame. The power spectra calculated by windowing the signals with a Hanning window...
with a width of 0.15 μs at the focal point of the ultrasound probe were averaged with 15 beams for 5 frames to obtain the power spectrum $P_0(f, d_0)$ at each time.
The attenuation measurements for the skin, $d_1$ and $d_2$, were set to calculate the power spectra from the blood, and the attenuation coefficient $\alpha_{\text{b}}(f)$ of the blood at each time point was calculated. The correction terms $C_n(f, d_0)$ calculated using $\alpha_c(f)$ and $\alpha_{\text{b}}(f)$ in Eq. (6) was multiplied by the power spectrum $P_0(f, d_0)$, and the size of the RBC aggregate was determined by fitting the corrected power spectrum and the reference scattering power spectra. Because the blood vessel moves significantly immediately after avascularization and the aggregation state is not stable owing to the influence of the shear rate immediately before the avascularization, the estimated sizes at rest (0–60 s) and that at the latter 7 frames (130–190 s) during avascularization were compared.
Moreover, to evaluate the usefulness of the proposed method, the size of the RBC aggregates was estimated using the conventional method. The scattering characteristics were obtained by normalizing the power spectrum of the vascular lumen $P_0(f, d_0)$ with that of the posterior wall. The RBC aggregate sizes were estimated by fitting the normalized power spectrum to the theoretical power spectrum. Afterwards, the estimated sizes were compared with those estimated using the proposed method.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Measurement for the wire
Figure 4(a) shows the power spectra $P_0(f, d_0)$ measured for each of the hemispherical ultrafine wires with different diameters $\{\phi\}$. The figure shows that the power increased with a larger diameter. Figure 4(b) shows the ratios of the power spectra $P_0(f, d_0)$ obtained from the wires with different diameters $\{\phi\}$ and the ratios of the theoretical scattering powers $|S_0(f)|^2$ for the corresponding diameters of the wires. In Figs. 4(b-1), 4(b-2), and 4(b-3), the averages and the standard deviations of the differences $\{\varepsilon(f)\}$ between them were calculated in the 6 dB-band as
$$\varepsilon(f) = 10 \log_{10} \frac{P_{\phi_1}(f, d_0)}{P_{\phi_2}(f, d_0)} - 10 \log_{10} \left| \frac{S_{\phi_1}(f)}{S_{\phi_2}(f)} \right|^2.$$
The averaged differences (the standard deviations) were 1.3 (0.51), 5.6 (0.38), and 7.5 (0.76) dB for Figs. 4(b-1), 4(b-2), and 4(b-3), respectively. The standard deviations were less than 1 dB in all cases, although the average differences were relatively large for Figs. 4(b-2) and 3(b-3). Thus, the power ratio of the measured power spectra for the wires and the theoretical scattering power ratio showed similar frequency characteristics.
The frequency characteristics of Figs. 4(b-2) and 4(b-3) were similar to those of the theoretical power ratio, but the averages of the differences $\{\varepsilon(f)\}$ were larger than those in Fig. 4(b-1). This is caused by the effect of the sound pressure distribution of the transmitted wave. In the present paper, the transmitted wave was assumed to be a plane wave, although the focused wave was transmitted. Thus, the sound pressure is distributed in the lateral direction near the focus. Figure 4(c) shows the measured amplitude distribution of the ultrasound probe for a wire with a diameter of 30 μm by moving the ultrasound probe in 2 μm steps in the direction of the x-axis in Fig. 2(a). This shows that the sound field distribution became flatter as it got away from the focal point and approached the characteristics of a plane wave.
Figure 4(d) shows the averaged differences between the power ratio of the measured power spectra for the wire in the case of $d_0 = 8.75$ and 9.0 mm and the theoretical scattering power ratio. The average differences at $d_0 = 9.0$ mm became smaller compared to those at $d_0 = 8.75$ mm. Thus, the sound pressure distribution became smaller at points farther from the focal point. Because the measurement target was spherical, the phase of the scattered wave differed at each lateral position. The components having phases that cancel the
Fig. 4. (Color online) (a) The power spectra for the wires, (b) the ratio of the power spectra ($P_{\phi}(f, d_0)$) from the wires with different diameters [$\phi_i$] and theoretical power ratio corresponding to the diameters of the wires, (b-1) $\phi_1 = 30 \, \mu$m, $\phi_2 = 20 \, \mu$m, (b-2) $\phi_1 = 40 \, \mu$m, $\phi_2 = 30 \, \mu$m, (b-3) $\phi_1 = 40 \, \mu$m, $\phi_2 = 20 \, \mu$m, (c) the results of the sound field measurements, and (d) the average of the differences $\varepsilon(f)$ due to change in $d_0$.
Fig. 5. B-mode images of the blood-simulating phantoms. (a) 5 $\mu$m and (b) 20 $\mu$m.
backscattered power might decrease owing to the sound pressure distribution. This effect increases as the diameter of the wire increases, which increases the power difference between wires with different diameters. Consequently, the calculated power ratios of the wires may increase.
In the actual estimation of the RBC aggregate size, the frequency dependences between the measured power spectrum and the calculated reference scattering power spectra are fitted by changing the offset to minimize the difference, considering the difference between the ultrasonic reflectivity for water and wire and that for plasma and RBCs. Therefore, the measured spectrum $P_b(f, d_0)$ for the wire is suitable for calculating the reference scattering power spectra because the power ratio measured for the wires showed similar frequency characteristics to that of the theoretical power spectra.
3.2. Phantom experiment
B-mode images of the blood-simulating phantom are shown in Fig. 5. This shows that the image became brighter as the particle size increased. Figure 6(a) shows the averaged power spectra $\{P_m(f, d_0)\}$ among the 20 frames with standard deviations. Figure 6(b) shows the averages and standard deviations of the calculated attenuation coefficients $\alpha_m(f)$ of the blood-simulating phantoms over 20 frames. It shows that the calculated attenuation coefficient $\alpha_m(f)$ was close to linear in the 6 dB bandwidth from 19 to 40 MHz, and the attenuation coefficient $\alpha_m(f)$ increased as the particle size increased. A 6 dB bandwidth of 19–40 MHz was determined for the reflection spectrum acquired for the reflector in water. Because the backscattered power increased as the particle size increased, as shown in Fig. 5, it is a reasonable trend that the propagation attenuation also increased with the larger particle size.
The correction term $C_m(f, d_0)$ is calculated using Eq. (14), and the size of the particle was estimated by fitting the corrected power spectrum $P'_m(f, d_0)$ with the reference power spectra $P_{RD}(f, d_0)$. The estimated sizes are presented in Table I. This shows that the estimated sizes are close to the true sizes. The difference in the estimated sizes of the particles with different sizes was also confirmed. Figures 6(c) and 6(d) show the fitting results of the corrected power spectrum and the reference power spectrum, which corresponded to the estimated sizes of 5 μm and 20 μm particles, respectively. The root means squared errors (RMSEs) of the fitting were 0.7 dB and 0.3 dB for the particle diameters of 5 μm and 20 μm, respectively. This shows that the corrected power spectrum $P'_m(f, d_0)$ was well fitted with the reference power spectrum. These results show that the reference scattering power spectra are useful for the accurate size estimation of scatterers.
3.3. In vivo measurement
The size of the RBC aggregates was estimated using in vivo measurements. Figure 7(a) shows the averaged values and standard deviations of the attenuation coefficient of the skin $\alpha_c(f)$ for eight frames, which is similar to the frequency characteristics in the literature.
Next, RF signals were acquired from the vascular lumen by short-axis measurements. Figures 7(b-1) and 7(b-2) show the ultrasonic B-mode images of the vascular lumen at rest and with RBCs aggregated by avascularization, respectively.
Figure 8(a) shows the averages and standard deviations of the power spectra $P_b(f, d_0)$ averaged over seven frames at rest and during avascularization. The attenuation coefficient $\alpha_b(f)$ of the blood was also calculated for each frame, and
Table I. Estimated sizes of the microparticles.
| Micro particles | 5 μm | 20 μm |
|-----------------|------|-------|
| Average [μm] | 8.3 | 19.3 |
| Standard deviation [μm] | 3.6 | 2.2 |
the averages and standard deviations among frames at rest and during avascularization are shown in Fig. 8(b). The attenuation coefficient at rest was 2.2 dB mm$^{-1}$ at 30 MHz, and that of the sampled blood was 1.2 dB mm$^{-1}$ at 30 MHz in the literature.\textsuperscript{41} It shows that the calculated $\alpha_b(f)$ was close to that of the literature. Moreover, the correction term $C_s(f, d_0)$ is calculated using Eq. (6), the power spectrum $P_s'(f, d_0)$ was corrected, and the size of the RBC aggregates was estimated by fitting the corrected power spectrum $P_s'(f, d_0)$ to the reference power spectra $P_{RD}(f, d_0)$.
Table II shows the averages and standard deviations of the estimated sizes of RBCs at rest and during avascularization. In healthy subjects, RBCs do not aggregate without avascularization. The diameter of a single RBC was approximately 6–8 μm.\textsuperscript{42,43} In the proposed method, the average estimated size at rest was 8.1 μm, which is reasonable. The average estimated size during the avascularization was 15.2 μm, which corresponds to the increase in size due to RBC aggregation. Figures 8(c) and 8(d) show the fitting results of the corrected power spectrum $P_s'(f, d_0)$ and the reference power spectrum at rest and during avascularization, respectively. The RMSEs of the fitting in Figs. 8(c) and 8(d) were 0.7 dB and 0.2 dB, respectively, which shows that the corrected power spectrum $P_s'(f, d_0)$ was well fitted with the reference power spectrum. The average of the RMSEs of the fitting among frames are shown in Table III. This shows that the fitting error in the proposed method is smaller than that in the conventional method.
In the conventional method, the average of the estimated size at rest was 25.1 μm, which was much larger than the diameter of a single RBC, and the normalized power spectrum did not fit well with the theoretical power spectrum, as shown in Fig. 9(a). The power spectra of the posterior wall might be frequency dependent due to the slope and surface shape of the posterior wall. In fact, the power spectra of the posterior wall that were used for the size estimation varied among the beams, as shown in Fig. 9(b). This probably affected the accuracy of the size estimation using the conventional method. Moreover, in this study, the short-axis scan was used for the measurement to reduce the effect of the elevational misalignment of vessels in the long-axis measurement.\textsuperscript{36} In this measurement, the number of beams that can be used as the signals of the posterior wall is small, and the effect of the dip caused by the unwanted signals included in the analysis range of the posterior wall might not be removed. This might increase the fitting error of the conventional method.
In the proposed method, the corrected power spectrum $P_s'(f, d_0)$ fitted well with the reference power spectrum, even though the scattered waves from RBCs interfered with each other. The effect of interference might be reduced by...
Fig. 8. (Color online) (a) The power spectra measured for the vascular lumen, (b) the attenuation coefficient of blood, (c) the fitting result at rest, and (d) the fitting result during avascularization.
Table II. Estimated sizes of RBC aggregates (unit: μm).
| | At rest | | During avascularization | |
|------------------|---------|----------|------------------------|----------|
| | Average | SD | Average | SD |
| Proposed | 8.1 | 2.9 | 15.2 | 2.8 |
| Conventional | 25.1 | 7.2 | 59 | 0 |
Table III. RMSEs of fitting (unit: dB).
| | At rest | | During avascularization | |
|------------------|---------|----------|------------------------|----------|
| | | | Average | SD |
| Proposed | 0.7 | | 0.3 | |
| Conventional | 1.5 | | 0.8 | |
Fig. 9. (Color online) (a) Fitting results by the conventional method, and (b) power spectra of posterior wall which were used for the size estimation by the conventional method.
averaging the scattering power spectra. These results show that the proposed method will be useful for the accurate evaluation of the degree of RBC aggregation.
4. Conclusions
In the present paper, a method for estimating the size of RBC aggregates without using the power spectrum of the rear wall was proposed by introducing a reference scattering power spectrum calculated by the power spectrum measured for ultrafine wires with a hemispherical tip. The size of the microparticles simulating the RBC aggregates was estimated using the reference scattering power spectra calculated from the power spectrum measured for the ultrafine wire. As a
result, the estimated size was close to the true value, and it shows that the reference power spectra are useful for accurate size estimation of the scatterer sizes. Moreover, the proposed method was applied to in vivo measurements. The estimated size at rest was similar to the size of a single RBC and increased when the RBCs were aggregated by avascularization.
Wires with a hemispherical tip were used for the measurements, but the theoretical model assumed the object to be a sphere. It is necessary to clarify the effect of the deviation of the model on the size estimation. However, the results of this paper show that the proposed method will be useful for accurate size estimation of RBC aggregates.
Acknowledgments
This work was partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI 19K22943.
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Le CPO, plate-forme d'irradiation pour la recherche en physique et radiobiologie
Annalisa Patriarca, C. Nauraye, M. Auger, L. De Marzi, E. Hierso, F. Pouzoulet, E. Brot, S. Thepault, J.D. Bocquet, J. Argaud, F. Martin, L. Fugeray, S. Delacroix, R. Dendale, N. Fournier-Bidoz, S. Meyroneinc, A. Mazal
Orsay - 18 Juillet 2013: Réunion du réseau des plateformes d'irradiation
Plan
1) Le Centre de Protonthérapie d’Orsay: de la clinique à l’expérimentation
2) Les collaborations du CPO en physique et radiobiologie
3) Le CPO comme plate-forme d’irradiation
Le centre de Protonthérapie de l’Institut Curie à Orsay (IC-CPO) >5000 patients traités depuis 1991
Y1
Traitements Intracrâniens (201 MeV)
Y2
Traitements ophtalmologiques (76 MeV)
Ancien CPO
ESS
Momentum slits
Dégradeur
Sélection d’énergie entre 70MeV and 230 MeV
Point de connexion
P2
Bras isocentrique
Nozzle universel:
• Double diffusion
• Uniform Scanning
• Pencil Beam Scanning
Depuis 2010
Equipement IBA
Comparison of the 4 irradiation modes (IBA source)
| | SIS => Y2 | DS => Y1, GTR | US => GTR | PBS => GTR |
|----------------------|-----------|---------------|-----------|------------|
| Field size | Φ < 6 cm | Φ < 24 cm | < 30 x 40 cm | < 30 x 40 cm |
| Range | < 30 g/cm² | < 29 g/cm² | < 32 g/cm² | < 32 g/cm² |
| Modulation | 20 g/cm² | full | full | < 28 g/cm² |
| 3-D conformation | + | + | + | +++ |
| Lateral Penumbra | 2 mm | 3-5 mm | 2-4 mm | 5-10 |
| Distall fall-off | 1-5 mm | 2-5 mm | 1-5 mm | 1-5 mm |
| Irradiation method | passive | passive | dynamic | dynamic |
| Irradiation time | 0.5 - 1.0 min | 0.5 - 1.0 min | 1.0 - 2.0 min | 1.0 - 2.0 min |
| Aperture & compensator | mandatory | mandatory | mandatory | optional |
| Neutron dose | | | | |
Images:
- Left: 3D conformal radiation therapy plan
- Right: CT scan with dose distribution
Legend:
- Green: Positive
- Yellow: Neutral
- Red: Negative
- Blue: Mandatory
- Purple: Optional
Le centre de Protonthérapie de l’Institut Curie à Orsay (IC-CPO): les salles fixes
Salle Y1: tumeurs intracrâniens
- E = 201 MeV
- (Débit de dose)$_{\text{moy}}$ = 2 Gy/min
- (Débit de dose)$_{\text{max}}$ = 20 Gy/min
Salle Y2: tumeurs de l’œil
- E = 76 (et 201) MeV
- (Débit de dose)$_{\text{moy}}$ = 18 Gy/min
- (Débit de dose)$_{\text{max}}$ = 40 Gy/min
Le centre de Protonthérapie de l’Institut Curie à Orsay (IC-CPO) : la salle isocentrique (gantry)
- Capacité de traitement fortement augmenté: de 400 à 700 patients par ans
- Plusieurs localisations possibles: de l'intracrânien au rachis
- $E = 100$ à $230$ MeV
- $(\text{Débit de dose})_{\text{moy}} = 2$ Gy/min
- $(\text{Débit de dose})_{\text{max}} = 100$ Gy/s (PBS)
Le centre de Protonthérapie de l’Institut Curie à Orsay (IC-CPO) : calibration et mesure du faisceau
Chambres d’ionisations + water phantom
MLIC – Multi Leaf Ionisations Chamber
Détecteur plan Lynx 2D
Scintillateur plastique couplé à une caméra CCD
Résolution 0.5 mm
Plan
1) Le Centre de Protonthérapie d’Orsay: de la clinique à l’expérimentation
2) Les collaborations du CPO en physique et radiobiologie
3) Le CPO comme plate-forme d’irradiation
Le IC-CPO, plate-forme d’irradiation pour la recherche: Radioprotection (IRSN)
1) Modélisation Monte Carlo des salles de traitement et des lignes réalisée (i.e cartographie des particules secondaires)
2) Simulations et mesures de la dose due aux neutrons secondaires reçue par des patients pédiatriques lors d’un traitement intracrânien par PT
- Estimation des doses dues aux neutrons secondaires reçues par les patients en protonthérapie : cas des traitements ophtalmologiques. F.Martinetti, Phd thesis, 2009
- Monte Carlo simulation of a proton therapy beam line dedicated to intracranial treatments, R.Sayah, Phd thesis, 2012
Le IC-CPO, plate-forme d’irradiation pour la recherche: Radiobiologie (IC – Recherche)
Caractérisation de l’EBR pour un faisceau de proton à 76Mev et 201MeV : dépendance du type de cellule et de la position sur le SOBP
Radiobiological characterization of two therapeutic proton beams with different initial energy spectra used at the Institut Curie proton therapy centre in Orsay, V. Calugaru, Phd thesis, 2011
Le IC-CPO, plate-forme d’irradiation pour la recherche: Physique (SHFJ)
2009 – 2012: collaboration avec le CEA – Service Hospitalier Fréderic Joliot
- Modélisation MonteCarlo d’une camera TEP pour l’évaluation du parcours en PT
Activité mesuré sur camera TEP d’un fantôme tête RANDO après irradiation avec un faisceau de protons
Fig. 1: Measured beta + activity depth profiles (solid line) for proton (left) and carbon ion (right) irradiation of PMMA targets at 140 MeV and 259.5 MeV initial energy, respectively. The dotted line shows the calculated relative dose distributions. Due to the lack of projectile fragments, no maximum of beta plus activity is formed close to the dose maximum in the proton case (left) in contrast to carbon ions (right).
Monte Carlo PET Camera Modelling for Proton Range Evaluation in Proton Therapy,
C.Van Ngoc Ty, Phd thesis 2012,
Le IC-CPO, plate-forme d’irradiation pour la recherche: Physique (IMNC – SHFJ - LPC)
2012 - : collaboration avec CNRS (centre d’Imagerie et Modélisation en Neurobiologie et Cancérologie (IMNC) - Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC) Clermont Ferrand et CEA (SHFJ)
✓ Améliorer l’index thérapeutique du traitement en Protonthérapie via le monitoring online de la dose
Irradiation d’un fantôme en PMMA de 5 * 5 * 10 cm3 avec un faisceau de proton de 86.8 MeV au CPO (4 Gy délivrés au pic de Bragg) + blocs de détection:
✓ Validation du code Monte Carlo GATE pour la détermination du parcours dans des fantômes anthropomorphiques
✓ Mettre au point un démonstrateur pour vérifier en ligne et en temps réel la position distale lors de traitement par hadron thérapie
✓ PET-based dose monitoring for proton therapy: preliminary assessment of the influence of an accurate beam modeling on the simulated β+ activity spatial distributions. C. Robert et al.
PTCOG52 2013
Plan
1) Le Centre de Protonthérapie d’Orsay: de la clinique à l’expérimentation
2) Les collaborations du CPO en physique et radiobiologie
3) Le CPO comme plate-forme d’irradiation
Le IC-CPO, plate-forme d’irradiation, mais avant tout l’activité clinique
Sessions vs unexpected events at ICPO (and expectations)
- Treatment sessions
- Unscheduled events
Sessions nb
Year
2010: 3000
2011: 4500
2012: 665
2013: 7000
2014: 8000
>5000 patients treated since 1991
Le IC-CPO, plate-forme d’irradiation pour la recherche: 2012 - France Hadron
- Mise à disposition de **300h d’expérimentations** par an
- Nécessité d’une **ligne dédiée** aux expériences (contraintes liées à la radioprotection, aux dispositions sanitaires) => pré-étude de faisabilité
- **Adaptation moyen terme** d’une de **salle de traitement existante** => faisceau 201 MeV en salle Y2 dernier trimestre 2013
| Adaptation faisceau | ETP |
|---------------------|-----|
| Optique faisceau: transport, allocation, sécurités | 6: AP, JDB, EB, JA, FM, CN |
| Caractérisation banc optique: diffuseur, filtre binaire, modulateurs selon faisceau | 4: CN, EH, EB, AP |
| Systèmes de mesure: banc optique + isocentre | 1: CN + % phys |
| Commissioning TPS | 1: LDM |
| Adaptation mécanique & bâtiment | ETP |
|--------------------------------|-----|
| Adaptations système de mesure: matériel et mécanique (étude et réalisation) | 2: EH, CN |
| Adaptations pour expérimentations: porte échantillons + utilisation robot remote (report d’écrans et teach robot de salle de traitement à pupitre de commande) | 5: MA, EB, CN, FP, EH |
| Infrastructure & lentille: sécurisation (gamma4, pont), manutention | 2: LF, JDB |
| Aménagement salle: petit local / mur / informatique | 2: LF, EB |
| Adaptation du local de préparation: aménagement + ventilation | 1: LF, HCF |
| Radioprotection: mise en place d’un détecteur | 2: SD (ADO), JDB |
| Disposition sanitaire | 1: HCF |
- Aménagement d’une **salle de préparation** pour les expérimentateurs
Salle de préparation pour les expérimentateurs
1 : paillasse avec évier + meubles de rangement
Sous paillasse
2 : paillasse pour Centrifugeuse + Congélateur sous paillasse
3 : paillasse bain marie + meuble à tiroirs
Sous paillasse
4 : paillasse BM + Microscope inversé+ Frigo sous paillasse
5 : Hotte chimique sur paillasse + armoire à solvants
sous paillasse
Stabulation/DASRI
Expérimentation animale contention
Paillasse
Double paillasse
Pièce de culture cellulaire
Paillasse
Microscopie
PSM telstar
1cm ≈ 56 cm
Le IC-CPO, plate-forme d’irradiation
- Début expérimentations premier semestre 2013 en salle Y1 (201 MeV): collaboration avec le CNRS – centre d’Imagerie et Modélisation en Neurobiologie et Cancérologie (IMNC) – et l’Institut des sciences moléculaires d’Orsay (ISMO)
- Projet: Améliorer les performances de la Protonthérapie avec des nanoparticules
- Irradiations in vitro et in vivo (dernier trimestre 2013) à 201 MeV, dose de 0.5 à 10 Gy => création d’un porte échantillon pour optimiser l’occupation de la salle
Conclusions
✓ Implication constante de l’Institut Curie – CPO dans les activités de recherche liées aux améliorations de la connaissance des effets des traitements par Protonthérapie.
✓ Depuis 2012, implication de l’IC - CPO dans le contexte France Hadron.
✓ Nouvelle ligne dédiée expériences
✓ Plate-forme de radiobiologie
✓ Promotions des collaborations avec les laboratoires du campus d’Orsay et nationaux.
✓ Etablissement des procédures pour la cohabitation de l’environnement expérimental avec le clinique (dispositions sanitaires, radioprotection, salle en état nominale pour les traitements…).
Merci
Questions?...
http://protontherapie.curie.info/ | <urn:uuid:5b9de847-1b53-497e-b60f-d46d387e8900> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 9,979 |
Obec Havlovice
Zápis
ze 5. veřejného zasedání Zastupitelstva obce Havlovice, které se konalo v úterý 13. prosince 2016 od 18 hodin v sále kulturního domu v Havlovicích
1.Zahájení zasedání zastupitelstva
Starosta obce zahájil 5. veřejné zasedání Zastupitelstva obce Havlovice v roce 2016, uvítal přítomné a konstatoval, že dle prezenční listiny přítomných členů zastupitelstva (příloha č.2) je přítomno 13 členů zastupitelstva (z celkového počtu 15 všech členů zastupitelstva). Předem se omluvili Ing. Jindřich Kaizr a Jana Sedláčková. Zastupitelstvo je usnášeníschopné (§ 92 odst. 3 zákona o obcích).
Zapisovatelem byl pověřen místostarosta Martin Kult.
2. Volba ověřovatelů zápisu
Starosta navrhl ověřovatele zápisu v tomto složení: Martina Dvořáček, Petra Smékal. Před hlasováním byla dána možnost zastupitelům i přítomným občanům sdělit své stanovisko. Žádné stanovisko sděleno nebylo. Starosta požádal přítomné zastupitele o hlasování.
Návrh usnesení:
Zastupitelstvo obce Havlovice schvaluje ověřovatele zápisu Martina Dvořáčka a Petra Smékala.
Výsledek hlasování:
pro 11 M. Spielberger, S. Mach,Y. Friebelová, P. Dvořáček
J. Řezníček, P. Šrámek, J. Čepelka, P. Jiránek, L. Čepelková,
M. Kult, P. Míl
proti 0
zdrž. 2
P. Smékal, M.Dvořáček
Usnesení bylo schváleno.
3. Program zasedání
Starosta seznámil přítomné s návrhem programu v souladu s pozvánkou předanou členům zastupitelstva (příloha č.1)
a v souladu s informací zveřejněnou na úřední desce. Před hlasováním byla dána možnost zastupitelům i přítomným občanům sdělit své stanovisko. Žádné stanovisko sděleno nebylo. Starosta požádal přítomné zastupitele o hlasování.
P. Míl – Navrhnul hlasování o návrhu rozpočtu obce na rok 2017 po položkách.
Starosta – Vysvětlil, že hlasovat o rozpočtu se dá pouze jen jako o celku.
Návrh usnesení:
Zastupitelstvo obce Havlovice schvaluje program VZZO navržený radou obce.
Výsledek hlasování:
```
pro 10 P. Jiránek, P. Dvořáček, M. Kult, M. Spielberger, M. Dvořáček, Y. Friebelová, P. Smékal, J. Řezníček, P. Šrámek, S. Mach proti 0 zdrž. 3 J. Čepelka, L. Čepelková, P. Míl
```
Usnesení bylo schváleno.
Program:
1. Zahájení
2. Volba ověřovatelů zápisu
3. Program zasedání
4. Zřízení návrhové komise
5. Kontrola usnesení
6. Zpráva o činnosti rady obce
7. Zpráva o činnosti obce za rok 2016
8. Změna rozpočtu obce č.4/2016
9. Schvalování rozpočtových změn
10. Rozpočet obce na rok 2017
11. Finanční plan pro hospodářskou činnost na rok 2017
12. Plán práce obce na rok 2017
13. Rozpočtový výhled na roky 2018 – 2019
14. Místní program obnovy vesnice
15. Stavba mimo zastavěné území obce
16. Plán financování obnovy obecního vodovodu
17. Diskuze
18. Návrh usnesení
19. Závěr
4. Zřízení návrhové komise
Starosta obce navrhl zřízení návrhové komise v tomto složení: předseda Martin Spielberger, členové S. Mach a Jiří Řezníček. Jiný návrh podán nebyl. Před hlasováním byla dána možnost zastupitelům i přítomným občanům sdělit své stanovisko. Žádné stanovisko sděleno nebylo.
Návrh usnesení:
Zastupitelstvo obce Havlovice souhlasí se zřízením návrhové komise v tomto složení: předseda Martin Spielberger, členové: S. Mach a Jiří Řezníček.
Výsledek hlasování:
pro 10
L. Čepelková, P. Dvořáček, M. Kult, M. Dvořáček, Y. Friebelová,
P. Smékal, P. Šrámek, J. Čepelka, P. Míl, P. Jiránek proti 0
zdrž. 3
M.Spielberger, S. Mach, J. Řezníček
Usnesení bylo schváleno.
5. Kontrola usnesení
Žádné úkoly ze 4. zasedání Zastupitelstva obce Havlovice nebyly uloženy.
6. Zpráva o činnosti rady obce
Místostarosta obce přečetl podstatnou část zpráv z jednotlivých jednání Rady obce Havlovice v období od posledního veřejného zasedání a dal prostor k připomínkám a následné diskuzi. Poté dal možnost zastupitelům i přítomným občanům sdělit své stanovisko. Žádné stanovisko sděleno nebylo.
7. Zpráva o činnosti obce za rok 2016
Starosta přednesl zprávu o činnosti obce za rok 2016. Zejména vyzdvihl významné akce, které se podařilo realizovat a jsou významnou a nedílnou chloubou obce. Dále představil aktivity obce v jednotlivých oblastech, dle plánu práce. Poté dal možnost k připomínkám a následné diskuzi.
L. Čepelková – Pochválila vánoční výzdobu obce a přemístění hrobu K. Lelkové. Navrhla doplnění hrobu o vázu nebo mísu na květiny. Dále navrhla prořez stromů podél cesty vedoucí ke křížku u nářezárny a zeptala se na opravu cesty k lomu.
Starosta – Odpověděl, že v případě prořezu se jedná o soukromý pozemek a vyžaduje to předjednání s vlastníkem pozemku. Oprava komunikace k lomu nebyla plánována, ale je potřebná a došlo k ní na poslední chvíli. Přemístění ostatků K. Lelkové bylo projednáno s kameníkem panem Kociánem a konečná podoba vzájemně odsouhlasena.
Žádné další připomínky a dotazy nebyly vzneseny.
Zastupitelstvo obce bere zprávu na vědomí.
8. Změna rozpočtu obce č.4/2016
Starosta obce seznámil přítomné zastupitele se změnou rozpočtu č. 4/2016 (příloha č. 3). Upřesnil výdaje a přijmi obce. Poté dal možnost k připomínkám a následné diskuzi.
L. Čepelková – Navrhla navýšení odměny pro Z. Honzeru na 15.000Kč za zpracování podkladů knihy s názveh „Havlovice krok za krokem".
Starosta – Požádal o vyjádření Z. Honzeru.
Z. Honzera – Upřesnil vyplacení odměny od obce.
P. Míl – Navrhnul hlasování o navýšení odměny pro Z. Honzeru.
Návrh usnesení:
Zastupitelstvo obce Havlovice souhlasí s vyplacením odměny ve výši 15.000Kč pro pana Zdeňka Honzeru za zpracování podkladů kniky s názvem Havlovice krok za krokem.
Výsledek hlasování:
```
pro 11 L. Čepelková, P. Dvořáček, M. Kult, M. Dvořáček, P. Smékal, P. Šrámek, P. Míl, P. Jiránek, M.Spielberger, S. Mach, J. Řezníček
```
proti 0
zdrž. 2
Y. Friebelová, J. Čepelka
Usnesení bylo schváleno.
Žádné další připomínky a dotazy nebyly vzneseny. Starosta obce požádal zastupitelstvo o hlasování.
Návrh usnesení:
Zastupitelstvo obce schvaluje upravenou změnu rozpočtu obce Havlovice č.4/2016 ke dni 13.12.2016 dle přílohy č.3.
Výsledek hlasování:
pro 9
P. Dvořáček, M. Kult, M.Dvořáček, Y.Friebelová, P. Smékal,
J. Řezníček, P. Šrámek, S. Mach, M. Spielberger proti 0
zdrž. 4 P. Míl, J. Čepelka, P. Jiránek, L. Čepelková,
Usnesení bylo schváleno.
9. Schvalování rozpočtových změn
Starosta obce přiblížil kontrolu předauditu v obci, který neshledal žádné výrazné pochybení. Jedinou připomínkou bylo přijmutí částky na financování voleb v tomto roce a následné přerozdělení mezi členy komise bez předešlého schválení zastupitelstva. Jedním z možných řešení je přenesení schvalování rozpočtových změn na Radu obce. Z tohoto důvodu starosta navrhnul hlasování o delegování schvalování změn rozpočtu na Radu obce. Poté dal možnost k připomínkám a následné diskuzi.
L. Čepelková – Podotkla, že pokud zastupitelstvo nebude mít možnost schvalovat změny, může se rozpustit.
J. Čepelka - Zeptal se, zda existuje písemná verze z předauditu obce a dodal, že v případě schvalování mimořádných změn nemá problém se sejít.
M. Dvořáček – Zeptal se, zda schvalování rozpočtových změn bude limitováno horní hranicí částky.
J. Čepelka – Navrhnul odložení schválení na první jednání zastupitelstva v roce 2017.
Starosta - Odpověděl, že schvalování rozpočtových změn není omezeno částkou a všechna rozhodnutí by v případě schválení přešla na Radu obce.
Zastupitelstvo obce odkládá tento bod na první jenání zastupitelstva v roce 2017 .
10. Rozpočet obce na rok 2017
Starosta obce představil rozpočet obce na rok 2017 (příloha č.4). Z pohledu příjmových a výdajových položek je tento rozpočet obce považován za přebytkový. Příjmy ve výši 11.018.800,- Kč, výdaje ve výši 10.953.800,- Kč a přebytek ve výši 65.000,- Kč. Ten bude použit na částečné pokrytí splátek úvěrů na most U Mandle, které činí ročně 465.000,- Kč. Zbytek splátek bude pokryt z přebytku hospodaření minulých let. Dále dal možnost k připomínkám a následné diskuzi.
L. Čepelková – Vysvětlila postavení k rozpočtu za sdružení zastupitelů Rovnováhy.
P. Jiránek – Zeptal se na rozpočet rekonstrukce sauny.
Starosta - Popsal jednotlivé položky rekonstrukce prostorů sauny.
P. Jiránek – Dotázal se na položku nafta v kapitole rozpočtu doprava.
Starosta – Vysvětlil přítomným, jak se nafta rozpočítává.
J. Čepelka – Zeptal se položku rozpočtu s názvem mzdy za veřejnou zeleň.
Starosta – Vysvětlil, že se jedná o část mzdy obecního zaměstnance.
L. Čepelková – Zeptala se na finanční dar pro ČRS z,s. MO Havlovice.
M. Kult – Podrobně popsal investici do hospodářské budovy MO, která se skládá z nákladů na opravu střechy budovy a výměny krovů.
Žádné další připomínky a dotazy nebyly vzneseny. Starosta obce požádal zastupitelstvo o hlasování.
Návrh usnesení:
Zastupitelstvo obce schvaluje přebytkový rozpočet obce na rok 2017 dle návrhu zpracovaného v RO a příloze č.4.
Výsledek hlasování:
```
pro 9 P. Dvořáček, M. Kult, M, Spielberger, M.Dvořáček, Y.Friebelová, P. Smékal, J. Řezníček, P. Šrámek, S. Mach proti 0 zdrž. 4 P. Míl, P. Jiránek, L. Čepelková, J. Čepelka Usnesení bylo schváleno.
```
Návrh usnesení:
Zastupitelstvo obce schvaluje, aby závaznými ukazateli v odvětvovém členění schváleného rozpočtu na rok 2017 byly paragrafy.
Výsledek hlasování:
```
pro 13 P. Dvořáček, M. Kult, M, Spielberger, M.Dvořáček, Y.Friebelová,
```
```
P. Smékal, J. Řezníček, P. Šrámek, S. Mach, P. Míl, P. Jiránek, L. Čepelková, J. Čepelka proti 0 zdrž. 0 Usnesení bylo schváleno.
```
11. Finanční plán pro hospodářskou činnost na rok 2017
Starosta seznámil přítomné s návrhem finančního plánu pro hospodářskou činnost obce na rok 2017 (viz příloha č.5). Dále vysvětlil podrobněji některé položky z oblastí příjmů a výdajů plánovaných na rok 2017. Poté dal možnost zastupitelům i přítomným občanům sdělit své stanovisko. Žádné stanovisko sděleno nebylo.
Návrh usnesení:
Zastupitelstvo obce schvaluje návrh finančního plánu pro hospodářskou činnost v roce 2017 zpracovaného v RO a příloze č.5.
Výsledek hlasování:
pro 9
P. Dvořáček, M. Kult, M, Spielberger, M.Dvořáček,
Y.Friebelová, P. Smékal, J. Řezníček, P. Šrámek, S. Mach proti 0
zdrž. 4
P. Míl, P. Jiránek, L. Čepelková, J. Čepelka
Usnesení bylo schváleno.
12. Plán práce obce na rok 2017
Starosta obce představil jednotlivé body plánu práce na rok 2017 (příloha č.6). Vysvětlil jednotlivé plánované druhy prací, které budou prováděny v naší obci. Dále dal možnost k připomínkám a následné diskuzi. Žádné stanovisko sděleno nebylo.
Návrh usnesení:
Zastupitelstvo obce schvaluje návrh plánu práce na rok 2017 dle návrhu zpracovaného v příloze č.6.
Výsledek hlasování:
pro 9 P.Dvořáček, M. Kult, M. Spielberger, M.Dvořáček, S. Mach, Y.Friebelová, P. Smékal, J. Řezníček, P. Šrámek
proti 0
zdrž. 4
P. Míl, P. Jiránek, L. Čepelková, J. Čepelka
Usnesení bylo schváleno.
13. Rozpočtový výhled na roky 2018 - 2019.
Starosta obce představil rozpočtový výhled obce na roky 2018 - 2019 (příloha č.7) Dále dal možnost k připomínkám a následné diskuzi. Žádné připomínky nebyly sděleny. Starosta obce požádal zastupitelstvo o hlasování.
S. Jánošík – Zeptal se na rozšíření o placený sportovní kanál O2 v kabelové televizi.
M. Kult – Vysvětlil, že rozšíření není možné, jelikož poskytovatel tento kanál neposkytuje pro kabelové televize.
Žádné další připomínky nebyly sděleny. Starosta obce požádal zastupitelstvo o hlasování.
Návrh usnesení:
Zastupitelstvo obce schvaluje návrh rozpočtového výhledu na roky 2018 – 2019 dle návrhu zpracovaného v příloze č.7.
Výsledek hlasování:
```
pro 9 P. Dvořáček, M. Kult, M, Spielberger, M.Dvořáček, Y.Friebelová, P. Smékal, J. Řezníček, P. Šrámek, S. Mach proti 0 zdrž. 4 P. Míl, J. Čepelka, P. Jiránek, L. Čepelková
```
Usnesení bylo schváleno.
14. Místní program obnovy vesnice
Starosta přednesl jednotlivé body místního programu obnovy vesnice. Popsal plánované akce včetně předpokládaných finančních investic (příloha č. 8). Poté dal možnost k připomínkám a následné diskuzi. Žádné připomínky nebyly sděleny. Starosta obce požádal zastupitelstvo o hlasování.
Návrh usnesení:
Zastupitelstvo obce schvaluje místní program obnovy vesnice na rok 2016 dle přílohy č. 8.
```
pro 10 P. Dvořáček, M. Kult, M, Spielberger, M.Dvořáček, Y.Friebelová, P. Smékal, J. Řezníček, P. Šrámek, S. Mach, L. Čepelková
```
proti 0
zdrž. 3
J. Čepelka, P. Míl, P. Jiránek
Usnesení bylo schváleno.
15. Stavba mimo zastavěné území obce
Starosta seznámil přítomné s návrhem na umístění stavby rodinného domu paní ing. Ivany Duchové, Havlovice čp.147 na p.p.č. 398/3 o výměře 2.635 m2 v k.ú. Havlovice, která se nachází mimo zastavěné území obce (příloha č.9). Poté dal možnost k připomínkám a následné diskuzi. Žádné připomínky nebyly sděleny. Starosta obce požádal zastupitelstvo o hlasování.
Návrh usnesení:
Zastupitelstvo obce schvaluje umístění stavby rodinného domu paní ing. Ivany Duchové, Havlovice čp.147 na p.p.č. 398/3 o výměře 2.635 m2 v k.ú. Havlovice, která se nachází mimo zastavěné území obce dle přílohy č.9.
pro 12 P. Dvořáček, M. Kult, M, Spielberger, M.Dvořáček, Y.Friebelová, P. Smékal, J. Řezníček, P. Šrámek, S. Mach, P. Míl, P. Jiránek, L. Čepelková, J. Čepelka
proti 0
zdrž. 1
J. Čepelka
Usnesení bylo schváleno.
16. Plán financování obnovy obecního vodovodu
Starosta obce přiblížil přítomným délku a hodnotu obecního vodovodu včetně úpravny vody. Vysvětlil, že plán financování vychází z majetlové evidence, kterou obec vlastní. Celkovou částku vydělil 80 lety, což je předpokládaná životnost vodovodu a výsledkem je roční částka 474. 750Kč, kterou obec bude vkládat do oprav. Poté dal možnost k připomínkám a následné diskuzi.
J. Čepelka – Zeptal se na autora plánu financování vodovodu.
Starosta - Odpověděl, že plán spracoval společně s Antonínem Šlechtou.
Návrh usnesení:
Zastupitelstvo obce schvaluje plán financování obnovy obecního vodovodu dle přílohy č. 10.
```
pro 13 P. Dvořáček, M. Kult, M, Spielberger, M.Dvořáček, Y.Friebelová, P. Smékal, J. Řezníček, P. Šrámek, S. Mach, P. Míl, P. Jiránek, L. Čepelková, J. Čepelka
```
zdrž. 0
Usnesení bylo schváleno.
17. Diskuze
L. Čepelková – Upozornila, že v některých částech obce není slyšet obecní rozhlas.
Starosta – Odpověděl, že hlasitost obecního rozhlasu je dána především umístěním reproduktorů a ideální stav nelze nastavit.
L. Čepelková – Pozvala přítomné na štědrovečerní zpívání koled v kapličce.
18. Návrh usnesení
Starosta obce pověřil Martina Spielbergera přečtením přehledu návrhu usnesení. Poté byla dána možnost zastupitelům i přítomným občanům sdělit své stanovisko. Žádné jiné stanovisko sděleno nebylo.
19. Závěr
Starosta obce poděkoval zastupitelům a občanům za účast na posledním 5. veřejném zasedání zastupitelstva obce Havlovice v roce 2015 a popřál všem přítomným spokojené Vánoční svátky.
Zápis byl vyhotoven dne 19.12.2016
Ing.Pavel Dvořáček Martin Kult starosta místostarosta
Ověřovatelé zápisu:
Petr Smékal
Martin Dvořáček | <urn:uuid:7cf86bf5-46ce-4d4a-ac88-7348718b9b48> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ces_Latn/train | finepdfs | ces_Latn | 15,000 |
Les temps passés
Introduction
Les modes et les temps en français
Indicatif Fait réel, vérité objective Indicatif Fait réel, vérité objective
Impératif Mode du commandement Impératif Mode du commandement
Conditionnel Mode de supposition Conditionnel Mode de supposition
Subjonctif Action désirée, douteuse, incertaine (fait pensé, imaginé) Subjonctif Action désirée, douteuse, incertaine (fait pensé, imaginé)
Présent
Imparfait
Présent
Imparfait
Futur simple
Futur immédiat
Futur antérieur
Passé composé
Passé simple
Plus-que-parfait
Passé immédiat
Passé antérieur
Impératif présent
Impératif passé
Conditionnel présent
Conditionnel passé
Présent du subjonctif
Passé du subjonctif Imparfait du subjonctif Plus-que-parfait du subjonctif Passé du subjonctif Imparfait du subjonctif Plus-que-parfait du subjonctif | <urn:uuid:f53f85c0-c631-4f67-ae8a-8e25c53a1d5e> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 833 |
Malaysia Profile (Latest data available: 2018)
| Entity in charge of licensing | R |
|---|---|
| Entity in charge of interconnection rates | R Op |
| Entity in charge of price regulation | R |
| Entity in charge of technical standards setting | O R |
| Entity in charge of radio frequency allocation and assignment | S R |
| Spectrum Monitoring and Enforcement | R |
| Entity in charge of numbering | R |
| Entity in charge of type approval | O R |
| Entity in charge of service quality monitoring | R |
| Entity in charge of enforcement of quality of service obligations | R |
|---|---|
| Broadcasting (sound transmission) | S R |
| Entity in charge of broadcasting content | S R |
| Entity in charge of Information Technology | N |
| Entity in charge of Internet content | N |
O: Other Ministry or Government body
S: Sector Ministry
R: Regulatory Authority Op: Operator
M: If more than one entity or another body is involved in this function, please explain
N: Not regulated
| Level of Competition (Latest data available: 2016) | |
|---|---|
| Local Fixed Line Services2013 | C* |
| Domestic fixed long distance2013 | C* |
| International Fixed Long Distance2013 | N |
| Mobile | C |
| IMT (3G, 4G, etc.) | C |
| Wireless Local Loop2013 | C* |
| DSL2013 | C* |
| Cable modem2013 | N |
| Fixed Wireless Broadband2013 | C* |
| Leased Lines2013 | C* |
| International Gateways2013 | C* |
| Internet Services | C |
| Cable Television2013 | N |
| Fixed Satellite Services (FSS)2013 | N |
| Mobile Satellite Services (MSS)2013 | C* |
| VSAT2013 | C* |
P: Partial competition (year when competition was introduced)
M: Monopoly
C: Full competition (year when competition was introduced)
N: N/A
| Universal Service - services covered and operator obligations (Latest data available: 2018) | |
|---|---|
| Definition of universal service/access exists | Yes |
| Universal access/service policy adopted | Yes |
| Voice services included in Universal service/access definition | • Fixed line private residential service as part of universal service definition • Fixed line public payphone service as part of universal service definition • Individual mobile cellular service as part of universal service definition |
| Internet services included in Universal service/access definition | • Broadband as part of universal service definition |
Operators under universal access/service obligation
*
All operators
Operators/service providers required to offer below- cost prices
No
| Financing of Universal Service activities and/or Universal Service Funds (Latest data available: 2016) | |
|---|---|
| Means of financing operator(s) universal access/service obligations | • Universal service funds |
| Operational Universal Service Fund | Yes |
| If Yes, when? | |
| Operators/ service providers required to contribute to USF | • All network/facilities-based operators • All service-based providers |
| Means of calculating USF contribution amounts | • Percentage of total gross revenues (turnover) Percentage: 0.6%, |
| USF financed by other sources | No |
| USF budget financing by source (in percentage) | |
| Regulator administrating USF | Yes |
| If No, name the entity responsible | |
| Other financing mechanisms for the provision of Universal service | No |
If Yes, please explain | <urn:uuid:2e6da399-629a-4111-af0b-98a700f33401> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 3,299 |
ZÁVĚR ZJIŠŤOVACÍHO ŘÍZENÍ
podle § 7 zákona č. 100/2001 Sb., o posuzování vlivů na životní prostředí a o změně některých souvisejících zákonů (zákon o posuzování vlivů na životní prostředí), v platném znění (dále jen zákon)
Identifikační údaje:
Název: Obytný park Na Stárce, k.ú. Košíře, Praha 5
Zařazení záměru dle zákona:
Bod 10.6, kategorie II, příloha č. 1 - Skladové nebo obchodní komplexy včetně nákupních středisek o celkové výměře nad 3 000 m² zastavěné plochy; parkoviště nebo garáže s kapacitou nad 100 parkovacích stání v součtu pro celou stavbu.
Umístění:
kraj: Hlavní město Praha
obec: hlavní město Praha
městská část: Praha 5
katastrální území: Košíře
Oznamovatel:
Na Stárce s.r.o., Na Sychrově 975/8, 101 00 Praha 10
IČ: 11053204
Charakter a kapacita záměru:
Předložené oznámení záměru (dále jen Oznámení) hodnotí výstavbu a provoz obytného souboru, jehož řešené území je z jihu vymezeno železniční tratí č. 122, z východu ulicí Na Stárce, v severní a západní části prudkým svahem.
Obytný soubor sestává ze 3 viladomů, 6 bytových domů a 14 rodinných domů. V areálu je navrženo celkem 193 parkovacích stání (dále jen PS), z toho 151 v podzemních garážích bytových domů a viladomů, 28 PS v garážích rodinných domů a 14 PS podél nové areálové komunikace.
Celková plocha řešeného územi činí 19 094 m², zastavěná plocha činí 4 274 m², čistá podlažní plocha je 10 969 m², hrubá podlažní plocha 15 274 m².
Viladomy budou mít 3 až 4 nadzemní podlaží (dále jen NP) a 1 podzemní podlaží (dále jen PP), bytové domy budou mít maximálně 5 NP a 1 PP. Rodinné domy budou mít 2 NP.
Hlavní vjezd do areálu je navržen z ul. Na Stárce, obslužná komunikace zakončená obratištěm je vedena mezi obytnými domy a rodinnými domy. Druhým vjezdem je vjezd do viladomů, který je navržen z ul. Na Stárce, ale severněji.
Vytápění všech objektů je navrženo plynovými kotelnami.
**Zjišťovací řízení:**
Při zjišťovacím řízení se zjišťuje, zda a v jakém rozsahu může záměr vážně ovlivnit životní prostředí a veřejné zdraví. Používají se při tom kritéria, která jsou stanovena v příloze č. 2 k zákonu a která charakterizují na jedné straně vlastní záměr a příslušné zájmové území, na druhé straně z toho vyplývající významné potenciální vlivy na veřejné zdraví a životní prostředí. Při určování, zda záměr má významné vlivy, dále příslušný úřad přihlíží k obdrženým vyjádřením veřejnosti, dotčených správních úřadů a dotčených územních samosprávných celků.
Oznámení (květen 2012) bylo zpracováno podle přílohy č. 3 zákona Ing. Liborem Ládyšem (EKOLAgroup, spol. s r.o.), držitelem autorizace dle zákona, se spolupracovníky.
Součástí Oznámení byly dopravní studie s dopravně-inženýrskými podklady, hluková expertiza, rozptylová studie, biologický průzkum, dendrologický inventarizační průzkum.
Na základě těchto studií byl popsán a vyhodnocen stav životního prostředí daného území a posouzena velikost a významnost jednotlivých vlivů na životní prostředí a veřejné zdraví pro období výstavby i provozu.
Součástí Oznámení je návrh souboru opatření k prevenci, vyloučení, snížení, popř. kompenzaci nepříznivých vlivů (viz kapitola D.IV. Oznámení).
Z předloženého Oznámení vyplývá, že záměr si nevyžádá vynětí pozemků ze změdělského půdního fondu (dále jen ZPF) ani z pozemků určených k plnění funkci lesa (dále jen PUPFL). Nepředpokládají se významné terénní úpravy a nedojde ke změně místní topografie.
V zájmovém území se nenacházejí žádné vodoteče ani vodní plochy. Záměr neleží v záplavovém území ve smyslu zákona č. 254/2001 Sb., o vodách a o změně některých zákonů, v platném znění (dále jen vodní zákon). Záměr neleží v žádné kategorii zátopových území dle platného územního plánu hl. m. Prahy (dále jen ÚPn). Lokalita se nenalézá v chráněné oblasti přirozené akumulace vod ani v ochranných pásmech zdrojů povrchových a podzemních vod. Výstavba ani provoz záměru nebude z hlediska vlivů na vodu znamenat riziko pro životní prostředí v daném území.
Ve stávajícím stavu nejsou v zájmovém území překračovány imisní limity znečišťujících látek v ovzduší s výjimkou maximálních denních koncentrací PM$_{10}$ (doba překročení je nižší než povolená doba překročení) a cílového imisního průměrných ročních koncentrací benzo(a)pyrenu. Vypočtené imisní příspěvky znečišťujících látek v ovzduší jsou nízké. Realizace posuzovaného záměru je ve vztahu k vlivům na kvalitu ovzduší akceptovatelná.
Naměřená ekvivalentní hladina hluku ve venkovním prostoru zjištěná měřením je 55,4 – 63,6 dB ve dne, 47,5 – 48,8 dB v noci. Při provozu záměru bude akustická situace splňovat v jednotlivých referenčních bodech hygienické limity pro hluk v denní i noční době při splnění doporučujících podmínek (vzdálenost a výška jednotlivých objektů, dodržení parametrů navrhované protihlukové stěny a předpokládaného dopravního proudu). Z hlediska vlivů na hluk je záměr při dodržení navrhovaných protihlukových opatření v době výstavby i provozu hodnocen jako akceptovatelný.
Z hlediska hodnocení vlivů na zdraví obyvatel se konstatuje, že vliv záměru je malý a daný záměr lze považovat za akceptovatelný.
Záměrem nebudou dotčeny územní systémy ekologické stability (dále jen ÚSES), významné krajinné prvky (dále jen VKP) ani zvláště chráněná území (dále jen ZCHÚ) dle zákona č.114/1992 Sb., o ochraně přírody a krajiny v platném znění.
Záměr nemá významný vliv na evropsky významné lokality NATURA 2000 ani ptačí oblasti.
Vegetace řešeného území má antropogenní charakter a souvislé porosty dřevin mají převážně nízký až velmi nízký biologický potenciál.
V zájmovém území byly nalezeny některé zvláště chráněné druhy živočichů. Realizací záměru se nepředpokládá, že by došlo ke zničení zoologicky významné lokality, ovšem pouze při dodržení navržených opatření (suché zídky a skalky, odchyt a záchranný přenos na jiné místo v okolí, kácení dřevin mimo dobu hnízdění ptáků, provádění terénních prací spojených se skrývkou a převozem ornice v zimním období apod.).
Zástavba bude respektovat ráz stávající zástavby a nebude znamenat negativní vliv na estetickou kvalitu území. Dotčenou část města lze charakterizovat jako intenzivně urbanizované území. Výstavbou obytného areálu nedojde k narušení stávajícího poměru krajinných složek.
Ze závěru Oznámení vyplývá, že realizace záměru nebude představovat významné zhoršení životního prostředí. U jednotlivých složek životního prostředí nedojde v důsledku výstavby a provozu záměru k výrazným negativním změnám ani překročení únosné míry zatížení lokality. Posuzovaný záměr lze při respektování navrhovaných opatření v kapitole D.IV Oznámení doporučit k realizaci.
K předloženému Oznámení se v průběhu zjišťovacího řízení vyjádřily následující subjekty:
- hlavní město Praha
(vyjádření č.j. 6203/2012 ze dne 3.7.2012),
- městská část Praha 5
(vyjádření č.j. MČ05/39465/2012/OŽP/beshp ze dne 11.7.2012),
- Hygienická stanice hlavního města Prahy
(vyjádření č.j. HSHMP 834914/2012 ze dne 20.6.2012),
- Česká inspekce životního prostředí - Oblastní inspektorát Praha
(vyjádření č.j. ČIŽP/41/IPP/208234.001/12/PMM ze dne 26.6.2012),
• odbor památkové péče Magistrátu hl. m. Prahy
(vyjádření č.j.S-MHMP-792267/2012 ze dne 29.6.2012),
• odbor ochrany prostředí Magistrátu hl. m. Prahy
(vyjádření SZn. S-MHMP-0761603/2012/1/OOP/VI ze dne 18.7.2012),
• Jana a Miloslav Zykovi
(vyjádření ze dne 25.6.2012),
• Sdružení za krajinu kolem nás, Nad Kuliškou 462/5, 150 00 Praha 5
(vyjádření ze dne 27.6.2012 a 29.6.2012).
Podstata jednotlivých vyjádření je shrnuta v následujícím textu.
**Hlavní město Praha** (dále jen HMP) k předloženému Oznámení v úvodu vyjádření uvádí, že požaduje vytvoření veřejného prostranství, jehož vymezení je podle vyhl. č. 269/2009 Sb., kterou se mění vyhláška č. 501/2009 Sb., o obecných požadavcích na využití území, striktně vyžadováno pro každé 2 ha plochy bydlení. Dále pak, aby bylo uvažováno s umístěním vybavenosti dle zadání pořízené změny Z 1203/06 - Území pro obytnou zástavbu s občanskou vybaveností, včetně zachování sběrného hnízda separovaného odpadu. Přebytečnou zeminu ze zemních prací doporučuje využít k výstavbě protihihukového valu podél železniční trati, jak je uvedeno k dokumentaci k úpravě ÚPn.
Dále je požadováno doplnit výpočet hlukové situace při výstavbě a bilanční výpočet dopravy v klidu o kapacitní údaj počtu stání v garážích. Návrh přistupové komunikace pro obsluhu nové zástavby řešit bez koncového obratiště. Dořešit rozpor s ÚPn, neboť v severním cípu řešeného území zasahuje příjezd k viladomu do funkční plochy ZMK – zeleň městská a krajinář, která je součástí celoměstského systému zeleně.
Vznesené připomínky HMP požaduje zařadit do závěrů zjišťovacího řízení a chybějící údaje doplnit v rámci dokumentace EIA.
Z hlediska **vztahu k ÚPn** HMP konstatuje, že záměr je situován v rozvojovém území čistě obytném OB-D. Území čistě obytné bylo v předmětném území vytvořeno změnou ÚPn Z 1203/06, kterou byla schválena míra využití území C, následně navýšena schválenou úpravou číslo U 0909/2010 na kód D. V současné době je posuzována nová modifikace úpravy U číslo 0909/2010.
**Z hlediska posouzení záměru** byly uplatněny následující **připomínky**:
- Při porovnání posuzovaného záměru s platnou 1. modifikací úpravy číslo U 0909/2010 lze konstatovat, že v předmětné funkční rozvojové ploše OB/D je při kódu míry využití území D koeficient podlažních ploch (KPP) podle výpočtu v Oznámení splněn.
- Pro zvýšení uživatelské hodnoty obytného souboru HMP doporučuje uvažovat s umístěním vybavenosti dle zadání pořízené změny Z 1203/06 – Území pro obytnou zástavbu s občanskou vybaveností. Z hlediska prostorového řešení obytného souboru HMP postrádá na území o rozloze 1,91 ha jakékoliv veřejné prostranství (veřejný park, dětské hřiště apod.), jehož vymezení (min. 1 000 m² bez započítání plochy pozemních komunikací) je podle vyhl. č. 269/2009 Sb. striktně požadováno pro každé 2 ha.
HMP doporučuje doplnit bilanční výpočet dopravy v klidu (tab. 5 Doprava v klidu na str. 26 Oznámení) o kapacitní údaj počtu stání v garážích, aby bylo přehledně ověřitelné, zda navržený počet parkovacích stání vyhovuje nejen z hlediska počtu stání, ale i jejich skladby (tj. v členění na stání v garážích resp. parkovacích podlaží a stání na povrchu).
Návrh přistupové komunikace pro obsluhu nové zástavby HMP doporučuje řešit bez koncového obratiště s tím, že vozidla dopravní obsluhy se mohou otáčet v místě napojení komunikace, určené pro budoucí obsluhu sportoviště, která je situována mezi rodinnými domky.
S ohledem na výrazné omezení rozsahu rostlého terénu v řešené lokalitě, která je navíc pohledově exponovaná, je třeba v dalších fázích přípravy záměru věnovat pozornost návrhu zeleně s uplatněním kvalitních dlouhověkých stromů.
- V dalším stupni projektové přípravy záměru je nutno provést podrobný inženýrskogeologický a radonový průzkum.
- HMP upozorňuje, že je třeba dořešit rozpor s ÚPn, neboť v severním cípu řešeného území zasahuje příjezdem k jednomu viladomu do funkční plochy ZMK – zeleň městská a krajiná, která je součástí celoměstského systému zeleně.
Městská část Praha 5 (dále jen MČ Praha 5) bere na vědomí vyjádření odboru životního prostředí Úřadu MČ Praha 5 (dále jen OŽP MČ Praha 5) a nemá jiné připomínky.
Z hlediska ochrany přírody a krajiny nejsou uvedeny žádné připomínky ani námítky. Kácení dřevin mimo les bude řešeno v samostatném správním řízení.
Z hlediska odpadového hospodářství se konstatuje, že kapitola týkající se odpadového hospodářství je zpracována přehledným a vyčerpávajícím způsobem (včetně způsobu nakládání s odpady), proto není žádných připomínek a požadavků k doplnění. Pouze se upozorňuje na povinnosti při nakládání se stavebním odpadem obsahujícím azbest.
Z hlediska vodního hospodářství OŽP MČ Praha 5 požaduje, aby v projektové dokumentaci pro územní rozhodnutí bylo zpracováno vyjádření osoby s odbornou způsobilostí – hydrogeologa, ve kterém bude detailně řešen způsob likvidace povrchových (dešťových) vod. A s ohledem na závěry tohoto vyjádření je požadováno detailní doplnění informací o navržených plochách pro
vsakování dešťových vod, vsakovacích studnách a akumulačních jímkách (např. detailní popis těchto objektů, jejich velikostí a u objektů, které budou sloužit pro zasakování, navíc jejich zasakovací plochu, množství dešťových vod, koeficient propustnosti, dobu vsaku těchto vod z tricetiminutové srážky apod.). Dále se upozorňuje na povinnosti, specifikované vodním zákonem pro vodní díla.
Hladinu podzemní vody lze očekávat v hloubce větší než 10 m a plánovanou výstavbu negativně neovlivní.
V zájmovém území záměru se nenacházejí žádné vodoteče ani vodní plochy.
Z hlediska ochrany ovzduší bez připomínek při důsledném respektování opatření specifikovaných v kapitole D. IV Oznámení.
V závěru vyjádření se konstatuje, že za předpokladu dodržování právních předpisů na úseku odpadového a vodního hospodářství není k uvedenému záměru námitek.
Hygienická stanice hlavního města Prahy (dále jen HS HMP) uvádí, že součástí Oznámení je mimo jiné i hluková expertiza a konstatuje, že nepovažuje za nutné posuzovat uvedený záměr dle zákona.
Česká inspekce životního prostředí (dále jen ČIŽP) nemá k předloženému Oznámení záměru z hlediska ochrany ovzduší, odpadového hospodářství a ochrany přírody připomínky. Z hlediska ochrany vod ČIŽP požaduje předložit před vydáním závěru zjišťovacího řízení souhlasné stanovisko vlastníka i provozovatele ÚČOV Praha s napojením objektu na kanalizační síť v povodí ÚČOV Praha vzhledem k zastaralosti ÚČOV Praha.
Odbor památkové péče Magistrátu hlavního města Prahy (dále jen OPP MHMP) konstatuje, že umístění stavby není v rozporu se zájmy památkové péče.
Na OPP MHMP bylo předložena žádost o závazné stanovisko pro územní řízení, které pro nedostatky podání doposud nebylo vydáno. OPP MHMP rovněž požaduje předložit další stupeň projektové dokumentace pro stavební řízení k posouzení ve správním řízení.
Odbor životního prostředí Magistrátu hlavního města Prahy (dále jen OZP MHMP) uplatnil k Oznámení záměru následující připomínky:
Z hlediska ochrany zemědělského půdního fondu, myslivosti a z hlediska nakládání s odpady bez připomínek.
Z hlediska lesů a lesního hospodářství se sděluje, že záměr zasahuje do vzdálenosti 50 m od okraje lesních pozemků. K realizaci navrhovaného záměru není připomínka.
Z hlediska ochrany ovzduší se uvádí, že modelovými výpočty rozptylové studie byl zjišťován vliv provozu obytného souboru na kvalitu ovzduší. Podle modelových výpočtů ATEM, aktualizace 2010, byly v uvedeném území vyhodnoceny průměrné roční koncentrace oxidu dusičitého (NO₂) v úrovni 21,57 μg/m³, průměrné roční koncentrace polétavého prachu PM₁₀ v úrovni 20,25 μg/m³ a průměrné roční koncentrace benzenu v úrovni 0,48 μg/m³.
Ve vybraných referenčních bodech by měly příspěvky průměrných ročních koncentrací oxidu dusičitého (NO₂) dosáhnout nejvíce 0,068 μg/m³, příspěvky průměrných ročních koncentrací polétavého prachu PM₁₀ nejvíce 0,013 μg/m³ a příspěvky průměrných ročních koncentrací benzenu v řádu několika tisícin μg/m³. Jak vyplývá z provedených výpočtů, příspěvky k imisním koncentracím sledovaných látek budou nízké a ani v součtu s imisním pozadím nezpůsobí překračování platných imisních limitů.
Stavební a montážní práce budou prováděny běžnými dostupnými technologiemi. Výkopové práce by měly probíhat po dobu 60 dní. Denně bude vytěženou zeminu odvážet až 29 nákladních vozidel. Odvozová trasa povede ulicemi Na Stárce – Nad Turbovou – Nad Kavalírkou – Musílkova – Plzeňská směrem ven z města. Během tohoto období musí být aplikována všechna dostupná opatření na omezení prašnosti. Musí být především prováděno skrápění prašného materiálu a přistupových cest. Před výjezdem vozidel ze stavby musí být zajištěno jejich řádné očištění, prašný náklad musí být plachtován. Po dobu stavebních prací bude stavba zásobována 2–3 nákladními auty denně.
Z hlediska ochrany ovzduší je návrh obytného souboru o uvedených parametrech přijatelný. Provedené hodnocení vlivu obytného souboru na kvalitu ovzduší považuje orgán ochrany ovzduší za dostatečné, nemá k němu zásadní připomínky a nepožaduje pokračování v dalších stupních procesu EIA.
Z hlediska ochrany přírody a krajiny se sděluje, že výpočet koeficientu zeleně (dále jen KZ) je součástí Oznámení a odpovídá požadovanému (viz Oznámení str. 93-94), na rostlém terénu bude realizováno 8059 m² zeleně, ostatní zeleň na ploše 2638 m². Bytové domy mají 4-5 NP a 1 PP, viladomy 3-4 NP a 1 PP. Při rozmístění jednotlivých objektů v zájmovém území je maximálně využíváno svažitosti terénu, hmoty objektů odpovídají hmotám objektů v okolí. Daný prostor (místo krajinného rázu) je charakteristický zástavbou větších rodinných domů a menších bytových domů s podílem ploch soukromé a vyhrazené zeleně. Záměr tuto mozaiku v území akceptuje. Oznámení obsahuje samostatné kapitoly týkající se vlivu záměru na krajinný ráz (str. 58-59 a 96-98) a v příloze č. 6 větší množství zákresů do fotografii. Byla vyhodnocena fauna a flóra (str. 53-57), oznámení obsahuje přílohu č. 4 (Biologický průzkum) a přílohu č. 5 (Dendrologický průzkum). Dojde ke kácení dřevin (12 ks podléhá povolení kácení).
V zájmovém území a jeho okolí byly nalezeny některé zvláště chráněné druhy živočichů (str. 94). Ještěrka obecná se nachází mimo zájmové území a její populace nebude výstavbou ani provozem plánované zástavby negativně dotčena. Slepýš křehký nebude vzhledem k dostatku vyhovujících biotopů v okolí negativně ohrožen. Lejsek šedý využívá zájmové území pouze potravně a nehnízdí v něm. Jeho populace nebude negativně dotčena. Netopýři byli pozorováni v blízkém okolí, výskyt kolonii v zájmovém území je nepotvrzen, zcela vyloučit jej však nelze. Pozorované druhy bezobratlých (čmelák zemní, mravenci rodu Formica) využívají zájmové území pouze potravně a nebudou tak výstavbou ani provozem plánované zástavby ohroženy. Hnízda nebyla nalezena a v oblasti je plošně velké množství vhodných biotopů pro tyto druhy. Na základě zpracovaného biologického průzkumu jsou v oznámení (str. 95-96) navržena doporučení a opatření, které co nejvíce eliminují dopad záměru na faunu a biotopy. Požadavek na to, aby byla v průběhu realizace záměru naplňována, je třeba zapracovat do závěru zjišťovacího řízení. Před započetím přípravných prací ke stavbě požadujeme biologický průzkum opakovat, aby byl zjištěn aktuální stav. Budou-li záměrem porušeny základní podmínky ochrany zvláště chráněných živočichů dle § 50 zákona č. 114/1992 Sb., o ochraně přírody a krajiny, v platném znění (dále jen zákon), je třeba požádat o výjimku ve smyslu § 56 zákona.
Z hlediska zájmů chráněných zákonem č. 114/1992 Sb., o ochraně přírody a krajiny, v platném znění, orgán ochrany přírody nepožaduje pokračovat v procesu EIA.
Z hlediska ochrany vod je nejprve popsáno, že obytný soubor bude zásobován vodou z nově vybudované přeložky vodovodního řadu DN 200 situovaného podél jižní strany zájmové lokality. Odvodnění areálu je navrženo oddílnou kanalizací. Splaškové vody budou odváděny do stávající jednotné kanalizace pro veřejnou potřebu DN 250 v ul. Na Stárce. Dešťové vody ze střech rodinných domů a zpevněných ploch objektů budou odváděny do akumulačních jímek dešťových vod. Tyto vody budou přednostně využívány pro závlahu zelených ploch. Přepad z akumulačních jímek bude zaústěn do vsakovacích studní, kde budou vody následně zasakovány. Dešťové vody ze střech viladomů a bytových domů a ze zpevněných ploch budou odváděny potrubím přímo do vsakovacích studní, kde budou následně zasakovány. V případě zjištění nepříznivých podmínek pro zasakování dešťových vod, bude třeba do území umístit retenční nádrž, ze které budou dešťové vody regulovaně odváděny do jednotné kanalizace pro veřejnou potřebu. Odpadní vody vznikající při čištění podzemních garáží budou shromažďovány v jímce, jejíž obsah bude podle potřeby odvážen specializovanou firmou. Způsob likvidace vod ze stavebních jam není v předložené dokumentaci podrobněji popsán, proto je nutné upřesnit ho v dalším stupni přípravy projektu. V případě, že vody ze stavebních jam budou čerpány do sedimentační nádrže a po usazení kalu vypouštěny do volného terénu, kde budou zasakovány, je nutné tento způsob likvidace ověřit podrobným hydrogeologickým průzkumem. V případě vypouštění těchto vod do kanalizace pro veřejnou potřebu vodoprávní
úřad upozorňuje, že musí splňovat jakostní limity dle schváleného kanalizačního řádu a toto řešení je nutné projednat s Pražskou vodohospodářskou společností, a.s. (dále jen PVS a.s.).
Dále se upozorňuje, že:
- Napojení na veřejný vodovod a kanalizaci pro veřejnou potřebu je nutné projednat s jejich správcem (PVS a.s.) a dále s jejich provozovatelem (Pražské vodovody a kanalizace, a.s.).
- Vsakovací studny jsou vodními díly ve smyslu ust. § 55 odst. 1 zákona č. 254/2001 Sb., o vodách a o změně některých zákonů (vodní zákon), ve znění pozdějších změn a doplňků, která podléhají projednání u příslušného vodoprávního úřadu dle ust. § 15 vodního zákona, stejně jako přeložka veřejného vodovodu. Tuto přeložku je také nutné konzultovat se správcem vodovodů a kanalizací, kterým je PVS a.s.
- Zasakování dešťových vod prostřednictvím vsakovacích studní podléhá projednání dle ust. § 8 odst. 1 písm. a) bod 5 vodního zákona u příslušného vodoprávního úřadu.
- Možnost zasakování dešťových vod na lokalitě je nutné ověřit podrobným hydrogeologickým průzkumem.
Z vodohospodářského hlediska nejsou k Oznámení zásadní připomínky a projednávání záměru v dalších stupních procesu EIA není požadováno.
Jana a Miloslav Zykovi upozorňují, že vjezd do areálu je situován přímo před vchodem do jejich rodinného domu. Ze zdokumentovaného návrhu obytného parku a zakreslené nové přístupové cesty se lze domnívat, že navrhované řešení není konečné. Přístupová cesta mezi rodinnými domy budí dojem budoucího pokračování k další výstavbě a ještě většímu využití komunikace. To by znemožnilo jakoukoliv dopravní obslužnost (vozidla záchranné zdravotní služby, hasičů i parkování aut obyvatelů rodinného domu) a mělo by i další negativní dopady. Dle názoru pisatelů vyjádření může být komunikace řešena s využitím současně přístupové cesty na konci areálu s výjezdem před kterým není žádná bytová zástavba.
Sdružení za krajinu kolem nás (dále jen SZK) ve vyjádření ze dne 27.6. 2012 upozorňuje, že neodmítá zástavbu dotčeného území jako takovou, nicméně nesouhlasí s realizací záměru v předložené podobě a k řešení celého území a k případné realizaci záměru má i další připomínky. Důvody nesouhlasu a jednotlivé připomínky jsou popsány v dalším textu.
1. V rozporu s tvrzením oznamovatele není záměr v souladu s ÚPn. Záměr předpokládá vytvoření vjezdu do objektu označeného jako viladům 1 a dalších sousedních viladomů přes funkční plochu ZMK. V daném případě se jedná maximálně o výjimečně přípustné funkční využití. Tato danost není uvedena ani ve vyjádření příslušného stavebního úřadu z hlediska souladu s územně plánovací dokumentací. Žadatel má ve funkční ploše OB dostatek prostoru
k vyřešení dopravní obsluhy rozumně pojatého záměru bez zásahu do ploch okolní zeleně. Dotčená plocha ZMK je součástí celoměstského systému zeleně.
2. Záměr je navržen do území, ve kterém byla změnou ÚPn Z 1203/06 stanovena míra využití území odpovídající koeficientu C. Tomuto koeficientu záměr nevyhovuje. Teprve následnou úpravou ÚPn číslo U 0909/2010 byl zvýšen koeficient míry využití dotčeného území na hodnotu D. Úprava se nicméně vztahuje pouze ke konkrétnímu záměru a její součástí je ostatně i potvrzený situační výkres. Předmětem úpravy byl jiný záměr než ten, který je nyní posuzován. Za těchto okolností nelze z úpravy ÚPn vycházet a nezbývá než konstatovat, že záměr překračuje přípustnou míru využití území danou pro něj platným koeficientem C.
3. V souvislosti se záměrem má zřejmě vzniknout průjezdné dopravní napojení mezi ul. Na Výši a Na Stárce (podél železniční trati). Toto spojení je v současné době průjezdné pouze zčásti jako slepá ulice ve směru od ul. Na Výši a je zejména využíváno jako důležité pěší propojení sloužící lidem v oblasti pro přístup k základní škole v ul. Beniškové a mateřským školám v ul. Beniškové a v ul. Trojdílná. V převážné části se jedná o úzkou komunikaci bez chodníku. Zprůjezdněním této komunikace by na ní prokazatelně došlo k navýšení objemu dopravy. Tento závěr vyplývá ze zkušenosti, že již v minulosti někteří řidiči komunikaci využívali jako průjezdnou a to přesto, že častečně byli nuteni jezdit přes trávník (resp. následně přes rozjezděné bahno). Zřejmě právě pro zabránění podobných jízd jsou nyní v území osazeny betonové bloky. Vzhledem k tomu, že nejspíš nelze v celé délce komunikace provést takové stavební úpravy, které by spolehlivě zajistily bezpečnost chodců a také vzhledem k tomu, že se po komunikaci ve zvýšené míře pohybují malé děti, je její zprůjezdnění naprosto nežádoucí. SZK v tomto ohledu odkazuje i na výkresy úpravy ÚPn číslo U 0909/2010 (str. 120 Oznámení), neboť ostatně ani tato úprava s vytvořením průjezdné komunikace v daném místě nepočítala.
4. SZK dále doporučuje zvážit potřebu realizace ozeleněných střech v rámci záměru v těch místech, kde má být mocnost vegetačního souvrství menší než 0,9 m. SZK obecně preferuje zakládání zeleně na rostlém terénu. Založení zeleně na konstrukci (tedy i na střeše) je složitější a dražší již v rámci realizace stavby a náročnější na následnou údržbu. Přitom výsledný estetický efekt závisí zejména na ochotě budoucích majitelů stavby tuto zeleně udržovat a dále rozvíjet. V daném případě asi dává smysl podzemní podlaží s parkovacími stánímí zakrýt zeleni, nicméně SZK upřednostňuje co nejvyšší mocnost vegetačního souvrství a mocnost 0,3 m považuje za nedostatečnou.
5. Pokud bude záměr akceptován, SZK doporučuje, aby oznamovatel při jeho další připravě reálně posoudil a případně projednal s příslušnými orgány úpravy v organizaci dopravy v místě stavby po dobu realizace záměru. Staveništění doprava má být vedena ul. Na Stárce. Jedná se o relativně klidnou ulici, která je jednosměrná od křižovatky s ul. Beniškové ke křižovatce s ul. Nad Turbovou. Staveništění doprava by tedy musela být zřejmě vedena po celé její délce. Dle názoru SZK by bylo vhodnější staveniště dopravu odvést směrem ke
křižovatce s ul. Beniškové, což by zřejmě znamenalo v části ul. Na Stárce obousměrný provoz. Posouzení takové úpravy lze nicméně provést až v dalších fázích projektové přípravy, neboť v této fázi ještě není k dispozici dostatek podrobných informací o způsobu realizace stavby.
6. Závěrem SZK podotýká, že v rámci Oznámení je navržena celá řada opatření sloužících k minimalizaci negativních vlivů záměru na své okolí. SZK je bohužel opakovaně svědkem toho, že dnem ukončení procesu posuzování vlivů na životní prostředí je řada navržených opatření často zapomenuta a do dalších fází projektové přípravy stavby se tato opatření již nikak nepromítají. SZK zejména upozorňuje, že v území byly zjištěny zvláště chráněné druhy živočichů a trvá na realizaci všech opatření navržených pro jejich ochranu a pro minimalizaci zásahů do jejich životního prostředí (vytvoření bezzásahové plochy o výměře cca 50 m², kde bude ponechán stávající povrch, vyskládání skalky z nasucho navršených přírodních kamenů, vybudování nízké zídky o celkové ploše cca 8 m²). SZK dále trvá i na realizaci opatření k minimalizaci vlivů realizace stavby na obyvatele okolních domů.
Výše uvedené vyjádření SZK bylo doplněno vyjádřením ze dne 29.6.2012 a doplňuje vyjádření bodu 1. předchozího vyjádření:
Podle platného ÚPn ve znění Opatření obecné povahy č. 6/2009 Sb. HMP (změna Z 1000/00 a č.10/2010 - změny vlny 06 včetně změny Z 1203/06) se účelová komunikace pro připojení objektu viladům 1 a dalších sousedních viladům na komunikaci Na Stárce navrhuje převážně do funkční plochy ZMK.
Podle výkresů č. 4 a č. 31 ÚPn je dotčená monofunkční plocha ZMK součástí celoměstského systému zeleně.
Podle oddílu 5, části (6) příroda, krajina a zeleň, bodu 1) regulativů funkčního a prostorového uspořádání území HMP ve znění Opatření obecné povahy č. 6/2009 Sb. HMP platí, že:
Na území města je vymezen a chráněn celoměstský systém zeleně. V monofunkčních plochách zeleně, které jsou součástí celoměstského systému zeleně, je přípustné umísťovat pouze stavby a zařízení související s provozem a údržbou těchto ploch. Nová výstavba a změny funkčního využití nesmějí být prováděny na úkor zvláště chráněných území.
SZK konstatuje, že navržená účelová komunikace nesouvise s provozem a údržbou plochy ZMK. Zečla jednoznačně je zde navržena účelová komunikace pro dopravní obsluhu bytových domů v sousední ploše OB. Z tohoto důvodu ji nebude možné v územním řízení umístit. Je ve vlastním zájmu oznamovatele, aby svůj záměr s ohledem na uvedenou skutečnost upravil.
**Příslušný úřad** prostudoval Oznámení a obdržená vyjádření k Oznámení. Lze konstatovat, že obdržená vyjádření dotčených územních samosprávných celků a dotčených správních úřadů jsou souhlasného charakteru s případnými podmínkami pro další projektovou přípravu stavby (např.
dořešení rozporu s ÚPn, dopravní obslužnost záměru, problematika zeleně, nakládání s dešťovými vodami apod.).
Ve vyjádřeních veřejnosti je uplatněn především nesouhlas s dopravním řešením záměru v době výstavby i provozu záměru a k navržené realizaci zeleně, především k realizaci ozeleněných střech.
K vlastnímu hodnocení vlivů záměru na životní prostředí a veřejné zdraví provedeném v Oznámení byly uplatněny pouze dílčí připomínky (hluková studie pro období výstavby, nejasnost v počtu PS zahrnutých do rozptylové studie).
**Příslušný úřad** na podkladě Oznámení, vyjádření k němu obdržených, upřesňujících informací od oznamovatele záměru a podle hledisek a měřítek uvedených v příloze č. 2 k zákonní došel k následujícím závěrům, přičemž je níže věnována pozornost připomínkám v jednotlivých vyjádřeních k Oznámení, resp. ověření, zda požadavky uvedené v jednotlivých připomínkách jsou realizovatelné při další projektové přípravě stavby. Jednotlivé připominkované oblasti jsou shrnuty do níže uvedených tématických okruhů.
**Záměr a jeho umístění**
Předmětem záměru je výstavba a provoz obytného souboru, umístěného v k.ú. Košice. Řešené území je z jihu vymezeno železniční tratí č. 122, z východu ul. Na Stárce, v severní a západní části prudším svahem. Stávající stav území je tvořen jak zelenými, tak zpevněnými plochami. Dle předloženého Oznámení je snahou investora vytvořit architektonicky sourodou, ale typově diverzifikovanou zástavbu s jasným vztahem k dané lokalitě, a to především k morfologii terénu, okolní zástavbě a komunikačním trasám. Bližším zkoumáním těchto vlivů došlo k dalšímu členění řešeného území na tři menší celky, které je specifické návazností na okolí. Největší část nové zástavby tvoří pás na jihu území podél železniční tratě, na východě zakončený křižovatkou ulic Na Stárce a Beniškové. V nejbližším okolí tohoto pásu se nenachází stávající výstavba, a proto je možné zde umístit bytové domy s výškou 5 NP, které zároveň utvoří jakousi bariéru oproti železniční trati. Ta je od bytových domů oddělena protihlukovou stěnou. Díky modelaci terénu bylo možné domy umístit na jednu výškovou úroveň, pod kterou jsou umístěny podzemní garáže s dostatečnou výškou zeminy a tvoří tak zahrady přízemních bytů. Domy jsou orientovány ve směru sever-jih a díky kompaktnímu tvaru a malé zastavěné ploše umožňují průhledy územím a netvoří tak optickou bariéru.
Jižní pás nové zástavby je od zbývajícího území oddělen obslužnou komunikací a zároveň umožňuje průchod územím nejen pro rezidenty, ale i pro náhodné přicházející a obyvatele stávající zástavby. Komunikace je ukončena obratištěm a po obou stranách lemována výsadbou stromů, opěrné stěny pod bytovými domy budou osázeny popínavou zelení.
Druhým specifickým celkem nové zástavby je území podél ul. Na Stárce, kde je přímý kontakt se stávající zástavbou menších bytových domů a již poměrně výrazný sklon terénu. V této části
jsou umístěny menší viladomy o 3, resp. 4 NP. Díky využití stávajícího terénu jsou všechny domy z ul. Na Stárce třípodlažní a výškově oddělené dle spádu komunikace. Pod objekty jsou umístěny podzemní garáže, kde na střechách jsou umístěny zahrady přízemních bytů.
Poslední samostatný celek v území tvoří severní pás nové zástavby kolem obslužné komunikace. Tento pás je již zcela uvnitř nové zástavby, v části na samotné hraně prudkého severního svahu. Neuplatňuje se zde přímý kontakt s nejbližším okolím, ale hrana svahu je důležitým vizuálním prvkem v širším kontextu. Proto jsou zde umístěny řadové rodinné domy s max. 2 NP, které netvoří optickou bariéru jak pro dálkové pohledy, tak i pro novou výstavbu. V části s prudkým svahem mají řadové domy přidáno 1 NP a tím v podstatě kopírují průběh terénu.
Součástí Oznámení je vyjádření příslušného stavebního úřadu o souladu s územně plánovací dokumentací. Z vyjádření OSU.Koš.p.614-12023/2012-Hav ze dne 19.3.2012 vyplývá, že záměr je umístěn v souladu s funkčním využitím dle ÚPn v území OB – čistě obytné s kódem míry využití území D. Součástí Oznámení je rovněž Úprava směrné části ÚPn číslo U 0909/2010 (s platností od 24.11.2010), kterou je upraven kód míry využití území z C na D.
Ve vyjádřeních k Oznámení záměru byla uplatněna připomínka, že část příjezdové komunikace k viladomům je umístěna v ploše ZMK (tato plocha je zároveň součástí celoměstského systému zeleně) a záměr tedy není v souladu s ÚPn. Rovněž tak dispozice záměru není z hlediska umístění jednotlivých objektů a obslužné komunikace v souladu s úpravou ÚPn číslo U 0909/2010.
V rámci zjišťovacího řízení bylo oznamovatelem předloženo vyjádření Útvaru rozvoje hl.m. Prahy (dále jen URM) č.j. URM 5859/2012 ze dne 19.07.2012, kterým je potvrzena 2. modifikace úpravy číslo U 0909/2010 (1. modifikace byla potvrzena 24.1.2012) a koordinační situace záměru, odpovídající této 2. modifikaci. Koordinační situace z Oznámení doznala tedy drobných změn týkajících se návrhu vjezdu v ploše ZMK a obratiště základní obslužné komunikace areálu. Střecha vjezdu pro viladům 1 a 2 je navržena jako zelená střecha s mocností vegetačního souvrství větším než 0,3 m. Funkce ZMK tak bude zachována. Obratiště bude navrženo ze zatravňovacích dlaždic.
Dále bylo předloženo vyjádření odboru územního plánu MHMP (dále jen OÚP MHMP) S-MHMP 692990/2012/OUP ze dne 13.8.2012. Ve vyjádření OÚP MHMP jsou specifikovány úprava ÚPn číslo 0909/2010 a následné modifikace této úpravy ze dne 24.1.2012 a 19.7. 2012, vydané ÚRM. V závěru vyjádření OÚP MHMP konstatuje, že předložený záměr (viz dokumentace zahrnující úpravu záměru dle 2. modifikace) není v rozporu s funkčním využitím stanoveným platným ÚPn a odpovídá vydané úpravě ÚPn číslo U 0909/2010.
Příslušný úřad konstatuje, že drobné změny hodnoceného záměru (úprava příjezdu přes plochu ZMK a úprava obratiště) nemají vliv na provedené hodnocení v Oznámení záměru z hlediska vlivů na životní prostředí a veřejné zdraví.
K doporučující připomínce ohledně zvýšení uživatelské hodnoty obytného souboru umístěním občanské vybavenosti (dle zadání pořízené změny Z 1203/06 - Území pro obytnou zástavbu s občanskou vybaveností) zástupce oznamovatele sdělil, že umístění veřejného prostranství dle vyhlášky č. 269/2009 Sb., kterou se mění vyhláška č. 501/2006 Sb., o obecných požadavcích na využívání území, je striktně požadováno pro každé 2 ha plochy bydlení a řešené území je menší než 2 ha. Vzhledem k velikosti dotčené plochy (1,91 ha) oznamovatel připomínku akceptuje a v dalších fázích projektové přípravy stavby prověří možnost umístění a realizaci veřejného parku či dětského hřiště na dotčených pozemcích. Zástupce oznamovatele zároveň upozorňuje na skutečnost, že obytný soubor se bude nacházet v těsném sousedství sportovního areálu Cibulka, kde se nachází squashové centrum, horolezecká stěna, stolní tenis a další sportovní aktivity pro děti a dospělé.
Příslušný úřad dále konstatuje, že posouzení souladu s vydanou územně plánovací dokumentací, s cíli a úkoly územního plánování, koordinace změn v území, výstavby a jiných činností ovlivňujících rozvoj území, posouzení souladu s požadavky na dopravu, technickou infrastrukturu a s požadavky zvláštních právních předpisů je předmětem řízení podle stavebního zákona, které provádí stavební úřad.
K připomince ohledně promítnutí navržených opatření a připomínek z procesu EIA do dalších fází projektové přípravy stavby příslušný úřad sděluje, že z § 10 odst. 3, 4, 5 zákona vyplývá, že stanovisko nebo závěr zjišťovacího řízení jsou odborným podkladem pro vydání rozhodnutí popř. opatření podle zvláštních právních předpisů. Stanovisko nebo závěr zjišťovacího řízení předkládá oznamovatel jako jeden z podkladů pro navazující řízení (např. územní, stavební řízení apod). Při svém rozhodování bere správní úřad vždy v úvahu obsah stanoviska nebo závěru zjišťovacího řízení. Jsou-li ve stanovisku nebo závěru zjišťovacího řízení uvedeny konkrétní požadavky a připomínky, týkající se ochrany životního prostředí, zahrne je správní úřad do svého rozhodnutí. V opačném případě uvede důvody, pro které tak neučinil nebo učinil jen částečně.
Dle § 10 odst. 4 zákona je příslušný úřad (tj. úřad vydávající stanovisko či závěr zjišťovacího řízení) dotčeným správním úřadem. V praxi to tedy znamená, že příslušný úřad při posuzování dokumentací v dalších fázích projektové přípravy stavby kontroluje, zda byly podmínky ze stanoviska či závěru zjišťovacího řízení zapracovány do těchto dokumentací.
**Doprava**
V předloženém Oznámení je popsána a posouzena vyvolaná doprava pro období výstavby i provozu záměru. Pro řešené území byla zpracována dopravní studie, na základě údajů z této studie byla zpracována hluková expertiza a rozptylová studie. V těchto studiích bylo prokázáno, že realizace záměru nepředstavuje významný zásah do životního prostředí, nedojde
k významnému negativnímu ovlivnění zdraví obyvatelstva hlukem, akustická situace se ve výhledovém stavu významně oproti stávající situaci nezmění a imisní přispěvky škodlivin budou velmi malé a nebudou znamenat významné navýšení zdravotních rizik.
K připomínce ohledně neúplné specifikace dopravy v klidu na str. 26 Oznámení, bylo zástupcem oznamovatele doplněna následující tabulka, obsahující skladbu parkovacích stání dle vyhl.č. 26/1999 Sb. HMP.
**Bilance dopravy v klidu**
| | požadovaný počet parkovacích stání | zařízeno |
|----------------|-----------------------------------|----------|
| Bytové domy | | |
| počet 1kk | 10 | 10 |
| počet bytů < 100m² | 49 | 49 |
| počet bytů > 100m² | 21 | 42 |
| počet bytů celkem | 80 | 101 |
| Viladomy | | |
| počet 1kk | 4 | 4 |
| počet bytů < 100m² | 12 | 12 |
| počet bytů > 100m² | 8 | 16 |
| počet bytů celkem | 24 | 32 |
| Bytové domy + viladomy | | |
| počet 1kk | 14 | 14,0 |
| počet bytů < 100m² | 61 | 67 |
| počet bytů > 100m² | 29 | 58 |
| počet bytů celkem | 104 | 133 |
| Návštěvníci bytů | počet bytových domů + viladomů | 9 | 1stání na každých započatých 10 parkovacích míst | stání na povrchu |
|------------------|-------------------------------|---|-----------------------------------------------|-----------------|
| | počet bytových jednotek | 104| | |
| | požadovaný počet stání pro BJ | 133| | 14 |
| Rodinné domy | počet rodinných domů | 14 | 26 | 28 |
|------------------|----------------------|----|----|----|
| | návštěvy | 14 | | |
| CELKEM | 175 | (179 garážových stání + 14 stání na povrchu) |
Doprava v klidu vyhovuje
Z předložené tabulky vyplývá, že požadovaný počet PS v areálu činí minimálně 175 PS (jedná se o zónu 4). V areálu je navrženo 193 PS, z toho 151 PS v podzemních garážích, 28 odstavných stání v garážích rodinných domů a 14 PS podél areálové komunikace. Tento počet PS byl také posuzován v rozptylové studii.
K připomínce ohledně prodloužení obslužné komunikace dále do území, zástupce oznamovatele sdělil, že areálová obslužná komunikace je navržena jako obousměrná slepá, tedy nepřijezdná, na svém konci ukončena obratištěm. Podél komunikace je navržen chodník, který dle platných norem a legislativních předpisů zajišťuje bezpečný pohyb chodců. ÚPn neumožňuje další rozvoj výstavby v návaznosti na řešené území, navrhovaná přístupová komunikace je kapacitně řešena pouze pro obslužnost řešeného území.
Chodník je navržen až na hranu pozemku investora, kde na něj dále navazuje stávající chodník, takže pěší propojení územím mezi ul. Na Stárce a ul. Na Výši nebude přerušeno.
K připomínce ohledně vjezdu do areálu naproti rodinnému domu v ul. Na Stírce č. 33 a obavám ohledně zhoršení dopravní obslužnosti tohoto rodinného domu, zástupce projektanta uvedl, že
tento vjezd je navržen dle platných předpisů a norem a dopravní obslužnost stávajícího objektu není návrhem omezena. Dopravní obsluha areálu bude při další projektové přípravě stavby posuzována příslušnými dopravními orgány, a právě ty budou mimo jiné posuzovat, zda nedojde k omezení dopravní obslužnosti stávající rodinné zástavby v ul. Na Stárce. Z hlediska posouzení vlivů na životní prostředí bylo v předloženém oznámení prokázáno, že záměrem vyvolaná doprava významně negativně neovlivní životní prostředí a zdraví obyvatelstva (viz výše).
K připomince ohledně vedení staveniště dopravy příslušný úřad sděluje, že při další projektové přípravě stavby dojde k bližšímu prověření přepravních tras a jejich odsouhlasení jak orgánem ochrany veřejného zdraví, tak MČ Praha 5.
Pro období výstavby je ale bezpodmínečně nutné dodržovat všechna opatření pro minimalizaci prašnosti navržená v rámci schváleného plánu organizace výstavby (dále jen POV).
**Fauna a flóra**
V rámci Oznámení byl zpracován dendrologický inventarizační průzkum. Inventarizované dřeviny mají převážně průměrnou až podprůměrnou sadovnickou hodnotu, žádný z druhů dřevin není zvláště chráněn ve smyslu vyhl. č. 395/1992 Sb.
Souvislé porosty dřevin mají převážně nízký až velmi nízký biologický potenciál, u některých porostů byl konstatován střední biologický potenciál.
Funkce hodnocené zeleně a její význam jsou v jednotlivých aspektech většinou malé, z významnějších funkcí lze zmínit funkci zdravotně-hygienickou, bio-homeostatickou a schopnost modifikovat mikroklima okolního prostředí. Zřetelnější význam je biologický a rekreační. Při budoucím řešení zeleně hodnoceného území je doporučeno navrhnout opatření k zachování těchto funkcí. V souvislých porostech dřevin je doporučena alespoň zdravotní probírka a pěstební zásahy.
Součástí Oznámení je koncepce návrhu sadových úprav areálu a bilance ploch zeleně. Požadovaný KZ má hodnotu 0,55 a je splněn. Z koncepce sadových úprav vyplývá, že v řešeném území se bude nacházet zeleň na rostlém terénu i zeleň na konstrukci. Základním liniovým prvkem budou stromořadí ve zpevněných plochách podél páteřní komunikace a vzrostlé stromy v rovině travnaté ploše v okolí navrhované skalky a západního obratiště, které jsou navrženy v rozvolněných skupinách a jednotlivě a jsou doplněny keřovou skupinou. Keře jsou navrženy také při vstupech do bytových domů a viladomů, nízké živé ploty budou opticky oddělovat travnaté partery rodinných domů od obslužné komunikace. Nedílnou součástí budou také popínavé rostliny.
K připomince ohledně vedení komunikace přes plochu ZMK (viz výše) oznamovatel uvedl, že tato komunikace s vjezdem do 1.PP bude zastřešena, a to s úpravou jako zelená střecha.
s mocností zeminy vyšší než 30 cm. Návrh tohoto řešení byl odsouhlasen stanoviskem URM čj. 5859/2012 ze dne 19.7.2012 (2.modifikace úpravy ÚPn číslo U 0909/2010).
Oznamovatel sdělil, že v dalším stupni projektové přípravy stavby prověří možnost vedení této komunikace mimo plochu ZMK. Dle aktuálních informací oznamovatele je v současné době zpracovávána dokumentace pro územní řízení, kde vjezd do viladomů nebude veden přes plochu ZMK.
K připomínce ohledně realizace ozeleněných střech v rámci areálu oznamovatel sdělil, že zelená střecha nad komunikací v ploše ZMK bude mít mocnost zeminy nad 30 cm (viz výše) a střechy nad 1.PP viladomů a bytových domů jsou navrženy s extenzivní zelení s výškou 90 cm substrátu po celé ploše. Extenzivní zelená střecha má navržen nižší porost (tráva, květiny, bonsaje, nižší keře), který bez poškození přetrvává i v období sucha a po dešti lehce regeneruje. Zeleň se udržuje samovýsevem nebo vegetativně. Porost je zásobován vodou a živinami přirozenými procesy.
V zájmovém území byl proveden biologický průzkum. V zájmovém území byly nalezeny některé zvláště chráněné druhy živočichů. Výskyt obojživelníků nebyl v řešeném území zjištěn. Z plazů byl zjištěn výskyt ještěrky obecné a slepýše křehkého. Ještěrka obecná se nachází mimo zájmové území a její populace tedy nebude výstavbou ani provozem obytného souboru dotčena. Slepýš křehký nebude vzhledem k dostatku vyhovujících biotopů v okolí negativně ohrožen. Z ptáků byl pozorován lejsek šedý. Lejsek šedý využívá zájmové území potravně a v zájmovém území nehnízdí. Jeho populace tak nebude negativně ovlivněna. Pozorované druhy bezobratlých využívají zájmové území pouze potravně a nebudou tak výstavbou ani provozem zástavby ohroženy. Nebyl potvrzen výskyt kolonii netopýrů, nelze je však zcela vyloučit.
Z Oznámení vyplývá, že realizaci záměru se nepředpokládá, že by došlo ke zničení zoologicky významné lokality. Při dodržení navržených opatření lze daný záměr ze zoologického hlediska akceptovat. Jedná se především o následující opatření:
- Před vlastním zahájením stavby provést zoologický průzkum území přímo zasaženého stavbou a v případě nálezu zvláště chráněných druhů živočichů provést odchyt a záchranný přenos na jiné vhodné místo v okolí.
- V rámci realizace obytné zástavby vybudovat suchou zídku o ploše 8 m² a skalku s pískovými kapsami o rozloze cca 50 m² pro zajištění vhodného biotopu pro nalezené druhy plazů v zájmovém území.
- Kácení dřevin provádět v období mimo hnízdění ptáků (konec března až konec srpna).
- Hlavní terénní práce spojené se skrývkou a převozem ornice a podorničí provádět v období klidu, tj. v zimních měsících (druhá polovina října až konec února).
- V zájmovém území umístit na ponechaných stromech tři polootevřené budky.
• Před zahájením demolic objektů v dotčeném území zajistit prohlídku těchto objektů chiropterologem. Případné nálezy netopýrů konzultovat s příslušným orgánem ochrany přírody.
**Ostatní**
K připomínce možnosti napojení plánované stavby obytného souboru na kanalizační síť v povodí ÚČOV předložil oznamovatel vyjádření Pražské vodohospodářské společnosti PVS a.s. č.j.4041/12/2/02 ze dne 9.8.2012. Správce vodohospodářské infrastruktury souhlasil s napojením předmětné stavby na kanalizační síť v povodí ÚČOV Praha pro výše uvedený počet ekvivalentních obyvatel (440 EO). S ohledem na množství splaškových vod, které mají být vypouštěny z navrhovaných objektů se nepředpokládá, že by předložený záměr významněji ovlivnil čistící proces a stávající kvalitu vypouštěných odpadních vod z ÚČOV Praha.
Připomínka využití vytěžené zeminy pro stavbu protihlukového valu byla oznamovatelem akceptována. Vytěžená zemina bude v maximální míře využita pro zpětný zásyp na pozemcích, včetně výstavby protihlukové stěny, případně valu.
Připomínka ohledně umístění sběrného místa separovaného odpadu bude při další projektové přípravě splněna.
**Shrnutí**
Příslušný úřad došel k závěru, že záměr nemůže významně ovlivnit životní prostředí a veřejné zdraví a že uplatněné připomínky nezakládají důvod k tomu, aby bylo nutné přistoupit ke zpracování dokumentace ve smyslu § 8 zákona.
Příslušný úřad při svém hodnocení vycházel zejména ze závěru zpracovatele Oznámení Ing. Libora Ládyše (EKOLAgroup spol. s r.o.), držitele autorizace pro posuzování vlivů na životní prostředí, ze závěrů odborných studií v Oznámení a doplňujících informací od oznamovatele a projektanta záměru.
Podle příslušného úřadu byl v průběhu zjišťovacího řízení popsán a zhodnocen stávající stav území a identifikovány vlivy záměru na životní prostředí a veřejné zdraví, které byly zváženy ve vztahu k charakteru záměru a jeho umístění s ohledem na jejich rozsah, velikost a složitost, pravděpodobnost, dobu trvání, frekvenci a vratnost. Při aplikaci opatření k prevenci, vyloučení, snížení a kompenzaci nepříznivých vlivů, které jsou podrobně rozvedeny v Oznámení a které vyplývají z provedeného zjišťovacího řízení, lze konstatovat, že realizací záměru nedojde z hlediska základních environmentálních charakteristik území k významnému navýšení stávající zátěže území.
V průběhu zjišťovacího řízení byly uplatněny připomínky, které jsou řešitelné v návazných správních řízeních a měly by být posouzeny příslušnými dotčenými správními úřady. Z tohoto důvodu předal příslušný úřad kopie vyjádření oznamovateli záměru.
**Závěr:**
Záměr „Obytný park Na Stárce, k.ú. Košíře, Praha 5“ naplňuje dikci bodu 10.6, kategorie II, přílohy č. 1 zákona č. 100/2001 Sb., o posuzování vlivů na životní prostředí a o změně některých souvisejících zákonů (zákon o posuzování vlivů na životní prostředí), v platném znění. Proto bylo dle § 7 citovaného zákona provedeno zjišťovací řízení, jehož cílem bylo zjištění, zda záměr bude posuzován podle citovaného zákona.
Na základě provedeného zjišťovacího řízení dospěl příslušný úřad k závěru, že záměr
„Obytný park Na Stárce, k.ú. Košíře, Praha 5“
**nebudé posuzován**
podle citovaného zákona. Přitom je nezbytné dodržet opatření k prevenci, vyloučení, snížení, popřípadě kompenzaci nepříznivých vlivů navržených v Oznámení (Ing. Libor Ládyš, EKOLAgroup spol. s r.o., květen 2012) a zohlednit relevantní připomínky z vyjádření k Oznámení záměru.
Zejména je nutné splnit následující podmínky:
- Navrhnout umístění části vjezdové komunikace k viladomům mimo plochu ZMK.
- Prověřit možnost umístění a realizaci veřejného prostoru či dětského hřiště v areálu obytného souboru.
- Před vlastním zahájením stavby provést zoologický průzkum území přímo zasaženého stavbou a v případě nálezu zvláště chráněných druhů živočichů provést odchyt a záchranný přenos na jiné vhodné místo v okolí.
- V rámci realizace obytné zástavby vybudovat suchou zdíku o ploše 8 m² a skalku s pískovými kapsami o rozloze cca 50 m² pro zajištění vhodného biotopu pro nalezené druhy plazů v zájmovém území.
- Kácení dřevin provádět v období mimo hnízdění ptáků (konec března až konec srpna).
- Hlavní terénní práce spojené se skrývkou a převozem ornice a podorničí provádět v období klidu, tj. v zimních měsících (druhá polovina října až konec února).
- V zájmovém území umístit na ponechaných stromech tři polootevřené budky.
- Před zahájením demolic objektů v dotčeném území zajistit prohlídku těchto objektů chiropterologem. Případné nálezy netopýrů konzultovat s příslušným orgánem ochrany přírody.
• Zpracovat hydrogeologický posudek lokality a na základě jeho výsledků dořešit nakládání s dešťovými vodami.
• Doupřesnit řešení protihlukové stěny podél železniční trati a toto řešení předložit k odsouhlasení příslušnému orgánu ochrany veřejného zdraví.
• Zpracovat zásady organizace výstavby a plán organizace výstavby s ohledem na minimalizaci vlivů na životní prostředí a blízkou obytou zástavbu.
• Na základě zásad organizace výstavby a plánu organizace výstavby vypracovat detailní hlukovou studii pro období výstavby včetně návrhu protihlukových opatření a předložit ji k odsouhlasení příslušnému orgánu ochrany veřejného zdraví.
• V období výstavby dodržovat všechna opatření pro minimalizaci vlivů na životní prostředí a veřejné zdraví, navržená v plánu organizace výstavby.
Závěr zjišťovacího řízení nenahrazuje vyjádření dotčených orgánů státní správy, ani příslušná povolení podle zvláštních předpisů.
Ing. Josef Plavík
pověřený řízením odboru
Magistrát hl. m. Prahy
odbor životního prostředí
Mariánské nám. 2
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1 von 2
24.03.2012
Der Mittsommerlauf soll das Zugpferd werden
Von Martin Walentowitz
Bereits 2008 waren der TV Lorsbach, die TGS Langenhain und die SG Wildsachsen zusammengekommen, um eine gemeinsame Schülerlaufserie, den so genannten LLW-Cup, zu organisieren.
Die Idee dabei war einfach: Die Schüler sollen nicht nur bei einzelnen Läufen im Rahmen der Volksläufe teilnehmen, sondern kontinuierlich beim Laufen bleiben und an der kompletten Serie mit bisher drei Rennen teilnehmen. Die einzelnen Veranstaltungen liegen über mehrere Monate verteilt. Eine Gesamtwertung aller Läufe mit entsprechenden Preisen ist der Anreiz für die Schüler.
Ein vierter Lauf
In diesem Jahr wird aus dem ausrichtenden Vereinstrio ein Quartett. Der TV Wallau mit seinem bestens bekannten Mittsommerlauf hat sich dazu entschlossen, in seinem Rahmenprogramm die Schülerlaufserie zu unterstützen. "Ich denke, es ist eine sehr gute Idee, sich abzusprechen und die jeweiligen Einzelveranstaltungen zu einem großen Ganzen zusammenzufügen", erklärte Alexander Seitz im Namen des Vereins auf einer Pressekonferenz der vier Vereine.
Der Mittsommerlauf mit jährlich rund 2000 Startern könnte das große Zugpferd des LLWW-Cups werden. Die weiteren Hofheimer Vereine hoffen, dass Kinder, die bislang nur in Wallau gelaufen sind, in diesem Jahr auch in den anderen Stadtteilen an den Start gehen werden. Um Kindern die vier Läufe schmackhaft zu machen, einigten sich die Vereine auf den Namen "Heiße Socke" – "das klingt einfach besser", erklärte Ralph Overdick vom TV Lorsbach. Ziel sei es, "vom altbackenen Volkslauf wegzukommen und dafür eine junge und frische Veranstaltung durchzuführen", sagt Overdick.
Gestartet wird in zwei Altersklassen. Mitmachen können Kinder der Jahrgänge 2001 bis 2006 in der BambiniWertung. Jugendliche, die zwischen 1997 und 2000 geboren wurden, starten im Teenager-Cup. Die Bambinis müssen bei drei der vier Läufe teilnehmen, um in der Gesamtwertung berücksichtigt zu werden. Absolvieren sie gar alle vier Läufe, so werden die schnellsten drei Durchgänge gewertet.
Die Teenager starten nur in Lorsbach, Wallau und Wildsachsen. "Die landschaftlichen Gegebenheiten lassen bei uns keinen Lauf über eine Distanz von drei oder vier Kilometern zu", erklärte Gisbert Quelle, Vorsitzender der TGS Langenhain.
Trainingscamp als Preis
Auf die jeweiligen drei Jahrgangsbesten der Gesamtwertung wartet ein toller Preis: Der erfolgreiche Langstreckenläufer Stefan Wohllebe wird die Kinder in einem Trainingscamp am 6. Oktober unter seine Fittiche nehmen und zahlreiche Tipps zum Lauftraining geben. Die Zeitbesten aller Altersklassen erhalten außerdem einen Pokal. Um dem Namen "Heiße Socke" gerecht zu werden, bekommen alle Kinder, die es ins Trainingscamp mit Wohllebe schaffen, zudem ein paar Laufsocken.
27.03.2012 15:02
2 von 2
Eine gesonderte Anmeldung für die "Heiße Socke", die unter der Schirmherrschaft von Hofheims Bürgermeisterin Gisela Stang steht, ist nicht notwendig. Interessierte Kinder und deren Eltern sollten sich vorab im Internet unter http://www.heisse-socke.de informieren und rechtzeitig für den ersten Lauf, den Langenhainer Frühjahrs-Volkslauf am 29. April, anmelden. Die weiteren Termine: 3. Juni: Lorsbacher Schinderwaldläufe, 22. Juni: Wallauer Mittsommerlauf, 29. September: Wildsächser Wald- und Weiherlauf.
© 2012 Frankfurter Neue Presse
27.03.2012 15:02 | <urn:uuid:a3798ff6-5f3d-4199-a650-79ae6c70139c> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 3,390 |
Helsingin kaupunki
Kaupunginvaltuusto
Pöytäkirja
5/2014
1 (3)
Kj/9
12.03.2014
§ 87
Vuoden 2013 talousarviossa tytäryhteisöille asetetuista sitovista tavoitteista toteutumatta jäänyt tavoite
HEL 2014-001111 T 00 01 05
Päätös
Kaupunginvaltuusto päätti kaupunginhallituksen ehdotuksen mukaisesti hyväksyä tytäryhteisöjen vuoden 2013 talousarvion sitovien toiminnallisten tavoitteiden poikkeaman Mitox Oy:n osalta.
Esittelijä
Kaupunginhallitus
Lisätiedot
Atte Malmström, konsernilakimies, puhelin: 310 25472 atte.malmstrom(a)hel.fi
Liitteet
1
Tytäryhteisöjen sitovat tavoitteet vuonna 2013
Päätösehdotus
Päätös on ehdotuksen mukainen.
Esittelijän perustelut
Vuoden 2013 talousarvion noudattamisohjeiden mukaan tytäryhteisöille talousarviossa asetettujen tulostavoitteiden toteutumisesta raportoidaan osana tytäryhteisöraportointia. Toteutumatta jääneistä sitovista tulostavoitteista tytäryhteisöjen on annettava selvitys siten, että selvitykset voidaan käsitellä kaupunginvaltuustossa ennen tilinpäätöksen allekirjoittamista kaupunginhallituksessa.
Tytäryhteisöjen sitovien tavoitteiden poikkeamat on tarkoitus käsitellä samanaikaisesti lauta- ja johtokunnille asetettujen tavoitteiden poikkeamien kanssa kaupunginvaltuustossa ennen tilinpäätöksen allekirjoittamista kaupunginhallituksessa.
Liitteenä on tytäryhteisöille talousarviossa 2013 asetetut sitovat tavoitteet. Yhtiöiden ilmoitusten mukaan Mitox Oy:tä lukuun ottamatta tytäryhteisöjen sitovat tavoitteet ovat toteutuneet. Tarkempi selvitys tavoitteiden toteutumisesta esitetään tilinpäätösraportin yhteydessä (Tytäryhteisöraportti 4/2013, konsernijaosto 24.3.2014).
Mitox Oy:n tavoite: Yhtiö toimii taloudellisesti kannattavasti
Helsingin kaupunki
Kaupunginvaltuusto
Esittelijä
Lisätiedot
Liitteet
1
Tytäryhteisöjen sitovat tavoitteet vuonna 2013
Tiedoksi; Muutoksenhaku: muutoksenhakukielto, valmistelu
Kaupunginkanslia
Päätöshistoria
Kaupunginhallitus 24.02.2014 § 235
HEL 2014-001111 T 00 01 05
Päätös
Kaupunginhallitus päätti esittää kaupunginvaltuustolle, että kaupunginvaltuusto päättäisi seuraavaa:
Kaupunginvaltuusto päättänee hyväksyä tytäryhteisöjen vuoden 2013 talousarvion sitovien toiminnallisten tavoitteiden poikkeaman Mitox Oy:n osalta.
Esittelijä
vs. kaupunginjohtaja Pekka Sauri
Lisätiedot
Atte Malmström, konsernilakimies, puhelin: 310 25472 atte.malmstrom(a)hel.fi
Kaupunginhallituksen konsernijaosto 17.02.2014 § 22
HEL 2014-001111 T 00 01 05
Pöytäkirja
5/2014
2 (3)
Kj/9
12.03.2014
Toteuma: Tavoite ei toteutunut
Vuonna 2013 Mitox Oy:n tulos tulee olemaan noin 1,6 milj. euroa tappiollinen. Yhtiön ilmoituksen mukaan syynä on projektiliiketoiminnan tappiollisuus.
Mitox Oy:n tilanteesta tuodaan konsernijaostoon erillinen esitys maaliskuussa 2014.
Kaupunginhallitus
Atte Malmström, konsernilakimies, puhelin: 310 25472 atte.malmstrom(a)hel.fi
Helsingin kaupunki
Kaupunginvaltuusto
Päätös
Esittelijä
Lisätiedot
Pöytäkirja
5/2014
3 (3)
Kj/9
12.03.2014
Konsernijaosto päätti esittää kaupunginhallitukselle, että se päättäisi tehdä esityksen kaupunginvaltuustolle tytäryhteisöjen vuoden 2013 talousarvion sitovien toiminnallisten tavoitteiden poikkeamasta Mitox Oy:n osalta.
vs. kaupunginjohtaja Pekka Sauri
Pia Halinen, controller, puhelin: 310 25718
pia.halinen(a)hel.fi | <urn:uuid:39b3b8d1-8400-4629-ae6d-76897ca97be1> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fin_Latn/train | finepdfs | fin_Latn | 3,312 |
Les Produits des Blancs
(Le Vocabulaire des ATEGE sur les produits Européens modernes)
SECRETARIAT D'ETAT A LA CULTURE ET AUX ARTS
OFFICE DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE OUTRE-MER
MUSEE DES ARTS ET TRADITIONS DU GABON
CENTRE DE LIBREVILLE 1974
MUSÉE DES ARTS
ET TRADITIONS DU GABON
ELOGO B'EBAMI
"LES PRODUITS DES BLANCS"
(LE VOCABULAIRE DES ATÉGE
SUR LES PRODUITS EUROPÉENS MODERNES)
Libreville, Octobre 1974
par
E. MBOT
Docteur en Ethnologie
de l'Université de Paris
| Section | Page |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|
| Liminaire | 1 |
| I - Situation géographique ethnique et linguistique | 3 |
| II - Note historique sur l'introduction des produits européens dans le Bassin de l'Ogooué | 11 |
| III - Présentation du corpus | 25 |
| IV - Analyse du corpus | 118 |
| Consonnes Occlusives | Convention retenue | Description |
|----------------------|--------------------|-------------|
| p | Bilabiale sourde |
| b | Bilabiale sonore |
| t | Apico dentale sourde |
| d | Apico dentale sonore |
| k | Dorsovélaire sourde |
| g | Dorsovélaire sonore |
| n | Apico dentale sonore |
| m | Bilabiale sonore |
| n_ | Palatale |
| Consonnes Fricatives et spirantes | Convention retenue | Description |
|----------------------------------|--------------------|-------------|
| z | Sifflante pré-dorso sonore sourde |
| ch | Chuintante pré-dorso alvéolaire sourde |
| r | Uvulaire sourde |
| Voyelles | Convention retenue | Description |
|---------------------------------|--------------------|-------------|
| a | Demi fermé |
| é | Muet |
| e | (Ouvert et fermé) |
| o | Fermé ou non |
| i | Ou français |
| u | Labio-vilaire sonore |
En 1968 à l'occasion d'un stage de quatre mois à Moanda, un Chef de personnel me confia ses préoccupations sur les rapports que les ouvriers gabonais établissaient avec les outils modernes.
A l'époque, je ne pus mettre en place un cadre opératoire pour cerner cette confidence.
S'il y a un problème de manipulation d'outils, problème qui se manifeste au Gabon à l'intérieur d'un cadre historique précis : celui de l'interpénétration des mouvances sociales différentes (Occidentale moderne et Africaine), l'analyse des rapports entre utilisateurs et outils semble avoir nécessairement pour base le point de vue spécifique de ceux pour qui les outils et les appareils modernes font problème. Comment mettre à jour ce point de vue, telle est la question qui m'a conduit à soumettre à l'O.R.S.T.O.M. la proposition suivante : "dans maints Secteurs Socio-écologiques des communautés africaines du Bassin de l'Ogooué, l'avènement des comportements, des outils, et des appareils modernes a entraîné comme conséquence de nouveaux usages de langage auxquels on porte encore peu d'attention. Ceux-ci représentent cependant des lieux privilégiés, à partir desquels les chercheurs sont à même de lire et de comprendre les procès de mutation, mais aussi de récupération ou de conservation des communautés africaines en présence de l'européanisation de leurs mouvances sociales..."
D'emblée, on se trouve en face des problèmes de langage si comme je l'ai dit plus haut le point de départ de l'étude est le point de vue spécifique des communautés concernées.
De Janvier à Février 1974, une mission d'ethnographie dans la région du Sud-Est - Gabon, les Plateaux Bateké, a fourni l'occasion de recueillir le corpus qui dans cette étude sert à mettre en lumière la problématique évoquée ici.
Cette mission d'ethnographie a permis de mettre en jeu deux données apparemment opposées. Une collecte d'objets relevant de la production ancienne chez les Ategé du Gabon, et devant servir aux expositions du Musée des Arts et Traditions de Libreville, - mais aussi - une enquête sur le vocabulaire des mêmes Ategé en ce qui concerne les produits européens modernes.
C'est ainsi que cette mission des Plateaux Bateké réalisée dans le cadre de ma deuxième année de Stage à l'Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique des pays Outre-Mer mettait à l'évidence la confrontation de deux données historiques et sociales : d'une part
- la disparition progressive d'un mode de production, celui lié jusqu'à présent au mode de vie des Ategé et de tous les peuples du Bassin de l'Ogooué, ce mode de production dont les restes semblent être relegués en privilège dans des musées ;
- d'autre part
- la pénétration toujours plus grande des produits européens modernes dont le vocabulaire pris ici comme objet d'étude dans les communautés Ategé, n'est que l'aboutissement.
En prenant pour matériaux d'analyse et pour point de départ de l'étude le vocabulaire et les entretiens d'un peuple du Bassin de l'Ogooué, l'intention est de mettre l'accent sur le lien et non sur la cassure de deux phénomènes qui semblent s'articuler l'un à l'autre et non s'exclure.
Tout en s'appuyant sur une esquisse d'étude sur des échantillons relativement peu importants, on peut affirmer, qu'on se trouvera de plus en plus dans l'impossibilité de contrôler les mutations provoquées par les produits européens modernes dans les modes de vie des peuples du Bassin de l'Ogooué, si l'on ne prend égard d'une part, aux modes anciens de production de ces peuples eux-mêmes, et d'autre part aux rapports spécifiques que ces derniers attachant aux produits modernes.
Le vocabulaire et les entretiens n'apparaissent ici que comme révélateurs de ces mutations.
C'est en tenant compte de cette affirmation qu'on peut penser que le présent mémoire intéressera non seulement ethnologues, linguistes et historiens, mais également toute personne ayant le souci de comprendre et de contrôler les bouleversements provoqués par la pénétration des produits européens dans nos communautés, et en premier lieu les gabonais.
I - SITUATION GEOGRAPHIQUE-ETHNIQUE ET LINGUISTIQUE
CARTE DES PEUPLES DU GABON
Limite des groupes ethniques (DESCHAMPS 1962)
P Pygmées
Pays vides (sauf quelques Pygmées)
Koulamoutou, Bapoubi, Adouma, Bawandji, Bandjabi, Batsangui, Baboussi, Baloumbou, Balougni, Mossendjo, Batsayé, Batsangui, Bambama, Bayaka, Sibiti, Tegué Djikini, Tegué Mpama, Bakoukouya, Ndzikou, Djambala, Boundji, Mbéti, Mbochi, Atié, Baoumou, Atio, Ogooué, Massango, Obamba, Shamaï, Lékoni, Franceville, Bakoukouya, Batéké Lali, Batéké Lali, Mbahouin, Mindessá, Mbahouin, Ogooué.
La théorie la plus généralement soutenue et que retiennent Avelot, Raveustein, Marquardsen, Plancquaert, Baumann et d'autres encore, voit dans les Atégé actuels les descendants des Anziki. Avelot indique même l'époque à laquelle s'est produit le changement de nom : "le nom (Anzika - Angeka) s'est transformé en N'téka aux XVIIIe siècle et en Nteké ou Ntegé au XIXe siècle.
Anderson (Tome I p.14) reprenant cette théorie rattachent les Atégé à l'ethnie Kuta désignation qui dépasse largement ici les Bakota de l'Est. Anderson met également certaine restriction à l'affirmation soutenue plus haut quand il écrit (p.16).
"Les Teké actuels ne sont en tout cas pas les purs descendants des anciens Africains, ils sont fortement mélangés aussi bien avec les Yaga... qu'avec les Ambu et les tribus Kongo de l'Ouest et du Sud".
Sans insister davantage sur ces considérations historiques d'Anderson, il convient de noter ici la façon dont ces auteurs mettent en lumière une carte ethnique des Atégé. Le premier de ces auteurs est Hottot.
D'après Hottot, les Atégé se diviseraient en quatre grands groupes installés comme suit dans l'espace :
1) - Les Fumu au Sud le long du Congo et ayant pour grandes agglomérations, Brazzaville et Stanley-Pool.
2) - Les Teo au Sud et à l'Ouest et aussi le long du Congo
3) - Les Bali à l'Ouest et un peu au Nord
4) - Les Sise (Tsaye) au Nord dans les villes de Bambama, de Komono et de Djambala. Ce dernier groupe est celui qui vit entre l'Ogooué et l'Alima.
Dans la même région, deux essais de classification linguistique méritent d'être considérés : celle de Castex en 1938 dans le B.R.S.C. n°26 et celle de J.J. Adam en 1954 dans le B.I.E.C. n°7.
À partir de l'étude comparée du vocabulaire de la région du Haut-Ogooué, Castex donne la classification suivante des langues de cette région en ce qui
concerne :
- le Mindoumbou
- Leoumbou
- Mbaghi
- Ombamba
- Tegué
A chacune de ces langues, se rattacheraient des dialectes ou sous-dialectes comme suit :
- Assiniangui
1°) au Mindoumbou qui comprend - Kanga-Djogo
- Kouya
parlé plus particulièrement dans la région de Franceville.
- Bangomo
2°) au M'baghi qui comprend - Bachaké
- Bakele
parlé plus particulièrement dans le district d'Okondja.
- Bandassa
3°) au Leoumbou qui comprend - Bakouta
- Bachamaï
parlé encore dans le district d'Okondja.
- Bampini
4°) à l'Ombamba ou Mbete qui comprend - Bakanigui
- Bawandji
parlé encore dans la région de Franceville.
5°) au Tegué - Batsaï.
D'après Castex, ces cinq divisions elles-mêmes se réduiraient à deux : il y aurait le Kouta qui comprend le - Mbaghi
le - Leoumbou
- le - Mindoumbou
et le Tegué qui comprend le - Mbete
ou Obamba
En face de cette classification suffisamment développée, Monseigneur Adam présente une autre (I.E.C. n°5 7 et 8 Brazzaville 1954).
Ainsi pour lui, la famille des langues "Teké" est surtout répandue au Moyen-Congo et au Congo Belge. Cependant au moins 1/4 de la population du Gabon parle des dialectes apparentés au Teké. Cette famille linguistique va des rives du Congo jusqu'à la Likouala, et du Niari jusqu'à la Ngounié et aux affluents de l'Ivindo.
Monseigneur Adam divise par la suite ce qu'il appelle les langues "Teké" en quatre groupes; avec cependant une intercompréhension des groupes en présence. Ainsi d'après lui, un Ndumu comprend facilement un Mbede ou un Tegé mais aura du mal à comprendre un Boma ou un Ndzébi. En réalité quand on fait la route Akiéni - Lekoni - Bongoville - Ondili, on remarque que les zones d'intercompréhension sont des zones -tampom, les Ategé de la forêt jouant par exemple le rôle de tampom.
D'après Monseigneur Adam encore le groupe Tyo ou Teo (Atyo ou Ateo) se concentre essentiellement dans la région de Brazzaville entre le Congo et le District de Djambala.
Quant à ce qu'il appelle le groupe Teké, il comprendrait les Ategé et les Bamfumu aux environs de Brazzaville et Zanaga, les Bacikuya (Bakukuya), les Bansi nseke (habitant de la savane) à Djambala, les Batsayi et Bankanini le Nord de Zanaga et le Sud-Est de Franceville.
- Plus loin dans son étude, Monseigneur Adam parle du Sous-groupe Tegé, comme étant une sous-division des Mbete. C'est à ce propos qu'il définit le verbal Otegé comme "acheter" et "vendre", il reconnaît que ce sous-groupe se dit lui-même "Ategé", comme mentionné plus haut dans des groupes cependant indépendants du groupe Mbete. Les Ateké se trouvent eux dans les hauts plateaux Bateké entre l'Alima et Franceville. Ils font ainsi la transition entre les Acikuya et les Ndumu.
Voici la classification de Monseigneur Adam (1954)
| Groupe | Sous-groupe | % Ndumu | Clans |
|--------|----------------------|---------|---------------------|
| Tyo | - Tyo (teo) | | |
| | - Ndzindzihu | | |
| | - Boma | | |
| | - Ngungulu (ngungwoni)| | |
| Teke | - Teke | 85 | (Zanaga) |
| | - Mfumu | 84 | |
| | - Cikuga (kukuya) | 90 | |
| | - Nsi - Nseke | | |
| | - Nkanini | 86 | |
| | - Tsayi | 87 | |
| Mbete | - Mbete | 89 | Mpini, si ngami |
| | | | Ngutu, Ndjinini |
| | | | Mbama, Si-Mbede |
| | | | Mbeti / Mbiri |
| | - Ndumu | 100 | - Kuga, pigi |
| | | | - Kanandjoho |
| | | | - Ngani |
| | - Kanini | 95 | - Gikolo |
| | | | - Okolo |
| | - Tegé (Nzikini) | | - Alima |
| | - Tege | 91 | - Lekuni |
| Duma | - Duma | 84 | |
| | - Wandji | 87 | |
| | - Tsengi | 83 | |
| | - Nâzebi | 78 | |
| | - Nli | 82 | |
N. - B. Le % indique le % de mots communs avec le Ndumu. (Compte fait sur un ensemble d'environ 500 mots).
A cette classification d'Adam, on peut ajouter celle du Docteur MILETO - (I.E.C. nouvelle série n°2 Brazzaville 1951).
Ce dernier reprend la classification d'Adam sans pour autant l'éclaircir ni l'approfondir davantage.
IL amène quelques compléments cependant à cette classification, quand il dit que les Batcavi représentent le fruit d'un métissage entre Bateké et Bakota.
Des erreurs assez graves quand plus loin il affirme que les Ategé (pl. de Otegé) sont un groupe métisse entre Obamba et Teké (orthographe variante d'Otegé).
IL convient de reconnaître cependant que les villages tampon entre Obamba et Ategé en bordure de la forêt et de la savane entretiennent des échanges.
SAUTER dans son importante publication(I), essaie lui aussi de donner une certaine classification des communautés Ategé - ses renseignements sont difficilement exploitables à cause de leur dispersion à travers tout l'ouvrage. D'après lui (p. 237) les Ategé de l'Alima seraient répartis en trois groupes politiques hiérarchisés :
a) - Ategue a Mbali
b) - Ategue a Ndjabi
c) - Ategue a Oyooua
Ils sont appelés administrativement Bateké-Alima. Les Ategé d'Ewo, les Djikini seraient également appelés : Andjini, Djiningui
Adzingui, Andzindzihou
Adziane, Anziani
Andjicani
- Les groupes voisins ou proches parents sont :
- Asi Nkiga (habitants des monts) entre Alima et l'Ogooué
- Ambere ou Mbeti se situaient à la charnière des Bakota et des Ategé. Avec eux les Abamba et les Mindoumou.
(I) De l'Atlantique au Congo.
— **Danga Ngoulou** ou **Bala Ngolo** de dialecte **Kiteke** sont entre la Mpama et la Nkeni.
— **Moye** — **Moye mou Essobe** **Moye mou Zamba**
— Les **Moye** de la savane
— Les **Moye** de la forêt sont voisins des **Danga Ngoulou**. Ils ont également des affinités avec les **Ategé** par la langue et par l'organisation sociale.
Pour terminer cette classification des **Ategé**, on appréciera la contribution de l'administrateur Edouard TREZENEN (B.R.S.C. n° 25 Janvier 1938 pp. 75 à 76) qui situe de façon fort claire historiquement et géographiquement les communautés **Ategé** de la région de Zanaga qu'il classe en trois groupes :
1° — Au Nord, sont les **Batsayi**, venus des sources de la Sebé (affluent de gauche de l'Ogooué), qu'ils ont quittées à la suite de difficultés survenues entre les **Bakoukouya** et eux. Ils sont arrivés sur le territoire de Zanaga en descendant la vallée de la Sebé et en remontant celle de l'Ogooué. Leur habitat est la forêt.
2° — À l'Ouest, au Sud et au Sud-Est du poste se rencontrent des **Bateké** qui s'appellent eux-mêmes **Balali** à cause de la rivière Lali, qui est leur point de départ vers le reste du territoire qu'ils occupent actuellement. Ils disent avoir toujours habité cette région, aussi loin que les souvenirs de leurs ancêtres puissent remonter.
3° — À ces **Balali** autochtones est venue se joindre, vers 1860, une autre variété de **Bateké**, probablement des **Bakoukouya** (les intéressés n'ont pu préciser), qui, à la suite de différends avec les **Baboumi**, ont abandonné la région d'Ossélé qu'ils habitaient pour remonter le cours de la Mpama, affluent de l'Alima. Aux sources de la Mpama, il y a eu dispersion.
Une partie d'entre eux a occupé, dans les savanes, la zone des sources de l'Ogooué, de la Lali et du Ndouho et a changé de nom, se désignant pour les uns sous le nom de **Batsétségué** (habitants de la savane), pour les autres sous le nom de **Bangwongwoni**.
L'autre partie, sous le commandement du grand chef de tout le groupe, Ibama Kobi, a contracté des alliances avec les Balali autochtones, dont ils ont pris le nom. Ibame Kobi, par ses mariages, est devenu le chef incontesté de tous les Balali, et son descendant actuel, Mopfouma Saya, continue à être reconnu comme "Mokoko" par les anciens et les nouveaux sujets d'Ibama.
Ces classifications paraissent complexes pour un étranger au groupe Otegé. Elles nécessiteraient d'ailleurs d'être synthétisées et revues en partant à chaque fois de la désignation du groupe par lui-même.
En ce qui concerne cette étude, on retiendra ce qui suit :
1°) N'ont été considérés comme Ategé, que ceux qui se sont déclarés comme tels.
2°) Les agglomérations qui ont fait l'objet d'un séjour d'information sont :
- Bongoville et ses environs
- Lekoni et ses environs
- Moanda
- Ngouoni et Asiami.
Fig. 1. — Répartition des sous-tribus Téké, 1906.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE TEKE SUBTRIBES, 1906
Légende
- Axe de poussée venant du NEM (Mbede)
- Sons de la poussée des Batiédes
- Peuplades en recul devant les nouveaux
- Routes
- Rivières
NOTE HISTORIQUE SUR L'INTRODUCTION
DES PRODUITS EUROPEENS DANS LE BASSIN DE L'OGOOUÉ
L'histoire de l'introduction des produits européens dans les communautés Ategé, est aussi l'histoire des Termes du vocabulaire qui désigne ces produits dans le "parler" des Ategé.
Quatre observations d'ordre général s'imposent quand on veut saisir le processus de l'avènement des produits européens dans le Bassin de l'Ogooué et conséquemment le processus de la désignation de ces mêmes produits par les peuples du Bassin de l'Ogooué dans leurs langues.
- La première observation relève des remarques des premiers Européens à prendre contact avec les peuples du Bassin de l'Ogooué. Ces remarques ont trait à la production et aux outils des peuples du Gabon.
- La seconde observation rend compte de l'introduction des produits européens. Cette introduction est caractérisée par le phénomène de troc ou commerce toujours plus grand des produits périmés en Europe et qu'on ne veut plus, contre des produits du Bassin de l'Ogooué, produits considérés par les européens eux-mêmes comme matières précieuses ou premières.
- La troisième observation montre brièvement les causes qui de l'intérieur même des productions du Bassin de l'Ogooué font que ces productions vont se désagréger au contact des produits européens.
- Quant à la quatrième observation, elle fait ressortir comment la désagrégation progressive des anciennes productions du Bassin de l'Ogooué déterminées elles entièrement par des projets sociaux spécifiques aux peuples du Bassin de l'Ogooué, permet de rendre nécessaire les produits européens et l'établissement des productions commandées de l'Europe et par les européens.
On comprendra dès lors que de l'utilisation toujours grandissante des produits européens peut naître un vocabulaire Otegé sur ces produits.
ou au contraire cette utilisation peut entraîner la disparition de la langue Otegé elle-même.
La première observation qui a trait aux productions anciennes du Bassin de l'Ogooué sera traitées dans un premier point indépendant - quant aux trois autres remarques : sur l'introduction des produits européens, la désagrégation de la production ancienne, et le constat d'un vocabulaire gabonais sur les produits européens, elles seront traitées en un seul tenant dans un second point.
Le Raphia et l'Enclume ou les productions anciennes du Bassin de l'Ogooué.
Le raphia et l'enclume connotent une dominante dans la production, en tant qu'elle est à la fois déterminée par les produits végétaux et par les produits tirés des métaux et plus particulièrement du fer. BALANDIER parle à ce même sujet de la palme et du fer. De façon plus contextuelle, le raphia et l'enclume évoquent les projets sociaux qui mobilisaient la production ancienne des peuples du Bassin de l'Ogooué. On trouve ainsi le raphia et l'enclume offerts ensemble par le futur époux à la famille de la future épouse et cela pour marquer l'ouverture d'une nouvelle enceinte d'habitation.
Qu'elle soit métallurgique ou végétale, la production ancienne des peuples du Bassin de l'Ogooué a évolué dans le cadre d'une économie et d'une écologie strictement parcimonieuses.
On constate en effet qu'un lien étroit unit l'exploitation des plantes spontanées et l'agriculture qui doit assumer la subsistance. La connaissance du milieu environnant et des possibilités d'utilisation directe de ses produits - est très poussée - les "spécialistes" collectent ainsi la grosse part de produits à usage médical et vétérinaire de même que les végétaux nécessaires à l'artisanat. La forêt constitue la réserve où l'homme trouve, en fournissant le seul effort de l'acquisition, de nombreux éléments indispensables à son existence quotidienne.
Ainsi jusqu'à une époque récente, les palmeraies ont toujours constitué un patrimoine apprécié. Le palmier sert d'abord à l'alimentation. Il procure de l'huile, l'émulsion où se cuisent la viande et le poisson; mais aussi la boisson le plus apprécié des vins de palme, ce vin qui requérait le commerce des ancêtres et les moments solennels de la vie collective (échange de femme et alliance entre lignage). Le raphia produit également des feuilles qui servent à recouvrir les habitations et donne surtout des fibres utilisées pour le tissage des étoffes utilisées également pour les alliances matrimoniales. Ainsi, partout se retrouvent les dons du palmier dans les clôtures et les toitures des maisons, dans les pièges à gibier et les nasses des pêcheurs, dans les coiffures, les masques de fête, et les pagnes de mort, dans le trésor public, comme dans l'habillement, dans la cosmétique, la thérapeutique, l'alimentation, dans la production du sel végétal, dans les rapports sociaux mobilisateurs de type alliance matrimoniale et alliance entre lignages, les hommes de la veille et ceux de la mort.
S'agissant du travail du fer, un consensus des premières informations sur les côtes du Gabon doit ici être apprécié.
R. L. Wannyn, Laurent De Lucques, Bowdich, Horn, étonnent par l'importance de ce qu'ils rapportent. L'industrie du fer qui aujourd'hui n'est plus connue dans les villages du Gabon, était à un point dont on ne peut se rendre compte qu'à la lecture de leur témoignage.
Ainsi à la page 135 du document 18 de l'Ancien Congo, on peut lire : "il y a des forgerons qui travaillent le fer de façon très curieuse tant pour la manière de travailler que pour les instruments qu'ils emploient. Ils allument le feu à terre et eux-mêmes étant assis à terre, ils exercent leur art avec tranquillité. Les instruments dont ils font usage nous étonnent. Ils n'ont ni marteau, ni enclume, ni d'autres instruments dont on se sert chez nous. Ce qui leur sert de marteau, c'est un fer massif et gros de façon à remplir la main. Sa forme ressemble presque à celle d'un clou, - l'enclume est une pièce de fer d'environ dix livres, placée à terre comme un morceau de bois. Sur cela, ils forgent ce qu'il fabriquent. La soufflet de forge est formé de certains morceaux de bois creux sur lesquels on a étendu une peau. Ils soulèvent et abaissent cette peau avec la main
et donnent ainsi du vent au feu, cela leur réussit très bien et sans peine. Avec ces trois instruments, ils font tout cela.
Quelques siècles plus tard HORN arrivant sur les bords de l'Ogooué écrit lui aussi (Chap. XV p.161).
"Je vis un forgeron indigène fabriquer les lances, les plus grandes et les mieux faites que j'aie jamais vues, de véritables œuvres d'art. Les lourdes épées qu'on porte à deux mains sont aussi magnifiques, spécimens du travail humain, j'en achètais toute une quantité, et comme ces indigènes les vendent de première main, les prix restent très bas. Les poignées sont en cuivre. Quelques unes de ces armes, très courtes et pesantes, font merveille pour le combat corps à corps".
- On pourrait croire que cette production du fer restait au niveau de ce que l'on a l'habitude de nommer "économie de subsistance" - tout au contraire, là aussi. Les témoignages affirment que cette exploitation bien que parcimonieuse, participait à un commerce qui de l'avis du commerçant "HORN" se portait bien - voici ce qu'écrit BOWDICH à ce sujet (p. 490).
- On façonne le fer dont il y a des mines abondantes - le secret de la fonte est gardé et caché aux habitants de la côte parce que leurs couteaux, et leurs javelines avec leurs nattes et leurs toiles de bambou sont leurs principaux objets d'échange pour le cuivre, le coton et les autres marchandises d'Europe.
- La toile de bambou est tissée.
- Les nattes sont fines avec dessins et couleurs.
Travail du fer comme production économique et comme commerce, il faut également l'envisager comme lié à un mode de vie.
Ce dernier constat est tiré d'un rapport de Duchaillu. Dans son esprit, il s'agit du côté artistique du travail du fer. Mais ce jugement lui-même doit être considéré comme venant d'un Européen, chez qui de pareille dissociation existe entre le travail vu sous l'angle technique, et le travail considéré comme art.
En réalité, quand on fait abstraction de cette dissociation, on soupçonne à travers la description de Duchaillu, la signification sociale du travail du fer, telle que la mouvance sociale ancienne des peuples de l'Ogooué la vivait.
Voici ce que rapport Duchaillu : "le temps n'a aucune valeur à leurs yeux, un forgeron soigneux emploiera souvent plusieurs jours et même des semaines à la fabrication d'un petit couteau ; tandis que des semaines et des mois seront consacrés à confectionner et à parachever un couteau de guerre, une lance de lutte ou une hache de guerre. Les légers dessins souvent entrecroisés avec grâce, qui ornent la surface de leurs plus belles armes, sont tous faits à la main, à l'aide d'un outil semblable à un ciseau de sculpteur et sur lequel on frappe avec le marteau. Ce travail, témoigne d'une grande justesse de coup d'oeil et d'un vrai sentiment d'artiste" (Duchaillu p.168).
Inexistence de la notion du temps tel qu'il est vécu en Europe, peu d'empressement ou patience, "achèvement", "l'agrément" dans la fabrique, justesse des mains avec un minimum d'outil, suppression de la frontière entre le fait "art" et le fait "technique", tels sont les attributs conférés au travail du fer de l'ancienne mouvance sociale des peuples du Bassin de l'Ogooué.
Le fer n'est pas le seul produit à participer d'une certaine forme de vie ancienne. Il suffit de lire une note de Jean Cuvelier pour s'en rendre compte. Étalage des produits et fresques de fête vont ensemble. Mais à chaque production ses fêtes.
J. Cuvelier dans l'Ancien Royaume du Congo (Bruxelles 1944 p.63).
"Trois mille hommes de guerre, armés d'arcs et de flèches s'étaient réunis à l'appel des tam-tams. Un autre groupe était formé par les musiciens portant des tambours, des trompettes d'Ivoire et des espèces de voiles. Ils avaient le buste nu et étaient peints de blanc et de diverses couleurs, signe de grande allégresse. Sur la tête, ils portaient des panachés confectionnés avec des plumes de perroquet et d'autres oiseaux. Les chefs étaient coiffés d'une espèce de bonnet de nuit orné d'un travail d'aiguille représentant un serpent fort bien fait".
Les témoignages de Laurent De Lacques, Bowdich, Horn, Du Chaillu, concernent les peuples de l'Ancien Royaume du Congo et du Bassin de l'Ogooué. Ils s'appliquent également aux communautés Ategé qui forment un peuple tampon entre ces deux terres.
La production amazienne dont il est question ici est caractérisée par sa parcimonie et est liée à des projets sociaux spécifiques évoqués plus haut.
En tant que production parcimonieuse, et bien que soutenue par des projets sociaux mobilisateurs des communautés en présence, elle ne pouvait résister en face d'une invasion de produits d'une économie basée sur l'exploitation totale. Aujourd'hui encore on assiste à sa désagrégation.
Cette désagrégation peut être saisie historiquement en deux temps :
- Le premier temps est caractérisé par la vente du produit humain africain contre les produits européens.
- Le second temps est caractérisé par la vente des matières premières africaines contre des produits périmés en Europe.
B - LE SEL ET LE FUSIL CONTRE L'HOMME ET L'IVOIRE
1°) Désagrégation de la production ancienne et mutations sociales dues au commerce du produit humain.
Pour des pipes, de l'alcool, des vêtements, des armes, des cotonnades de la verroterie, les peuples du Bassin de l'Ogooué vendirent, prisonniers de guerre, délinquants du village jusqu'au frères ennemis.
- Ceux qui achètent sur les côtes africaines, et qui sont au XIXe siècle considérés comme negriers sont de simples intermédiaires. Des hommes qui ne pouvant trouver leur place dans la société capitaliste Européenne deviennent flibustiens pour s'enrichir le plus vite possible. Pour eux l'esclave, est un produit commercial d'enrichissement facile. Ce sont eux qui sont en contact avec les negriers africains. C'est donc en grande partie, eux qui sont à la source des transformations immédiates de la côte gabonaise.
- Les flibustiens après avoir acheté en Afrique revendent en Amérique aux possesseurs des plantations. Ces colonisateurs qui utilisent en dernier lieu les esclaves, sont à la source de l'esclavage dans son plus grand développement. La forme de l'esclavage qu'il développe est loin du servage ancien mais proche des formes d'utilisation du travail humain moderne. À la vérité, l'esclave est le prélude de la machine. (I) Bouet estime le prix d'un beau Noir de 20 à 25 ans à 150 Francs payé en marchandises soit : un fusil, "un sabre dit manchette, un baril de poudre de douze livres, seize bouteilles de rhum ou d'eau-de-vie, quinze ou seize pièces d'étoffes communes et quelques bagatelles comme vases, assiettes, bonnets de laine etc..." D'après Deschamps ceci semble le prix le plus fort :
- on trouve en effet deux Hommes contre un fusil à pierre,
- huit pièces de tissu, deux paquets de sel, une matchette une petite cloche, une bouteille vide contre un Homme,
- quatre sacs de sel de 50 Kg contre un homme,
- un lot de marchandises européennes (pagnes, matchettes, marteaux et marmites) contre un Homme.
(I) Deschamps p. 109
En même temps qu'elle est l'une des sources de l'introduction des produits européens, la vente du produit Humain dans le Bassin de l'Ogooué a entraîné :
1° - Un fort antagonisme entre les ethnies acheteuses et les ethnies vendeuses de leurs frères.
2° - Une destructuration à l'intérieur même des lignages.
3° - Une diminution des rapprochements et des communications entre les ethnies, à cause de la méfiance réciproque.
4° - Une mutation dans les alliances (matrimoniales) et dans les échanges de type commercial.
En plus de ces mutations, la traite impose au Gabon une hiérarchisation dans la position sociale des ethnies.
Les peuples du Gabon vont se situer selon l'axe descendant et ascendant de l'écoulement du produit humain : des Blancs aux ethnies de l'intérieur en passant par les peuples côtiers. Le dernier acheteur (le Blanc) occupe le sommet de la hiérarchie, le dernier vendeur (peuple côtier) vient en seconde position, et le premier vendeur vient en dernière position.
(I) Chez les Ategué de l'Alima, l'oncle "engagé dans une forte palabre" n'hésitait pas, le cas échéant, à livrer, neveux ou nièces "pour acquitter les frais ou l'indemnité" (Dusseljé, 1910 p. 127). Un sort identique était réservé aux prisonniers, capturés lors des embuscades entre villages ennemis. Les personnes vendues étaient emmenées dans deux directions :
I - Le premier courant perpendiculaire à l'orientation générale des rivières, conduisait du pays Kouyou chez les Mboohi, puis chez les Andjini ou les Ategé, dans le Bassin de la Haute Alima. Aux Ategué, les Mboohi vendaient des esclaves. En échange, ils obtenaient des "pagnes" de raphia, et des produits venus du Haut-Ogooué : sel et poterie.
2 - Le deuxième courant de traite suivait les affluents du Congo. C'est l'expansion commerciale des Likouba qui, peu avant l'arrivée des Européens, lui
(I) Sauter p. 247.
avait donné de l'ampleur...Ainsi, soit à travers les Plateaux Bateké, soit en direction du Congo, beaucoup d'Hommes et de Femmes quittaient définitivement le pays.
Ainsi par la vente du produit humain :
- Des fusils
- Des parasols, des chapeaux à plumes, des cotonnades, des fils de fer et d'autres produits apparemment sans importance contribuent à des mutations dans les comportements des Peuples du Bassin de l'Ogooué et en particulier chez les Ategé.
2e) Désagrégation de la production ancienne face aux produits européens.
Si Duchaillu en 1863, signale, sans en mesurer l'importance, la présence du fer américain et européen dans le Bassin de l'Ogooué, en 1901, Tessmann peut écrire : "à l'époque actuelle, l'importation du fer européen, donne le coût de la mort à l'industrie indigène" (I).
Les premières marchandises européennes rencontrées sont des cuvettes (neptunes), des fusils, des sabres dont les armées européennes et américaines se débarassent, et d'autres ustensiles en fer. Les premiers colons européens échangeaient des fils de fer et des cuvettes (neptunes) de cuivre ou de laiton contre du caoutchouc ou de l'ivoire. Ces objets eux-mêmes étaient découpés par les artisans en petits morceaux que l'on faisait fondre dans des poteries. Le liquide obtenu était mis par la suite en lingots, en le faisant couler dans des branches de raphia tubulaires, et servait alors à la fabrication de colliers, de bracelets, et d'anneaux.
Les marchandises étrangères commençant à satisfaire les besoins des peuples du Bassin de l'Ogooué, les exigences d'extraction de métaux vont s'adresser en conséquence de moins en moins à leur propre compétence.
On notera que la caractéristique des outils fabriqués à partir des métaux étrangers, n'est pas tant leur qualité, que leur facilité ou leur abondance.
(I) Tessmann p. 225
Une note du B.C.A.F. n°12 Déc. 1899 parlant du mouvement commercial de 1898 mentionne que les principales importations d'après les statistiques de 1898 portent sur les denrées et marchandises suivantes, classées par ordre d'importance.
**Produits Européens :**
1 - Fils et tissus
2 - Ouvrages en métaux
3 - Boissons (alcool)
4 - Armes, poudre et munitions
5 - Produits et dépouilles d'animaux
6 - Farineux alimentaires
7 - Denrées coloniales de consommation
8 - Métaux
9 - Ouvrages en matières diverses
10 - Produits chimiques
II - Marbre, pierre, terre combustible, minéraux.
**Contre Produits africains :**
1 - Caoutchouc brut
2 - Ivoire
3 - Ebène
4 - Bois de teinture, bois rouge
5 - Noix de palme
6 - Café en fèves et pellicules
7 - Huile de palme
8 - Cacao en fèves et pellicules.
Pour montrer l'importance en nombre et en diversité des produits européens introduits dans le Bassin de l'Ogooué à cette époque, il suffit de relire une des listes du matériel de l'explorateur Brazza (Brunschwig Ip.32) on a :
1°) **Des armes**
14 - chassepots d'artillerie à cartouches métalliques
4 - fusils des tirailleurs Sénégalais
8 - revolvers.
2°) **Instruments de mesure**
- 2 - sextants de poche
- 2 - horizons à glace (à huile et mercure)
- 1 - cercle
- 3 - compas
- 3 - baromètres anéroïdes
- 4 - thermomètres
- 2 - chronomètres
**Armement**
- 4 - grappins avec faux-bras
- 200 m filin de petit diamètre gaffes, marteaux, haches, sacs, etc...
3°) **Campement**
- 17 - couvertures de laine
- 3 - couvertures
- 17 - havre-sacs
- 8 - bars
- toiles.
4°) **Munitions**
- 5 - fusées de guerre dans une boîte étanche
- 24 - fusées de signaux, 3000 cartouches métalliques-500 cartouches de rev.20 Kg de poudre à fusil.
5°) **Médicaments**
- sulfate de quinine
- alcoolé et poudre de quinquina
- arsenèate de sonde
- émétique sulfate de sonde
- sulfate de morphine
- londonum
- pilules de fer
- camphré
- sinaprisme
- toiles à cataplasme
- nitrate d'argent
- glycérine
- acide phénique
- entrail de satiène
- camphré
- taffilas gommé
- agaric
- charpaine
- bandes.
63) **Vivres**
- biscuit
- riz
- café
- sucre
- sardines
- eau-devie
- vivres d'hôpital
- chocolat.
**Marchandises**
- 600 Kg de sel
- 40 fusils à pierre (cadeau).
On peut avancer une énumération de quelques mutations résultant de l'introduction des produits européens à l'intérieur du Bassin de l'Ogooué :
I²) Une dépréciation des produits africains en face de l'écasement de l'abondance des produits européens ; cette dépréciation conduit à l'extension petit à petit des productions internes, et spécifiques aux peuples du Bassin de l'Ogooué.
2°) Les peuples du Bassin de l'Ogooué abandonnant petit à petit la compétence de la transformation des matières premières, lègue cette compétence aux Européens. Ceux-ci deviendront maîtres des matières premières et maîtres des produits manufacturés.
3°) Les échanges entre produits africains (matière première), et les produits européens (manufacturés) conduisent à une hiérarchisation des positions sociales des ethnies, et des individus. Le dernier acheteur (le Blanc) des matières premières, mais aussi le premier vendeur (le Blanc) des produits manufacturés occupe, le premier échelon, le dernier acheteur et le premier vendeur (les ethnies de l'intérieur du Bassin) sont au bas de l'échelon. Entre ces deux paliers, les ethnies côtières - de même ceux qui consomment la plus grande quantité de produits manufacturés des Européens sont socialement au-dessus de ceux qui en consomment moins.
4°) Transformations des échanges des produits et des alliances : les échanges qui autrefois, étaient à la base de l'établissement du processus des alliances entre lignages deviennent affaire d'accumulation des biens individuels. De même les alliances matrimoniales, qui déterminaient les alliances entre lignages vont être le moyen de l'enrichissement.
L'introduction des produits européens amène petit à petit une mutation fondamentale dans la compétence de la production - la nécessité de la présence du Blanc notée plus haut va devenir, le pouvoir de celui qui a les outils, les produits et en impose l'usage. Au fur et à mesure que les productions africaines s'estompent, la compétence et le pouvoir du Blanc s'affirment appuyés en cela sur les produits européens. L'européanisation est d'abord européanisation de la production - le pouvoir est un produit du produit.
"S'ils nous ménagent, note Jeannest à propos des Noirs du Congo en 1869, c'est le plus souvent encore par intérêt. Ce sont les Blancs qui leur vendent ces objets dont ils ont appris à se servir et dont, aujourd'hui, ils ne sauraient plus se passer. Cette poudre, ces fusils, ce raphia que nous savons faire et qu'ils ne peuvent imiter, leur donnent une haute idée de nos capacités et de notre pouvoir" (I).
(I) Ch. Jeannest : quatre années au Congo [1869 - 1873] p. 265.
D'après Quiral relu par Sauter (1), on peut dire que le processus décrit plus haut s'applique comme suit chez les Ategé :
a) - Échange de produits européens contre produits africains, échanges effectués et contrôlés par les Ategé sur leurs propres produits et sur les produits d'introduction.
b) - Par le jeu des monopoles des grandes concessions et de l'administration coloniale, on obtient une suppression progressive des intermédiaires et des vendeurs Ategé. Les Européens vont donc assumer et l'achat et la vente.
c) - L'abondance des produits européens aidant, et le non contrôle de la circulation des produits par les Ategé eux-mêmes conduit petit à petit à la cessation de la production Otegé elle-même. C'est ainsi que les produits européens gagnaient lentement le pays des Ategé où les courtiers les échangeaient contre huile et caoutchouc.
Ces produits, ces pagnes, cet alcool, ces fusils, ce tabac, n'étaient pas plus nécessaires aux Ategé que les épices aux Européens mais largement indispensable, jusqu'à modifier profondément les besoins, et les rapports sociaux.
L'une des mutations que l'on peut remarquer de prime abord se vérifie dans la langue même des Ategé par la présence d'un grand nombre de mots signifiant des produits européens quand ces mots ne sont tout simplement pas des mots français.
Certes, on doit mentionner ici l'action des chantiers comme lieu d'imposition d'usage linguistique en dehors des communautés villageoises. On insistera d'autre part plus loin sur la scolarisation en français et ce que celle-ci entraîne. En dehors de ces deux faits notables basés sur l'administration coloniale se définissant comme œuvre de transformation, la constatation d'un vocabulaire Otegé sur les produits européens se montre ici comme une mesure de l'intensité de l'appropriation de ces produits par les communautés Ategé.
III - PRESENTATION DU CORPUS
Le vocabulaire et les entretiens qui vont être reproduits ici sous la forme d'un corpus proviennent des enregistrements magnétiques effectués au cours de la mission ethnographique évoquée plus haut dans la région du Sud-Est du Gabon du 7 Janvier au 18 Février 1974.
Avant cette mission, beaucoup plus longue a été l'accoutumance avec la langue des Ategé à Akebé II dit Pont d'Akebé, près du vieux MBIMBA assis sous son manguier.
Au cours de cette accoutumance qui a duré de septembre 1973 à Janvier 1974, et bien après la mission des Plateaux Bateké, j'ai eu à affronter moins de difficultés toujours au niveau de la langue, grâce à la présence de deux collaborateurs, à la fois traducteurs et informateurs, YALI-YALI et LOUBA BAYA eux-mêmes Lycéens.
Pour situer ici le corpus dans ses contextes d'émission, on voudra mentionner très brièvement, les lieux d'enquête, l'échantillonnage mais aussi le problème de la langue d'enquête.
I - Lieux d'enquête
En dehors du garage de l'Usine de la Comilog à Moanda où en apparence tout reflétait une grande stabilité, Akebé II à Libreville, Bongoville et ses environs, Lekoni, Nguoni, Assiami reflétaient au contraire une profonde mutation.
- Je ne voudrais souligner que quelques aspects, ceux qui sont les plus liés au sujet de cette étude à savoir les "produits européens modernes".
- Bongoville par exemple n'est pas une ville - Bongoville n'est pas non plus un village - au Nord de l'agglomération, des habitations sortent de terre, on montre l'emplacement d'un hôpital, d'une gendarmerie, d'une sous-préfecture, Ceux qui montrent ces emplacements sont eux-mêmes des villageois transformés en maçons et en ouvriers.
- Presqu'au milieu du quartier Assiami, le forgeron Obumandzaye, travaille sur une lance - son soufflet, et son enclume sont textuellement ceux décrits
par les premiers explorateurs. Mais Obumandzaye utilise du métal de récupération (futs, conserve, vieilles casseroles, tout y passe), et aussi une scie à métaux dont il vante les mérites - c'est le même Obumandzaye qui affirme qu'il ne sert à rien d'apprendre à ses enfants à forger les métaux. Ces derniers sont devenus des "Blancs" et méprisent son travail.
- Sur la colline de Bongoville et par contraste avec la forge d'Obumandzaye, il y a une épicerie - comptoir - c'est un "Gaboprix" (I) - c'est là le lieu de ravitaillement en produits européens que les habitants possèdent. C'est également dans les Gaboprix ou dans les boutiques de ce genre que je me suis appliqué à demander aux Ategé les noms qu'ils donnaient aux produits européens. Ces conditions d'enquête ont été presque identiques partout.
2 - L'échantillonnage ou les informateurs.
En ethnologie, de préférence on parle d'informateur au lieu d'échantillonnage (connotation plus statistique).
Le problème d'échantillonnage s'entend ici par :
a) - l'âge des informateurs
b) - les lieux d'habitat
c) - la diversité des produits.
À la vérité, il a été difficile de serrer à chaque fois le vocabulaire et les entretiens selon ses trois dimensions à la fois.
L'âge est en rapport avec le phénomène de la scolarisation. Ce phénomène lui-même sera envisagé plus bas quand on parlera de la langue d'enquête. Il faut cependant souligner le but d'un échantillonnage intensif ou diachronique. Il n'est pas dit en effet que le vocabulaire recueilli puisse être le même pour tous les âges. Enrichissement et appauvrissement du vocabulaire sont conditionnés par les générations en présence.
(I) Maison avec porte participation de l'État.
IL faut reconnaître ici que j'ai eu à traiter avec des groupes plutôt qu'avec des gens isolés.
- À Akébé II, le vocabulaire et les entretiens sont de MBIMBA et de NDJEBÉ (entre 50 et 60 ans) entourés cependant de jeunes.
- À Bongoville, des hommes de 40 ans environ et un homme assez âgé - l'interlocuteur préférentiel étant l'homme âgé.
- À Lekoni, les informateurs étaient trois fonctionnaires et un maçon (40 ans environ).
- À Ngouoni, un groupe de villageois ayant à leur tête le chef de village (45 ans). Et à Moanda, des jeunes entre 25 et 35 ans.
Ce facteur d'âge doit être équilibré par les lieux d'habitat et la diversité des produits.
Ainsi on retrouve ville et village, produits domestiques et outils de travail (1ère Usine de manganèse par exemple).
3 - La langue d'enquête.
Le français est la langue à partir de laquelle l'enquête s'élabora.
- Le fait que le français soit langue première (matrice) contient une double ambiguïté. La première ambiguïté relève de ce que le français est aussi le véhicule de l'Européanisation au niveau non seulement de l'appellation des produits avec des mots d'emprunt, mais aussi au niveau où scolarisation, francisation et modernisation se confondent faisant face ainsi à ce qui peut être spécifiquement africain y compris le vocabulaire.
Le français devient ainsi non seulement outil de travail pour l'enquête, mais aussi objet d'étude.
| Référents français | Vocabulaire Otegé | Référents primitifs Otegé et emprunts |
|--------------------|-------------------|--------------------------------------|
| Bouteille | olangu | |
| Vin | mali | "Boisson enivrante" |
| Allumette | lémèrè | (Emprunt français) |
| | kólè mba | "Pierre de feu" |
| Tige d'allumette | oti y'a lémèrè | "bois d'allumette" |
| | éte y'allumette | |
| Boîte d'allumette | ndjô lémèrè | "paquet d'allumettes" |
| Cuvette | kopèlè kenini | "piat - vide" |
| Cadenas | essapi | "serrure" |
| Cuillère | ossèbè nkoso | "cuillère de fer" |
| Cuillère en bois | ossèbè y'oti | "cuillère en bois" |
| Couteau | baga | |
| Marmite | ongougou | |
| Assiette | opèlè, otié | |
| Fer à repasser | kélè | "pierre" |
| Fût | ongongo | |
| Lit | ntari | |
| Clochette | mpami | "sonnaille" |
| Balance | odudu | "flotteur" |
| Lime | wasa | |
| Lampe | lampi, munda | (emprunt français) |
| Verre de lampe | verre lampi | (emprunt français) |
| Boîte de sardines | boîte antsu | (emprunt français) |
| R. F. | V. O. | R. P. O. E. |
|---------------|-------------|------------------------------|
| Factorerie | fatri | (emprunt français) |
| Magasin | angansi | -"-" -"-" |
| Fourchette | otsuma | |
| Géricane | ongungulu | |
| Pelle | opimi | "plantoir" |
| Matchette | nguma | |
| Frigidaire | ngora étangani | |
| Pantalon | ngoyi | "habit" |
| Chemise | ngoyi wa yulu | "habit du haut" |
| Caleçon | obari | |
| Pagne | olembè | |
| Robe | karinga | |
| Chaussure | korogo | |
| Chapeau | ompaka 'en Obamba" | |
| Gobelet | kopo | |
| Antonnoir | osuli | |
| Pipe | obogo ou abuku | |
| Pièce d'argent| kopolo | |
| Cent francs | onkama | |
| Filet | okia | "filet de chasse" |
| Caoutchouc | ndimi | |
| Corbeille | langulu | |
Vocabulaire Domestique (Libreville)
| R. F. | V. O. | R. P. O. E. |
|---------------|-------------|------------------------------|
| Camion | lutu | (l'auto E. F.) |
| Bicyclette | ébicane | bécane (E. F.) |
| R. F. | V. O. | R. P. O. E. |
|---------------|-------------|--------------------------|
| Papier | okanda | "feuille vierge" |
| Lettre | kassangumu | "papier écrit" |
| Chaise | biri-ntsi | |
| Cantine | kawara | |
| Valise | | |
| Cigarette | lekâ | |
| Guitare | ngouomi | "cithare" |
| Sac | mpéñi | |
| Cartable | | |
| Feuille de papier | tsusu l'okanda | |
| Feuille en plastic | tsusu lendimi | "feuille de caoutchouc" |
| Poubelle | yala | "fumier" |
| Montre | tari | "soleil" |
| Pyjama | pyjama | (emprunt français) |
| Stylo | crayo | (emprunt français) |
**Vocabulaire de Mbimba (2e entretien)**
| Argent | - a - afura | billet |
|---------------|-------------|-------------------------|
| | - b - adoro | (emprunt français) |
| | - c - petit sou | "monnaie" |
| | - d - kopolo | "pièce" |
| Sel | - a - ongwa | (marin) |
| | - b - ofula | (végétal) |
| Accordéon | ngouomi | "cithare" |
| Sac en plastique | lendimi | (feuille de caoutchouc) |
| Fusil | - a - ota | (arc) |
| R. F. | V. O. | R. P. O. E. |
|-----------------------|----------------|-------------------|
| Fusil | - b - ndjasi | |
| Fusil à piston (à oreille) | tsapu | |
| Piston (chien) | tsu | "oreille". |
ENTRETIEN SUR LES PRODUITS EUROPEENS
(Pont d'Akebé - Libreville)
Sept. - Oct. 1973
I. Entretien autour du thème "Allumette" (LEMÈRE)
E : Et ça ?
A : lia bisi katuolo ma lémèrè
ça nous appelons par allumette
Nous l'appelons boîte d'allumettes.
- c'est-à-dire une allumette.
E : C'est un mot qui était là avant que les Français n'arrivent ou après ?
A : lamèrè lia étangani eya : lamèrè
allumette là les blancs venus : l'allumette
Nous l'avons appelé allumette dès l'arrivée des blancs.
- mais le nom pour le feu nous appelons : mba
E : mba
A : mba
E : papa qu'est-ce qu'il a dit exactement ?
C : Nous toujours lémèrè = mba
toujours lémèrè = mba
allumette = mba allumette
allumette toujours c'est le feu.
E : Ah ! le feu c'est mba ?
C : mba
B : mba c'est le feu
C : oui!
E : Alors vous dites allumette "le feu", qu'est-ce que ça signifie lémèrè ?
A : mpa mi lémèrè mi ntsula mba.
donne moi boîte d'allumettes moi allume feu.
donne moi la boîte d'allumettes je fais du feu.
E : Qu'est-ce qu'il dit par là ?
C : toujours pareil
E : tu comprends ?
D : IL dit : donne moi l'allumette.
E : Oui! mais ce qu'on vient de dire : lémèrè le mba - qu'est-ce que ça signifie ?
D : Lémèrè le mba : veut dire l'allumette du feu.
E : Bon ! mais le mot allumette par rapport à l'arrivée des blancs ?
A : mi mbiri : mpa mi lémèrè mi ntsula mba
moi je dis : donne moi allumette moi allume feu
Je vous demande l'allumette pour faire du feu.
C : mpa mi kèlè mba
donne moi cailloux feu
Donne moi le cailloux produisant du feu.
E : Akélé et allumette c'est pas la même chose ?
A : Allumette c'est venu avec les blancs mais "kèlè" c'est la fabrication pour nous.
E : Mais comment appelle-t-on allumette actuellement ?
A : L'allumette nous appelons allumette mais "kèlè" là, nous disons kèlè le mba
E : kèlè le mba ça c'est l'allumette actuellement ?
C : Kèlè mba c'est-à-dire comme allumette
E : Donc c'est l'allumette de pierre autrefois qui a donné le nom à l'allumette des blancs - c'est la même chose ?
C : C'est la même chose.
A : Toujours nom : "mba"
E : Comment ?
A : toujours le nom c'est "mba"
E : Est-ce qu'on peut dire que l'allumette c'est la pierre du feu puisque "kèlè" c'est la pierre ?
C : Kèlè allumette c'est la pierre, mais "mba" c'est le feu
A : voilà le feu : mono mba
voilà feu
voilà le feu
E : mono mba.
voilà feu.
voilà le feu.
E : ça c'est le feu, ça c'est "kèlè" et ça c'est...le brin là comment on l'appelle?
A : Oti
E : oti
A : oti allumette
bois allumette
la tige d'allumette
E : ot' allumette qu'est-ce que ça signifie ?
- le brin d'allumette
C : oui! oti toujours oti
A : mpa mi ota lémèrè
donne moi bois allumette
donne moi la tige d'allumette
C : il a dit : donne moi une tige d'allumette
E : comment vous dites ça ?
A : mpa mi ota lémèrè
donne moi bois allumette
donne moi la tige d'allumette
E : le bois c'est cti
A : mpe mi ota mba .
donne moi bois feu .
donne moi la tige d'allumette .
E : Donne moi un bois d'allumette. Un bois de feu ça signifie un bois de feu ?
C : Donne moi une boîte entière
E : bon ! on va passer à autre chose maintenant.
A : NDJEBE doit dire une boîte d'allumettesentièrè
E : ça comment ça se dit ?
C : mpa mi tsiana
donne moi paquet
donne moi une boîte
E : mpa mi tsiana
donne moi paquet
donne moi une boîte
A : mpa mi tsiana lamèrè
donne moi paquet allumette
donne moi une boîte d'allumettes
E : mpa mi tsiana allumette
donne moi paquet allumette
donne moi une boîte d'allumettes
C: la boîte d'allumettes
E : c'est ça ?
C : Oui! c'est ça !
2. Entretien autour du thème "Serure" (KASAPI)
Le cadenas ?
^ : le cadenas
E : oui ! pour fermer la porte.
C : Bon, le cadenas c'est-à-dire avant, le cadenas nous ne disions pas le cadenas.
E : IL n'y avait pas le cadenas avant, maintenant comment les Batekés appellent-ils cadenas ?
C : kasapi
E : etsapi ?
C : kasapi.
C : Alors ce mot n'existait pas avant l'arrivée des blancs ?
D : oui !
E : ça ça existait ou ça n'existait pas ? ça n'existait pas.
A : Avant le blanc ne soit venu, nous n'avions pas vu ça. Quand nous quittions dans la maison, on amarrait avec la ficelle. Je prends la ficelle et je mets dans la porte et on amarrait avec le bois. La maison restait amarrée et on partait c'est-à-dire :
kura ndjo leyè
attache maison on part
ferme la porte et on s'en va
- fermez la maison nous portons avec la ficelle.
E : Mais il n'y avait pas de grand bois devant la porte pour fermer?
C : si !
bisi odibiga kadubugu m' obini
nous fermions porte avec bois
nous fermions la porte à l'aide d'un bois devant la porte ;
sè we ayè edjugu kwumi
même tu allais jours dix
même si tu allais pour un séjour de dix jours
ndjo ognaga m' obini .
maison laisse avec bois .
la maison restait fermée à l'aide d'un bois accroché à la porte.
3. Entretien autour du thème "Cuillère" (OSEBE)
D: Comment vous appelez la fourchette ?
E : là-bas c'est la cuillère
D : la cuillère oui !
C : létuolo nde m' osèbè
on appelle lui par cuillère.
nous l'appelons par cuillère .
E : Osèbè c'est la cuillère.
C : Toujours Otégé avec Obamba c'est pareil : toujours "osèbè".
E : Mais avant l'arrivée des cuillères, est-ce qu'il y avait notre cuillère avant ?
A : oui ! il y en avait.
Bisi n' osèbè y' oti.
Nous avons cuiller en bois.
Nous en avions une cuillère en bois.
- On faisait le bois comme ça, d'ailleurs j'ai vu ça dans les villages Fang aussi.
A : On fait le bois comme ça et puis on fait le trou pour manger avec ça.
osèbè y' oti
cuillère en bois
cuillère en bois
C : osèbè y' oti
cuillère en bois
cuillère en bois
E : ah! la cuillère en bois bon d'accord ! osèbè y' oti c'est la cuillère en bois d'accord j'ai compris. Mais la cuillère en fer ?
C : La cuillère en fer : osèbè nkoso
cuillère fer
cuillère en fer
E : Les cuillères en fer n'existaient pas avant l'arrivée des blancs ?
C : Oui !
E : Mais on appelle ça quand même pareil
C : on appelle ça pareil.
4. Entretien autour du thème "Marmite" (NDJU)
Les marmites ?
C : Les marmites : bisi katuolo m' andju
nous appelons par marmites
nous les appelons par marmites
A : bisi l' éta ondjugu ya kalama bila.
nous appelons marmite pour préparer nourriture.
nous l'appelons : marmite qui nous sert à cuisinier la nourriture.
E : ndjugu ya kalama bila
marmite pour préparer nourriture
La marmite qui sert à cuisinier la nourriture
E : Mais entre les marmites des Blancs et les marmites qu'on avait avant, est-ce qu'il y avait une différence ?
A : Bisi ña ndju a bisi enku lesa odjiala.
Nous avons marmites à nous mêmes faites avec mains.
Nous avons des marmites qui sont de notre fabrication propre.
Andju ma akasi ayugu odjiala ebo enkulu
Marmites là femmes fabriquent les mains elles-mêmes
Ces marmites là étaient une fabrication propre. Les femmes
alama ékuwo na sagi.
préparaient manioc et chair de viande.
préparaient la nourriture (avec).
C : Andju ma bisi obuga m' obogi.
Marmites là nous fabriquons avec argile.
Ces marmites étaient fabriquées à l'aide de l'argile.
D : Les assiettes ?
C : les assiettes : bisi otuolo m' épèlè .
nous appelons par assiettes .
nous les appelons assiettes .
C : Une assiette = opèlè
- Epèlè = assiettes (pluriel)
E : Est-ce qu'il y avait un nom pour les assiettes d'avant et les assiettes de main tenant ?
C : bisi letuoli djo étiè
nous appelons ça assiettes
Nous les appelons assiettos
- il y a les grandes marmites comme ça .
E : Comment on appelle ça ?
C : ndjuhu .
marmite .
5. Entretien autour du thème "Argent" (ADORO ou AFURA)
E : J'ai dit : il faut dire le nom pour dire en Bateké l'argent et ensuite quand vous avez rencontré l'argent pour la première fois.
A : Adoro c'est l'argent ; Afura c'est l'argent.
- La monnaie sortie chez nous c'est - petit sous - "kopolo"
E : Petit sous comme sans manches ?
A : Oui !
E : Dites-moi maintenant quand vous avez rencontré l'argent pour la première fois ?
- Avant l'argent qu'est-ce qu'il y avait autrefois ?
A : Avant c'était "onkama" c'est-à-dire "cent francs".
C : Ngwalaga nde aduga ndi ntini yia adoro aki ni ya ni
Oncle il dit que temps là argent était venu pas
Oncle, avant que l'argent n'apparaisse
bisa be buna lakassa ma kassuma labibi ?
nous comment faisions pour acheter les choses ?
que faisions-nous pour nos achats ?
A : Bisa be kassuma mo bibi essa be .
Nous achètions avec choses pour nous .
Nous en achètions avec nos objets .
C : Avant l'argent, nos premiers hommes échangeaient les objets contre les objets
pour faire des achats.
E : Qu'est-ce qu'on échangeait par exemple ?
A : Angulu - étìè edjiga - akia - antsusu
Corbeilles - pots en argile - filets - poulets
C : Pour faire la vente dans un village. Par exemple un blanc qui vend du sel, on
lui donne la poule ou enclume et il nous donne du sel. (Quantité du petit gobe-
let pour une poule).
E : Vous donniez la poule contre quoi ?
A : Avec la poule, quelquefois il vient nous donner du sel - le sel qui veut dire
"ongwa".
E : Qu'est-ce qu'on faisait pour obtenir du sel indigène ?
C : Avant on prenait les feuilles spéciales. On les brûle, la cendre obtenue, on la pose dans une passoire. À l'aide de l'eau, on la filtre. On recueille l'eau mélangée à la cendre. Cette eau acquiert un groupe savoureux. (Il y a deux sortes de sel indigène : en liquide comme on vient d'en dire et en poudre blanche appelée "ongwa'Etoumbi"). Ainsi appelé parce que les gens revenaient d'Etoumbi (Congo) avec des grandes quantités, hormis la forme et peut être la fabrication. Il n'y a pas de différence entre les deux sels. Autrement dit, généralement ils s'appellent tous "Kakaï".
E : Quel est l'arbre qui a ces feuilles ?
A : okula bila ntsusi yia nkumu mû.
sel ancien avec les feuilles là le nom un.
L'arbre et les feuilles portent le même nom.
- "okula" c'est l'arbre, kakaï la poudre extraite.
E : Ce sont ces feuilles là qu'on appelait comment ?
A : Okula
D : kakaï ou okula
A : kakaï c'est la poudre extraite - l'arbre et les feuilles s'appellent "okula".
E : Maintenant on va continuer pour l'argent parce que ça c'est très important. Vous avez rencontré l'argent pour la première fois quand ? Vous même.
A : Même dans nos mariages, on n'utilisait pas l'argent parce qu'on n'avait rien. Quand on se mariait, on utilisait notre argent pour la dot.
C : Nd'assaga ña date wa yi adoro
IL cherche ici date que vient l'argent
IL veut savoir quand on a utilisé l'argent pour la première fois.
E : IL ne s'agit pas d'une date précise. Est-ce qu'il y avait des blancs à ce moment là qui étaient du côté d'Akiéni ou du côté d'Okondja : qu'est-ce qu'ils achetaient en ce moment là ?
A : Otangani abwo kaya na sabe Troussou
Blanc avant venu chez nous Troussou
Le premier blanc était Trousseau
Troussou kaya ondjila le Congo katugu na bisa be
Troussou venu route du Congo sortit par nous
venu dans le temps par la route du Congo.
C : Lequel blanc qui était là en ce moment ?
A : Otangani antsomi kigi Akiringo
Blanc avant était Akiringo
Le premier blanc était Akiringo
C : Le premier blanc d'après Monsieur MBIMBA était Akiringo
C : nde kuni kakigi ?
il où était ?
où était-il ?
B : Otangani ayi le premier kigi la S.H.O. (I)
Blanc venu le premier était la S.H.O.
Le premier blanc fut Lessasso ;
ài la S.H.O. katsiégi mini G.A.L.I
mais la S.H.O. quitté c'est G.A.L.I
mais après la S.H.O. c'est G.A.L.I
B : Seulement le G.A.L.I Lechia deux noms de ses entreprises, mais le blanc c'est Akiringo
(1) S.H.O., société du Haut-Ogooué prononcez "LASSASHO".
E : C'est le blanc qui a emmené l'argent ?
B : C'est le blanc qui a emmené l'argent pour acheter le caoutchouc et les noix de palmes.
E : Akiringo ?
B : Oui ! c'est lui là, voilà le premier Blanc qui est arrivé chez les Obamba et Ategé.
C : Je voudrais savoir si les maisons dont il parle sont des magasins
E : Ah papa ! vous avez compris ? Est-ce que Akiringo avait des boutiques?
B : Ah ! tout le pays les boutiques, les boutiques partout.
E : IL faisait les maisons et puis les boutiques ?
B : Oui! oui!
E : Combien des boutiques à Okondja ?
B : IL installa sa première boutique à Okondja. La deuxième c'était à Franceville. Et ensuite à Lastoursville chez le pays des Adoumas (Olundu). IL était parti installer une autre à Zanaga. Dans tout le pays se trouvaient ses boutiques. C'est moi qui fut le premier à travailler avec lui (d'après Onguinda Emile).
A : Afura nde kaduga ba, bisi labira ndimi lakiriga L'argent il dit là, nous portons caoutchouc aboutissant L'argent dont il parle là, nous portions le caoutchouc, arrivés à okoyo yua terre Ategé okoyo là terre Ategé okoyo canton Bateké
C : okoyo kigi kama ?
okoyo était quoi ?
c'était quoi Okoyo ?
A : fatri woni, woni
fatri gros, gros
le plus grand fatri
C : fatri kama?
fatri quoi?
c'est quoi fatri?
A : mpuga compagnie waga tua,
village compagnie qu'il construit,
Là où avait siégé une compagnie,
C : ña be lato fatri ña kama kassi
mais vous arrivez fatri et qui fait
mais qu'est-ce qui se passait à fatri?
A : Bisi labira ndimi bisi layeni kategè ka Lekey, Lekey la
Nous portions caoutchouc nous partions vendre à Lekey, Lekey de
Bongo
Bongo
C : ndimi kigi kama?
ndimi c'était quoi?
c'était quoi ndimi?
A : ndimi le caoutchouc.
ndimi c'est le caoutchouc.
Bisi labira caoutchouc, bisi layeni kategé kafatri - fatri
Nous portions caoutchouc, nous allions vendre à fatri - village
Akiringo - mpugu Lekey.
Akiringo - village Lekey.
E : Fatri c'est la boutique ?
C : fatri c'est le village d'Akiringo.
E : Mais comment vous appelez le village en Bateké ?
C : Angassi c'est la boutique
A : la boutique est venue après, avant c'est fatri.
E : Angassi c'était la première boutique que vous avez vue ?
A : Oui!
E : Depuis lors on appelle boutique "Angassi". Mais Angassi c'était un blanc? C'était une compagnie?
D : Voilà!
E : c'était qui ?
C : Non! c'était la maison
A : Comme j'ai fait la maison là, on dira qu'on enlève "Angassi" pour Mbimba c'est tout.
E : C'est ça on appelle maintenant le magasin pour Mbimba parce que c'est Mbimba qui a fait le premier magasin.
D : comme Akiringo là
E : comme Akiringo
D : ah! c'est ça !
A : bon, bisi labira ndimi bisi lato à Akiringo kapa bon, nous portions caoutchouc nous arrivions là Akiringo donnait bon, nous portions le caoutchouc, si nous arrivions là et lorsqu'Akiringo nous
bisi adoro bâ, adoro bâ ato fia nkwogo bisi
nous l'argent là, l'argent là arrivait même mains nous
donnait cet argent, nous ne voyions cet argent que durant un court instant,
ki bira, leyeni fia bo mpugu ni ka mono misi
ne portions, aller avec ça village ni on voyait yeux
on ne pouvait pas l'emmener au village. On ne voyait que des yeux
atu bu. Ovuru vuru nde m'angassi, nde mpi we
seulement comme ça. Tu redonnes lui dans boutique, lui donne toi
seulement. Et on le lui rendait, il te donnait en échange, un pagne de fabri-
mfa, ompi we mfa ondèlè, ompi we nguma ien!
habit, donne toi habit Blanc, donne toi matchette
cation des Blancs. IL te donnait en plus une matchette;
nde mpi w'ongwa, nde mpi we mpami, mpami yia
lui donne toi sel, lui donne toi clochette, clochette c'est
il te donnait du sel, il te donnait une clochette qui est la cloche
coloche wa womo ngo! ngo!
cloche qui parle ngo! ngo!
qui sonne ngo! ngo!
C: mpami?
clochette?
A: hè!
oui!
C : Hé! Êa nde kamana mpami kapa
Oui! mais lui après clochette donné
Oui! mais après vous avoir donné la clochette
A : Afura bâ mpi we nde bâ, ossumu mpami,
l'argent que donne toi lui là, achète clochette,
avec cet argent qu'il t'a donné, tu t'achètes la clochette,
ossumu nguma
achète matchette
tu t'achètes la matchette
C : Mpami ka nde a mpa Êi we assuma, suma
clochette c'est pas lui donne pas toi achète, achète
c'est pas lui qui vous donnait les clochettes mais vous achètiez vous même avec
cet argent?
A : Ossumu Êa nde m' adoro a we nga mi tègè.
Achète avec lui avec l'argent à toi que a vendu.
Tu t'en achètes avec l'argent que tu as vendu le caoutchouc.
C : He! me yuga, mi, ni yuga.
Oui! j'entends, moi, moi entendu.
Oui! j'entends, j'ai entendu.
A : Ba be lessagi andjila a bisi lébagi adoro
Mais vous cherchez les roules que nous gagnions l'argent
Mais vous demandez par quel moyen nous en avions eu l'argent
Bise lamana ka suma dambu mais caoutchouc c'est caoutchouc. Nous après qu'on vend caoutchouc c'est avec du caoutchouc.
Après avoir vendu du caoutchouc
ba nde mpi adoro, adoro bâ we kibira mais lui donne l'argent, l'argent là tu n'emmènes pas nous obtenions de l'argent. Cet argent tu n'emmènes pas
yo ña bo mpugu ñi we vuru yiéni m'angassi, ayè angassi... viens avec ça village non tu te rends au magasin, allant magasin... au village.
Tu te rends à nouveau au magasin, en allant au magasin...
C : Bon, ma dila ngwalanga!
Bon, attends un peu oncle!
Bon, écoute-moi oncle!
yua ña question ya intéressant
ça c'est question qui est intéressante
c'est une question très importante.
C : Bisa be kalemana sumu ba w'ampa buru kila nde
Nous après vente quand tu donnes personne chose lui
Après la vente, vous perceviez de l'argent de vos objets;
buru ya kaduga be ndè avè be lavura-suma a clochette?
personne qui disait vous que il vous rachètez les clochettes?
qui vous disait de racheter les clochettes?
A : Bibi é bisi bâ dia; afura ba Akiringo ba bisi lakaligi
Choses pour nous de goût; l'argent qu' Akiringo là nous cherchions
Ce sont des objets de notre préférence qu'on achetait avec l'argent qu' Akiringo nous
ka suma nguma, bisi lakaligi ka suma ondelè, bisi lakaligi ka à achèter matchette, nous cherchions à acheter pagne, nous cherchions à... donnait, nous achètions une matchette, nous achètions un pagne, nous achètions une clochette.
À : Bisi layaga afura bâ, la vuru nde, bisi kaya mpugu Nous prenions l'argent là, on rend lui, nous venons village Cet argent repartait dans son magasin et nous ne rentrons au village ña endèlè. La lasi, bisi kaba lasa yiga amfa m'endèlè avec les pagnes. Nous habillons, nous n'habillons que pagnes des Blancs qu'avec les pagnes seulement. Et on ne portait plus que les pagnes européens.
n'ongwa, ongwa yua bisi leyi mo gnama bila ntsu. avec du sel, sel là nous mettons dans viande et poisson. Nous achètions aussi du sel que nous savourions la viande et du poisson.
Bisi kila kalé ba kièlè ondjo yiga ongwa Nous chose qu'on va garder dans maison c'est le sel Tout ce que nous pouvions garder, c'est le sel
même ntsusu, mi biri, meya ali Akiringo nde kasuma même poule, j'apporte, je viens chez Akiringo lui achète même une poule, je l'emmène vendre chez Akiringo, s'il l'achète,
ntsusu wa mi yua ka mpa mi adoro mi ka vura kasuma ongwa, poule pour moi là il donne moi l'argent moi je repars achèter sel, et si je perçois de l'argent, je m'achète du sel,
me bira ongwa ka ba ka assandisi. j'emmène le sel il va rester marchandise. je l'emmène au village où il deviendra ma marchandise.
C : We abira, ba we vuru yèni tegi ?
Tu l'emmènes, mais tu dois aller revendre ?
Mais tu l'emmènes pour aller revendre ?
A : Ongwa yua bisi létège, bisi lèdja, ña b'okari ka
Le sel là nous revendons, nous mangeons, même la femme on
Ce sel, nous pouvons le revendre somme nous pouvons l'utiliser. Il nous servait
mariè ka kari ;
mariait avec ça.
de dot pour le mariage.
C : Toujours be laka-vura tege më. Yia teni be laka-vura tege
Toujours vous allez revendre ça. Ce temps vous allez revendre
Vous le revendiez toujours. En ce temps vous le revendiez
ma bibi ëkima yiga yia teni n'adoro.
avec choses autres avait en ce temps là l'argent.
pour avoir autre chose ou pour obtenir encore de l'argent.
A : Lubu mi suma ña nde nga ntsusu nde mi ya
Aujourd'hui moi achète là lui celui poule lui a emmène
Je l'achète aujourd'hui quelqu'un me vend une poule
mi ka ba mpa ndɔ ba yiga pessi ba mi vuru-sumu ntsusu
moi va lui donner lui là maintenant peu mais moi rachète poule
je lui donne un peu du sel. Mais je rachète la poule avec ça.
ñà ntsusu bakulu ña mi ba mi vuru-sumu okara taba
mais poule pond avec moi mais moi rachète femelle cabri
Et la poule donne des poussins pour moi, puis je m'achète une chèvre.
C : Voilà je comprends !
A : Mi, mi mariè okara buru ba abomo akima kali mi djaga
Moi, moi marie femme personne mais dot autre pas moi prendis
J'épouse la femme d'un autre, il n'y a pas une autre dot à lui donner que trois
nde ekuru b'engwa étari, éna mi mpa, mi lô nguma
lui les sacs de sel trois, quatre moi donne, moi ajoute matchette
ou quatre sacs de sel et j'ajoute une matchette.
ña ba ma abomo.
mais ça c'est dot.
C'est tout pour la dot.
A : Ongwa yua ña bisi ka ma ka fondateur, wa le pays le bisi;
Sel là chez nous nê reste que fondateur, dans le pays pour nous;
Le sel était trop sacré chez nous.
bisi lebaga ntaba ga kar, bisi lebaga ntsusu ga kari,
nous recevions bouc avec, nous recevions poule avec,
Avec le sel on pouvait avoir soit un bouc, un poulet
bisi lebaga mva ga kari, bisi lebaga okari ga kari...
nous recevions chien avec, nous recevions femme avec...
un chien et on se mariait avec...
Ngwalanga wuga, nde ndi, bis'abe levuraga-yaga en resumé
Oncle comprends, il dit que, nous reprenons en resumé
L'oncle, il nous dit de reprendre en résumé
mami ma bis'abe ma lewobi makuna-kuna we mburu wa
histoires que nous avons parlées beaucoup-beaucoup tu homme qui
tout ce que nous avons parlé en gros. C'est toi
duga mini : be kigi adoro ognaña ña otangani w' Akiringo
dit que : vous étiez argent sans mais blanc Akiringo
qui venais de dire que vous étiez autrefois sans argent, mais à l'arrivée d'Akiringo;
kaya, nde twu la butike ka fatri, fatri mpugu ya
vient, il construit la boutique c'est fatri, fatri village que
il construit une boutique s'appelant "fatri". Autrement dit c'est fatri qu'il construit
twu nde la boutique ña be labaga mva ba bibi ba
construit il la boutique si vous recevez comme des choses à
comme sa première boutique. Quand vous avez une vente à faire,
kategé, be layié mpila nde, nde ñi be adoro, adoro
vendre, vous partiez chez lui, il donne vous l'argent, argent
vous alliez chez lui, il vous donnait du sel à la place de l'argent.
ba kama ka mva b'ongwa mva b'ongwa quoi ?
là c'est resté comme sel comme le sel quoi ?
Le sel représentait de l'argent.
A : Non! non! adoro adoro - akopolo ña bisi labira akopolo ba
Non! non! argent argent - pièces et nous portons les pièces là
Non! non! cet argent était des pièces qui nous servaient
bisi lasumu s'ongwa.
nous achètions aussi sel.
pour l'achat du sel.
E : J'ai demandé quand vous avez rencontré l'argent pour la première fois. Et puis
autrefois : est-ce que vous vous êtes mariés avec de l'argent ou avec de la marchan-
dise ?
B : Nous marions les femmes avant, avec toute sorte de marchandises à savoir : cabris, moutons et pagnes. Mais seulement nous n'avions pas beaucoup d'argent.
A : Akuru a bisi akulu ma fabrique bisi ongwa w'aduga Anciens pour nous ont grandi avec fabrique nous sel que dites C'est d'après notre propre artisan que nos ancêtres vivaient : ce sel be wu, ongwa na bisi kama kuma bisi. vous là, sel avec nous est maître nous. pour nous était trop sacré.
C : Tout marchait avec du sel. C'était un serviteur dans le temps. Ils préféraient acheter du sel avec de l'argent qu'on leur donnait quand ils revenaient de Franceville déposer les choses à Akiringo. Après avoir vendu un gibier, ils achetaient du sel avec cet argent parce qu'il était trop utile dans le temps.
6. Entretien autour du thème "Montre" (NTARI)
E : Comment vous appelez la montre ?
A : Bisi a montres aki kali, bisi kaduga mini tari - Nous les montres n'étaient pas, nous disions que soleil On n'avait pas de montre, on se servait du soleil.
bisi laya midi, lo kato otsu w'aduga fia buga ni ya nous connaissons mici, ça arrive tête tu dis aux autres que viens IL était midi quand le soleil arrivait au-dessus de nos têtes. Si tu dis à l'autre na mi tari, nde yi na we montre, bisi katuolo a montre tari. avec moi soleil, il vient avec toi montre, nous appelions les montres soleil. de t'apporter le soleil, il saura que c'est la montre et il te l'amène. On dit soleil pour désigner la montre.
C : Seulement be a réveil bila a montre makiège tout ça tari ?
Seulement vous les réveils et les montres petites tout ça soleil ?
Seulement les réveils et les montres c'est toujours soleil ?
A : oui.
7e. Entretien autour du thème "Fusil" (NDJASI)
E : Comment appelez-vous le fusil ?
A : Ndjasi - ota
Fusil - fusil
E : Quelle différence y a-t-il entre Ota et Ndjasi ?
D : Les Batekés appellent Ota et les Obamba Ndjasi
E : Les Batekés appellent Ota et les Obamba Ndjasi
C : Il y a une différence entre l'arc et le fusil: on donne au fusil le nom de Ndjasi et Ota. Alors l'arc c'est Opâ.
E : Le fusil n'a pas pris le nom de l'arc ?
C : non !
E : Quand avait-on vu le fusil pour la première fois ?
A : Nous avions vu les fusils quand les Blancs étaient arrivés.
E : Racontez en Bateké.
A : Akiringo kaya, oyi na ndjari - andjari m' atsû
Akiringo venu, venu avec fusil - fusils à oreille
C'est Akiringo qui a introduit le fusil à piston
C : mini tsapu ?
c'est fusil à pierre ?
est-ce le fusil à pierre ?
C : Avant tsapu, kigi andjari ama ?
Avant fusil à pierre c'était fusil quoi ?
Avant les fusils à pierre, quelle sorte de fusil utilisiez-vous ?
A : andjari momini me laga mi ma
fusils même je dis me là
Les mêmes dont je parle là.
C : hiè ! ama ?
oui ! c'est quoi ?
lesquels ?
A : ba lo ña vuya
on met aussi raphias
ça s'utilisait avec les raphias.
A : ndjari ya tsu aligi putre, atsagi ankoso nkumu ayelé
fusil à oreille on met poudre, on coupe les fers nom ayelés
Le fusil à piston : on met la poudre, en plus les fers coupés, appelés ayelés.
alegi kakari, ayagi avuya alegi m'assi chiffon (chucha se)
on met dedans, on prend raphias on met ça fait chiffon (chucha aussi)
On les met dans le fusil ; on y met les raphias en guise de mèche (chucha aussi)
ayagi këlè le m'andja. Bisi leyaga këlè le legi ognura
on prend pierre de l'eau. Nous prenons pierre on met sur
on prend un silex qu'on met sur le fusil.
ndjari, atsula mba ema kɛlɛ eva, evi kayila tsu, fusil, on allume feu qui est pierre tombe, tombe sur chiffon, Si l'on le claque, les étincelles tombent sur la mèche et le coup éclate
étuyi, étugi katona opumbu, assana otugi, ayeni avi ça claque, ça sont là-haut du cano, cartouches sortent, s'en vont tombe laissant échapper le long du cano les cartouches qui atteignent
ognama, gnama kwi. Na ndjari tsapu eyi ma yini ntin à l'animal, animal meurt. Mais fusil à pierre venu en quel moment l'animal et il meurt. À quel moment aviez-vous vu le fusil à pierre ?
A : mo ña kayiaba date. ça là on ne connaît la date. on ne peut connaître la date.
C : wobo parle
A : Me ndaga alagi lagi ? Je dis dire dire ? Je vais dire n'importe quoi ?
C : kali !, amana ndjari tsu mini ayeni tsapu ? non ! après fusil à oreille on part fusil à pierre ? non ! après le fusil à piston c'est le fusil à pierre ?
A : Oluma gnugu, mburu wa yi n'andjari ma tsu. Mari d'abeille, homme qui vient avec fusils d'oreille. De Brazza est l'homme qui vint avec les fusils à piston.
Oluma gnugu katsiège, Français kabaya ña bisi, Français mburu Mari d'abeille parti, Français venu chez nous, Français l'homme
Après le départ de De Brazza, Français l'homme
nga le pôt, wua yi ña ndjari ma tsapu. Andjari ma tsapu de l'impôt, lui venu avec fusil à pierre. Les fusils à pierre de l'Impôt vint avec les fusils à pierre.
ma o mpugu kibuna kabaga bari atari, ana ni ña ndjari là au village on ne peut trouver gens trois, quatre pas même fusil Au village, on ne peut pas trouver trois ou quatre personnes qui les possèdent;
ma yi n'oluma gnugu nga ndjari ya tsu yia kayiè qui venu avec mari d'abeille qui fusil à oreille là va même les fusils venus avec De Brazza qui avait un fusil à piston, on achetait
la botique ossumu pla.
la boutique achetait poudre.
de la poudre dans la boutique.
C: Fani tsapu na lemiaga akiba mono ndjari kima?
Entre fusil à pierre et calibre I2 on n'a pas vu autre fusil?
A: ndjari kima ogmagn, lamiga lia.
fusil autre n'y a pas, calibre I2 là.
IL n'y a pas d'autre fusil rien que calibre I2.
C: Osuala kigi katuna ma tsapu, ñi tuna ma ndjari Flèche on jetait par fusil à pierre, ne jeter par fusil La flèche s'utilisait avec le fusil à pierre qu'avait le fusil pla ni.:
poudre pas.
à piston.
| Référents français | Vocabulaire Otegé | Référents Primitifs Otegé et Emprunts |
|--------------------|------------------|--------------------------------------|
| Sirop | | |
| Limonade | mbali ampiè | "boisson douce" |
| Coca-cola | | |
| Bière | mbali akali | "boisson liane asperge" (amère) |
| Farine | ékuwo | "manioc" |
| Sucre | osuhu w'ébami | "canne à sucre des blancs" |
| Riz | losô | (emprunt français) |
| L'heure | lèrè | (emprunt français) |
| Gaz | gaz | (emprunt français) |
| Seau | le su | (emprunt français) |
| Pile | pile | (emprunt français) |
| Chocolat | socolat | (emprunt français) |
| Bonbon | bonbon | (emprunt français) |
| Biscuits | biscuits | (emprunt français) |
| Poisson salé | poisson salé | (emprunt français) |
| Savon | savumu | (emprunt français) |
| Boîte corne-beef | ongugu wa gnama | |
| Lait | abièlè | |
| L'huile | mbari | |
| Bouteille d'huile | olangu wa mbari | |
| Contre-plaqué | tsusu l'oti | |
| Tôle | landzadza | "tuile de blanc" |
| Pétrole | andza mundà | "eau de lampe" |
| Sandales | ntami | "pied" |
| R. F. | V. O. | R. P. O. E. |
|----------|-------------|----------------------|
| Casserole| ndzuu | |
| Tonneau | ogungulu | |
| Bracelet | nkwèrè | |
| Chainette| ongenege | |
| Foulard | ofum ou siliki | |
E : C'est pour savoir comment actuellement les Atége appellent tous les produits qui sont ici. Est-ce en Ategé ? Est-ce en vocabulaire français ? Vous comprenez? Par exemple la bouteille = olangui, IL faudrait savoir si tous les Gabonais : dans les plateaux, ici à Franceville, dans le Nord, du côté de Lastoursville, désignent les produits des Blancs en vocabulaire gabonais ou ils désignent tout cela en vocabulaire français. Pour les femmes par exemple. Je m'en vais dans les cuisines ; je pose les questions sur les produits européens qu'elles ont dans les cuisines, pour les hommes encore je m'en vais du côté où sont les maçons, les menuisiers; je pose la question : est-ce que la truelle par exemple a un nom Otégé ? Vous comprenez?
B : Wuga papa !
Entends papa !
Ecoute moi papa !
Ndi élogb bâ tantôt ma élogb b'ebami
IL dit que choses qui tantôt sont choses des blancs
Les produits des Blancs que nous possédons,
ien ! élogb b'ebami katuolô bisa be ma Français
choses des Blancs qu'on appelle nous en Français
nous les nommons
B : lia ña djuyi la bô l'ebami.
ça c'est langue pour eux les Blancs.
en Français.
Ña bisa be ña djuyila bisa be l'Atégè.
Mais nous avons langue pour nous d'Atégè.
Et pourtant nous possédons notre appelation Otégè.
8 - Entretien autour du mot "Sirop" (OMPE : breuvage sans alcool)
E : Il faut nous montrer une bouteille de Sirop. On commence chaque fois par papa et ensuite par un plus jeune.
C : Wuga papa ndi mbali ma, mô fia ti nkèsi.
Entends papa il dit que vin là, ça là n'a méchanceté.
Ecoute moi papa ce vin là n'a pas d'alcool. (méchanceté)
Bunu bisa be katuolo mbali ma kari nkési?
Comment nous appelons vin qui manque méchanceté?
Comment appelons-nous le vin qui n'a pas d'alcool?
Bisa be la bis' atuolo ma m' étu latuoli ma ompé.
Nous si on appelle par d'ananas on appelle par sucré.
Si on l'appelle par vin d'ananas, on le nomme vin sucré.
E : Comment ?
A : m' ompé
sucré
vin sucré
C : m' ompé
sucré
vin sucré
- c'est-à-dire qui n'est pas fort.
E : m' ompé
sucré
vin sucré
C : ça c'est en français mais en langue c'est ompé.
E : Limonade?
C : pareil
E : Alors le sirop c'est ompè
C : Le sirop, la limonade et puis le coca-cola c'est pareil : ompè
E : m'ompè. Vous aussi vous dites la même chose : est-ce que spontanément vous auriez dit m'ompè?
C : Oui! m'ompè, ça c'est en langue.
E : Dès que vous dites limonade, vous dites m'ompè
C : donne moi la limonade
- mbali m'ompè
vin sucré
le vin qui est sucré
E : Comment appelle-t-on le sucre?
C : Wuga bisa be kalogò ka lé lô ma we alama lantségè
Entends nous chose que l'on met tu prépares tisane
Comment appelons-nous ce qui nous sert à préparer
sigi sigi we lu fia ko kasa we mpè?
très très tu mets et ça fait toi sucré?
très bien la tisane et ça rend très savoureux?
D : Bisa be fia nkumu ya bisa be
Nous avons nom pour .
Avons-nous une appelation en notre langue
A : bisa be fia nkumu ya sucre ni wua
nous avons nom pour sucre c'est ça
avons-nous un pour le sucre n'est-ce pas?
D : sucre nkumu y' ébami.
sucre nom des blancs.
Le sucre porte le même nom des blancs.
A : Bisi aki katuolo m'osu w' ébami
Nous on appelait canne à sucre des blancs
Nous l'appelions canne à sucre des blancs.
E : m' osu w' ébami,
canne à sucre des blancs,
La canne à sucre des blancs,
C : osu w' ébami.
canne à sucre des blancs.
la canne à sucre des blancs.
E : Qu'est-ce que ça signifie ?
C : C'est-à-dire le sucre des blancs.
La bière?
C : Ña bière vunu lé tuolo ma nkali
Et bière comment on appelle par amère
Et comment appelons-nous la bière parce qu'elle est amère?
A : Bière na nkali, bière nkali
Bière est amère, bière amère
La bière est amère, c'est amère
E : nkali
amère
A : nkali ni y' okana
amère comme asperge
amère comme la liane "asperge"
C : un peu amère
E : c'est amère
C : oui!
E : Mais "nkali" qu'est-ce que ça signifie? "Nkali" en Otegè habituellement c'est une liane, le jus d'une liane ou quoi?
C : C'est comme la liane
A : la liane : mva endji.
comme lianes.
comme les lianes.
E : C'est le jus des lianes : c'est ça qui est "nkali"
C : oui! c'est comme la liane; mais nous en langue liane c'est "ndji"
E : Le vin? Comment vous appelez le vin?
A : mbali
vin
E : mbali : tous les vins qui sont ... mbali = vin
9. Entretien autour des thèmes "Farine et Riz" (EKUWO, OLOSI)
E : La farine? Qu'est-ce que la farine?
C : Ndi farine ma djuyi la mpugu katuolo ma gama?
IL dit que farine en langue du village appelle c'est comment?
Comme appelle-t-on farine en langue?
A : Farine wo ékuwo bisi katuolo m' ékuwo
Farine du manioc nous appelons par manioc
La farine à l'aide du manioc, on l'appelle par manioc
E : ékuwo
manioc
A : lekuwo
manioc
E : ékuwo, est-ce que ça désigne aussi la farine de manioc?
A : oui! tous ékuwo
E : farine de blé comme farine de manioc
E : Le riz ?
C : Ndi le riz ma djuyi la mpugu kama?
IL dit que le riz en langue du village quoi?
Comment appelle-t-on le riz en langue?
A : Loso
riz
E : loso = riz
- d'où vient le nom là s'est-ce que avant l'arrivée des blancs il y avait le riz?
C : Ndi ma léré la ligi bisa be m' ëbami ki mi le riz?
IL dit que à l'heure qu'on était nous des blancs ça était le riz?
Du temps où les Blancs n'étaient pas là est-ce qu'il y avait du riz?
Na ma dju la bisa be ma kama?
Et en langue pour nous c'est quoi?
Comment on l'appelle en notre langue?
A : Olosi
le riz
E : Avant l'arrivée des Blancs, il y avait "olosi" avant que les Blancs ne soient ici?
C : Avant ébami ma kayz ali bisa be, kuni bisa be alegi ña lô? Avant blancs ne viennent chez nous, chez nous on avait ça? Avant que les Blancs ne viennent chez nous, avions-nous ça chez nous?
D : bisa be aligi na lô? nous on avait ça? L'avions-nous ça?
A : Kali! non!
C : non!
E : c'est très bien.
10. Entretien autour du thème "Sel" (ONGWA, KAKAT)
Le sel ?
C : le sel : kalogò ka lé lo m'asafi le sel : chose que l'on met dans nourriture le sel : ce qui nous sert à saler notre nourriture
A : ongwa sel
E : pourquoi on l'appelle "kakat" le sel ancien et "ongwa" le sel des Blancs?
A : ongwa ya kabami, kakat ka bisi Ategé nouveau sel c'est blancs, sel ancien c'est nous Ategé Le nouveau sel appartient aux Blancs, et le sel ancien à nous les Batekés.
C : Ête pourquoi ba tuolo bus ?
mais pourquoi on appelle comme ça ?
Mais pourquoi l'appelle-t-on ainsi?
A : ti otindi ya wangi akuru a bisa be
c'est façon que fabrique anciens pour nous
c'est une invention de nos ancêtres,
ya wangi adjiami a bisa be. Akuru a bisa be ndi
que fabrique nos dieux pour nous. Anciens pour nous on dit que
c'est une invention de Ndjiami. Nos ancêtres ont dit que nous ne pouvons
kakaT , kakaT , ongwa , ongwa
sel ancien, sel ancien, nouveau sel, nouveau sel
appeler le sel ancien que par "kakaT".
C : Ongwa w' ébami ,
sel des blancs,
Nouveau sel appartient aux blancs,
C : kakaT ka bisa be .
sel ancien pour nous .
Le sel ancien nous appartient.
A : KakaT ka bisa be, bisa be laya kabuo
Sel ancien c'est nous, nous savons faire
Le sel ancien nous appartient parce que nous savons en fabriquer
C : mais pourquoi bisa be lé tuolò ongwa w' ébami bisa be lé tuolo
mais pourquoi nous on appelle sel des blancs nous on appelle
pourquoi appelons-nous sel
m' ongwa ma kama ?
par sel nouveau pourquoi?
des blancs par ongwa ?
À : ndjiami, ndjiami ndi bè atégé katuolo m' ongwa.
Dieu, Dieu dit que vous atégé appelez par sel.
C'est bien Ndjiami qui l'a dit que vous appellerez sel par "ongwa".
IX. Entretien autour du thème "Feu" (MBA)
Le rechaud ?
D : mba y' ébami
feu des blancs
le feu des blancs
C : ndi kalogo ka ba lama édja
c'est la chose que l'on prépare nourriture
qui sert à cuir les aliments
D : mba y' ébami
feu des blancs
le feu des blancs
I : ndi mba ya kalama
c'est feu de préparation
le feu qui sert à la cuisson
D : mba y' ébami
feu des blancs
le feu des blancs
C : mba, mba, mba y' ébami ya b' alama
feu, feu, feu des blancs qu'ils préparent
avec lequel les blancs font leur cuisine
E : Mais tout peut être le feu des Blancs, l'électricité aussi c'est le feu des Blancs. Comment reconnaître que c'est l'électricité ; quelle est la différence entre l'électricité "mba" et le rechaud "mba"?
C : l'électricité c'est la lumière
E : Si on appelle tout "mba", comment reconnaître le briquet, le rechaud et l'électricité?
- Comment vous dites briquet alors?
A : briquet
n : Okweré
briquet
E : Okweré
briquet
C : oui!
E : ce n'est pas "kélô"
- non!
C : lémeré (allumettes)
- lémeré c'est l'allumette
E : lémeré c'est l'allumette
C : Okweré c'est briquet
E : Okweré c'est un mot Otegé
C : oui! oui! ça c'est en langue
M : Okweré kachindi mba y'akuru a bisa be.
Okweré kachindi feu des ancêtres pour nous.
Okweré c'est kachindi briquet employé par nos ancêtres.
A : Kachindi
feu
O : ña yia mba ya ma kélé
mais ça feu c'est pour cailloux
C'est le feu obtenu à l'aide des pierres
E : Moi, je ne suis pas tout à fait d'accord parce que le briquet devrait être traduire par "kélé le mba" (la pierre à produire du feu)
A : yè ! yè !
E : Mais pourquoi on appelle pas "kelé le mba obami"? D'où vient le mot obami "Blanc"?
E : C'est-à-dire la pierre à feu des blancs. D'où vient ce mot "Okwéré"? Avant l'arrivée des Blancs il n'y avait pas de briquet.
D : non! non!
A : y'avait "échindi" (pierre à produire l'étincelle)
E : d'où vient le mot "Okweré"?
C : Okweré c'est lorsque les briquets sont arrivés, y'avait les noms des pierres qu'on faisait le feu avant.
E : Kachindi = pierre à produire du feu
C : c'était fabriqué par nos vieux parents
A : môñô bisi katsula bu
vois nous allumions comme ça
nous allumions de cette façon là
M : yèi ñki bu a lu kelé.
oui! était comme ça on met cailloux.
oui! c'était ainsi, on mettait un cailloux.
N : aya akwulu elogò ba mi oba bia
on gratte choses sont au palmier là
On gratte du coton de palmier
À : m' élogò ba m' oba ba lieli nde bi bo,
les choses sont au palmier que j'ai dit lui ça bon,
Le coton de palmier dont on a parlé,
bisi kswolo élogò b' oba la lu kelé ña
nous prenons choses du palmier on met cailloux là
on le prenait puis l'on frottait un cailloux contre un autre
À : bo kwaral
bon attrape!
bien saisi!
E : ça c'est kelé le mba
cailloux de feu
Ces cailloux produisaient du feu
À : kachindi c'est le briquet
E : ça c'est quoi ?
À : kachindi
E : kélé : c'est la pierre et en bas le produit avec lequel on frotte
M : adjuya
coton de palmier
- mèche
E : adjuya
coton de palmier
- mèche
M : ma nama mba
qui prend feu
ce qui prend feu
E : c'est la mèche
A : ña da ka la mèche ni ! i
mais papa c'est la mèche
c'est bien la mèche
D : élogò ba akuru akala &
choses des vieux anciens.
Ce sont les choses des ancêtres.
C : Bisi lekà ña bu lé dàla mami ma akuru .
Nous restons ici comme ça on attend inventions des vieux .
Nous ne restons qu'ainsi à attendre les inventions des anciens.
E : adjuya et...
mèche
C : kelé
pierre
E : ça c'est kachindi
le briquet
C : ça c'est kachindi qui est en haut
E : Et le tout ça n'a pas un nom ?
C : le tout ça signifie "kachindi"
bo, avusuga ko kwosi higa kumu ko kama ?
bon, on mélange ça ensemble maintenant nom pour ça quoi ?
Si l'on mélange tout comment l'appelera-t-on ?
A : ndi kachindi
c'est le feu
c'est l'outil produisant le feu
D : l'ensemble de tout c'est machin là
E : le tout c'est kachindi
M : djuosi élogb échindi.
tout chose feu.
tout, ce sont les outils produisant le feu.
N : kaga vulu sila kakima kama?
qu'est-ce qui encore reste autre quoi?
Qu'est-ce qu'on a omis?
M : ka ba tsula adjuya mè
quand on allume mèche là
Quand on allume la mèche là
- mburu ya ka bila nde yuwa gnuôñi ntsiè
l'homme qui reste avec lui là remue terre
l'homme qui est à ses côtés remue la terre
N : lia a ma tendè
ça on a écrit
c'est déjà écrit
M : hèè! bua
oui! comme ça
oui! c'est ainsi!
E : Mais seulement on n'a pas été tout à fait d'accord pour dire le rechaud
F : mba y' ébami ya ba lama bila
feu des blancs qu'on prépare nourriture
le feu des blancs avec lequel on prépare la nourriture
E : mba y' ébami lama bila
feu des blancs préparent nourriture
feu avec lequel les blancs préparent la nourriture
C : ya ba lama bila
qu'on prépare nourriture
avec lequel on prépare la nourriture
E : c'est-à-dire le feu des Blancs pour préparer la nourriture.
E : Mais le Gaz aussi c'est pareil alors le rechaud c'est d'un côté, la cuisinière électrique, c'est pareil aussi. C'est le feu des Blancs pour préparer la nourriture.
- Le nom ne désigne qu'une seule chose n'est-ce pas ?
F : ésiso, l'ensemble mbà mba
tout l'ensemble c'est feu
Tout l'ensemble s'appelle feu
C : ya tini kumu ya mba, mba.
on appelle nom du feu, feu.
ce qui est appelé feu, s'appelle feu.
F : ña mva furu, mva rechaud ya gaz l' étuolò mba ma
mais comme four, comme rechaud de gaz on appelle c'est par
Mais comme le four comme le rechaud à gaz nous appelons
olangu ya gaz.
bouteille de gaz.
bouteille de gaz.
E : Bon, lorsque vous venez directement comme ça vous trouvez Monsieur Etienne et que vous voulez acheter un rechaud : qu'est-ce que vous dites ? Un réfléchir ?
mpa mi rechaud
donne moi rechaud
donne moi le rechaud
C : mpa mi rechaud
donne moi rechaud
donne moi le rechaud
E : le gaz alors ! comment vous dites le gaz ?
C : c'est pareil tout ça...
E : gaz = gaz
C : mpa mi gaz
donne moi gaz
donne moi le gaz
F : il y a de fois on dit :
- mpa mi olangu ya gaz
donne moi bouteille de gaz
donne moi la bouteille de gaz
E : Le pétrole ?
C : andja ma lampe
eau de lampe
l'eau de la lampe
E : c'est-à-dire l'eau de la lampe. Pourquoi ne pas dire l'huile de la lampe ?
F : non !
E : andja mé...
l'eau de...
C : andja ma lampe.
eau de lampe.
l'eau de la lampe.
E : Alors la lampe c'est lampè
C : mbunda
lampe
E : pourquoi vous ne dites pas :
andja mbunda
eau lampe
l'eau de la lampe
E : Alors la lampe c'est quoi alors?
F : La lampe c'est "mbunda"
E : Mais quand vous le dites sans hésiter, vous dites ?
C : mpa mi andja mbunda
donne moi eau lampe
donne moi le pétrole
E : Comment vous dites quand vous arrivez ici ?
C : oui! en langue
E : sans hésiter
F : si l'autre a du pétrole, eh bien! tu viens, tu lui dis :
- mpa mi andja' a mbunda
donne moi eau de lampe
donne moi du pétrole
E : mpa mi andja mbunda.
donne moi eau lampe.
donne moi du pétrole.
| Référents français | Vocabulaire Otegé | Référents Primitifs Otegé et Emprunts |
|--------------------|-------------------|--------------------------------------|
| Plomb | tsitsèlè | "petite pierre" |
| Cartouche | sana | "balle" |
| Poudre à fusil | pla | |
| Blanc-Européen | obami | "ver de terre" |
| Sucré | mpiè | "doux" |
| Capsule-bouchon | kadia-kadubugu | |
| Tissu d'ótoffe | kambundu | |
| Pierre à fusil | kèlè la ndjari | |
| Grosse cuvette | ndjuana | |
| Assiette | kapèlè | "pau profond" |
| Pierre à briquet | kèlè l'okwèrè | (okwèrè = briquet ancien
| | | kèlè = pierre) |
| Photo | kadimi | "silhouette" |
| Porte-monnaie | puka | |
| Peigne | ntsesi | |
| Tasse | tasse | (emprunt français) |
| Tomate | tumate | (emprunt français) |
| Salade | salade | (emprunt français) |
| Avocatier | ovuka | (emprunt français) |
| Avocat | kavuka | (emprunt français) |
| Manguiier | omangu | (emprunt français) |
| Mangue | kamangu | (emprunt français) |
| Goyave | guyave | (emprunt français) |
| Goyavier | ogoyave | (emprunt français) |
| R. F. | V. O. | R. P. O. E. |
|------------|-----------|----------------------|
| Oranger | orandji | (emprunt français) |
| Orange | karandji | -"-" |
| Cafésier | okafu | (emprunt français) |
| Café | kafu | -"-" |
| Bol | bol | (emprunt français) |
| Lunettes | etala | "transparent" |
| Miroir ou glasse | katala | "transparent". |
ENTRETIEN SUR LES PRODUITS EUROPEENS
(Ngouoni, Janvier 1974)
I2. Entretien autour du thème "Fusil" (NDJARI)
E : Le fusil ?
A : Ndjari
E : fusil à pierre c'est pareil ?
A : c'est pareil "ndjari" oui !
E : Alors quelle est la différence entre TSAPU et Ndjari ?
- Est-ce différent ?
C : oui !
- Ndjari c'est ce que nous appelons tous, même le calibre I2 nous disons toujours "ndjari" - tsapu nous disons toujours ndjari. Chaque ndjari à son nom, tsapu ce qu'on vient de parler là.
E : Tsapu c'est uniquement le fusil à pierre ?
G : oui !
E : c'est qu'on appelle fusil à piston?
A : oui ! laissé par De Brazza.
E : Le plomb qu'on met dans le fusil est-ce que ça a un nom ?
A : oui !
E : comment on appelle ça ?
A : Atsitselés
petites pierres ou gravier
A : Atsitselés bila a sana c'est pareil.
pierrettes avec les cartouches c'est pareil
Les pierrettes et les cartouches sont pareille.
E : Est-ce qu'il y avait autre chose qu'on appelait comme ça chez vous ?
- Atsitselés, asana - ce sont les noms du blanc ?
C : Non !
E : Mais le plomb ?
C : C'est venu avec le blanc.
E : Est-ce qu'il y avait autre chose qui portait le nom d'atsitselés ou asana ?
C : Oui! les petites pierres.
E : Les petites pierres à quoi elles servaient ?
C : Ce sont les cailloux qui restaient par terre,
E : La poudre à fusil comment elle s'appelle ?
C : "Pla" c'est la poudre à fusil.
E : Mais ce nom, est-ce qu'il existait avant l'arrivée des Blancs ou ce sont les Blancs qui l'ont amené ?
C : avant les Blancs.
E : Mais "pla" signifie quoi alors chez vous sans poudre des Blancs ?
C : "pla", c'est quand les Blancs ont fabriqué là on a su que c'est "pla".
C : ah! chez nous non.
A : amoni pla ti na étangni
vu poudre c'est avec Blancs
On a connu la poudre à fusil d'après les Blancs,
C : c'est par les Blancs qu'on a connu "pla".
E : Mais avant le mot "pla" ne signifiait pas autre chose ?
C : non !
E : Mais c'est un nom de Blanc alors !
C : quoi c'est ?
E : "pla".
C : La poudre c'est le Blanc ; "pla" c'est en notre langue
A : ankumu aso a bo, mo yi ña kañ' étangani fi.
noms tous à eux, ils sont venus avec les Blancs.
Tous ces noms sont venus avec les Blancs.
| Référents français | Vocabulaire Otegé | Référents Primitifs Otegé et Emprunts |
|--------------------|-------------------|--------------------------------------|
| Ballon | mbulu | |
| Bague | olua | |
| Lame rasoir | bina | "rasoir" |
| Couteau | mbièri | |
| Couteau à deux tranchants | mbièri wa bambi | |
| Fil | singa | |
| Chapeau | kavuru | |
| Moustiquaire | ossitèlè | (emprunt français) |
| Pantalon | kakoga balaga | "habit du bas" |
| Complet | kakoga | |
| Mouchoir | ochouari | (emprunt français) |
| Chaussette | sisheti | (emprunt français) |
| Epingle | penglè | —"— |
| Mèche | adjuya | "coton pour allumer" |
| Parapluie | kadjiini | "silhouette" |
| Marteau | otièni | |
| Marmite | ndungu | |
| Parfum | ananasi | "parfumé" |
| Cartouche | ntsuo | |
| Tabac | abéka | |
| Imperméable | kako ka mvula | |
| Pointe | ntsèrè | |
| Grand couteau | ompata | |
| Balai | ogna | |
| R. F. | V. O. | R. P. O. E. |
|--------|-----------|----------------------|
| Poêle | poêle | (emprunt français) |
| Rateau | rateau | (emprunt français) |
| Bouteille | opéñi | |
| Tamis | kasségi | |
| Serviette | selviette | (emprunt français) |
| Bidon | odó | |
I3. Entretien autour du thème "Pagne" (NFA ou EKO)
A : Anfa ?
A : Eko
E : Qu'est-ce que c'est anfa ?
C : Les pagnes.
E : Vous demandez la pièce d'étoffe en français parce que si vous dites "anfa" déjà c'est pas un nom...
A : Bisi kama anfa leta ni, bisi Eko
Nous par pagnes prononcez pas, nous Eko
Nous ne prononçons pas "Anfa" mais par Eko
C : les pagnes
E : d'accord et la pièce d'étoffe comment vous appelez ?
A : Eko ba akasi
pagnes des femmes
pagnes des femmes
E : pièce d'étoffe ?
C : Oui !
A : bia eko ba akasi.
ça pagnes pour femmes.
ce sont les pagnes des femmes.
E : Pourquoi vous ne dites pas cette fois "anfa" puzu par exemple ?
C : non "anfa puzu" ça ne va pas.
E : Evidemment ce n'est pas en raphia et pourquoi vous ne dites pas "Anfa" tout simplement ?
A : On a divisé en deux :
E : Eko bakasi ?
A : Eko bakasi
pagnes des femmes
Les pagnes des femmes
C : là vous mélangez l'Obamba et le Bateké : parce qu'Anfa c'est l'Obamba.
E : Anfa c'est l'Obamba ?
C : Oui ! mais Ategé c'est Eko
C : c'est comme ça parce que moi je dis : "Anfa" et eux ils disent "Eko".
A : Eko ba kari .
Pagnes des femmes.
Les pagnes des femmes.
E : Bon ! allons-y .
Les pantalons ?
A : Pantalon se bubu pantalon ya lasa mbura balaga
Pantalon c'est comme ça pantalon que habille personne homme
Pantalon c'est pareil - pantalon que porte un homme.
kako ka abalaga - pantalon we lasa mbura balaga ;
habit des garçons - pantalon qu'habille personne homme ;
Les habits des hommes - pantalon que les hommes portent ;
C : ngoyi abalaga
habit des hommes
chemise des hommes
E : ngoyi abalaga pour l'Obamba ?
A : Oui !
E : Et vous, vous dites comment ?
A : Kako ka balaga
habit pour hommes
chemise pour hommes
E : balaga c'est le bas ?
A : Balaga c'est le garçon.
E : Ah ! ah d'accord ! alors balaga c'est le garçon et kako c'est quoi alors ?
C : Kako c'est l'habit
E : l'habit pour les garçons - kako ka balaga .
- ensuite
C : Eringa - éringa
Robes - robes
E : la robe
A : karinga sè karinga
la robe aussi la robe
A : kali bisa be lekata ma karinga ñi
non nous prononçons par robe pas
non, nous ne disons pas karinga (robe)
E : vous dites - karinga aussi ?
A : hêè !
A : karinga
C : nous disons "Oringa" et puis eux c'est karinga.
E : Là vous mettez "O", ils mettent "K" - alors Oringa et vous dites Karinga ?
C : Oui!
E : c'est vrai ou c'est faux ?
C : C'est vrai !
E : bon autre chose maintenant.
Comment appelez-vous les ensembles ?
C : ña anfa mbuosi tout ña yulu ña ntsiè *
et les habits en tout et haut et le bas.
et tout le complet ; et pour le haut et pour le bas.
14. Entretien autour du thème "Rasoir" (BINâ)
E : La lame ?
A : bisi katuolo yi ma bina
nous appelons ça par bina
Nous l'appelons par rasoir
C : on compte maintenant la lame d'avant.
E : bina c'est la lame d'avant
- qu'est-ce que c'était comme lame d'avant ?
D : ce que le forgeron fait là
E : c'est une recourbée ?
C : Sinon la qualité était moyenne comme ça. Et ça se ressemble à peu près mais un peu fin.
E : Mais ça servait à quoi ?
A : pour raser
E : c'est le nom de la lame ancienne.
E : ça servait encore à quoi à part le rasage? Est-ce qu'on circoncisait les enfants avec ça ?
C : Chez nous les Obamba, ça nous servait pour inciser le mal de tête.
E : Des incisions.
D : On rase les cheveux avec ça
E : bon continuons.
C : Le couteau ?
A : mbiéri
E : pas baga ?
A : baga ambama
couteau Obamba
ce sont les Obamba qui appellent "baga"
E : pas mbiéri, mais mbiéri dites-vous même
D : non mbiéri ça termine par "ri"
E : Le couteau ancien c'est la même chose. Mais comment appelle-t-on le couteau ancien avec les deux tranchants ?
A : kali mbiéri ya mbambi
non couteau de deux lames,
non c'est le couteau à deux lames.
E : mbiéri ya mbambi
couteau de deux lames
Le couteau à deux lames
- mais le mbambi c'est Obamba
A : sièlè
c'est vrai
D : mbiéri ya bambi.
couteau à deux lames.
le couteau à deux lames.
D : bè leta ma mbambi
vous appelez par deux lames
Vous appelez aussi par couteau à deux lames.
A : yo ngulu egnua kéli ña yuga ña yè kiègè
ça côté bouches quand là comprend et un petit
Écoute moi, ce couteau à deux lames, il existe deux sortes : le plus petit
ñà ye nini.
et un grand.
et le plus grand.
C : Nous appelons ça : baga ya ampèlè muèlè
couteau à lames deux
le couteau à deux lames.
A : Êta bisi katuolo ma : mbiéri ya mbambi,
mais nous appelons par : couteau à deux lames,
Mais nous l'appelons par couteau à deux lames,
E : mbiéri ya mbambi.
couteau à deux lames.
couteau à deux lames.
A : Ah! yia ndji ayi ña yo kiña ategé ba bana
Ah! ça amené avec ça pas ategé d'avant
Ah! ça a été importé, ce n'est pas chez les premiers Batekés
to abaga ma ampini.
arrivés trouver cette façon.
qu'on trouvait ça.
I5. Entretien autour du thème "Culotte" (OBARI)
C : Slip ?
D : Yuga slip mema ?
Comprends slip comment ?
Ecoute-moi, comment appelons-nous slip ?
A : k'obari ni ! obari
c'est slip non ! slip
nous appelons par slip
E : Obari
D : m' éta obari
je mets slip
je porte le slip
A : obari ya bis be ya kala
slip pour nous pour avant
nos slips d'autrefois
A : ya leki lasa.
pour qu'on mettait.
que l'on portait.
E : Ce qu'on met en bas, mais le slip n'existait pas autrefois. D'où vient ce mot ?
Parce que autrefois nos pères ne connaissaient pas les slips. Il n'y avait pas
de slip mais d'où vient ce mot "Obari" ?
A : Obari ?
Slip ?
E : Oui! c'est vous qui l'avez inventé tout de suite ou bien quoi ?
C : C'est-à-dire avant, ça existait quand même mais ce n'était pas un vrai slip.
C'était un grand pagne qu'ils mettaient ; plus grand encore et à peu près à titre
d' "Okani".
E : Non ! ça c'est moi qui ai écrit ça. Alors c'était un pagne et ça s'appelait "Obar"
C : oui 'obari !
16. Entretien autour du thème "Mèche" (ADJUYA)
C : La mèche ?
E : la mèche ?
D : la mèche ma nkuma bisa be bama ?
la mèche en nom pour nous
Comment appelons-nous la mèche en notre langue ?
A : Ah non !
E : Est-ce que la mèche ne ressemble pas au coton pour faire "kassini" ?
A : adjuya ma kassini
coton du briquet
E : on peut appeler la mèche "adjuya" ?
A : adjuya oui !
coton oui !
E : c'est vrai !
C : si, si
E : Mais comment vous appelez habituellement la mèche ?
A : La mèche ?
E : Oui !
A : la mèche pour le blanc hein !
E : d'accord !
A : mais pour nous...
E : Quand vous avez une mèche ici qu'est-ce que vous dites ?
A : Donc ça c'est comme adjuya, nous le mettions comme "adjuya" de "Kassini"
E : donc vous appelez ça "adjuya".
- Habituellement si vous voulez une mèche, qu'est-ce que vous demandez - vous dites mèche ?
A : Pour essayer, on peut l'appeler la mèche, mais comme on était avec "Kassine", on l'appelait "adjuya".
I7. Entretien autour du thème "Ombrelle" (KADJUNI)
C : Parapluie
E : parapluie ?
A : kadjuni
E : pourquoi kadjuni
A : Kadjuni parce que si on part avec ça sous le soleil, on le fait comme ça
E : Qu'est-ce que ça signifie "Kadjuni" en Otegé ?
C : toi aussi, tu ne connais pas ça "kadjuni"?
D : c'est pas l'ombre !
E : c'est la silhouette ?
C : Oui ! c'est la silhouette.
E : Ah! très intéressant ça !
- pourquoi Kadjuni étant la silhouette vous l'appelez Kadjuni ?
- Pourquoi vous dites que Kadjuni c'est l'ombre ?
C : Oui !
E : c'est pour faire de l'ombre, c'est très intéressant.
- Ah d'accord ! vous n'aviez pas les "Kadjuni" autrefois ?
A : Ah! on avait ça, mais c'est ...
- non pour les blancs là
E : oui !
A : on n'avait pas ça.
E : c'est ça ! mais est-ce qu'il y avait quelque chose comme ça avant ?
A : c'est nos grand'parents
E : n'avaient pas ça
A : ils n'avaient pas ça. Ils nous ont expliqué seulement ce que je vous ai dit.
E : Mais ça c'est le mot à utiliser habituellement quand on demande un parapluie ici. Quand quelqu'un vient ici au magasin, qu'est-ce qu'il demande ?
A : Il demande, s'il ne connaît pas en français, il va dire : donne moi "kadjuini"
E : C'est ce qu'il dit ?
A : mpa mi kadjuini
donne moi l'ombre
donne moi le parapluie
E : mpa mi kadjuini
donne moi l'ombre
donne moi le parapluie
- bon c'est le parapluie alors on continue...
18. Entretien autour du thème "Marteau" (Otiéni)
C : Le marteau ?
A : marteau
E : oui !
A : Otiéni
E : pourquoi otiéni ?
A : "Otiéni" parce que nous avons le forgeron qui fait : ké ! ké ! ké ! ké ! ké ! ké .
E : Le forgeron tapait avec l'otiéni ou bien avec le ndjunu ?
A : kadjunu c'est en bas
E : Ndjunu c'est en bas et il tape avec l'Otiéni.
| Référents français | Vocabulaire Otegé | Référents Primitifs Otegé et Emprunts français |
|--------------------|-------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| Clée à bougie | nkoro me tièse bougie | référents primitifs Otegé et emprunts français |
| Clée carrée | nkoro le règlage a camion | -"-" -"-" |
| Roue | kabele gangarifa | -"-" -"-" |
| Pneu | ndambu | "caoutchouc" |
| Chambre à air | ndambu | -"-" |
| Valve | oñuo a le ndambu | "la bouche du caoutchouc" |
| Moteur | otchi | "la tête" |
| Pompe à injection | nkoro leye ful | référents primitifs Otegé et emprunts français |
| Essence | andjë ma mba magha ye momo | -"-" -"-" |
| Bouchon | kadzia | -"-" -"-" |
| Batterie | mba ya camion | -"-" -"-" |
| Eclairage | kawa | -"-" -"-" |
| Clignotant | nkwolo | -"-" -"-" |
| Nettoyeur de cosse | lesologo | -"-" -"-" |
| Pointe | tchere | -"-" -"-" |
| Ampoule | asuruga | -"-" -"-" |
| Amortisseur | ã funa | -"-" -"-" |
| Ecrou | abulu muele | -"-" -"-" |
| Compas | kayu | -"-" -"-" |
| Manchon | mpeng | -"-" -"-" |
| Robinet | mpio | -"-" -"-" |
| Courroie | achuri | -"-" -"-" |
| Chaîne | ongenege | -"-" -"-" |
| Roulement | ebaga | -"-" -"-" |
| R. F. | V. O. | R. P. O. E. |
|------------|----------------|-------------------------------------------------|
| Piston | - mokekele | référents primitifs Otegé et emprunts français |
| | - oyiyegé | |
| | - otchila | |
| Bague | pagi | |
| Pignon | ala | |
| Poulie | adzedzire | |
| Fusible | anvuna ga mbu ja mba | |
| Evaporateur| ongie onkekele | |
| Mesureur | kaye tchege | |
| Avertisseur| mvuri ngau | référents primitifs Otegé et emprunts français |
19. Entretien autour du thème "Clé".
E : IL s'agit de voir un grand nombre d'outils possible et me dire comment vous les appelez. On va commencer par exemple, par les outils qui sont derrière vous. En me montrant chaque outil, vous me dites le nom français et puis le nom Otegé correspondant.
A : La clé à bougie là, nous appelons ça : mpa mi clé à bougie.
donne moi clé à bougie.
Donne moi la clé à bougie.
A : mpa mi nkoso ya letsièsè abougie yia.
donne moi le fer qu'on enlève les bougies là.
Donne-moi cette clé à bougie.
E : Que veut dire "Letsièsè"?
A : Cela veut dire enlever : donne moi le nkoso ya letsièsè
donne moi le nkoso pour enlever
E : Vous venez d'inventer ça maintenant. Mais avant vous ne disiez pas ça ?
A : oui !
E : C'est-à-dire la clé égale le fer qui enlève la bougie. Mais par exemple la clé carré ?
A : Nous, avant tout cela s'appelait "nkoso",
E : Alors la clé carré ?
C : Le blanc est venu donner le nom.
A : La clé carré ?
E : oui!
A : Par exemple ça c'est la clé de réglage avec laquelle on règle la voiture
ma djuyi la mpugu, ña mi clé we le règle a camion
en langue du village, donne moi clé qu'on règle à camion
Dans notre langue on dit : donne-moi la clé de réglage.
E : Qu'est-ce que vous dites ?
A : mpa mi nkoso ye le regle a camion.
donne-moi fer qu'on règle les camions.
Donne moi le fer de réglage.
E : Et vous êtes obligés d'utiliser règler ? Vous ne pouvez pas dire un autre mot à la place de règler les camions ?
A : Nous, avant on appelait les camions
E : et régler ?
A : régler c'est-à-dire dépanner les voitures
E : Un autre mot, une autre clé. Cette petite clé là l'appelle-t-on ?
E : Vous n'avez pas "shapi" ou bien "muana-shapi"
A : muana-shapo ? Tsapu c'est le fusil
E : non ! non ! le cadenas, comment vous dites le cadenas ?
A : bisi aligi kala katuolo ma ...
nous étions avant appelions par ...
Autrefois nous appelions par ...
E : Il y a un mot pour dire cadenas
A : celui-là non ?
D : ça ?
E : oui !
A : ça c'est le blanc qui appelait ça le cadenas
E : mais en Otegé, comment vous dites ?
D : en Otegé : mpa mi kadubugu ka ndjo ka
donne moi la porte de maison là
Donne moi ce cadenas là
A : kadjubugu c'est ça
porte c'est ça
celle-ci c'est la porte
D : kadjubugu ki
porte ça
c'est celle-ci la porte
A : hè! è!
oui !
D : bon, mpa mi muana kadjubu
bon, donne moi enfant porte
bon, donne-moi le cadenas
E : Comment vous appelez le cadenas en Otegé ?
D : katsapi ka ndjo
cadenas de maison
le cadenas
E : muana katsapi c'est la clé
- ah ! bon voilà !
A : non, katsapi c'est-à-dire la maman
cadenas
E : C'est ça, là j'ai compris. Mais alors justement pour dire la clé d'une voiture est-ce que on ne peut pas utiliser muana-katsapi ?
D : muana katsapi wa kadia ka ndjo
enfant cadenas de porte de maison
La clé de la porte
E : muana katsapi
enfant cadenas
la clé
D : mpa mi muana katsapi wa kadia kadjo
donne moi enfant cadenas de porte de maison
Donne-moi la clé de la porte d'une maison
D : par exemple : mpa mi muana katsapi we la voiture.
donne moi enfant cadenas de la voiture.
donne-moi la clé de contact de la voiture.
E : par exemple : mpa mi muana katsapi wa camion
donne moi enfant cadenas de camion
Donne-moi la clé de contact du camion
— Bon ça vous voyez, il ne reste plus qu'un mot français.
À : ça comme vous commencez à partir : tu boucles la voiture dehors, tu sors,
tu boucles les rotiles, tu commences à faire tourner, tu demandes au camarade :
mpa mi katsapi mi ndubuga fungula, bisa we léyè.
donne moi cadenas moi ferme clé, nous allons partir.
donne-moi la clé, je vais fermer la portière, nous allons partir.
E : Là on est toujours à la clé de la portière de la voiture. Mais ma question était
de savoir, si on peut utiliser les mêmes noms pour les clés qui ouvrent les
pièces des voitures ?
À : Katsapi, katsapi, katsapi ngwugu
Cadenas, cadenas, cadenas mère
Le cadenas est différent de la clé
— katsapi c'est le cadenas et puis la clé c'est le petit pour lui.
E : d'accord ! il y aurait par exemple ...
D : par exemple comme ...
À : nous l'appelons :
muana katsapi
enfant cadenas
la clé
D : bon ça là c'est katsapi lui-même.
E : Mais ce que je voulais dire que là on a un mot, on a le muana katsapi ensuite
chaque fois il y aurait des parties de la voiture. Est-ce qu'on ne peut pas
dire par exemple les roues de la voiture? Vous avez un mot pour dire les roues
en Otegé ? Qu'est-ce que vous dites ?
A : Les roues en notre langue : kabèlè ka camion
jambe de camion
la roue du camion
E : roue ?
A : oui ! kabèlè ka camion,
oui ! jambe de camion.
oui ! la roue du camion.
E : La clé de roue, est-ce qu'on ne peut dire : muana katsapi wa kabèlè
enfant cadenas de jambe
la clé de la roue
A : mpa mi clé wa bula ma ...
donne moi clé des boulons de ...
donne-moi les clés pour dévisser les boulons
E : pas des clés alors, vous pouvez dire clé
A : mpa mi muana ien ! ien !
donne moi enfant
donne-moi la clé
D : mpa mi nkoso ya ...
donne moi fer de
donne-moi la clé de ...
E : Non ! nkoso c'est pas la peine puisqu'on a remplacé par : muana katsapi
D : mpa mi muana la clé ya lessa ebèlè ba camion,
donne moi enfant la clé qu'on fait jambe de camion,
donne-moi les clés qui servent à démonter les roues du camion,
E : non ! oui ! d'accord ! mais puisqu'on a dit la clé c'est la même chose que muana katsapi.
A : Non c'est pas pareil ! muana katsapi c'est-à-dire muana le cadenas
nkoso ledubuga kabèlè ka pneu.
fer on ferme jambe de pneu.
La clé qui sert à dévisser les boulons.
20. Entretien autour du thème "Caoutchouc" (LANDAMBU)
E : Mais est-ce que lorsque vous réparez une voiture, vous avez quand même des mots Otegé pour dire par exemple la chambre à air. Comment vous l'appelez ?
A : la chambre à air ?
E : oui !
D : caoutchouc
E : pourquoi vous ne dites pas par exemple "ndambu" ?
A : oui !
E : Ainsi en Fang on dit l' "intestin" (n'yia) de la roue.
A : fia bisi katuolo ma ndambu.
mais nous l'appelons par caoutchouc.
Mais nous disons caoutchouc.
- La chambre à air : landambu (caoutchouc)
C : La chambre à air c'est en français, Ndambu c'est pour nous.
A : landambu la camion
caoutchouc de camion
pneu du camion
E : mais le pneu aussi c'est le "Ndambu",
A : oui! landambu ntsisa!
oui! caoutchouc c'est bien!
oui! caoutchouc ça va!
D : Mais on appelle ça le pneu comme en français
E : oui! landambu
- ndambu ou landambu?
A : ndambu.
A : Landambu lo ña 'dëmaka caoutchouc a li we adjura bu
Caoutchouc ça c'est reste caoutchouc que quand tu tires comme
Le caoutchouc c'est ce qui se détend quand on le tire.
leyi.
vient.
C : Nous avant, on ne le coupait pas
E : Oui! oui! vous coupiez les lianes et ensuite ça coulait, on faisait des boules.
C'est la même chose.
Alors vous voyez, on peut déjà continuer à ... Il faut faire seulement un effort pour appeler les choses de la mécanique. Les pièces de la voiture par des noms Bateké. Par exemple les joints, comment vous dites joints?
C : les joints?
E : un joint
- IL y a plusieurs joints, le joint en caoutchouc, le joint en fer, vous voyez joints...
C : Bon, les joints, surtout les joints en caoutchouc ou par exemple ça là.
E : en carton
A : wa en caoutchouc katuolo ma landambu mbumbu.
celui en caoutchouc on appelle par caoutchouc carrément.
le joint en caoutchouc se dit carrément caoutchouc.
C : Na me joint wa tsusu
Donne moi le joint de feuille
Donne-moi le joint en feui
E : Que veut dire Ntsusu ?
C : Ntsusu veut dire "feuille".
E : Comment vous pouvez appeler une valve de voiture ?
C : une valve de voiture ?
E : oui !
C : bon, une valve nous appelons en notre langue "valve" c'est-à-dire nkoso ya fer pour le fer de la kabèlè ka camion
jambe de camion
roue d'une voiture.
A : le caoutchouc la kabèlè ka camion
le caoutchouc pour la jambe de camion
Le caoutchouc de la roue.
E : La valve c'est la bouche
C : c'est le bouchon.
E : Mais pourquoi ne pas dire bouchon alors la chambre à air ; la valve ce n'est pas le bouchon. Le valve c'est la bouche...
A : ña ma katuolo nkoso ya caoutchouc.
et pour appeler fer de caoutchouc.
ça se dit : fer du caoutchouc.
C : Ña me nkoso ya lelo katsa caoutchouc.
Donne moi fer qu'on met dans caoutchouc.
Donne-moi le fer qu'on met avec le caoutchouc.
E : On ne peut pas dire que c'est la bouche de la chambre à air ?
A : la bouche ognuwa wa chambre à air
la bouche la bouche de la chambre à air
Bouche c'est l'ouverture de la chambre à air.
C : ognuwa wa landambu wa, nde mba percè.
bouche de caoutchouc là, elle est percée.
Cette bouche en caoutchouc, elle est percée.
21. Entretien autour du thème "Moteur".
E : Comment vous pouvez appeler le moteur en Otegé ?
A : le moteur : katuolo bisi ma... en notre langue
on appelle nous en ...en notre langue
nous l'appelons en notre langue ...
E : oui !
A : le moteur nous l'appelons en notre langue : otsu wa camion
tête de camion
le moteur
E: otsu wa camion
tête de camion
le moteur
C: veut dire la tête
E: ah bon!
otsu wa camion
tête de camion
le moteur
C: le moteur c'est français
E: oui! moteur c'est français.
- alors! vous direz: otsu wa camion
tête de camion
moteur du camion
- ça c'est le moteur.
E: Le filtre par exemple comment vous l'appelez?
A: le filtre?
E: oui!
D: le filtre, katuolo mva ka katuola akuru kala kayengesse
le filtre, on appelle comme ont appelé vieux avant "passoire"
Le filtre se dit comme les vieux avant appelaient par filtre.
A: IL y a beaucoup de filtres: y a le filtre à air
lo ñia lo lekele mbari
ça là pour filtrer l'huile
c'est parce que ça filtre l'air (l'huile)
C : il y a deux filtres : y a le filtre à huile
lia bisa be katuolo ma ndjua mbari
ça nous appelons par marmite huile
nous l'appelons par filtre à huile
E : ndjua mbari
marmite huile
filtre à huile
A : oui!
E : ça c'est le filtre à huile
- bon mais le filtre à air alors ?
A : le filtre à air ?
E : oui !
A : le filtre à air veut dire en notre langue "Ndjengesse"
E : filtre à huile ndju ya ka mbari tandis que le filtre à air
marmite que reste l'huile
filtre à huile
ndjengesse .
passoire .
filtre .
E : La pompe à injection alors ?
A : nkoso y' ofuru
fer du souffle
pompe
C : nkoso ya le fula ofuru
fer qu'on souffle "souffle"
pompe
E : qu'est-ce que ça signifie ?
O : pompe à injection comme vous l'avez dit.
E : oui! mais nkoso signifie fer
A : bayula owuru
qu'on souffle "souffle"
qu'on pompe
E : ye signifie quoi ?
A : ça c'est notre langue.
E : D'accord ! mais vous m'expliquez mot à mot pour que je comprenne bien.
A : ye nkoso ye injection, nkoso ya lefula ofuru.
ça fer pour injection, fer qu'on souffle "souffle".
pompe à injection.
E : Le fer qui sert à souffler
- la canalisation à essence. D'abord l'essence, comment vous l'appellez ?
A : bisi essence katuolo m'andja ma camion
nous essence appelons par l'eau de camion
l'essence se dit l'eau du camion
E: andja ma camion; mais il y a aussi l'eau dans la voiture
- l'eau que vous mettez dans le radiateur
C: c'est un cas à part aussi.
A: là c'est andja - andja ma le lo katsa camion
là c'est l'eau - l'eau qu'on met dans camion
l'eau du radiateur.
- l'essence aussi: ma andja ma camion ma ka yiè ma mo
c'est l'eau du camion qu'il part par ça
Aussi l'essence c'est l'eau à l'aide de laquelle le camion roule
C: Avant tout cela on appelait ça "andja". Le blanc est venu diviser c'est l'essence.
bon, ña ma ma ntini ya letege (avant les papas appelaient andja)
bon, mais ça ça temps de Bateké
Mais ça en Bateké d'avant.
E: Est-ce qu'on ne peut pas dire que l'essence c'est "mbari"?
- l'essence et l'huile c'est pareil?
C: oui!
E: Et pourquoi on appelle essence alors que "andja et l'huile" c'est mbari?
A: On récupérait mbari quand on coupait les noix de palme.
l'essence bisi katuolo m'andja camion maga yiè ma mo
l'essence, nous appelons par l'eau camion qu'il part par ça
L'essence c'est le liquide qui fait que la voiture démarre.
A: maga yiè ma mo : veut dire c'est de l'eau avec laquelle la voiture marche.
E : Ah d'accord ! c'est l'eau qui fait marcher la voiture ?
A : oui c'est ça !
E : Comment on dirait une canalisation à essence alors ?
C : ah! tuyau
A : ondji
corde
tuyau
A : ndji wa yiè ma basaga ...
corde qui va pour atteindre ...
tuyau qui aboutit ...
E : la liane ?
A : oui !
E : Comment vous appelez canalisation d'essence ?
A : ondji - ondji wa ya andja a camion maga yiè ma mo
corde - corde que vient l'eau de camion qu'il part avec ça
tuyau par lequel circule l'essence.
E : ah! ondji - ondji quoi ?
ah! tuyau - tuyau quoi ?
E : d'accord ! et comment vous dites ça alors ?
A : Nous "appelons " ondji
corde
tuyau
- ondji wa yira l'essence
corde où passe l'essence
tuyau par lequel passe l'essence
C : ondji c'est-à-dire ossia liane c'est-à-dire liane
E : ondji c'est la liane, ossia c'est quoi ?
A : ossi c'est la liane aussi
C : pareil comme la corde.
E : Non! ce n'est pas pareil parce que "ondji" ça conduit l'essence tandis qu'"Ossia", on peut faire les filets avec ça, mais il n'y a pas de tuyau avec ça.
22. Entretien autour du thème "Batterie" (MBA, feu)
E : La batterie alors ?
A : mba ya camion feu de camion le feu du camion
E : comment ?
D : la batterie : mba ya camion ya ka yiè na yo feu de camion qu'il va avec ça la batterie
A : oui! oui! c'est-à-dire : yo ña ligi okuru aki baga yo ña bisab ça là avant ancien n'avait pas eu ça et nous Nos ancêtres n'avaient jamais utilisé de batterie yiga katuolo la batterie, yaga la batterie le lo ma car maintenant appelons la batterie, prends la batterie on met dans car et maintenant nous l'appelons par batterie, chargeons la batterie dans le camion.
E : mba ya camion ya kayiè ma yo
feu de camion qu'il part avec ça
Le feu à l'aide duquel le camion circule
- on peut seulement dire : mba ya camion
feu du camion
la batterie
A : oui ! yo kaye ma yo.
qu'il va avec ça.
qui sert de déplacement au véhicule.
E : Est-ce qu'on peut trouver un mot pour dire essence : andja ma mba
l'eau du feu
l'essence
C : oui ! l'essence c'est andja mba
E : andja ma mba
l'eau du feu
essence
C : oui ! andja ma mba ma camion
l'eau de feu du camion
essence du camion
E : Vous voyez ! bon alors je prendrai un autre mot que l'essence. Au lieu de l'appeler
andja camion maga yiè ma mo
l'eau camion qu'il part avec ça
l'eau à l'aide de laquelle le camion circule (essence)
A : ça c'est en langue non ?
E : oui! bien sûr !
andja ma mba ma camion
l'eau du feu de camion
l'eau chauffée du camion (essence)
- tout ça : m'andja ma mba ma camion
l'eau de feu de camion
l'eau chauffée du camion (essence)
E : tout simplement : andja ma mba .
l'eau de feu .
essence.
E : A quoi sert la bougie ?
A : ça donne le mouvement au moteur,
E : ce n'est pas la bougie qui fait tourner le moteur,
C : c'est la bougie qui donne le courant,
E : la batterie aussi donne le courant,
A : la batterie garde le courant.
E : La batterie c'est le réservoir du courant. Comment peut-on alors appeler la batterie si c'est le réservoir du courant ?
C : la maman du moteur .
nde mburu wa garde mba .
lui personne qui garde feu .
c'est lui qui garde le courant.
A : We ya mini moteur ña mva ngugu, ba bougie ba ka ma
i sais que moteur là comme mère, les bougies là ne sont
Tu sais le moteur est la mère, même les bougies ne dépendent
bana ba moteur
enfants du moteur
que du moteur
E : comment ?
D : nde mba mburu wa mpaga mba .
lui c'est personne qui donne feu .
c'est lui qui donne le courant .
IV - ANALYSE DU CORPUS
En fin de lecture du corpus, on doit faire remarquer que ce dernier est à la fois trop pauvre et trop riche.
Il s'avère en effet pauvre pour l'analyse phonologique laquelle peut ici valablement venir en aide à une esquisse d'analyse lexicale.
Le total des référents français traduit en Otegé est en effet de 191, ce qui donne à peine 180 thèmes phoniques en Otegé. On comprendra ici la difficulté d'une analyse phonologique devant l'insuffisance des matériaux.
Telle n'était cependant pas l'intention de cette étude qui tenait à rester au niveau de la première articulation linguistique, au niveau purement des mots et à peine des thèmes lexicaux et de leurs référents.
Par ailleurs, à cause du nombre d'entretiens enregistrés, 22 entretiens autour de 22 référents français, et à cause du nombre des rapports socio-écologiques sous-jacents à ces entretiens – pour le moment non calculé – des niveaux d'analyse aussi bien historique qu'ethnologique sont si divers qu'on se trouve en face d'une mine de renseignements peu aptes à se laisser traiter en peu de temps et dans un cadre purement scolaire.
Comme on a pu le remarquer ci-dessus, les thèmes ayant des entretiens sont les suivants selon leur lieu d'émission.
Akebé II Septembre 1973
1 - Allumette - lemere
2 - Serrure - kasapi
3 - Cuillère - osebe
4 - Marmite - ndju
5 - Argent-monnaie - adoro
6 - Montre - ntari
7 - Fusil - ndjari
Ngouoni - Janvier 1974
I - Fusil - ndjari tsapu
Lékoni - Février 1974
I - Habit - mfa
2 - Rasoir - bina
3 - Culotte - obari
4 - Mèche - adjuya
5 - Ombrelle - kadjuni
6 - Marteau - otièni
Bongoville
I - Breuvage doux sucré sans alcool - ompè
2 - Farine - ekuwo, olosi manioc, riz
3 - Sel - ongwa - kakaï
4 - Feu - mba
Moanda (Comilog) Janvier 1974
I - Clef - mwana katsapi
2 - Caoutchouc - lendambu
3 - Moteur - otchi
4 - Feu - mba.
On se contentera donc ici de donner un horizon d'analyse plutôt qu'une analyse en profondeur. Cette ébauche se présente selon l'ordre logique des faits aperçus.
Dans un premier temps, on situera le vocabulaire dans une vision de conservation ou de récupération. Cela veut dire qu'en face de nouveaux produits, le comportement des Ategé est de se référer aux produits anciens et par le fait même à leurs désignations.
Dans un second temps au contraire, on situera le vocabulaire et les entretiens selon l'ordre des mutations ou des changements. En bref, cela veut dire
que face à des nouveaux produits, des comportements s'avèrent être nouveaux et particulièrement en ce qui concerne l'usage linguistique.
I²) — Procès de conservation ou de récupération.
a) Le vocabulaire.
La constatation est en ceci qu'à chaque référent français de produit européen, on rencontre systématiquement un mot Otegé. Ainsi sur 191 référents français inventoriés traduisant 191 produits européens différents 147 ont obtenu des noms en langue Otegé soit dans l'usage quotidien de la langue, soit de façon fictive, idiolectale (traduction non spontanée).
La question est de savoir quelles sont les techniques utilisées pour traduire ainsi les produits européens en langue Otegé.
- La première technique est celle des équivalences de produits et d'utilisation de ces produits. Ainsi le référent français Marteau est traduit par Otièni mot Otegé qui désigne un outil de forgeron servant à la fois à battre le fer, mais aussi aux échanges de femmes. Il en est de même pour le mot Otegé Adjuva "coton" de palmier servant pour allumer le feu et dont le référent français est la mèche.
- La deuxième technique est celle de l'équivalence de la fonction sans aucun lien avec les produits en présence dans les deux langues. Ainsi une montre pour indiquer l'heure se dit Ntari "soleil" et les lunettes se disent Etaln terme qu'il faut comprendre par transparence, (le fait d'être transparent). Il en est de même pour "ombrelle" qui se dit kadjuni "silhouette" (fait de donner de l'ombre).
- La troisième technique moins courante est celle de l'équivalence des formes. Par forme on entend géométrique, acoustique (onomatopée) physique.
Ainsi par exemple, la traduction apparemment étonnante de "essence" par andjâ "eau", quitte à ce que celle-ci soit complétée par un terme faisant allusion à sa fonction.
C'est en grande partie par ces trois principales techniques d'économie linguistique que les nouveaux produits et ici les produits européens sont récupérés.
et reclassés par rapport à tout ce qui était connu jusque là comme produit.
b) Sans les entretiens.
Pratiquement tous les entretiens de 1 à 18 inclus, même quand ils ont pour thème lexical un mot d'emprunt, gardent en prééminence des rapports socio-écologiques anciens. En dehors des entretiens recueillis à Moanda.
Les entretiens bien qu'ayant pour matière, des produits européens sont axés sur la production ancienne et sur les produits anciens. C'est en grande partie à cause de ce souvenir constant des produits anciens qu'on a 147 mots en langue Otegé pour 191 produits européens.
2°) - Procès de mutation.
a) À travers le vocabulaire.
Les procès de mutation se révèlent d'abord à travers le vocabulaire. On a ainsi sur 191 produits européens désignés en langue Otegé, 44 mots qui sont des emprunts français. C'est le cas de Lemere (allumette), selviette (serviette) petisou (petit-sou) et de bien d'autres encore.
En dehors du processus de la scolarisation, les gens font appel à l'emprunt, quand ils ont épuisé les techniques d'économie linguistique évoquées plus haut.
Il convient de rappeler ici que les matériaux sont insuffisants pour aborder ici les problèmes d'interférence (en phonétique et en phonologie) qui se posent entre la langue française et la langue Otegé.
b) À travers les entretiens.
Deux localités ont fourni des entretiens traduisant de fortes mutations sociales – Libreville et Moanda.
À Libreville, et plus particulièrement l'entretien autour du thème "Argent", les mutations socio-écologiques dont il est question, sont celles situées
historiquement autour de 1930. À Moanda, l'entretien n'est pas seulement de l'ordre des mutations actuelles, il porte aussi sur un ordre fictif. On verra pour quelle raison.
I - Entretien 4 – l'introduction de l'argent et les mutations sociales conséquentes.
Cet entretien comme les autres est provoqué par une question de vocabulaire : comment appelle-t-on l'argent ?
Le processus de mutation analysé par l'entretien qui suit, concerne les échanges de type commercial et décrit plus précisément comment on est passé des échanges anciens, aux échanges monétaires actuels. Palier par palier, l'entretien est un jeu de renvoi entre l'actuel et le présent. Et l'on voit qu'à chaque palier est introduit un événement donnant la notion de passage ou de transition.
Brièvement on obtient ce qui suit :
Avant l'argent
- Les échanges s'effectuaient produit contre produit : un filet contre une poule.
- Le sel vient s'imposer par la suite comme valeur privilégiée d'échange.
- Puis vient le premier Blanc qui amène l'argent pour l'échanger contre les noix de palme et le caoutchouc. Le même Blanc ouvrit également des comptoirs.
- À la vérité, les échanges en argent ne se développent pas pour autant car on se contente de racheter avec l'argent, les seuls produits du Blanc et surtout le sel et seulement chez le Blanc.
- L'impôt et l'administration coloniale française imposent l'utilisation de l'argent dans les échanges.
Au centre des rapports sociaux qui vont connaître des bouleversements par l'introduction des produits européens et de l'argent se trouve la dot. Celle-ci suivra les mêmes variations que les produits européens base d'échange.
D'abord basée sur l'enclume et le raphia auquel s'ajoutait un mouton, la dot se centrera successivement autour du fusil, des cuvettes neptunes, des ballots de cotonnade, du sel, puis de l'argent.
2 - L'entretien autour du moteur.
L'entretien de la COMILOG autour du thème "moteur" est marqué par des faits qu'il convient de retenir dans l'ordre des procès de mutation.
Le premier fait est marqué par le contraste entre deux mondes. Devant un outillage perfectionné, des employés âgés entre 25 et 35 ans sortant à peine de leur village. Ce contraste qui n'apparaît pas suffisamment dans les entretiens montre deux modes de vie qui de façon violente s'interpénètrent. Le mode de vie villageois à travers le personnel, et la vie d'usine.
Le second fait notable se révèle plus aisément dans les entretiens. On réalise en effet que les mutations suivent des lois d'articulation qui nécessitent d'être étudiées ne serait-ce qu'au niveau du discours.
Dans les entretiens de la COMILOG, ce niveau du discours est fictif appelé également idiolectal - les traductions proposées par les ouvriers Ategé le sont pour la première fois. Il faut bien faire remarquer ici que pour certains d'entre eux l'idée n'était jamais venue de se demander comment traduire "moteur" en Otegé. Cette carence elle-même est basée sur une acculturation prononcée en faveur du français, acculturation pouvant devenir menaçante pour la langue Otegé.
On a donc pu constater qu'il ne suffisait pas qu'un ouvrier parle correctement le français pour proposer des traductions correctes. De la même façon, l'ouvrier ne connaissant que l'Otegé ne pouvait traduire correctement - Seuls les ouvriers connaissant parfaitement les outils anciens et leurs fonctions, mais aussi les outils modernes et leurs fonctions donnaient des traductions jugées exactes.
En guise de conclusion provisoire, on peut porter présentement deux ensembles d'observations portant sur :
1°) - le vocabulaire Otegé proprement dit
2°) - sur le phénomène d'emprunt.
1°) — L'usage du vocabulaire Otegé pour désigner les outils modernes.
a) Ce vocabulaire indique d'abord la présence des produits et des rapports socio-écologiques spécifiques aux utilisateurs Otegé.
b) Par le fait que ce vocabulaire désigne aussi des produits récemment introduits, on se trouve en présence - soit de la transformation - soit de la disparition des produits antérieurs et des rapports socio-écologiques sous-jacents à ces produits - soit d'une appropriation spécifiquement africaine des produits modernes au niveau du langage. Autant ces produits relèvent en priorité de la compétence des premiers utilisateurs, autant cette appropriation africaine relève de la compétence des Africains.
2°) — L'Emprunt et sa signification.
a) — La prise de nouveaux mots : indique en fait l'absence antérieure (et non manque) des produits nouvellement introduits.
b) — L'Emprunt des mots français indique aussi la présence de nouveaux produits et de nouveaux rapports socio-écologiques. Ceux-ci conditionnent largement la disparition des produits et des rapports jusqu'à là connus et contribuent à la transformation des rapports socio-écologiques anciens.
c) — La prise du vocabulaire Européen pour désigner les produits européens montre aussi que de nouvelles compétences sont en jeu :
— Se trouve compétent dans l'usage de ce vocabulaire, d'abord celui qui l'introduit (le Blanc) et qui introduit par le fait même les outils et les rapports subséquents. Faire usage du vocabulaire ainsi introduit, c'est reconnaître la compétence de l'introducteur ou du premier utilisateur.
— Se trouve également compétent dans l'usage de ce nouveau vocabulaire celui qui en seconde position, se l'approprie par la médiation linguistique (emprunt) mais cette appropriation reste conditionnée sinon subordonnée aux usages du premier utilisateur ou de l'introducteur.
La scolarisation, et les formes nouvelles d'apprentissage introduites par les Européens sont les lieux prédominants de la compétence et de la subordination de cette compétence seconde à la première.
DOCUMENT
ENTRETIEN SUR LES PRODUITS EUROPEENS MODERNES
BONGOVILLE-GABOPRIX JANVIER 1974
ENQUETE SUR LE VOCABULAIRE OTEGE
P.E.M. BONGOVILLE (Gaboprix, Janvier 1974)
ENTRETIEN
E - C'est pour savoir comment actuellement les Atege appellent tous les produits qui sont ici. Est-ce en Atege ? Est-ce en vocabulaire français ? Vous comprenez ? Par exemple la bouteille =OLANGUI, Il faudrait savoir si tous les Gabonais dans les plateaux, ici à Franceville, dans le Nord, du côté de Lastourville, désignent les produits des Blancs en vocabulaire gabonais ou désignent tout cela en vocabulaire français. Vous comprenez ? Pour les femmes par exemple, je m'en vais dans les cuisines ; je pose les questions sur les produits européens qu'elles ont dans les cuisines, pour les hommes encore ; je m'en vais du côté où sont les maçons, les menuisiers, je pose la question : est-ce que la truelle a un nom Otégé ? Vous comprenez ?
B : WUGA PAPA
Entends papa
Ecoute-moi papa
NDI ELOGO BA TANTOT MA ELOGO B'EBAMI
Il dit que les choses qui tantôt sont choses des blancs. Les produits que nous avons et qui sont les produits des Blancs.
IEN ! ELOGO B'EBAI KATUOLO BISA BA MA FRANCAIS
chose des blancs qu'on appelle nous en français.
Les produits des blancs que nous appelons en français.
B :
B : LIA NA DJUYI LA BO : L'EBAI
ça c'est langue pour eux les blancs
c'est en langue française.
NA BISA BE NA DJUYILA BISA BE L'ATEGE
mais nous avons langue pour nous d'atége
mais, nous possédons notre appelation Otége.
LA LE TUOLO NA NDUO YA TIGI NGA BUGA
qu'on appelle mais conseil qu'a parlé notre camarade
que nous utilisons ; c'était ce qu'il voulait dire notre
camarade.
BISA BE MA BUA ;
pour nous c'est pour ça ;
à propos de cela ;
LO TUOLO BISA BE L'EBAI NGA LA LI KALOGO KI
qu'on appelle nous des blancs comme est chose là
la façon dont nous appelons par exemple cette chose là
BISA ' BE KATUOLO NA MA L'EBAI MI DJU LAKIMA
nous appelons en celle des blancs en langue autre
nous appelons dans la langue des blancs
MA LA BISA BE SE, LA LO GNUA
en la nôtre aussi, en celle de bouche
LA BISA BE SE KATUOLO NA DJUYI LAKIMA
la nôtre aussi on appelle en langue autre
En la nôtre, on appellera d'une autre façon.
NA NDE FULU NDI KALOGO KI KAMA ?
mais il demande il dit que chose là c'est quoi ?
Il nous demande laquelle est cette chose là ?
NA BISA BE LALAGI NI KALOGO KI KAJA GANA ;
mais nous montons que chose là c'est ceci ;
Nous dirons que cette chose c'est ceci ;
A : NDE NA KAPISA NA NDI BE KA KUNU
Lui demande et il dit que vous ici
Il nous demandera
A : KI NEMA L'ETUOLO NA BISA BE L'ETUOLE
ça comment on appelle et nous appelons
comment appelez-vous ceci et nous disons
BASA NA YA K'LA NDE, WUA, WUA KAKALA
calebasse et celui répond lui, celui-là, celui-là répond
calebasse et celui qui lui répondra, répondra
B : MA DJUYI LA BISA BE
En langue pour nous
En notre langue
E : Qu'est-ce que papa a dit. Il a répété ce qu'on a dit.
B : Oui, il a répété.
E : Bon c'est très bien ! Demande lui si on peut commencer
alors, parcequ'il y a une machine qui enregistre, il
faut qu'il sache qu'un appareil qui prend sa voix et
que ça va être étudié après, ça il faut qu'il le sache.
B : BO PAPA WA NDI I I I BISA BE LATIGA NA L'APPAREIL
Bon, papa toi veux nous parlons et l'appareil
Bon, papa veux-tu que nous nous entretenions et il y a
un appareil
B : LALI MA KAWOLO LA VOIX LA BISA BE MA NTSISA est là en prenant la voix pour nous de façon qui enregistrera nos voix en suivant les choses.
ELOGO BA LAGA BISA BE MA DJUYI LA MPUGU choses qu'on dit nous en langue du village, que nous dirons en notre langue.
E : Ça va alors ?
A : Oui !
E : Il faut nous monter un sirop. On commence chaque fois par papa et ensuite par un plus jeune.
B : Mais, moi, je m'en vais.
E : Bon d'accord ! Vous restez comme vous voulez, vous partez comme vous voulez.
- Bon, papa comment s'appelle ça ?
C : WUGA PAPA NDI MBALI MA, MON NA TI NKESI Entends papa il dit que vin là, ça là n'a méchanceté Ecoute moi, papa, ce vin-là n'a pas d'alcool
TI KALI KI FASO YA LEGNU MO NA MA DJUYI n'a pas cette façon qu'on a bu ça la en langue vu la façon que nous l'avions vu
LA PUGU BUNU ? KATUOLC BISA BE MBALI MA KAMI NKESI ? du village comment? On appelle nous vin qui manque méchanté ? comment appelons-nous le vin qui n'a pas d'alcool
E : Tu ne lui dis pas le nom avant
C : non, non!
KATWOLO BISA BE MBALI MA MONA qu'on appelle nous vin là ça là Comment appelons-nous ce vin là ?
TI NKESI KALI, BISA BE KATWOLO MA GAMA ?
n'a méchanceté pas nous appelons comment ?
qui n'a pas d'alcool comment ?
A : BISA MBE KATWOLO MO NA
Nous appelons ça là
Nous l'appelons
BISA BE LA BIS' ATWOLO MA M'ETU LATUOLI MA
nous si on appelle par d'ananas on appelle par
si on appelle par vin d'ananas, on appelle par vin sucré
E : Comment ?
A : M'OMPE
sucré
vin sucré
C : M'OMPE
sucré
vin sucré
- c'est à dire qui n'est pas fort.
E : M'OMPE
sucré
vin sucré
C : Ca c'est en français, mais en langue c'est OMPE.
E : Limonade ?
C : pareil
E : Alors le sirop c'est OMPE
C : Le sirop, la limonade et puis le coca-cola, c'est pareil;
OMPE
E : M'OMPE. Vous aussi vous dites la même chose : est-ce que
spontanément vous auriez dit M'OMPE ?
C : Oui, M'OMPE; ça c'est en langue.
E : Dès que vous dites limonade, vous dites M'OMPE
C : Donne-moi la limonade
- MBALI M'OMPE
vin sucré
le vin qui est sucré
E : Bon, on va continuer à travailler.
- la bière ?
C : NA BIERE VUNU LE TUOLO MA NKALI
et bière comment on appelle par amère
- et comment appelons-nous la bière ? Parce qu'elle est amère !
A : BIERE NA NKALI, BIERE NKALI
la bière a amère, bière amère
la bière est amère, c'est amère
E : NKALI
amère
A : NKALI NI Y'OKANA
amère comme asperge
amère comme l'asperge
G : c'est comme ça NKALI
E : ça signifie quoi ?
C : un peu amère
E : c'est amère
C : oui.
E : Mais NKALI, qu'est-ce que ça signifie ? NKALI en Otégè habituel, c'est une liane, le jus d'une liane ou quoi ?
C : C'est comme la liane
A : la liane :
MVA ENDJI
- comme lianes
- comme les lianes
E : C'est le jus des lianes : c'est ça qui est NKALI
C : Oui c'est comme la liane, mais nous en langue c'est :
ENDJI
lianes
E : Le vin ? Comment vous appelez le vin ?
A : MBALI
vin
E : MBALI : tous les vins qui sont ... MBALI = vin
E : La farine ? Quest-ce que la farine ?
C : NDI farine MA DJUYI LA MPUGU KATUOLO MA GAMÀ ?
Il dit que farine en langue du village, appelle c'est com-
ment appelle-t-on farine en langue ?
A : FARINE WO EKUWO BISI KATUOLO M'EKUWO
farine du manioc nous appelons par manioc
farine à l'aide du manioc, on appelle par manioc;
E : EKUWO
manioc
A : LEKUWO
manioc
E : EKUWO, est-ce que ça désigne aussi la farine de manioc ?
A : oui tous AKUWO
E : Farine de blé comme farine de manioc
E : le riz ?
C : NDI LE RIZ MA DJUYI LA MPUGU KAMA
Il dit que le riz en langue du village quoi ?
Comment appelle-t-on le riz en langue ?
A : LOSO
riz
E : LOSO (riz)
D'où vient ce nom là ? Est-ce que avant l'arrivée des blancs il y avait le riz ?
C : NDI MA LERE LA LIGI BISA BE M'EBAMI KI MI LE RIZ ?
Il dit que à l'heure qu'on était nous des blancs, ça était le riz
A l'arrivée des blancs c'était aussi le riz.
NA MA DJU LA BISA BE MA KAMA ?
et en langue pour nous c'est quoi ?
Comment l'appelait-on en notre langue ?
A : OLOSI
le riz
E : Avant l'arrivée des blancs, y avait-il OLOSI ?
C : Avant EBAMI MA KAYA ALI BISA BE ; KUNI BISA BE ALEGI
Avant blancs venir chez nous ; chez nous on
Avant que les blancs ne viennent chez nous ; avions-nous
NA LO ?
avait ça ?
ça chez nous ?
D : BISA BE ALIGI NA LO ?
Nous on avait ça ?
l'avions nous ?
A : KALI !
non!
E : C'est très bien.
E : Le sel ?
C : le sel : KALOGO KA LE LO M'ASAFI
le sel : ce qui nous sert à saler notre nourriture
A : ONGWA
sel
E : Pourquoi on appelle KAKAI le sel ancien, et ONGWA le sel des blancs ?
A : ONGWA YA KABAMI, KAKAI KA BISI ATEGE
nouveau sel c'est blancs, sel ancien, c'est nous Otégé
le nouveau sel appartient aux blancs, et le sel ancien à
nous les Batékés.
C : NA PURQUOI BA TUOLO BU ?
mais pourquoi on appelle comme ça ?
mais pourquoi appelle-t-on ainsi ?
A : TI OTINDI YA WANGI AKURU A BISA BE ;
c'est façon que fabrique anciens pour nous ;
c'est une invention de nos ancêtres ;
YA WANGI ADJAMI A BISA BE
que fabrique nos dieux pour nous
c'est une invention de nos dieux
AKURU A BISA BE NDI KAKAI ; KAKAI ONGWA, ONGWA.
anciens pour nous on dit que sel ancien ; sel nouveau, sel
nouveau
nos ancêtres ont dit que nous ne pouvons appeler le sel
ancien que par KAKAI.
C : ONGWA W'EBAMI
sel des blancs ;
le sel appelé ONGWA appartient aux blancs
C : KAKAI KA BISA BE
sel ancien pour nous.
Le sel ancien nous appartient.
A : KAKAI KA BISA BE, BISA BE LAYA KABUO
sel ancien c'est nous, nous savons faire
le sel ancien nous appartient, parce que nous savons
en fabriquer.
B : Mais pourquoi on appelle le sel des blancs "ONGWA" ?
C : mais pourquoi BISA BE LE TUOLO ONGWA W'EBAMI BISA BE
Mais pourquoi nous on appelle sel des blancs nous
pourquoi appelons-nous sel
LE TUOLO M'ONGWA MA KAMA ?
on appelle par sel nouveau pourquoi ?
des blancs par sel ?
A : LE TUOLO ONGWA W'EBAMI MA KAMA ?
on appelle sel des blancs c'est pourquoi ?
Pourquoi appelons-nous sel des blancs par sel ?
C : YIN ! YIN !
A : BO KABAMI KAYAI ANDJELE MA MBUGA W'ONGWA
Bon le blanc connaît melin du lieu du sel
Bon le blanc connaît la fabrication du sel
C : ONGWA NA K'ABAMI TI KATUOLO TE NA le sel
sel en français on appelle par le sel
en français ONGWA est appelé sel
NA BISA BE DJU L'ONGWA MA DJU LE PUGU
mais nous l'on ue de sel en langue pour village
mais pourquoi appelons-nous ainsi ?
A : NDJIAMI, NDJIAMI NDI BE ATEGE KATUOLO M'ONGWA
Dieu, Dieu, dit que vous Atégé appelez par sel.
C'est bien Ndjiami, qui l'a dit que vous appellerez sel
ainsi.
E : Comment appelle-t-on le sucre ?
C : WUGA BISA BE KALOGO KA LE LO MA WE ALAMA
Entends nous chose que l'on met tu prépares
Comment appelons-nous ce qui nous sert à préparer
L'NTSEGE SIGI, SIGI, WE LU NA KO KASA,
tisane très, très tu mets et ça fait,
très bien ta tisane et ça rend
KO KASI WE LPE! E LEGE - LEGE BISA BE KATUOLO KO MA
ça fait toi sucré très très nous appelons ça en
très sucré, comment appelons-nous ça ?
D : BISA BE NA NKUMU YA BISA BE
nous avons nom pour nous
Avons-nous une appelation en notre langue ?
A : BISA BE NA NKUMU YA SUCRE NI WUA
nous avons nom pour sucre c'est ça
avons-nous un pour le sucre ? N'est-ce pas ?
D : SUCRE NKUMU Y'EBAMI,
sucre nom des blancs,
Le sucre porte le même nom que celui des blancs,
A : BISI AKI KATUOLO M'OSU W'EBAMI.
nous on appelait canne à sucre des blancs.
Nous appelions canne à sucre des blancs.
E : M'OSU W'EBAMI
canne à sucre des blancs
La canne à sucre des blancs
C : OSU W'EBAMI
canne à sucre des blancs
la canne à sucre des blancs
E : Qu'est-ce que ça signifie ?
C : C'est à dire le sucre des blancs
E : La boîte de sardines?
C : NDI la boîte la sardine BISA BE KATUOLO MA KAMA
Il dit que la boîte de sardines nous appelons ça comment?
Comment appelons-nous la boîte de sardines
A : ANTSU BA SARADINI
poissons de sardine
les sardines
C : sardine ?
A : BISI KALA M'ONGUNGU W'ANTSU
nous appelons par boîte de poissons
Nous appelons boîte de sardines
E : ONGUNGU W'ANTSU
boîte de poissons
la boîte de sardines
ONGUNGU, ce n'est pas plus grand?
C : mais non, tout est pareil, comme la boîte de sardines.
E : C'est petit?
C : La boîte de sardines
A : BISA BE ANTSU NKU:U ANTSU.
nous poissons non poissons.
Les poissons chez nous s'appellent poissons.
E : Boîte maquereaux alors? Maquereaux?
C : Boîte Maquereaux BUNU?
Boîte maquereaux comment?
Comment appelle-t-on la boîte de maquereaux?
A : ANTSU BI BA
poissons même là
Les mêmes poissons là
E : Ca, regarde.
G : La boîte là, on appelle ça quoi en votre langue ?
C : Toutes les boîtes, sardine ou maquereau, toujours
G : Maquereau c'est le français, non ?
C : Mais en langue, on dit en langue, pas en français.
A : Nous tout cela il y a les blancs, il y a les blancs,
il y a les noirs, il y a les noirs.
E : ANTSU, c'est la sardine ou les poissons ?
C : ANTSU, c'es les poissons.
G : Mais l'ensemble
D : Mais les sardines c'est les blancs qui dit
E : D'accord. Ah, j'ai compris. Bon pâté ? La boîte de pâté ?
C : NDI boîte GWA MA DJUYI LE BISA DE KATUOLO MA KAMA ?
Il dit que boîte là en langue pour nous appeler ça comment?
Cette boîte, comment l'appelons-nous ?
A : NDE ELI TSAKWA
elle qu'est-ce qu'il y a dedans là-bas?
Qu'est-ce qu'elle contient ?
D : MVA BA NDJU : MVA BA NDJU
c'est comme arachide, c'est comme arachide
C'est comme une pâte d'arachide, c'est comme une pâte
d'arachide
C : On doit appeler à la boîte, boîte pâté en langue, non ?
E : Mais pourquoi vous dites ONGUNGU, tout à l'heure, mais maintenant vous ne dites pas ?
C : Mais c'est ça
D : puisqu'on dit ONGUNGU, la boîte-là, mais ce qui est dedans, on ne connaît pas.
E : Pourquoi on ne dit pas ONGUNGU A GNAMA
A : SARIDINI, SARDINI, ONGUGU GNAMA, GNAMA
sardine, sardine, boîte de viande, viande.
Nous appelons sardine comme, sardine, mais la boîte de viande c'est de la viande.
E : Sinon, habituellement, quand vous dites : je vais acheter une boîte de pâté, qu'est-ce que vous dites ?
Donnez-moi une boîte de pâté ? Qu'est-ce que vous dites quand vous arrivez sans que je dise "ONGUNGU A GNAMA".
C : Non, surtout les boîtes de pâté, on dit : donnez-moi une boîte de pâté ; mais quand c'était la boîte de corned-beef, d'accord Monsieur...
E : Qu'est-ce que vous disiez ?
C : Le corned-beef on dit
MPA M'ONGUNGU WA GNAMA.
donne-moi boîte de viande
donne-moi la boîte de corned-beef.
C : oui
E : Ca c'est pour le corned-beef.
D : MAKA NA BISI LAKINI NA DJANDJA
reste là nous on a encore travail
Attends, nous avons encore à travailler
F : E BUA
c'est comme ça
c'est ainsi
A : BISI KUIU DA LE SAGA TSUO.
nous ici papa on cherche façon.
nous cherchons comment nous sortir d'ici.
E : Tomate ?
C : Tomate WA DJUYI LA MPUGU
Tomate en langue du village
Comment appelle-t-on tomate en notre langue ?
A : BISA BE SE NA NKUMA MPUGU
nous aussi on a nom village
Est-ce que nous avons une appellation pour ça ?
D : ONGUNGU WA tomate
boîte de tomate
la boîte de tomate
A : ONGUNGU WA tomato, BISI BE KATUOLO WA tomato, BISA BE boîte de tomate, nous appelons par tomate, nous boîte de tomate, nous appelons par tomato,
BU NA NKULU KIMA ?
en avons nom autre ?
avions-nous un autre nom ?
E : ONGUNGU WA TOMATI
boîte de tomate
la boîte de tomate
C : ONGUNGU WA TOMATI
boîte de tomate
la boîte de tomate
E : il n'y a pas de mot pour désigner "tomate" en Otégé ?
C : I'BINA TOI'ATI
flacon tomate
la boîte de tomate
E : Il n'y a pas de mot pour désigner tomate en Otégé, tomate, c'est tomate.
C : oui.
E : Le lait ?
C : Le lait MA DJUYI LE MPUGU KAMA ?
le lait en langue du village quoi ?
Comment appelle-t-on "lait" en notre langue ?
A : Le lait MA DJUYI LE MPUGU ABIELE
Le lait en langue du village les mamelles
En notre langue on l'appelle "lait"
C : ABIELE MA NA ?
Les mamelles de qui ?
Le lait de qui ?
F : MA ANGOMBI
pour les vaches
le lait des vaches
A : MA ANGOMBI NA NTABA
de vaches et chèvres
Le lait des vaches et des chèvres
E : ABIELE MA NTABA ; Qu'est-ce que ça veut dire ?
Lait de la chèvre, ...
C : C'est à dire le lait du cabri
E : NTABA = cabri
C : Oui ?
E : NTABA, c'est le mouton ?
C : oui, ABIELE MA NTABA
le lait de cabri
E : l'huile alors ? Comment vous dites l'huile ?
C : MBARI (l'huile)
E : Alors si je dis que donne-moi une bouteille d'huile
A : MPA M'OLANGU WA MBARI
donne-moi bouteille d'huile
Donne-moi une bouteille d'huile
E : MPA M'OLANGU WA MBARI
donne-moi bouteille d'huile
Donne-moi une bouteille d'huile
C : c'est à dire verre ou litre
E : une bouteille d'huile
A : OLANGU WA MBARI
bouteille d'huile
une bouteille d'huile.
E : Qui dit OLANGU c'est les MB'MBA ou les OTEGE
C : Nous tous
E : Alors vous dites : OLANGUI WA MBARI
bouteille d'huile
C : OLANGUI WA MBARI
bouteille d'huile
E : OLANGUI WA MBARI
bouteille d'huile
C : oui, OL'NGUI WA MBARI
bouteille d'huile
E : OL'NGUI WA MBARI
bouteille d'huile
C : MBARI
l'huile
E : LBARI, c'est l'huile
(l'huile)
C : OL'NG'I, c'est la bouteille
(bouteille)
E : fût ? Comment vous appelez un fût ?
A : TONO = fût
C : TONO = fût
E : Alors fût, c'est tonneau ?
C : oui.
E : Contre-plaquée ? Comment vous dites contreplaqué ?
C : LABAYA (contreplaqué)
J : LABAYA (contreplaqué), qu'est-ce que ça signifie ?
C : NDI LAB'YA BUMU ?
Il dit que LABAYA c'est comment ?
Qu'est-ce que LABAYA ?
E : OTI, c'est le bois, LABAYA c'est quoi ?
C : OTI, c'est le bois, LABAYA OTI c'est ce qu'on a déjà tranché comme ça.
E : C'est "LABALA" ou "LABAYA" ?
C : LABAYA (contreplaqué)
E : LABAYA (contreplaqué)
': non LABAYA (contreplaqué)
E : c'est le bois qu'on a déjà fendu
C : oui, le bois qu'on a déjà fendu, bien raboté
E : La tôle ? Comment vous appelez la tôle ?
C : L'NDJANDJA (tôle)
E : Papa aussi ?
A : Oui "LANDJANDJA" (tôles)
C : ANDJANDJA M'EBANI
tôles des blancs
Ce sont les tôles des blancs
E : Attendez, c'est à dire la paille des blancs ?
C : oui.
E : ANDJANDJA (tôles)
C : M'EBANI
des blancs
E : Le blanc = EBANI
C : oui
E : mais vous appelez aussi "OTANG'NI"
C : "OT'NGANI" c'est 'BAHAB'
E : la bouteille ?
C : La bouteille, nous avons parlé de bouteille
E : oui, tout à l'heure, comment s'appelle alors la bouteille toute seule.
C : OL'NGUI (bouteille)
A : OL'NGUI (bouteille)
D : OL'NGUI WA KALAKALI
bouteille inutile
Tout simplement la bouteille
E : OL'NGUI ou OL'NGU ?
C : OL'NGUI WA DULUGU
bouteille vide
E : mais, qui dit OL'NGUI alors !
C : non OL'NGUI (bouteille)
D : PAMBA c'est DAN'BABA
bouteille c'est Obamba
E : Le réchaud ?
C : NDI réchaud
Il dit que réchaud
Qu'est-ce que réchaud
D : chaud ?
E : non le réchaud.
C : le réchaud
D : 'BA Y'EBALI
feu des blancs
Le feu des blancs
C : NDI KALOGO KA BI L'IA EDJA
c'est la chose que l'on prépare nourriture
ce qui sert à préparer les aliments
D : MBA Y'EB'XI
feu des blancs
le feu des blancs
I : NDI MBA YA KAL/TA
c'est feu de préparation
Le feu qui sert à cuire
E : Vous êtes toujours en pleine discussion.
D : ah, oui, ça ne fait rien, continuez
E : réchaud, c'est comment ?
C : MBA (feu)
D : MBA Y'EB'XI
feu des blancs
le feu des blancs
E : MBA YE
C : MBA (feu)
D: MBA (feu)
D : Y'EB'XI (des blancs)
E : KELE LE MBA (la pierre de feu)
MBA, c'est le feu ? C'est le feu des blancs ?
G : Oui !
E : Mais tout peut être le feu des blancs, l'électricité
aussi c'est le feu des blancs. Mais comment reconnaître par exemple l'électricité ; quelle est la différence entre l'électricité : MBA et le réchaud : MBA ?
C : C'est la lumière (l'électricité)
E : Si on appelle tout MBA; comment reconnaître le briquet, le réchaud et l'électricité ? Comment vous dites briquet, alors ?
Λ : briquet
C : OKWERE
briquet
E : OKWERE
briquet
C : oui.
E : Ce n'est pas "KELE"
non !
C : LE'ERE (allumettes)
LE'ERE c'est l'allumette
E : LE'ERE c'est l'allumette
C : OKUERE c'est briquet
E : OKWERE c'est un mot OTEGE
C : Oui, oui, ça c'est en langue
M : OKWERE KACHINDI MBA Y'AKURU A BISA BE
OKWERE KACHINDI feu des ancêtres pour nous
OKWERE c'est KACHINDI feu employé par nos ancêtres.
Λ : KACHIDI
feu
O : NA YIA MBA YA KA KELE
mais ça c'est pour les cailloux
C'est le feu obtenu à l'aide des cailloux
E : Moi je ne suis pas tout à fait d'accord parce que le briquet devrait être traduit par "KELE LE MBA"
A : Yè! Yè!
E : Mais pourquoi on appelle pas "KELE LE MBA EBAKI". Quel est le mot qui est traduit par blanc : EBAKI
C'est à dire, la pierre avec le feu des blancs; d'où vient ce mot Okwéré ? Avant l'arrivée des blancs il n'y avait pas le briquet.
D: Non, non.
A : Il y avait ECHINDI
fou
E : D'où vient le mot Okwéré ?
C : OKWERE c'est lorsque les briquets sont arrivés, y avait les noms des pierres avec lesquelles on faisait le feu avant, ça ce sont eux qui doivent connaître le nom.
D : Qui ont fait comme ça là
M : K'CHINDI
feu
A : OLI N' KE MBA
Il y avait petit feu
Il y avait un petit feu
M : YIA NI MBA Y'AKURU KALA
ça c'était feu des ancêtres avant
c'était le feu des ancêtres
E : K'CHINDI
C : C'était fabriqué par nos vieux parents
Λ : MONO BISI K'WOSULA BU
voix nous allumons comme ça
Nous allumons de cette façon-là
M : YE E EKI BU AU KELE
Oui était comme ça on met cailloux
Oui, c'était ainsi, on mettait un caillou.
N : NYA AKWULU ELOGO BA MI OB' BIA
On gratte choses sont au palmier là
On gratte le coton du palmier.
Λ : BO BISI K'WOLO ELOGO B'OBA LALU KELE NA
Bon, nous prenons choses du palmier on met cailloux là
nous prenions le coton du palmier puis on mettait un
cailloux d'un côté
M : L'JU KELE NA ; YE !
On met cailloux là, oui.
et un cailloux de l'autre
Λ : BO KWARA
Bon attrape
Bien, saisis
E : Ca c'est KELE LE 'BA
cailloux de feu
des cailloux produisant du feu
Λ : KACHINDI
feu
E : Qu'est ce que c'était ?
Λ : KACHINDI
E : KELE : c'est la pierre et en bas le produit avec lequel
on frotte
M : ADJUYA
coton de palmier
mèche
E : ADJUYA
coton de palmier
mèche
M : NA NAIK' IBA
qui prend feu
ce qui prend feu
E : c'est la mèche
A : NI DI KA LA mèche NI, I
mais papa c'est la mèche
c'est bien la mèche.
D : ELOGO DA AKURU M'ALA
choses des vieux anciens
Ce sont les choses des ancêtres.
C : HISI LEK' N', BU LE DILA
Nous restons ici comme ça on attend
Nous ne restons qu'ainsi à attendre
HISI LA AKURU
inventions des vieux.
les inventions des anciens.
E : ADJUYA et
mèche
C : KEJE
cailloux
E : ça c'est KACHINDI
feu
C : ça c'est KACHINDI qui est en haut
E : Et le tout, ça n'a pas un nom ?
C : Le tout ça signifie KACHINDI
BO, AVUSUGA KO KWOSI HIGA KUNU KO KAMA ?
Bon, on mélange ça ensemble maintenant nom pour ça, quoi ?
Si l'on mélange tout comment l'appellera-t-on ?
A : NDI KACHINDI
c'est le feu
c'est l'outil produisant le feu.
D : L'ensemble de tout ce machin là
E : Le tout c'est KACHINDI
H : DJUOSI ELOGO ECHINDI
tout chose feu
tout, ce sont les outils produisant le feu
N : KAGA VULU SILA KAKILA KA'A ?
Qu'est-ce qui encore reste autre, quoi ?
Qu'est-ce que l'on a omis ?
M : KA BA TSULA ADJUYA NA
quand on allume mèche là
quand on allume la mèche là
MBURU YA KA BIL' NDE YUWA GNUONI NTSIE
l'homme qui reste avec lui là remue terre
l'homme qui est à ses côtés remue la terre.
N : LIA A MA TENDE
ça on a écrit
c'est déjà écrit
M ; HI, BU'A
oui, comme ça
oui, c'est ainsi
E : Mais seulement on a pas été tout à fait d'accord pour
dire le réchaud
F : MBA Y'EBANI YA BA LAMA BIBLA
feu des blancs qu'on prépare nourriture
le feu des blancs avec lequel on prépare la nourriture
E : MBA Y'EBANI LAMA BILA
feu des blancs préparent nourriture
feu dont les blancs préparent la nourriture
C : YA BA LAMA BILA
qu'on prépare nourriture
avec lequel on prépare la nourriture
E : Mais le gaz aussi c'est pareil alors, le réchaud, la
cuisinière électrique, c'est pareil aussi. C'est le feu d
des blancs pour préparer la nourriture. Le nom ça ne
désigne qu'une seule chose n'est-ce pas ?
F : ESISO, l'ensemble MBA, MBA
tout l'ensemble c'est feu
tout l'ensemble s'appelle feu
C : YA TINI KUMU YA MBA, MBA
On appelle nom du feu, feu.
ce qui est appelé feu, s'appelle feu.
F : NA FVA FURU, FVA réchaud YA gaz L'ETUCLO
mais comme four, comme réchaud de gaz on appelle
Mais comme le four comme le réchaud à gaz nous appelons
MBA MA OL'NGU YA gaz
c'est par bouteille de gaz.
bouteille de gaz.
E : Bon, lorsque vous venez directement comme ça, vous
trouvez Monsieur Etienne et que vous voulez acheter un
réchaud, qu'est-ce que vous dites sans réfléchir, vous
dites ...
MPA MI RECHAUD
donne moi réchaud
donne moi le réch-ud
C : MPA MI le réchaud
donne-moi le réchaud
donne-moi le réchaud
E : le gaz alors comment vous dites le grz ?
C : c'est pareil tout ça
E : gaz = gaz
C : MPA MI gaz
donne moi gaz
donne-moi le gaz
F : il y a des fois on dit
MPA MI OLINGU YA GAZ
donne-moi bouteille de gaz
donne-moi la bouteille de gaz
E : le pétrole ?
C : ANDJA MA lampe
l'eau de lampe
l'eau de la lampe
E : C'est à dire l'eau de la lampe. Pourquoi ne pas dire
l'huile de la lampe ?
F : non.
E : ANDJA ME
l'eau de
C : ANDJA MA lampe
l'eau de lampe
l'eau de la lampe
E : Alors la lampe c'est LAMPE
C : MBUNDA
lampe
E : Pourquoi vous ne dites pas : ANDJA MBUNDA
eau lampe
l'eau de la lampe
C : ANDJA MBUNDA
l'eau lampe
l'eau de la lampe
E : Alors la lampe c'est quoi alors ?
F : la lampe c'est MBUNDA
E : Mais quand vous le dites spontanément ?
C : MPA I ANDJA MBUNDA
donne-moi eau lampe
donne-moi le pétrole
E : chez vous, que dites-vous spontanément, quand vous arrivez ?
C : oui, on langue
E : direct alors ?
F : si l'autre a du pétrole, eh bien, tu viens, tu lui dis :
MPA NE ANDJA A MBUNDA
donne-moi cru de lampe
donne-moi du pétrole
E : MPA NE ANDJA MBUNDA
donne-moi eau lampe
donne-moi du pétrole
A : BISA BE, BISA BE LE NAI' DJUYI LE NDE TALA
nous, nous on suit langue de lui voilà
nous, nous suivons son parler c'est là où
IBUGI YA VURA SOSO BISA IBE NDE A SAGA MA
lieu ou encore trompe nous il cherche en
nous nous trompons, il demande
DJUYI LE BISA BE
langue pour nous.
La traduction en notre langue.
E : Comment vous dites le seau ?
C : cantine
D : cantine, ça c'est en LINGUA ça.
F : cantine MBA MI MI BI KAWARI BA DUGA le seau LA BA
cantine c'est valise on dit le seau qu'on
cantine c'est la valise, on parle du seau qu'on
TEGE ANDJA
puise l'eau
puise de l'eau.
C : WUGA BISA BE KALOGO KA SA AKAZI EKUWO, BISA BE KATUOLO
Entends nous chose que fait femmes, manioc, nous appelons
Ecoute-moi, comment appelons-nous le récipient avec le-
quel les femmes font
KA KAMA ?
ça comment
du manioc ?
A : BISA BE KATUOLO KA cantine
Nous appelons ça cantine
nous appelons par cantine
F : LE SU LA A'DJ'A LE
le seau de l'eau là
ça comment
A : B'NA BA TUOLO MA cantine
autres appellent par cantine
d'autres appellent cantine
D : c'est pas.
MA TEGE cantine
en tége cantine
on otégé on appelle cantine
A : BE cantine DE AMBIV LE TUOLO KAWARI MA cantine
vous cantine vous Barbaba appelez valise par cantine
vous les Obamba, vous appelez valise par cantine
BIST Atégé BISI KATUOLO LE SU MA LE SU
nous atégé, nous appelons le seau par le seau
nou les Otégé, nous appelons seau de la même façon
B : Le seau c'est le seau alors ?
Il n'y avait pas les seaux avant l'arrivée des blancs.
D'où vient ce mot "cantine"?
C : BO LERE L'EBUI KI KINI YANI BISA DE LA
bon l'heure des blancs qui ne venu nous où
A l'époque où les blancs n'étaient pas venus,
LICI BE CILOCO DI YE KINI P'LA NI
étiez-vous, choses là qui ne sorti pas
ces choses n'étrient pas apparues.
A : BO, NA DJO BA PAJU BISA DE KUNU MGA TUOLO
bon, mais ça se sorti nous le nom pour appeler
Bon, après apparition de ces choses, comment est-ce
qu'on s'est
ENOGO BI KUI U IL B'GUI
chose là où on trouvé
arranger pour les appeler ?
BO ALUGU N'ULI NA BIS' BE LED'ANDI BO
ils donné le nom mais nous suivons eux
ils les ont nommés et nous les avons imitéC : BO LUGU NKULU YA BISA LA DJUYI LA PUGU
ils nommaient le nom pour nous la langue de village
Est-ce qu'ils les appelaient en notre langue ?
D : LIYA LE NGALA
ça le NGALA
c'est en lingala
C : mais on peut appeler ça en français ;
ça peut se dire en français
E : Avant l'arrivée des blancs, ce mot existait déjà ?
Le mot cantine ? Il existait déjà ?
D : LO TI BISI KALA LE KIMONO NA BISA LA YIABA BUNU ?
ça nous avait pas vu mais nous le connaissons comment ?
Puisqu'avant, nous ne l'avons pas vu, comment puissions-nous le savoir ?
C : BO, YUGA NDI NDJUYI LA cantine BISA BE LO KUMI LA
bon, comprends que la langue de cantine nous trouve ça
Comment appelions-nous le seuil en dialecte,?
E : rideau signifie quoi ? Comment dit-on rideau en Batéké
C : MFA YO NGWA NDJO
l'habit de la bouche de la maison
rideau
C : RIDO WA LE LA GAMI
rideau qu'on met à ...
rideau pour intercepter la lumière
D : NDI WU ! NDI WU !
c'est ça, c'est ça
en voici !
A : MFA YO GNUA NDJO
habit de bouche de la maison
Pièce pour tamiser la lumière
E : que signifie verre ?
D : IBAZA
calebasse
verre
D : NA MI BAZA
donne-moi calebasse
donne-moi le verre
D : NA MI MBAZA MI NGNUA NDJA
donne-moi calebasse moi boire l'eau
passe-moi le verre, je vais boire de l'eau
X : BISABELO LE K'GA KOBO KO ?
nous ça c'est gobelet
ça se dit gobelet chez nous
E : Avant l'arrivée des blancs, il n'y avait pas des verres ?
D'où vient le mot verre alors ?
C : BE KU'U YI A KAKUNU LE BAGI ?
vous le nom là où l'avez-vous trouvé ?
Où avez-vous trouvé ce nom
D : ATARA BA BURU BASI BE
Les pères qui nous ont fait.
De nos pères.
D : AKURU ALAKALA BA KIGI NA DJILA LALI,
Les vieux d'avant là étaient sur la route de Lali,
Les vieux fréquentaient souvent la route de Lali.
D : EGWA BI KIGI KABAGA MI NDJILA LALI
Les sels là avant on les trouvaient à route de Lali
On trouvait du sel vers Lali
D : AMBAZI MA GA WA KA NDJILA LALI
Les calebasses là revenaient de par la route de Lali
même les calebasses, on les ramenaient de Lali.
D : BA KUA BAGI BA A MPI BA
Eux là-bas trouvent eux donnent ceux-jà
Coux-là trouvent et donnent à ceux d'ici
E : C'est à dire, il dit avant l'arrivée des blancs,
qu'est-ce qu'il y avait ?
C : Il n'y avait pas de verre
E : Mais d'où vient le mot "MBAZA" et qu'est-ce qu'il a
dit pendant tout le temps qu'il a parlé. Il faut bien
traduire parce qu'après, je suis obligé de travailler
dessus.
C : Il a dit, on ce temps, il fallait aller
E : Où c'est ?
G : Lali
C : Les gens qui trouvaient les verres comme ça. Quand
ils arrivaient chez nous, c'est comme les fonction-
naires. Ce sont les gens là qui étaient les fonc-
tionnaires pour trouver un verre ; parce qu'en ce temps
c'était rare pour trouver un verre.
E : En ce temps là c'était difficile pour trouver le verre ?
C : oui.
E : Ce ne sont pas les fonctionnaires qui ont emmené le
mot MBAZA ?
C : Chez nous, quoi, ce sont les hommes qui gagnaient ça.
E : Comment appelle-t-on les piles pour mettre dans les ...
C : Les pilcs BA LE LEGE MA radio MA KJUYI LEPUGI LE'A ?
Les piles qu'on met par radio en langue du village c'est
Comment appelle-t-on les piles en dialecte ? (quoi ?
D : BISA BE LA RURUGA TSULA DKUYI LA KIMA ?
nous va encore forger la langue autre ?
On va parler encore d'une autre manière ?
D : KAYILA ampiles - NAI ampiles.
sur les piles - donne-moi les piles.
Rien que les piles - donne-moi les piles.
E : Mais cependant il y a un nom pour poste de radio ?
C : NGUOMI
accordéon
Poste-radio
E : la lanterne ? Lampe à pétrole
D : MUNDA
C : MUNDA
Lampe à pétrole
E : Allumette ?
G : ALIMETTE
G : Boîte boîte d'allume pleine
D : NA ME NDJABETE
Donne-moi allumette
Veuillez me passer la boîte d'allumettes (pleine)
E : Les chaussures alors ?
B : AKOROGO - A TAI - PA MI LE TAI
chaussures pieds donne moi le pied
chaussure - chaussure - donne moi les chaussures
E : Mais, c'est un nom Otégé ça ?
G : Oui - NA MI NTATI
E : Mais alors, est-ce qu'il y avait des chaussures autrefois ? chaussures bois, des choses comme ça ?
C : YOUGA LERE LA KALA KIGI NA chaussures BE NE TI ?
Comprends l'heure d'avant étaient les chaussures même en bois ?
Au temps jadis, y avait-il même les chaussures en bois ?
C : ou S A BUNU BUNU
ou n'importe quelles
ou d'autres.
D : Il n'y avait rien
E : Mais d'où vient le mot NTAMI ?
C : C'est lorsque les chaussures sont arrivées on appelait maintenant NTAMI pour protéger nos pieds.
E : Le mot existe en Otégé alors, ce mot signifie quoi ?
D : NTAMI
E : Comment dit-on le pied ?
C : KULU = ensemble - LETAH = plante de pied
E : Les sandales, c'est pareil ?
G : oui.
C : les sandales A PIKAPA
Les sandales sont les PIKAPA (*)
E : Les poissons salés ?
(* ) Ainsi appelé à cause du bruit qu'elles produisent en marchant
G : ANTSU MO GWA - AKAYEBU
poisson du sel - poissons salés
poissons salés, poissons salés
E : Le jus d'ananas ?
D : IBILI MA ENTU
vin d'ananas
jus d'ananas
E : MBALI c'est le vin
G : oui
E : Alors c'est pas du vin c'est le jus, c'est le jus qui sort lorsqu'on mange l'ananas, on a aussi du jus.
X : ANDJA ME NTU
l'eau des ananas
jus d'ananas
C : BE NGUGU KABA TUBA NI BA LE TUBU MWANA ?
vous la mère avant annoncez pas vous annoncez l'enfant ?
il faut d'abord parler de la mère avant le fils.
C : IWANA TI ANDJA MA
l'enfant c'est l'eau là
le fils équivaut à l'eau
E : Il n'a pas compris alors la question, fallait lui demander.
C : NGUGU KA BANA KATUBA NI BE LE TUBU LWANA
la mère avant annoncez pas vous annoncez l'enfant
Annoncez la mère avant le fils.
C : NDA SACANA NGUGA KA NTU
Il cherche là la mère de l'ananas
Il chercher à savoir l'ananas.
G : ANDJA KA KANTU
L'eau de l'ananas
jus d'ananas
E : jus d'orange ?
C : C'est la même chose non ?
G : ANDJA KA KOMANDJI
l'eau d'orange
jus d'orange
E : Comment dit-on le mot orange ?
C : ORANDJI
orange
E : C'est le mot des blancs, alors ?
G : oui.
C : l'ensemble de tous les citrons, on appelle "EMONI"
E : un apéritif
D : BISI LE NGUNA MBALI
Nous buvons le vin
Nous buvons
C : MB'LI, ça c'est le Batéké, MALI, ça c'est l'Obamba.
Mbali en Batéké, Mali en Obamba.
E : Biscuit c'est quoi ?
C : En ce temps, on n'avait pas de biscuit
G : DUGA MINI BISI LE TWUOLO DJO KA KUMI M'EBENI
dit que nous appelons les en noms des blancs
pas d'autres noms en dialecte sinon biscuits.
E : bonbon aussi ?
X : oui
E : Chocolat ?
C : c'est pareil
E : confiture, tout ça ?
C : tout ça c'est pareil
E : café ? beurre, fromage ?
D : BIA KIGI BISI OGNAGI BISI LE MORI BIA NA KABANI
ça ne nous avait pas, nous avons vu ça à cause au blanc
Nous n'avions pas tout ça, nous les avons vus grêche au
blanc.
E : les arachides ?
G : NDJU
arachides
E : Mais est ce qu'il y avait des arachides avant l'arrivée
des blancs ?
G : oui
D : EKI N'APINI
Il y avait des arachides
E : Ce n'est pas NDJU
C : NDJU c'est Obamba
E : Arôme maggi ?
G : oh, non.
BIBLIOGRAPHIE
J.J. ADAM - Dialecte du Gabon
La famille des langues Teké
Bulletin de l'Institut d'Etudes Centrafricaines
nouvelle série n°7 et 8
Brazzaville 1954 - p.
E. ANDERSSON -- Contribution à l'Ethnologie des Kuta I
Uppsala - 1953
G. BALANDIER - La vie quotidienne au Royaume de Kongo
Paris, Hachette - 1965
Dr. CASTEX - Les Ethnies du Haut-Ogooué
Recherches Congolaises n°26 - 1928
R. HOTTO - Fétiches Teké
Arts d'Afrique n°1
Dr. MILETO - Notes sur les Ethnies de la Région du Haut-Ogooué
B.I.E.C. n°2 - 1951 - pp. 19 et S
SAUTTER - De l'Atlantique au Congo Tome I
Mouton - 1966
TREZENEN - Les Tribus de la Zanaga -
Recherches Congolaises n°15 - 1938 | <urn:uuid:76c8fc65-8740-457c-a0fc-f69c6f15a238> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 178,459 |
VASÁRNAPI UJSÁG
NEGYVENÖTÖDIK ÉVFOLYAM
1898.
FELELŐS SZERKESZTŐ: NAGY MIKLÓS
RIADÓ-TULAJDONOS FRANKLIN-TÁRSULAT
BUDAPEST.
FRANKLIN-TÁRSULAT
MAGYAR TUDOMÁNYI INTEZET LE KÖNYVNYOMÁSA
A KECSEKMETÉI ÚJ VÁROSHÁZ FŐAVATÁSA.
Az Alföld egyik legkiválóbb városának, Kecskemétnek szép ünnepélye volt a közelébbi múlt karácsony másodikán, december 26-án. Az új városházát avatta föl, mely a szemtanúk és hírlapok egyaránt valamennyi szerint egyedülálló épület. A legnagyobb és legnagyobb köszöntők egyike a maga nemihez. Kecskemét város az alkalomból diákokgyűlést tartott a város főispánjának, Bencsiky Ferencnek elnökösé alatt. A lobogókkal földiszíttetett új városház nagy diszterme egészen meghalt közönséggel. Ott volt a városi előadásokat Kuda Elek polgármester vezette, aki a városi közgyűlés és a hatósági tagok teljes számmal, ezben kívül a város lakosságának színe-java, nagy hölgyközönség és sok udvaron vendég.
A megnyitó beszédet a főispán tartotta, addokban követték a szavakkal. Vette Kecskemét városa számos fejlődésére a meleg szavakban megtartva a nem rég elhúzott előbbi polgármester, Lestár Péter erényeket, kinek bőlés vezetése alatt a város közel négy millió forintot költött közvetítési és közegészsági ügyeinek oldóviteleire. Eztán Zombory László városi főispán tett jelentést a tanácsnak az új városházat építésének történetéről és költségéről; ő után pedig Kuda Elek polgármester tett szép ünnepi beszédet, fennmar hangoztatott, hogy Kecskemét városa, melynek keletkezése a homályúk koráig folytak s melly már a XIII. században elvinné volt ezer éven múltuk mindig viszonylagosan s a város igen sokkal nagyobb helyen és nagyobb méretben állt, mindenkor fényes jelenet utána életrevalóságának, szellemi és anyagi erejének; az új alkotmányos korszak fölvárult óta pedig oly hatámas léptekkel haladt előbb-előbb minden téren, hogy ma hazánk legnagyobb városa között foglalhat el méltó helyet. Elhaladunk egyik fényes bizonyítéka a nagyszerű új városház, amelyet nem az üres pompáris vagy, hanem a kor fejlettsége és szíkegei iránt való komoly érünk létesített a komoly munka és a jövő nemzeteké számára.
Beszédét, melynek végén Istens áldását kért a város ez az ünnepes, nagy éjmenessel jutott, a két lelkész közös beszédével zárta Szabó József városi bírósági tag tartott utolsó hangot záróbeszédét, mely után a főispán fejezte be nehány szóval a diákokgyűlést. Ettőre a város egyik előkelő vendégjében áldomázo inkoma köszöntött, melyen mintegy 200-an vették részt.
A főavatott új városház nemcsak Kecskemétnek legfőbb dicsére, hanem a magyar építészetnek is egyik kiváló, sőt művészi alkotása. A gyönyörű tagoltsgási és elrendezési kétemeltes háttalma nagyszégejével a város egyik legszebb
Érdelkedődésével nyírte az órag szavait, — nagyot csavarítottat hosszú, vörös hajúságnál s kellemetlen rakodott hangján úgy felelt:
— Én, uramábiám? Az a muszkat szeretné én látni, s ki én belőle valami ütköt kivenne! Háttha gulyásosnak aprítana: szólának nem, mint ez a kis kormánk feketje, n! Oksabban nem gondolható volna ilyen szavanyán, hogy őn is rávannak. Ha már blessem én ügy, hogy sehol ne látszul többet... vagyis akarnom mosni; a muszka. Hol az a pez?
— Várját fiam, mindjárt! Tudod, úgy gondoltam ki, hogy a pezót a kezelde adom, és el dugal el valahol, míg azonban te ezt csinálod, addig én oda állok a kapuba; egyrevesz azért, hogy ne lássam: hol, miért dolgozol? Mert meg tudok, hogy a muszka végre után nem akarok semmi, meghassam: hogy üres kézzel távozol-e, nem kerülle-e kísérteze, hogy a kineset elemeld, s ítt rejtezed-e el csukagyan? Mert biz az úgy van, hogy a legjámborabb ember is ki van tétete az órag inkedekéntnek, kivált ha ennyi penz került a kézébe, de nem fiam, bizonyosan az, aki lelkesedett valami túlságosan nagy jámborságban. No, ne haragudj... hiszen csak trefalok. De azért csak ügy hadd legyen no, a hogy mondám...
Egy pillanatra úgy látszott, mintha megnehezített volna Mihály, de rögtön megmondta magát; esendes, nyugodt arczot öltött s csak emről mondott:
— Gondja jár gondolta ki uramábiám: en magam is így szeretem. Legalább aztán nem kithállok benne!
Ezzel átadta az órag Mihálynak a gyertyamárt becses tartalmával, s mintán egy nagyot sohajtott, bussan a kapu felé indult.
— Itt van Mihály, rejtesd, dugdul, lelkedre bizom!
A mint Mihály a pénzzel magára maradt, majd megégett a gyertyamárt, hogy milyen nehéz aztán megvakarta a fejet, megőriztése az állást a gondolkodott. Majd oda ment a pincézahoz, s mintán megledgérde látta, hogy zár sínes rajta, felkincsített a közeli kertiára s nyilvan ennek a minősége is megnyerte a tézetését, mert lüssel, s a szemében magabán:
— Így csupa jó lesz!
Azután elkezdetett az udvarban egy rosz ásót s a gyertyamártól lenemt a pincébe, ahol a kineset annak rendje és modja szerint elásta.
Nem sokára már ott állott a kapuban az aggodló vén pap mellé.
No, uramábiám, már most jöhet a muszka. Hanem innen, nemrem mag jól, hogy még csak egy lyukas huszus sem ragadt a körümhez. Nem olyan ember vagyok en, nem kell nekem a másé, hanem barátságoltól mindent megteszek, kiválta uramábyánnak. Már most meg já muszka itt lesz, addig színezem sem látája uramábiám, hanem jár amúgy előjük, s eloldom a kincseit. Jó egészséget kívánok!
Mihály épületre olyanformát látott a harangozó muszka a vén pap korlátozás valaki mászott volna át a mintán valami kis szikfóle is lett volna kezében... De háti mivel bíz a kelme a toronyból szökött le a keresmába, jónak látta a dög felé mélyesgésen hallgatni; s különben is lehet, hogy tán csak a szeme káprázott...
A muszkatok eszközének oszlagként voltak. De ők nagy szakállakozásukat nem pedálálták, nem feszítették, lebegeltek a négy ugratót éttek meg a kertekbe, de hét az meg úgy is volt elég.
A vén pap látván a muszkat jámbor voltát, felette megbánta, hogy a kineset rabszita Mihálynak a ha előkerül: meg is merle volna már tölte kérelmezni, hogy hova rejtezet, de bizony Mihály igérdezhette képest nem mutatkozott.
No, — gondolta az órag, — emberül meg tartja a szavát; de nem baj, majd csak előjön, ha a muszkatokat. Hogy a muszkatokat hozzunk jobban készre győztem; mégis hova dohagta el az Mihály a pénzt?
Az eszméla bát egész nap, hogy vizsgálodott a kerben, udvarban: nem látszik-e valahol valami ásásnak a nyoma? Aztán feljöltünk a padlóra, annak is minden zöge-zugát összeszerest, vajon nem ott rejlik-e a gyertyamárt?
Egyeszer megcsólt magában:
— Igy lesz jó. Csupa helyes lesz... Harangszó!
Azután fejtett az udvarról az órag pincéze s nagyot kacagott, a mint a tegnapi gödrét szépen betömve megpillantotta, egyszersem mind pedig megint feldezd a puha földön a Mihály óriási talpa meg.
— Halhha, lépje jöttel hat gasember! Vissza-hozott a pénzt, hogy majd a többivel együtt megint ellopadon.
Azután hamar fejre hanyta a földet s előümt a drága gyertyamárt, őszinten ugyan mint tenni, de a kineset meszely pénz mind ott cikkeltett bemre. Fülön is fogta mindjárt a kedves edényt s nagy dindálal felcsillapította a régi helyre.
Meg be sem harangoztak reggelle, már Mihály is előkerült. Nagyon kegyes arzot igyekezett vagni s felette szolgálataként mutatkozott:
— Itt volna! hat kedves bátyumuram, tán csináljunk!
Az órag pap mosolyogva ránézett Mihálynak:
— No fiam, hitt át vagy? Dicsérem a pontosságodat. Hanem már most mindenek előtt azt mondott meg, hogy hová is tetted hát azt a pénzét? Ahol helyét választottál neki, nem akad-halad-e ra valami szmirrérdel? S tanasos lenném, ha vanban azt a másik kilenz meszelyt is oda rejtezi?
— Oh, bátyumuram, ugyan jár eljtemet. — felelt Mihály ónörzetes arccsal és roppan nagy biztosággal, — valahánz jó helyre tettem: a pincézahoz, ahol a fejedelem szépe, és, hogy szokt rá nem akadt... — meg az a harangozó sem, ha mindjárt szár lelke volna is. Ott van a kineset most is egy póltráng, három melle áshatjuk a többi is...
— No így csupa jél van fiam. Hanem hat tündel, illóhunok mását gondoltam. Ígen, hogy azt, említést másik kilenz meszelyt egy rettenő nagy gazember — a kinél volt — csaugkany meglotha az épület, hanem ház csak megse azokat már azt el. Majd gondját viselém en magam; míg elok, had legyen az engem, hogy a pedál egészen a földig együtt oklekkázzon. No, így meg, Mihály, a keresett terád is gondoltam am... Most már ne az legyen a tűz, a mit elóból neked számlam, hanem az a kilenz meszely mind, a mi pin-csóban van, a miről magad mondh, hogy nagyon jó helyben van. Ezről érte a vidál az aggózásom, hogy a pedál kötődött, és a kicsi gondolt a tovóskodás. Ha pedig a pin-csó megjárt, forrults hazafelé am a sekérd rúdát s igyekezett besületes ember lenni, mert bizony mondon néked, hogy az igyekezet nagyon is rad ferne!
A FEKETE GYÉMÁNTOK JUBILEUMA.
Jubileumot van már a kalendárium minden nagyjára könyvű volna minden nagyobb farsadásban, világban. De az a jubileum, melyet a múlt év vége és a balga nép, az emberi halála, egyre legnagyobb felelősség pontjával kezdeni, 197 éve született, fel állított, hogy ha nun is, de először okkor vette mérföldet a községet a lütichii Hallucia. A múlt évvel lehát hétvenkénti jubileumot értékt meg a kössén-kecskeméti elsi kerületünk.
Zsarnarás élet közben, miniat a kandalló világa kisortes támogat lejt és abak jevirág-egy táblán, és ne gondoljuk halálunk a bárákra és a kávéfekvők munkáját, melyeket a melyek azok kiakadtak a kincseinknek, melyeket elvártunk, és melyek jóléteket segíteni árulják. A teremtés ösvényeinek csodálatos regió, eltemetett éveirenek maradványai tekintenek rank parázszemekkel a havasvölgy üdülők számára.
Háromszáz évvel halál Mária Krisztus születése előtt a görög Tiberiusz ső volt az első, aki a szentekre való értékességét és eszmélet mondta: "A földön vagy egy földesennel vagy, mint a szín, azaz kössén. Található Ligurianban és Etiópiában, amelyek után a hegyeken és a sziklákban sok dombolás van."
Léni a későbbi ismerősek elsi anyoma, két-keser község évek ezelőtt — a mitói világos, hogy a jubileum kicsi elhagyja a szomszédlagatlan, és a község évek óta annak még mindig aktuális, mert hírs egy oly hosszú életre szánt anyagmal, mind a község, egy-két ézer év nem is jólát számítása. De azért ki irigylés, a szeretet kérdés, ha elso korunk és ez legyőzheti le magától a község fülleléses dicsőségét. Bizonytalan megvan hozzá az elválasztatlan jogok, melyet sőtősen hirdet a gyáraknak és a munkában.
A KECSEKMÉTI ÚJ VÁROSHÁZ. — AZ ANYAKÖNYVEZŐI HÍVÁLÓ TEREM.
A KECSEKMÉTI ÚJ VÁROSHÁZ. — AZ UGYVÁRI HOMLOKKAL, A LÉPŐ SZERÜLLÉT.
A KECSEKMÉTI ÚJ VÁROSHÁZ. — AZ ORSZÁGOSNÁK A KÖZÖTŰLÉSI TEÁRÉLÉKELT.
KULÖNÖS KEDVTÉLEK.
Az emberi természeten gyakorol, hogy a rendszerű jelentékeny nagyobb vagy kisebb lények iránti különös érdeklődésessel viselkedik, sokan kíván a parancs alá állni, mások, gyakran a széles és titkos világban, hogy a szabályozó divatbajukat túszása e tekintetben messze felhaladjaik a régiókat, de hogy az őlebeket a régiók képviselik, és a régiók természetes természetes módon, arra igen sok adat van.
A római élet nők nagyon kedveltek a padii kutyákat a szerepelni a kín helyem vagy játéknak személyes kutyájuk (Mastiff) csetelésére, mely a mai Máltak (Meilta) eredt, de a mely változatok ugyanaz a ma bolognaiak nevezett Mastiff, mint a mai Strabo fejedelem, Indiából került Európába.
A középkorban az őlebek divatuknak nevezték, melyeket a szokásos szokások tartozkodtak, és az asszonyok és a férfiak közös társasága. Colerus Oeconomicus moralis művében foglalkozik velük.
Legnagyobb lett az új II. Karoly angol király idősebb, ki nagyon szeretett az apók kutyákat, melyeket részben ma is az ő nevéről ismerünk, mindenkor volt egy palota kertében, mely a királyi palota mellett is. Elsők az időben különben már anyuiró előterjét az őlebek birtokában volt, és több előkelő hágy mellett is került ki kutya. Az őlebek a királyi épületet II. Jakab angol királyról. Egy teoremi útja alkalmával hajója elmerült, a királyt egy családnak mutatta meg, és több matematikai logikusonként elhelyezte. Útközött a király, hogy kedvesen, ritka fajtajú élők a hajón maradt, visszatérő oszlophajvál, hogy azt megmutassa.
Erdyin János írja, hogy 1846-ban Bolognában talál a zarándokban őlebeket nagy számmal. Két évvel később, hogy azokat itt hosszú időn tervezett a déli országban, hogy akik eljutottak Nagy Frigyes különösen szeretné a törpe agarakat, melyek mindig vele voltak s melyeknek sok szakadásot engedtek. Frigyes császár, a jelenlegi német császár atyja, ország szeretete az efféle kutyaival. Auguszta császnér a jelenlegi
A VASÁRNAPI UJSÁGNAK
Új-évi időszel.
Lelkem gondolatban
Rég időkön száll át,
A mikor megkeredtük
Ezt a földi pályát;
Te is, én is együtt
Értük meg az elsőt;
Vasárnap Ujság,
Boldog új esztenéd!
Gyöngye gyermekkorban
— Nem círvén beszéded —
Már örömmel vártam
Golyófeszkes képed,
Mind a képet nézem,
S nem győztem betelen;
Istenem, de szép volt
Nekem valamennyi!
Haj, de mikor aztán
Értettéltek szóban,
Akkor vártalak csak
Tégedet valóban!
Utolso szavad is
Etolvastamu hiven;
Csordítíg volt vele
Az én újú szívem.
Hajlik éltem napja,
A delet túllepke,
Ex a régi érzés
Nem hagyott el még se
Vasárnap Ujság,
Oly szívesen látlok
Mikor jós, az nekem
Csakugyan vasárnap.
Hidet, hozt betűkben
Meleg magyar lélek
Olvasdak, s úgy érzem,
Nyájas körbe lépek,
Visszaszólit hennem
Sok elcilelt álmot
A te érintelén
Maradt ifjúságod.
Nos, hát gyarapodjál
Erohén és fényhen,
De benső mivoltod
Maradjon meg épen,
Hisz ebben volt mutad,
Ebben van jövendőd;
Vasárnap Ujság,
Boldog új esztenéd!
Pup Kálmán.
ÚJ-ÉVKOR
Az új-észtened letérítése s az újnak felviradása minden lelket ünnepelyes és komoly hangulattal lőtt el. A mi émluli, ritkán tarjuk eleg jómnak, s a különböző, boldoglásunkat, szerusk javulásait, megszegvánsukat, vágunk teljesesedésünket a jövendődő varjuk. Az egységes követő ostentum, egy változásnak családban és re-
ményeinkben.
Az új-év utolsó napjain meg is találja egy-
mást — és pedig sokszor összeomlóra — a
bölcs megnyugvás, az erőtlen néki törődés, a
köznyelv nemhalmazság és a víg reménykedés
és kölcsönös határhatára keveredik a megha-
toitsság, mint inkább a szabadulás öröméhez,
mely szívesen rázza le a büsszet, hogy kö-
szönse az érkezést.
A sok ezren számláló, mely eluhanult az emberi-
ség szívét, úgy visz és megnéz való ragad árakra,
itt hagyni nyomait közünk, szokásainkban,
gondolkodásainkban és egy csomó balonában.
Könyveket írtak már ezekről; de a nagymány
is fentartja, ajándja, tovább adja.
Még a megerős rendszer is megbeszéli a
Szilveszter-csillag előjátékát, a mikor hozta fel-
hőtlenül nem szokás, hanem szándékos megvárni az
ejjelt. A fővárosban hát megengedi erre az
estére, hogy kivetítéken a mulató helyeket
nyitva tarthatják hajnalig. Olyan ősi szabadsá-
gut, mint a Szilveszter-est, korántson ő sem
merészülhet, kissé várossá és falun is leg-
több egyfajta színházat akarunk az abba. Az új-ész-
tened meg kell várnia.
Szinte össze is tévesítik már a téli másik
hosszú estéjének, a karácsonyos sokszázat az
ő-évről. A városi kisszonyok csak úgy önök az
őlmet karácsonykor, mint az év utolsó napján.
Asszonyok, lányok, mindig babonások, kívált
ha szerelmeiről és házasságóról van szó. Jövendő-
séget, kártyákat megkérdeznünk akarniuk.
Az olvasóknak is kérdésükre van szóban meg-
marad. Olyasztat kiki belelő, mint az ó-kori római
papok a madárigyűjtésből és az állatkák belől.
Mutatni is lehet rajta, hogy a kanálban felolv-
vasztott és azon forrón virág öntött őlmet mit
monda. Mindenki kell pedig, hogy mi lesz a jö-
vendő, a tulajdonos, a szülő, a született, a születendő
ember, a miit a meghalt őlmet formája olyan szá-
zen kinal, csak ki kell találni, hogy mit jelent.
Bendesen be is bizonyul, hogy rocsul találták
ki, pedig igazán jelentett.
Tehát, a születésnél szükséges marad az új-év
napja. Hadd hozzájuk! kellemesen és meglepte-
tkezzük. A poeta és honlár állig harja az udváni
új-évek a sok ajándékok.
A virágos boltok a tavasz üde pompáját mu-
tatták a nagy tukor-ablakokon hasratult. Ipolya,
gyümölcs, orgonavirág, mindenféle rózsa és
magyafa, mindenféle virág, mindenféle színű,
virá és illatok. A kertészeti parancs azóta fe-
gylmezi már a természetet. Olaszország nincs
olyan mesze, sőt a vasutak még tárolóhábról is
gyorsan szállítanak. Menyai kedves meglepetést
hordandó szét a hordozó és utélet istófutók;
óriások tehetségével műtődnek a széles ablak-
ban, aranyos koszulakban, aranyos koszulakban;
selyem bárszony diszhez alkalmazva, kitömítő
galambokkal körülvéve. Bánúmi lehet bennek
a kertészet diadalát és a leleményes elrendezést.
A tanár úr is, a ki egyik képünkön látható,
megjelent a színes színpadon, sőt, egy szép lá-
skatulipát. Komoly ember, de kiválóan man-
téli széz az összekötő zsinagéget, s a mint fel-
nyitja a fedelét, ime egy drónot szokó őrök pal-
tan ki belőle, kilógó nyelvrel. A tanár úr abban
a pillanatban tisztában van vele, hogy a genosz
azóta már trefáltak meg, bármilyen azok, kik az
ablakban, a színpadon, a színpadon, a színpadon
hatását. Majd meg is érzik az iskolában.
Vigan kezdődik az új-év aztán folyó tovább
a maga rendes módon.
ÚJ-ÉVI ÜDVÖZŐLŐ KÁRTYÁK.
Nem az avult egyházi hagymányok, sem a
pogányvilág fennmaradt emléke, tisztaan csak
az idők folytán kifejlődött és átalakult lett
szokás teremtette meg az új-év megünnepe-
lést, s ép ezért erősebb, ép ezért kihirtathat-
lanabb minden egyénnél a hozzá való ragas-
zkozás. A szokásoknak a leggyakrabban kihirt-
kedik, az az egységoldalasnak, amely van in
tényleg valami új, ha egyéb nem a közelében,
mely vágai, reményei új színébe ölheti játsz-
targyat, az őrék jövendői. Eltűnik csupa hangná-
lat, de ez a hangulat teszi azt, hogy a soros nagy-
körben, a kétvégű, a hétvégű, a hétvégű ágadó,
a vesztes rombolók, s e a szokásokban
embéri kedély végtelenek meglehetetlen ki-
egyértőt egymást a végrendezésben.
Ki az, a ki ne kívánna, s ki az, a kinek ne
kívánna hónak holod új-évet? Hinnem nincs
a szokásokban ebből a szokásban, hanem a politi-
kai világ is magára lette, s a szokásokban
szokások fülvölcsödő, s a nemzetközi és diplo-
maciai érintkezések legmagasabb régión is ke-
reak az új-évi nyilatkozatokat állítak. Évek óta
már az egész világ posta-gazdaságai és kise-
relők egymásnak szántanak új-évi kártyái-
ként, s a szokásokban, s a szokásokban
üdvözlés a közös érzesben egybe forrót köl-
legiálatos maradandó zálogot teremti meg a nyelv
és terület tekintetében, oly mesese és népek
inféreményi köz, hanem az illes és művészet | aa91e773-c7c1-4ffe-a999-b342afe2f293 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hun_Latn/train | finepdfs | hun_Latn | 18,362 |
Boekverslag Engels Matilda door Roald Dahl
Boekverslag door een scholier 617 woorden 1 maart 2011
Auteur
Roald Dahl
Genre
Jeugdboek
Eerste uitgave
1988
Vak
Engels
Mathilda ~ Ronald Dahl
Pagina's: 240
Samenvatting van het verhaal
Matilda, een hoogbegaafd meisje van 5 jaar oud, wordt niet gerespecteerd door haar ouders. Haar ouders denken dat ze dom en vervelend is. Daarom haalt Matilda allemaal streken uit bij haar vader, die denkt dat hij slim is, maar hij heeft niet eens door dat Matilda degene is die dat doet. Als Matilda naar school gaat, ontdekt Miss Honey al snel dat Matilda hoogbegaafd is, daarom wil ze haar naar een hogere klas laten gaan. Ze gaat naar de directrice, Miss Trunchbull, maar Miss Trunchbull is een zeer gemene vrouw die kleine kinderen haat, dus ze laat dit niet toe. Miss Trunchbull gooit kinderen door het raam en zulke soort dingen.. Als ze op een dag met Miss Honey meegaat naar haar huis om een kopje thee te drinken, ziet ze dat Miss Honey heel arm is, en dat ze in een piepklein huisje woont. Na een lang verhaal blijkt dat dat komt door Miss Honey's tante, Miss Trunchbull. Omdat Matilde Miss Honey zo'n lieve juf vindt, wil ze haar helpen. Matilde heeft een gave dat ze dingen kan laten zweven, dus als Miss Trunchbull in hun klas komt, laat Matilda het krijtje zweven, en een tekst op het bord schrijven, waar Miss Trunchbull van schrikt, zodat ze verdwijnt en nooit meer terugkomt. Hierdoor kan Miss Honey in het huis van (haar tante) Miss Trunchbull wonen, en is ze niet meer arm. Na een aantal dagen krijgt Matilda te horen van haar ouders dat ze naar Spanje gaan verhuizen, maar Matilda wil absoluut niet mee. Ze vraagt aan Miss Honey of ze bij haar mag wonen, dat vind ze wel goed en Matilda's ouders vinden dat ook goed. Nu woont Matilda bij Miss Honey en heeft ze geen last meer van haar ouders!
Hoofdpersoon
Mathilda is de hoofdpersoon uit dit verhaal. Ze is een intelligent meisje. Klein met bruin haar. Ze gaat pas naar school maar ze kan al boeken voor volwassenen lezen, en ze kan ook al heel goed rekenen.
Bijpersonen
Juffrouw Bulstronk: De Gruwelijke hoofdlerares van de Pletze-school.
Juffrouw Marij Engel: De lerares van groep drie die later in het verhaal een erg grote rol gaat spelen.
Matilda's vader: Matilda's vader is een autohandelaar, maar niet zo'n eerlijke!
Dat is ook iets waar Matilda absoluut niet tegen kan en waardoor ze ook altijd onenigheid heeft met haar vader.
Plaats en tijd
Het verhaal speelt zich af in het dorp van Mathilda (bibliotheek, school en haar huis). De tijd waarin het verhaal zich
afspeelt: vanaf dat Mathilda 5 jaar is t.m. dat ze 6 is.
The Best Part of the book
"Tip it!" Mathilda whispered. "Tip it over!"
And then , very very slowly, so slowly she could hardly see it happening, the glass began to lean backwards, farther and farther and farther back-wards until it was balancing on just one edge of its base. And there it teetered for a few seconds before finally toppling over and falling with a sharp tinkle on to the desk-top. The water in it and the squirming newt splashed all over Miss Trunchbull's enormous bosom.......
The Worst Part of the book
"Try this," she said at last. "It's very famous and very good. If it's too long for you, just let me know and I'll find something shorter and a bit easier." "Great Expectations," Mathilda read, "by Charles Dickens. I'd love to try it."
My opinion of the book
It is a very good, funny and georgeous book! I like very much the autor of this book! I recommend this book if you keep funny true stories without too much pressure! | <urn:uuid:5307dbf7-ce42-492d-8026-13356baa339f> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 3,603 |
City of Bellevue
Legislation Details (With Text)
File #:
23-666
In control:
City Council Regular Meeting
On agenda: 10/16/2023
Title:
2023-2024 Mid-Biennium Budget Update
Sponsors:
Indexes:
Code sections:
Attachments:
1. Agenda Memo, 2. A. 2023-2024 Mid-Biennium Changes by Fund, 3. B. Development Services, Parks Enterprise, and Utilities Funds Forecasts, 4. C. General Fund Forecast, 5. PowerPoint
Action By
Date
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2023-2024 Mid-Biennium Budget Update | <urn:uuid:6d96f6fd-58d4-4b4c-b4af-12a35af3090f> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 489 |
RICARDO ALCIDES CANAVERI
ANTES DEL ALBA
Esperanza y Resiliencia en el Umbral de la Guerra
Antes del Alba
Esperanza y Resiliencia en el Umbral de la Guerra
Ricardo Alcides Canaveri
Primera edición: Febrero de 2024
Copyright © 2024 Ricardo Alcides Canaveri
Publicado por Google Play Libros
Todos los derechos reservados. Bajo las sanciones establecidas en el ordenamiento jurídico, queda rigurosamente prohibida, sin autorización escrita de los titulares del copyright, la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprografía y el tratamiento informático.
ISBN 9798879000283
Sobre el Autor
Dedicatorias
A mi amada esposa, Lidia Elizabeth Marín, compañera de toda la vida, cuya luz guía cada uno de mis días con amor y sabiduría. Tu presencia es el faro que ilumina mi camino, y mi gratitud hacia ti es tan inmensa como el océano.
A mis queridos hijos, Melani, Yamil, Maximiliano, y Evelyn, el más preciado regalo que la vida me ha dado. Los amo con toda la fuerza de mi alma, y cada sonrisa suya es un recordatorio del inmenso amor que nos une. Ustedes son la razón de mi ser y la fuente de mi mayor orgullo.
A mis padres, cuyo amor incondicional y enseñanzas han moldeado la esencia de quien soy hoy. Gracias por darme la vida, por educarme con valores y por mostrarme el verdadero significado de la resiliencia y la bondad. Son el cimiento sobre el cual he construido mi existencia.
A mis hermanos, Antonio, Adriana, Marisa y Juan Manuel, quienes han sido mis compañeros de vida desde el principio. Con ustedes he compartido risas, lágrimas y sueños. Cada uno de ustedes ha aportado a mi vida una dimensión única de amor y apoyo, enseñándome el verdadero valor de la familia.
Y a todos mis amigos y conocidos, quienes han compartido
conmigo momentos de alegría y tristeza, fortaleciendo el tejido de mi vida con el colorido de la diversidad y la riqueza de la compañía. Cada uno de ustedes ha dejado una huella indeleble en mi corazón, y por eso les estoy eternamente agradecido.
Esta obra es más que un conjunto de palabras; es un tributo a ustedes, las personas que han dado forma a mi mundo. Con amor y profundo agradecimiento, dedico este logro a cada uno de ustedes, por ser los pilares de mi vida y por acompañarme en este viaje maravilloso que es vivir.
INDICE
Introducción
Capítulo 1: La Víspera del Silencio
Capítulo 2: Ecos de Inquietud
Capítulo 3: La Noche Más Larga
Capítulo 4: Alborada de Fuego
Capítulo 5: Refugio en la Tormenta
Capítulo 6: Ecos de Resistencia
Capítulo 7: La Quietud Después de la Tempestad
Capítulo 8: Renacer de las Cenizas
Capítulo 9: Antes del Nuevo Alba
Epílogo
Sobre el Autor
Prólogo
En un mundo donde las fronteras entre la tecnología y la humanidad se entrelazan cada vez más, la literatura se convierte en un puente que une estos dos universos, ofreciendo reflexiones profundas sobre la condición humana. Ricardo Alcides Canaveri, un ingeniero y escritor argentino, se aventura a cruzar este puente con su última obra, "Antes del Alba: Esperanza y Resiliencia en el Umbral de la Guerra", un testimonio conmovedor de la inquebrantable voluntad del espíritu humano ante la adversidad.
Nacido en el corazón de Argentina, Canaveri lleva la riqueza de su tierra natal en cada palabra que escribe, tejiendo historias que reflejan no solo su profundo conocimiento técnico sino también su comprensión empática de la humanidad. Ingeniero de profesión, ha dedicado años a explorar cómo las estructuras y sistemas pueden servir mejor a las sociedades, una curiosidad que trasciende a su escritura, donde investiga las infraestructuras del alma humana frente a los conflictos y las crisis.
En "Antes del Alba", Canaveri se sumerge en los días previos a un conflicto que cambiaría el curso de la historia en Ucrania en 2022, un tema que, aunque lejano a su Argentina natal, resuena con la universalidad de sus intereses y preocupaciones. A través de los ojos de
Anastasiya, Bohdan, y Oleksandr, el autor nos guía por las complejidades de la esperanza, el miedo, y la determinación, construyendo un relato que es tanto un reflejo de eventos específicos como una meditación sobre la resistencia humana en tiempos de incertidumbre.
Este libro no es solo una crónica de los eventos que precedieron a la guerra en Ucrania, sino también un espejo de la propia jornada de Canaveri como escritor e ingeniero, buscando comprender y dar forma a las realidades que nos rodean. La precisión técnica se une a la profundidad emocional en su narrativa, ofreciendo una perspectiva única que solo alguien con su trasfondo podría proporcionar.
Al abrir "Antes del Alba", los lectores se embarcan en un viaje que trasciende las páginas del libro, invitados por Canaveri a reflexionar sobre nuestras propias capacidades de resiliencia y esperanza. Este no es solo un tributo a aquellos que enfrentan la tormenta del conflicto, sino un recordatorio de que, incluso en la oscuridad más profunda, el alba espera, paciente, en el horizonte.
Ricardo Alcides Canaveri nos entrega una obra que es tanto un desafío como una caricia, un llamado a recordar que, en el corazón de cada crisis, yace la semilla de nuestra más grande fortaleza: la indomable esperanza humana.
Además, los tres personajes, Anastasiya, Bohdan y
Oleksandr, representan de alguna forma una sinergia de su persona. Anastasiya personifica su parte educativa y vocación a la enseñanza, Bohdan refleja su parte creativa, innovadora y recurrente en todas las cosas que ha desarrollado o creado como profesional, y Oleksandr representa su formación militar, que le otorga el carácter, la templanza y el sostenimiento para continuar sin ceder en cada día o evento que se le presenta. Estos personajes se entrelazarán en la narrativa de la novela de una manera significativa, demostrando cómo diferentes aspectos de la humanidad convergen en tiempos de adversidad.
A.D.L.T
Introducción
En la penumbra que precede al alba, cuando el mundo aún yace en un silencio expectante, las vidas se entrelazan en la trama compleja de la historia, hilvanadas por hilos invisibles de destino, esperanza y humanidad. En el corazón de Ucrania, a las puertas de un conflicto que resonará a través de las edades, tres almas se encuentran en el umbral de un cambio irrevocable, sus historias un microcosmos del espíritu indomable de una nación.
Anastasiya, una joven maestra cuya pasión por la educación es tan profunda como su amor por su patria; Bohdan, un artesano que talla no solo la madera, sino también las historias de resistencia y herencia de su gente; y Oleksandr, un soldado cuyo juramento de proteger su país se convierte en una prueba de valor y sacrificio. Sus vidas, arraigadas en la cotidianidad de una paz precaria, están a punto de ser sacudidas por el estruendo de la guerra.
"Antes del Alba: Esperanza y Resiliencia en el Umbral de la Guerra" es una crónica de esos momentos suspendidos en el tiempo, esos días contados antes de que la tempestad desgarre el velo de la normalidad. A través de los ojos de Anastasiya, Bohdan y Oleksandr, somos testigos de la transformación de un país, de sus ciudades y pueblos, de sus campos y cielos, bajo la sombra creciente del conflicto. Pero esta es también una historia de luz en la oscuridad; de
cómo, incluso en los momentos más sombríos, la humanidad puede encontrar la fuerza para unirse, resistir y soñar. Es un testimonio de la resiliencia, de la capacidad de mirar más allá del horizonte de la guerra hacia un futuro donde el alba promete no solo un nuevo día, sino también la esperanza de paz y reconstrucción.
Escrito con un corazón que entiende tanto de la complejidad de la ingeniería como de la delicadeza del espíritu humano, Ricardo Alcides Canaveri nos invita a un viaje a través de las páginas de este libro, un viaje que nos llevará a explorar las profundidades de la esperanza y la resiliencia humanas. "Antes del Alba" no es solo la crónica de un conflicto inminente; es una oda a la inquebrantable voluntad de seguir adelante, de crear luz en medio de la oscuridad y de reconstruir sobre las ruinas del ayer.
Acompáñenos en este viaje, en este testimonio de amor, pérdida, lucha y, sobre todo, de la inextinguible luz de la esperanza que brilla incluso en los tiempos más oscuros.
A woman in a long dress stands by a window, bathed in sunlight. The room is filled with various objects, including a globe, a table with a lace tablecloth, and a basket on the floor. The scene is serene and nostalgic, evoking a sense of quiet contemplation.
La ciudad de Boryspil, con su habitual tranquilidad matutina, se despertaba bajo el manto frío de un amanecer que, a primera vista, prometía ser como cualquier otro día. Las calles, aún vacías y envueltas en una bruma temprana, guardaban el eco silencioso de los pasos aún no dados, como si el propio tiempo se hubiera detenido en anticipación. El cielo, teñido de un azul pálido por los primeros rayos del sol, mantenía un velo de misterio sobre lo que el día traería consigo, una calma tensa que precedía a la tempestad.
En una modesta casa en las afueras de la ciudad, situada en un barrio donde cada vecino conocía la historia del otro, Anastasiya se preparaba para enfrentar el día. La joven maestra, conocida por su dedicación y el cariño que profesaba a sus alumnos, se movía con una rutina
meticulosa, ajena por completo a la magnitud de los eventos que estaban a punto de desplegarse. Su hogar, repleto de recuerdos y pequeños detalles que hablaban de una vida dedicada a la enseñanza, era su santuario personal, un lugar donde preparaba sus lecciones con la esperanza de inspirar a la próxima generación.
La cocina, con sus paredes adornadas con dibujos de estudiantes y fotografías de excursiones pasadas, era el centro de esta preparación matutina. La radio, siempre encendida, zumbaba con las últimas noticias, una presencia constante que este día, en particular, parecía cargar con un tono más sombrío que de costumbre. Las historias de creciente tensión en las fronteras del este fluían como un rumor persistente, una nube que se cernía sobre la tranquilidad de la mañana pero que Anastasiya, sumida en sus pensamientos y en la anticipación de un nuevo día de enseñanza, elegía, por el momento, ignorar.
Esta mañana, sin embargo, estaba destinada a ser diferente. A medida que el sol ascendía, lentamente desvaneciendo las sombras y llenando de luz las calles de Boryspil, la realidad de un mundo cambiante comenzaba a hacerse presente. La rutina, ese cómodo manto que envolvía la existencia de Anastasiya, estaba a punto de ser sacudida por la fuerza de la historia en movimiento, un giro dramático que pondría a prueba el tejido mismo de su comunidad, su país y, sobre todo, su propio espíritu.
Así, en el umbral de un día aparentemente ordinario, la vida en Boryspil seguía su curso, inconsciente de que estaba a punto de entrar en el corazón de un torbellino. Anastasiya, con su inquebrantable fe en el poder de la educación y su amor incondicional por sus alumnos, se encontraría en el centro de este torbellino, desempeñando un papel que nunca imaginó, en un mundo que ya no sería el mismo.
Su rutina matutina era un ritual de tranquilidad y reflexión. La joven maestra se movía con una gracia pensativa, entre tazas de té aún humeante y libros de texto que prometían lecciones de historia y esperanza. "Cada objeto en mi hogar cuenta una historia," pensaba, desde la pequeña radio que zumbaba con las últimas noticias hasta las fotografías que adornaban las paredes, capturando momentos de alegría y nostalgia.
Mientras tanto, en Lviv, Bohdan abría las puertas de su taller, un refugio de creatividad y memoria. Las estanterías estaban repletas de figuras de madera en diversas etapas de finalización, cada una un testimonio del talento y la dedicación del artesano. "A pesar de la creciente tensión que las noticias matutinas traen, encuentro consuelo en la familiaridad de mi oficio," reflexionaba Bohdan, "en la certeza de que, sin importar lo que el día traiga, la madera bajo mis manos hablará de resistencia y permanencia."
Al este, cerca de la frontera que se convertiría en el escenario de inminentes desafíos, Oleksandr vigilaba el
horizonte. La base militar había sido su hogar durante los últimos meses, un lugar de camaradería forjada en la anticipación de un conflicto que muchos esperaban evitar. "A pesar de la gravedad de nuestro deber," Oleksandr permitía que un rayo de sol matutino le recordara, "aún hay belleza en el mundo, que cada amanecer es una promesa de renovación, incluso en tiempos de incertidumbre."
El día transcurría con una normalidad engañosa. Anastasiya enseñaba a sus alumnos sobre los héroes del pasado, aquellos que habían luchado con valentía por su país, sin saber que pronto serían llamados a encontrar héroes en su tiempo presente. "Nuestras palabras," decía con esperanza y orgullo, "resuenan en el aula, sembrando semillas de coraje en los corazones jóvenes que nos escuchan."
Bohdan, por su parte, recibía la visita de viejos amigos, cada uno compartiendo rumores y especulaciones sobre lo que el futuro podría deparar. "A pesar de la gravedad de nuestras conversaciones," se consolaba, "el taller sigue siendo un lugar de calidez y luz, un recordatorio de que la vida, con todas sus complejidades, continúa."
Oleksandr y sus compañeros recibían noticias fragmentadas, informes que hablaban de movimientos y tensiones, pero nada que pudiera prepararlos completamente para lo que estaba por venir. "Entre ejercicios y patrullas," compartían, "encontramos momentos de camaradería, compartiendo historias y
sueños, cada uno un refugio contra la creciente ansiedad por el futuro."
A medida que el sol comenzaba a descender, pintando el cielo de tonos de oro y carmesí, un silencio tenso se asentaba sobre la ciudad de Boryspil, sobre las calles empedradas de Lviv, sobre la base militar en el este. Era la calma antes de la tormenta, un momento suspendido entre lo que había sido y lo que estaba por venir.
Anastasiya regresaba a casa bajo el crepúsculo, sus pensamientos un torbellino de esperanza y preocupación. Bohdan cerraba su taller, las figuras de madera testigos silenciosos de las historias aún no contadas. Oleksandr miraba hacia el cielo nocturno, buscando consuelo en las estrellas que brillaban sobre un mundo al borde del cambio.
La víspera del silencio era una promesa y una advertencia, un último momento de paz antes de que la historia diera vuelta a la página, revelando un capítulo que todos esperaban nunca tener que leer. En la quietud de esa noche, Anastasiya, Bohdan y Oleksandr, como el resto de su nación, se encontraban en la cúspide de una realidad que cambiaría sus vidas para siempre, tejiendo sus destinos en el tapiz de un tiempo definido por la valentía, la pérdida y la inextinguible esperanza de volver a encontrar la luz en la oscuridad del alba.
The image is a circular artwork featuring a group of people in a room, possibly engaged in a creative or educational activity. The room is filled with various objects and decorations, including flowers and what appears to be a collection of buttons or coins. The scene outside the window shows a snowy landscape with houses and people walking, suggesting a cold, winter setting. The overall atmosphere is warm and inviting, with sunlight streaming through the window, creating a contrast between the indoor and outdoor scenes. The artwork has a dreamlike quality, blending different elements into a cohesive and visually striking composition.
Capítulo 2
Ecos de Inquietud
Antes de que los primeros rayos del sol se atrevieran a romper la calma de la noche, Boryspil ya se encontraba sumido en un silencio expectante, como si la misma ciudad contuviera la respiración ante los presagios de un nuevo día. La penumbra de la madrugada, teñida de sombras danzantes y susurros del viento, parecía contar la historia de una comunidad al borde de un cambio irrevocable. No era solo la luz del amanecer la que luchaba por filtrarse a través de la neblina; era la esperanza, siempre persistente, siempre frágil, buscando su camino en los corazones de quienes se enfrentaban a la incertidumbre del mañana.
A lo lejos, el débil eco de la campana de la iglesia marcaba el inicio de un nuevo día, un recordatorio sutil de la continuidad en medio del cambio. La naturaleza misma parecía susurrar con brisas suaves que acariciaban los
campos y callejuelas, llevando mensajes de resistencia y renovación. Era en este delicado equilibrio entre la serenidad y la inquietud donde Boryspil se encontraba esa mañana, cada habitante despertando con sus propios pensamientos y temores sobre lo que el futuro podría deparar.
En este escenario, Anastasiya comenzaba su jornada, no como una simple espectadora del amanecer, sino como una portadora de luz en la penumbra de la incertidumbre. Su paso firme y decidido a través de las calles aún adormecidas de Boryspil era un testimonio de su inquebrantable compromiso con su comunidad. La frescura del aire matutino llenaba sus pulmones, renovando su determinación con cada paso que la acercaba a la casa de Olena.
La luz del amanecer, filtrándose a través de la neblina, envolvía a Boryspil en un halo de serenidad engañosa. La comunidad, aún resonando con las secuelas de las noticias de la noche anterior, se encontraba en una encrucijada de emociones y anticipación.
Anastasiya, llevando consigo el peso de su responsabilidad como educadora y faro de esperanza, continuaba su camino por las calles silenciosas hacia la casa de Olena. La calidez de su encuentro con Olena era un recordatorio palpable de la fortaleza que reside en la comunidad.
—“¿Cómo le explicamos esto a los niños, Anastasiya? ¿Cómo les decimos que el mundo fuera de estas paredes está cambiando tan rápidamente?” preguntó Olena, mientras servía el té, su voz temblorosa pero fuerte.
—“Les enseñamos sobre la resiliencia, Olena. Les mostramos que, a pesar de todo, la humanidad siempre encuentra un camino hacia la luz. Nosotros somos ese ejemplo para ellos,” respondió Anastasiya, su determinación iluminando la cocina más que el sol matutino.
A medida que las horas avanzaban, Anastasiya visitaba más hogares, cada uno con sus propias preocupaciones y miedos, pero unidos por un hilo común de esperanza y comunidad. En cada parada, compartía palabras de ánimo, historias de tiempos pasados donde la adversidad había sido vencida por la unidad y la perseverancia.
En Lviv, el taller de Bohdan se convertía en un crisol de creatividad y solidaridad. La llegada de Mykola y otros amigos y conocidos marcaba el inicio de un proyecto ambicioso, uno que iba más allá de la mera expresión artística.
—“Este es un momento para que el arte hable más fuerte que las palabras. Para que cada pincelada, cada talla, sea un testimonio de nuestra indomable esperanza,” proclamaba Bohdan, inspirando a todos los presentes a contribuir con
su visión y su voz al proyecto colectivo.
La discusión se expandía, explorando formas en que el arte podría servir no solo como consuelo, sino como un catalizador para el cambio y la reflexión. Planificaban talleres abiertos, invitaciones a la comunidad para participar, creando un mosaico de expresiones que representaran la diversidad y riqueza del espíritu humano.
En la frontera, la realidad de Oleksandr y sus compañeros era marcada por el contraste entre la tranquilidad del paisaje y la intensidad de su preparación. Los entrenamientos se intensificaban, y con ellos, la conciencia de la inminente responsabilidad que recaía sobre sus hombros.
—“¿Crees que nuestras familias están bien allá atrás, en nuestras ciudades y pueblos?” preguntaba Dmytro, durante un breve respiro en su rutina.
—“Tengo fe en nuestra gente, en su fortaleza. Ellos, al igual que nosotros, enfrentarán este desafío con valentía,” respondía Oleksandr, sus palabras no solo para Dmytro, sino también un recordatorio para sí mismo.
La preparación para la exposición en Lviv cobraba vida, transformando el taller de Bohdan en un hervidero de actividad. La comunidad artística, unida en propósito y visión, daba forma a una exposición que sería más que una simple muestra; sería una declaración de la inquebrantable
voluntad de un pueblo frente a la adversidad.
Anastasiya, concluyendo su día con la asamblea en el parque, encendía la primera vela, su llama un símbolo de la luz que cada uno llevaba dentro. La comunidad, reunida en un círculo de solidaridad, compartía canciones, relatos y oraciones, cada voz un eco de unidad y esperanza.
—“Esta noche, bajo el manto de las estrellas, recordamos que no estamos solos. Que nuestra luz, unida, puede disipar cualquier oscuridad,” decía Anastasiya, su voz resonando en el corazón de cada asistente.
La noche traía consigo una quietud reflexiva, pero también una sensación de propósito renovado. Anastasiya, caminando a casa bajo el cielo estrellado, Bohdan, contemplando las obras listas para ser exhibidas, y Oleksandr, mirando hacia el infinito, encontraban en la inmensidad del universo un momento de conexión con algo más grande que ellos mismos.
La inquietud que había teñido el amanecer se había transformado a lo largo del día en una determinación colectiva de enfrentar el futuro con valentía, solidaridad y creatividad. La comunidad de Boryspil, los artistas de Lviv y los soldados en la frontera, cada uno a su manera, reafirmaban su compromiso con el mañana, unidos en la certeza de que, juntos, eran imparables.
La luz del amanecer del día siguiente prometía no solo un nuevo día, sino también el nacimiento de nuevas formas de resistencia, amor y esperanza. A través de actos de solidaridad, creatividad y valentía, la esencia misma de Ucrania se revelaba no solo en la capacidad de enfrentar desafíos, sino en la inquebrantable determinación de superarlos, manteniendo viva la llama de la esperanza, sin importar lo que el destino reservara.
A medida que la exposición en Lviv se convertía en un símbolo de resistencia cultural, la noticia de su éxito comenzaba a difundirse, llegando incluso a oídos de aquellos en los rincones más remotos de Ucrania. Inspirado por este acto de solidaridad, Bohdan contemplaba su próximo proyecto, uno que pudiera unir aún más a la comunidad en estos tiempos inciertos.
—“Deberíamos llevar esta exposición más allá de Lviv, hacer que viaje a otras ciudades, a otros pueblos,” sugirió Bohdan durante una reunión con Mykola y otros colaboradores. “Podemos compartir este mensaje de esperanza con toda Ucrania.”
—“Es una idea maravillosa,” respondió Mykola, su entusiasmo palpable. “Demostraríamos que el arte no conoce fronteras, que nuestra resistencia y esperanza son universales.”
En Boryspil, Anastasiya observaba cómo la iniciativa de los
talleres comenzaba a florecer, convirtiéndose en un punto de encuentro para la comunidad. La respuesta positiva la impulsaba a pensar en formas de expandir estas actividades, quizás incluso colaborando con escuelas y otros educadores para crear un programa continuo que pudiera servir de apoyo emocional y educativo durante estos tiempos difíciles.
—"Anastasiya, esto que has comenzado es realmente especial," le dijo una madre agradecida después de un taller. "Has creado un espacio seguro para nuestros hijos para expresarse y aprender."
—"Es sólo el comienzo," afirmó Anastasiya, sonriendo ante la idea de lo que aún podrían lograr juntos. "Creo que podemos hacer mucho más, construir algo perdurable que ayude a nuestros niños a crecer fuertes y esperanzados."
En la frontera, el espíritu de Oleksandr y sus compañeros se fortalecía al escuchar sobre los esfuerzos de la comunidad para mantener viva la cultura y la esperanza. A pesar de la dureza de su entorno, comenzaban a planificar su propia forma de contribuir, quizás enviando mensajes o artefactos personales que pudieran ser incluidos en la exposición itinerante.
—"Incluso desde aquí, podemos hacer oír nuestras voces," reflexionaba Oleksandr, compartiendo la idea con su pelotón. "Podemos enviar cartas, dibujos, algo que muestre
que estamos juntos en esto, no importa la distancia.”
—“Sería un recordatorio poderoso de por qué estamos aquí,” acordó Dmytro, comenzando a esbozar un diseño en un pedazo de papel. “Una forma de decir que, aunque estamos en la frontera, nuestros corazones están con ellos.”
La propuesta de Bohdan de llevar la exposición más allá de Lviv comenzaba a tomar forma, con planes de mostrarla en Boryspil, donde la comunidad había demostrado una increíble resiliencia y un deseo de mantener la esperanza en medio de la incertidumbre. Anastasiya se emocionaba al pensar en cómo esta colaboración podría servir como un puente entre su trabajo con los niños y el mensaje más amplio que Bohdan y Mykola estaban difundiendo a través del arte.
Mientras tanto, la comunidad artística de Lviv trabajaba incansablemente para preparar la exposición para su viaje, seleccionando cuidadosamente las obras que resonarían en diferentes contextos, asegurándose de que cada pieza transmitiera un mensaje de unidad, resistencia y esperanza.
La noticia de la exposición itinerante y los talleres de Anastasiya inspiraba a otros a lo largo de Ucrania a tomar acción, creando una red de solidaridad y apoyo que se extendía mucho más allá de lo que cualquiera había imaginado. En cada ciudad, en cada pueblo donde la exposición se presentaba, se añadían nuevas obras, nuevas
voces a la narrativa, tejiendo una historia colectiva de un pueblo indomable frente a la adversidad.
La determinación de enfrentar lo desconocido con valentía y unidad se convertía en el eco de una nación entera, un coro de esperanza que resonaba más fuerte que el estruendo de cualquier amenaza. En Boryspil, Lviv, y hasta en la misma frontera, el espíritu de Ucrania brillaba con fuerza, demostrando al mundo que incluso en los momentos más oscuros, la luz de su gente nunca se extinguiría.
The people of Emma Smith’s community gathered to hear her teach. They were inspired by her love for the Lord and her desire to help others.
En las horas previas a que la oscuridad envolviera por completo a Boryspil, los últimos destellos de luz del atardecer luchaban por mantener a raya las sombras. La ciudad, acostumbrada a la tranquila sucesión de las estaciones, ahora palpaba el aire cargado de una tensión premonitoria. Las calles, normalmente llenas de las risas de los niños y el bullicio de la vida cotidiana, se habían sumido en un silencio inusual, roto solo por el esporádico ladrido de un perro lejano o el susurro del viento entre los árboles desnudos. Era como si la naturaleza misma compartiera la inquietud de los habitantes de Boryspil ante lo desconocido que se cernía en el horizonte.
Anastasiya, parada en el umbral de su hogar, observaba el cielo que cambiaba de tonos pastel a un azul profundo y
pensativo. Su mente, un torbellino de pensamientos y emociones, buscaba encontrar consuelo en la rutina, pero esta noche, la rutina era un barco demasiado pequeño en un mar de incertidumbres.
—“Este crepúsculo parece diferente,” murmuró para sí misma, reflejando la inquietud que sentía. “Como el presagio de una prueba que aún no comprendemos.”
No lejos de allí, en las calles aún iluminadas por las últimas luces, los vecinos intercambiaban saludos tensos pero afectuosos. Era una comunidad unida, ahora más que nunca, por la percepción compartida de que los días venideros pondrían a prueba su fortaleza y su unidad de maneras que apenas podían imaginar.
En ese momento de introspección colectiva, la determinación de Anastasiya se fortaleció. Sabía que la vigilia de esa noche no sería solo un acto de solidaridad, sino también un símbolo de la resistencia del espíritu humano ante la adversidad. Decidida, comenzó a prepararse para la noche que se avecinaba, cada movimiento imbuido de un propósito renovado.
—“No estamos definidos por las sombras que nos rodean, sino por la luz que elegimos encender,” se dijo a sí misma, encendiendo otra vela. Esta luz, pequeña pero desafiante, sería su guía a través de la oscuridad, hacia la vigilia comunitaria donde se uniría a sus vecinos en un acto de
esperanza y resistencia.
El velo de oscuridad se acentuaba en Boryspil, como si el tiempo mismo hubiera decidido detenerse ante la inminente tormenta que se avecinaba. Anastasiya, después de su participación en la vigilia comunitaria, regresó a su hogar con el peso de la incertidumbre apretándole el corazón. Se sentó en su sala de estar, donde una sola vela parpadeaba, proyectando sombras danzantes en las paredes.
—“¿Cómo hemos llegado a este punto?” susurró en voz baja, como si las paredes de su casa pudieran ofrecer alguna respuesta reconfortante. El crepitar de la chimenea parecía proporcionar una respuesta, aunque fuera un eco de su soledad.
En el taller de Lviv, Bohdan y Mykola continuaban su labor, buscando refugio en el arte. Bohdan, cincel en mano, esculpía una figura que parecía tomar vida desde la misma madera. Mykola, inmerso en su lienzo, llenaba la tela de colores vibrantes.
—“Quizás, en este acto de creación, encontremos un refugio contra la oscuridad que se avecina,” sugirió Mykola, con voz sosegada.
—“Sí, Mykola, en la belleza que creamos, en las historias que contamos a través de nuestras obras, hallaremos la fortaleza para enfrentar lo que esté por venir,” asintió
Bohdan, tallando con esmero los detalles de su escultura.
En la frontera, Oleksandr y sus compañeros permanecían en alerta máxima, la tensión en el aire era palpable. Dmytro, con la mirada fija en el cielo estrellado, rompió el silencio.
—“¿Qué será de nosotros, Oleksandr, cuando finalmente la luz del sol ilumine esta tierra?” preguntó con un dejo de melancolía en su voz.
—“Lo que sea que el destino nos depare, Dmytro, lo enfrentaremos como lo hemos hecho hasta ahora, juntos y con determinación,” respondió Oleksandr, su mirada perdida entre las estrellas, en busca de respuestas en la vastedad del universo.
En el corazón de Boryspil, la vigilía comunitaria persistía, las velas encendidas como faros de esperanza en medio de la oscuridad. Anastasiya se unió a sus vecinos, y juntos entonaron canciones que hablaban de la fortaleza de su nación y la resistencia de su pueblo.
—“Esta noche, nuestra luz brilla aún más intensamente, desafiando las sombras que intentan envolvernos,” proclamó Anastasiya, su voz elevándose por encima del titileo de las llamas.
El tiempo parecía estirarse, cada momento se prolongaba como una eternidad de reflexiones personales y deseos compartidos. En Lviv, Bohdan y Mykola ideaban un plan
para llevar su arte a las calles, creando murales que inspirarían a la comunidad a mantenerse firme en medio de la adversidad.
—“Que nuestras obras hablen de la belleza que podemos encontrar incluso en los momentos más oscuros,” expresó Mykola, con renovado entusiasmo.
Y en la frontera, Oleksandr y sus compañeros se abrazaron en un gesto de camaradería, sus siluetas recortadas contra el telón de fondo del cielo nocturno.
—“Cuando llegue la luz del día, enfrentaremos nuestro destino con valentía. Pero en esta noche oscura, recordemos que somos más fuertes cuando estamos juntos,” dijo Oleksandr, y los demás asintieron en silencio, compartiendo esa determinación.
La noche más larga llegó a su fin con la llegada del amanecer, pero las horas previas al alba habían estado llenas de introspección, de valentía silenciosa y del firme propósito de un pueblo de mantener viva la llama de la esperanza. Mientras el sol se alzaba en el horizonte, traía consigo un nuevo día, un día que enfrentarían con coraje y unidad, dispuestos a proteger su hogar y su libertad a cualquier costo.
Anastasiya, con los ojos fijos en la vela, sintió la necesidad de compartir sus pensamientos con su familia. Se levantó y
fue a la habitación de sus hijos, donde los encontró durmiendo plácidamente. Los acarició suavemente y susurró: "Mis queridos, no importa lo que suceda, siempre estaré aquí para protegerlos y amarlos".
Bohdan y Mykola, en su taller, comenzaron a discutir los detalles de su plan para los murales. Bohdan dijo con entusiasmo: "Nuestro arte puede inspirar a otros a enfrentar la oscuridad con valentía. Pintaremos la esperanza en las calles de Lviv".
En la frontera, Oleksandr y Dmytro miraron el horizonte, donde los primeros rayos del sol comenzaban a aparecer. Dmytro se volvió hacia Oleksandr y dijo con determinación: "Hoy es un nuevo día, y lo enfrentaremos con la misma valentía que anoche. Nuestra tierra merece nuestra protección".
La comunidad en la vigilia comunitaria continuó cantando, fortaleciendo su espíritu. Anastasiya se unió a la canción, sus ojos brillaban con determinación mientras cantaba con pasión las palabras de unidad y resistencia.
El nuevo día trajo consigo la promesa de un futuro incierto, pero estos valientes corazones estaban listos para enfrentarlo, con el arte, la música y la unidad como sus armas más poderosas.
Mientras los primeros rayos del sol iluminaban tímidamente
las calles de Boryspil, la comunidad continuó su vigilia, con las velas ahora brillando con menos intensidad pero con la misma determinación. Cada nota de las canciones que entonaban parecía elevarse hacia el cielo, un recordatorio de que su espíritu seguía intacto a pesar de la larga noche.
En Lviv, Bohdan y Mykola se preparaban para comenzar su obra en las calles. Cargaron sus suministros y pinturas, listos para llevar su visión de esperanza y resistencia a la vista de todos. Bohdan sonrió y dijo: "Nuestro arte será un faro de inspiración, un recordatorio de que la belleza puede encontrarse incluso en la adversidad".
Mientras caminaban por las calles de Lviv, la gente comenzó a detenerse y observar maravillada mientras Bohdan y Mykola daban vida a sus murales. Un niño pequeño, con los ojos llenos de asombro, preguntó: "¿Qué están haciendo?". Mykola se arrodilló y respondió: "Estamos pintando la esperanza, pequeño amigo, para que todos recuerden que somos fuertes cuando estamos juntos".
En la frontera, Oleksandr y sus compañeros se preparaban para otro día de vigilancia. Miraron hacia el horizonte, donde el sol ya estaba alto en el cielo, y Oleksandr dijo con determinación: "Cada día que protegemos esta tierra nos acerca un paso más a la libertad. No retrocederemos".
La jornada continuó en Boryspil, con la comunidad
uniéndose en actividades para fortalecer su espíritu. Anastasiya y sus vecinos comenzaron a distribuir alimentos y mantas a los necesitados, demostrando que la solidaridad era su mayor arma.
En Lviv, Bohdan y Mykola terminaron sus murales, que retrataban la belleza de la naturaleza y la fortaleza del pueblo ucraniano. La gente se reunió para admirar su trabajo, y un anciano dijo con gratitud: "Estos murales nos recuerdan que la vida es hermosa, incluso en tiempos difíciles".
En la frontera, mientras la noche caía una vez más, Oleksandr y sus compañeros mantuvieron su vigilancia. Dmytro miró las estrellas y dijo en voz baja: "Quizás en algún lugar, alguien más mira estas mismas estrellas y encuentra esperanza en ellas".
La noche más larga había llegado a su fin, pero el espíritu de resistencia y unidad perduraba en el corazón de cada persona en Ucrania. Mientras enfrentaban un futuro incierto, sabían que estaban dispuestos a proteger su hogar y su libertad a cualquier costo, con arte, música y solidaridad como sus armas más poderosas. La esperanza brillaba en sus corazones, más fuerte que nunca.
The city is in ruins, with smoke and fire billowing from the buildings. The sky is filled with explosions and planes flying overhead. In the foreground, soldiers are running towards the camera, their weapons drawn.
En las últimas horas de la noche, mientras Boryspil yacía sumido en el abrazo tranquilo de la oscuridad, la vida continuaba su curso con la serenidad habitual de una comunidad que, hasta entonces, había conocido la paz como su constante más fiel. Las familias descansaban en el confort de sus hogares, los guardianes nocturnos recorrían las calles con pasos medidos, y el murmullo del viento entre los árboles susurraba cuentos de un mañana esperanzador. Era una noche como cualquier otra, con estrellas centelleando promesas de luz en la vastedad del cielo, una postal de calma antes de la tempestad.
Anastasiya, en la quietud de su habitación, luchaba con el sueño, sus pensamientos adrift entre la anticipación de los días venideros y los recuerdos de tiempos más simples. La luz de la luna se filtraba a través de la ventana, bañando la
habitación en un resplandor etéreo que jugaba con las sombras, creando patrones de luz y oscuridad que danzaban en las paredes. En algún lugar lejano, el aullido de un perro rompía la monotonia de la noche, un presagio de la inquietud que yacía en el umbral.
—“Debe haber algo más, algo que aún no podemos ver,” murmuró Anastasiya para sí, contemplando la danza de la luz lunar sobre su alfombra. Su voz, apenas un susurro, llevaba consigo la carga de una premonición aún indefinida, un sentimiento de cambio inminente que se agitaba en lo profundo de su ser.
Mientras tanto, en Lviv, Bohdan y Mykola compartían un momento de camaradería en el taller, rodeados de sus creaciones que eran testigos mudos de su amistad y colaboración. Las risas y conversaciones llenaban el espacio, un refugio de creatividad y esperanza en medio de un mundo cada vez más incierto.
—“¿Crees que el arte pueda realmente hacer una diferencia, Bohdan?” preguntó Mykola, mientras limpiaba sus pinceles.
—“Debe hacerlo,” respondió Bohdan con una convicción inquebrantable. “Es lo que nos mantiene humanos, lo que nos une en los momentos más oscuros.”
En la frontera, la quietud reinante contrastaba con la tensión que Oleksandr y sus compañeros soldados
portaban en sus corazones. A pesar de la calma aparente, el aire estaba cargado con el peso de la expectativa, cada hombre enfrentándose a sus propios temores y esperanzas para el futuro.
—“La paz es frágil, ¿verdad, Oleksandr?” dijo Dmytro, su voz cargada de una solemnidad poco habitual.
—“Sí, pero es por eso que estamos aquí. Para protegerla, para luchar por ella si es necesario,” afirmó Oleksandr, mirando hacia el horizonte oscuro, donde la paz y el conflicto parecían entrelazarse en un delicado equilibrio.
La tranquilidad de la noche se vio abruptamente interrumpida por el rugido distante de explosiones. Un estruendo sordo que resonó a través de las calles de Boryspil, sacudiendo a sus habitantes de sus sueños. Las luces parpadeantes de las explosiones iluminaron el cielo nocturno, creando una danza macabra de sombras en las paredes de las casas.
Anastasiya se levantó de un salto de su cama, su corazón latiendo con fuerza. Miró por la ventana y vio el fulgor naranja que iluminaba el horizonte. Sin perder un segundo, se vistió rápidamente y salió a la calle. La comunidad entera estaba en estado de shock, algunos aún en pijamas, todos mirando hacia el cielo en busca de respuestas.
—¿Qué está pasando? —preguntó Anastasiya a su vecino,
quien estaba de pie junto a ella.
—No lo sé, Anastasiya. Pero esto no puede ser bueno —respondió él con una mirada preocupada.
En Lviv, Bohdan y Mykola se miraron el uno al otro, sus manos todavía manchadas de pintura. Las explosiones llegaron hasta allí, sacudiendo los edificios y haciendo vibrar sus obras de arte.
—Mykola, debemos ir a ver qué está sucediendo —dijo Bohdan, dejando atrás su taller de escultura.
—Tienes razón, Bohdan. No podemos quedarnos aquí sin hacer nada —concordó Mykola mientras agarraba su mochila de arte.
En la frontera, Oleksandr y sus compañeros ya estaban en alerta máxima. Habían sido entrenados para este momento, pero la realidad de la guerra siempre era abrumadora. Las órdenes llegaron rápidamente, y se prepararon para movilizarse.
—Es hora de defender nuestra tierra —dijo Oleksandr con determinación en su voz.
Las fuerzas armadas ucranianas se movilizaron rápidamente en respuesta al ataque. Los soldados se agruparon en formación, sus uniformes iluminados por las luces de emergencia. Los comandantes dieron órdenes claras, y los
soldados avanzaron hacia el frente de batalla.
—¡Manténganse firmes, soldados! ¡Nuestra nación depende de nosotros! —gritó uno de los comandantes, infundiendo valor en sus hombres.
Anastasiya, Bohdan, Mykola y Oleksandr se encontraron en el centro de la ciudad, donde la confusión reinaba. La gente corría en todas direcciones, buscando refugio o intentando comunicarse con sus seres queridos.
—Tenemos que encontrar a nuestras familias y asegurarnos de que estén a salvo —dijo Anastasiya con preocupación.
—Tienes razón, Anastasiya. Debemos asegurarnos de que todos estén a salvo —respondió Bohdan.
—Pero también debemos estar listos para ayudar en lo que podamos. La comunidad necesita nuestra fortaleza en este momento —agregó Mykola.
—Vamos a hacer todo lo que esté a nuestro alcance, pero primero debemos encontrar a nuestras familias —dijo Oleksandr.
Mientras buscaban a sus seres queridos, no pudieron evitar notar la determinación en los rostros de sus vecinos y conciudadanos. A pesar del caos y la incertidumbre, la comunidad se unía en solidaridad.
En medio de la confusión, Anastasiya se encontró con Kateryna nuevamente. Ambas se abrazaron con fuerza, encontrando consuelo en la presencia de la otra.
—Vamos a estar bien, Anastasiya. Nos tenemos la una a la otra y a nuestra comunidad —dijo Kateryna con voz firme.
—Sí, Kateryna. Juntas superaremos esto —respondió Anastasiya con determinación.
La noche se convirtió en un torbellino de actividad mientras la guerra estallaba en Ucrania. Los personajes principales y la comunidad en general enfrentaban el choque inicial del conflicto. La alborada de fuego había llegado, y con ella, la prueba definitiva de su valentía y unidad.
La incertidumbre llenaba el aire mientras los residentes de Boryspil intentaban comprender la magnitud de la situación. Anastasiya, Bohdan, Mykola y Oleksandr se embarcaron en una búsqueda desesperada para encontrar a sus seres queridos en medio del caos. La ciudad retumbaba con el estruendo de las explosiones, y el temor se reflejaba en los ojos de todos.
Anastasiya corrió hacia su casa, buscando a su familia. Encontró a sus padres y hermanos a salvo en el sótano de su hogar, asustados pero unidos. Los abrazó con fuerza, sintiendo un profundo alivio en su corazón.
En Lviv, Bohdan y Mykola se unieron a un grupo de
voluntarios que se organizaba para ayudar a los heridos y a quienes necesitaban refugio. Utilizaron sus habilidades artísticas para levantar la moral de aquellos que estaban asustados y desesperados. Sus esculturas y pinturas se convirtieron en un faro de esperanza en medio de la oscuridad.
Mientras tanto, Oleksandr y sus compañeros soldados se enfrentaban valientemente a la amenaza en la frontera. La batalla era feroz, pero su determinación nunca flaqueó. Luchaban por su país y por la paz que tanto valoraban.
A medida que la noche avanzaba, los personajes principales y la comunidad en general se unieron en un esfuerzo conjunto. Crearon un centro de ayuda en el centro de la ciudad, donde brindaban refugio, comida y apoyo emocional a los afectados por la guerra. La solidaridad y la resiliencia de la comunidad eran palpables.
A pesar de la adversidad, Anastasiya, Bohdan, Mykola y Oleksandr encontraron fuerzas para liderar y apoyar a quienes los rodeaban. La alborada de fuego los había unido de una manera que nunca habían imaginado. Juntos, enfrentaban el desafío con valentía y determinación.
El amanecer se aproximaba cuando finalmente recibieron noticias de que las fuerzas enemigas se estaban retirando. La lucha aún no había terminado, pero la comunidad de Boryspil había demostrado su fortaleza y unidad en la hora
más oscura.
Con el nuevo día, la esperanza comenzó a brillar en el horizonte. La alborada de fuego había dejado cicatrices, pero también había fortalecido los lazos entre amigos y vecinos. La historia de su valentía se convertiría en un testimonio de la resiliencia del espíritu humano ante la adversidad.
A medida que el amanecer se acercaba, el rugido de las explosiones disminuía, pero la tensión persistía en el aire. Anastasiya, Bohdan, Mykola y Oleksandr continuaban liderando los esfuerzos para ayudar a su comunidad y encontrar soluciones en medio del caos.
Anastasiya y su familia, después de asegurarse de que todos estaban a salvo en su hogar, se unieron al centro de ayuda en el corazón de la ciudad. La joven se convirtió en una voz de aliento para los desplazados, ofreciendo palabras de esperanza y apoyo a quienes habían perdido sus hogares en medio del conflicto. A pesar de su juventud, su valentía y empatía la hicieron una líder natural en ese momento crítico.
La llegada de Anastasiya al centro de ayuda fue un rayo de esperanza para aquellos que habían perdido todo. Su rostro amable y sus palabras de aliento resonaban en los corazones de los desplazados, quienes encontraban en ella un faro de esperanza en medio de la oscuridad de la guerra. Con voz
firme, organizó equipos para brindar refugio temporal, comida y atención médica a quienes lo necesitaban desesperadamente.
La joven se aseguró de que los niños recibieran especial atención, creando un espacio seguro para ellos donde podían jugar y olvidar por un momento la realidad de la guerra. Su habilidad para calmar a los más pequeños y traer una sonrisa a sus rostros se convirtió en un bálsamo para los corazones heridos de los padres y cuidadores.
Mientras tanto, Bohdan y Mykola, junto con otros artistas de Lviv, se adentraron aún más en la tarea de transformar los espacios públicos con sus obras. Inspirados por la resiliencia de la comunidad, crearon esculturas y pinturas que reflejaban la fuerza y la esperanza que surgían en medio de la devastación. Sus piezas de arte se convirtieron en un homenaje vivo a la lucha y la determinación de la ciudad.
En la plaza principal de Boryspil, Bohdan y Mykola erigieron una escultura de dos manos entrelazadas, representando la solidaridad y la unidad de la comunidad. Cada día, más y más personas se congregaban alrededor de la escultura, encontrando consuelo y esperanza en el arte que la representaba. Las calles de la ciudad se llenaron de color y significado, recordándoles a todos que el arte podía sanar el alma en tiempos difíciles.
En el límite fronterizo, Oleksandr y sus compañeros
continuaron defendiendo con valentía su tierra natal. Cada día era una batalla, pero estaban decididos a no ceder ante la amenaza. La camaradería entre los soldados se fortalecía a medida que compartían experiencias y esperanzas de un futuro mejor.
Los días se volvían rutina, con patrullas, entrenamiento y vigilancia constante. Sin embargo, en los momentos de descanso, los soldados compartían historias de sus vidas antes de la guerra, anhelando el regreso a un mundo que una vez conocieron. Oleksandr encontraba consuelo en estas conversaciones, recordando los momentos felices con su familia y amigos.
A medida que el tiempo pasaba, Oleksandr también comenzó a escribir cartas a su esposa e hijos, expresando sus pensamientos y sentimientos en palabras. Esas cartas se convirtieron en una conexión vital con su hogar, una forma de mantener viva la esperanza y la promesa de un reencuentro. Cada palabra escrita era un recordatorio de su amor y dedicación a su familia y su país.
El soldado ucraniano también lideraba charlas motivacionales con sus compañeros, alentándolos a mantenerse fuertes y enfocados en la misión. Recordaba la importancia de su papel en la defensa de su tierra natal y de las generaciones futuras. Juntos, forjaban un vínculo indestructible basado en la lealtad y el propósito compartido.
A pesar de la distancia de sus seres queridos, Oleksandr y los demás soldados encontraban consuelo en el apoyo mutuo y en la certeza de que estaban haciendo todo lo posible para proteger su amada Ucrania. La camaradería en la frontera se convirtió en una fuente de fortaleza en medio de la incertidumbre y el peligro constante.
La comunidad de Boryspil se mantuvo unida en su lucha contra la adversidad. Vecinos se ayudaban mutuamente, compartían recursos y ofrecían refugio a quienes lo necesitaban. La solidaridad y el apoyo emocional eran más importantes que nunca.
Las calles de la ciudad estaban llenas de vida nuevamente, aunque marcadas por las cicatrices de la guerra. La gente se agrupaba en pequeños mercados improvisados, compartiendo alimentos y suministros escasos. Los vecinos se apoyaban unos a otros, ayudando a reconstruir casas dañadas o simplemente brindando una palabra de aliento a aquellos que lo necesitaban desesperadamente.
Anastasiya, Bohdan, Mykola y Oleksandr continuaron buscando formas de fortalecer a su comunidad. Organizaron reuniones en el centro de ayuda para planificar la reconstrucción de la ciudad. La esperanza y la determinación llenaron la habitación mientras los ciudadanos discutían cómo revitalizar su hogar. Se trazaron planes para restaurar la infraestructura, reconstruir viviendas y crear oportunidades de empleo.
El bienestar emocional de la comunidad también era una prioridad. Se establecieron grupos de apoyo psicológico, donde terapeutas voluntarios ofrecían consejos y escuchaban las historias de aquellos que habían experimentado traumas. El proceso de curación iba más allá de las heridas físicas; era esencial sanar las heridas emocionales que habían dejado en su estela los horrores de la guerra.
Con cada día que pasaba, más personas se unían a la causa. Inspirados por el ejemplo de Anastasiya, Bohdan, Mykola y Oleksandr, otros se sumaron a los esfuerzos de reconstrucción y apoyo emocional. La comunidad se convirtió en un crisol de talento y solidaridad, donde las habilidades de cada individuo se ponían al servicio del bien común.
Con el tiempo, la situación en Boryspil comenzó a estabilizarse gradualmente. Las fuerzas enemigas se retiraron por completo, y aunque las heridas emocionales y físicas eran profundas, la comunidad se levantó con una fuerza renovada. La alborada de fuego había sido un capítulo oscuro en su historia, pero también había revelado la resiliencia y el espíritu indomable de su gente.
La reconstrucción de la ciudad avanzaba a un ritmo sorprendente. Gracias al esfuerzo conjunto de la comunidad, las calles dañadas se reparaban, las casas destruidas se reconstruían y los negocios volvían a abrir sus puertas. Los niños volvían a jugar en las calles, y los adultos se reunían para discutir planes de futuro. La esperanza regresaba a Boryspil, y con ella venía la promesa de un mañana mejor.
puertas. La determinación de Boryspil para renacer de sus cenizas era inspiradora.
Anastasiya, quien se había convertido en una figura central en la comunidad, se enfocó en la educación de los jóvenes. Organizó programas de tutoría para los niños que habían perdido meses de escuela debido al conflicto. La educación se consideraba una herramienta vital para el futuro de la ciudad y la recuperación de la normalidad.
Bohdan y Mykola continuaron embelleciendo la ciudad con su arte. Sus obras, que una vez simbolizaron la resistencia, ahora celebraban la esperanza y la resiliencia. La escultura de las manos entrelazadas en la plaza principal se convirtió en un lugar de encuentro para los residentes, un recordatorio constante de la unidad que los había llevado a través de tiempos difíciles.
La música también regresó a las calles de Boryspil. Los músicos locales ofrecían conciertos al aire libre, llenando la ciudad con melodías que elevaban el espíritu de todos. La música se convirtió en una forma de sanación y un recordatorio de la belleza que aún existía en el mundo.
En la frontera, Oleksandr y sus compañeros soldados finalmente comenzaron a ver un atisbo de paz. Las tensiones disminuyeron gradualmente, y aunque la vigilancia seguía siendo esencial, las operaciones militares de gran envergadura habían cesado. La camaradería entre
los soldados se fortaleció aún más mientras compartían historias de sus experiencias en el frente.
El soldado ucraniano seguía escribiendo cartas a su esposa e hijos, pero esta vez con un tono de esperanza creciente. Las cartas narraban los pequeños triunfos y avances en la lucha por la estabilidad. Oleksandr compartía sus sueños de regresar a casa y abrazar a su familia una vez más. Cada palabra escrita era un recordatorio de su amor y dedicación.
Con la disminución de la tensión en la frontera, Oleksandr y sus compañeros comenzaron a recibir visitas de familiares que habían permanecido en la retaguardia durante el conflicto. Los abrazos entre soldados y seres queridos eran emotivos y llenos de alegría. La presencia de las familias brindaba consuelo y recordaba a los soldados por qué habían luchado con tanto coraje.
En la comunidad de Boryspil, la vida volvía a la normalidad, pero ahora con un sentido de unidad y fortaleza que nunca habían experimentado antes. Las lecciones aprendidas durante la alborada de fuego se mantendrían en el corazón de la ciudad, recordándoles siempre la importancia de la solidaridad y la resiliencia.
A medida que el tiempo avanzaba, Boryspil se convirtió en un ejemplo de recuperación y determinación para otras ciudades afectadas por la guerra en todo el mundo. Los líderes locales compartían sus experiencias y estrategias con
otras comunidades, inspirando un movimiento de solidaridad y esperanza.
Los sonidos de la guerra seguían retumbando en el aire mientras Anastasiya, Bohdan, Mykola y Oleksandr buscaban desesperadamente a sus seres queridos. En medio del caos, las calles se llenaban de gritos y sirenas de ambulancias. Los edificios estaban dañados y los escombros bloqueaban muchas rutas.
Finalmente, Anastasiya encontró a su familia en el refugio de un vecino. Abrazaron a sus seres queridos con lágrimas en los ojos, agradecidos por su seguridad, pero al mismo tiempo preocupados por el incierto futuro que les esperaba. La comunidad se había convertido en un refugio para muchos, un lugar donde el apoyo mutuo era la única certeza.
Bohdan y Mykola se reagruparon en el taller de este último, preocupados por sus obras de arte, pero con el deseo de contribuir de alguna manera en medio de la crisis. Juntos, decidieron que su arte debía ser una expresión de resistencia y esperanza. Comenzaron a escultir y pintar en respuesta a la violencia que sacudía su ciudad.
Mykola creó una escultura de una paloma en vuelo, un símbolo de paz que contrastaba con la destrucción circundante. Bohdan pintó un mural en una pared en ruinas, mostrando a la comunidad trabajando juntos para
reconstruir su hogar. Las obras de arte se convirtieron en faros de esperanza, inspirando a quienes las veían.
Mientras tanto, en la frontera, Oleksandr y sus compañeros continuaban luchando contra el enemigo invasor. La adrenalina y el miedo se mezclaban en cada enfrentamiento, pero su determinación no flaqueaba. Habían jurado defender su tierra y su gente, y estaban dispuestos a darlo todo por ello.
En un momento de calma relativa, Oleksandr se acercó a uno de sus compañeros soldados, Ivan. Ambos habían compartido muchos momentos de peligro juntos y se habían convertido en amigos cercanos a lo largo del conflicto.
—No puedo evitar preocuparme por mi familia en Boryspil —confesó Oleksandr.
Ivan asintió con empatía. —Yo también, Oleksandr. Todos tenemos a alguien a quien extrañamos. Pero debemos mantenernos fuertes y centrados en nuestra misión.
La noche se convirtió en día, y el conflicto continuó con ferocidad. A medida que avanzaban las horas, Anastasiya, Bohdan, Mykola y Oleksandr se encontraron en el centro de la ciudad una vez más. La confusión había disminuido, pero la incertidumbre seguía siendo abrumadora.
—Tenemos que mantenernos unidos y ayudar a nuestra
comunidad en esta situación —dijo Anastasiya con determinación.
Bohdan asintió. —Nuestras obras de arte pueden inspirar a otros a mantener la esperanza en medio de la adversidad.
Mykola agregó: —Y debemos estar listos para ofrecer apoyo emocional a aquellos que han sufrido traumas.
Oleksandr, aún con su uniforme, dijo: —Nuestra tierra necesita nuestra valentía en este momento. Continuemos defendiéndola con todo lo que tenemos.
Juntos, se embarcaron en una nueva fase de la lucha. La alborada de fuego había marcado el comienzo de un capítulo oscuro en sus vidas, pero también había avivado la llama de su resiliencia y unidad. La comunidad se mantuvo firme en medio de la adversidad, decidida a superar los desafíos que se avecinaban.
The image depicts a lively scene in a snowy village, with people gathered around a central fire. The atmosphere is warm and festive, despite the cold weather. The sky is filled with bright, colorful lights, creating a magical ambiance. The village is decorated with banners and flags, adding to the celebratory mood. The people are dressed in traditional winter clothing, and some are playing musical instruments, while others are engaged in conversation or enjoying food and drinks. The overall scene conveys a sense of community and togetherness, with everyone coming together to share in the joy of the occasion.
Capítulo 5
Refugio en la Tormenta
Antes del amanecer, mientras la oscuridad aún abrazaba el mundo con su manto silencioso, la ciudad de Boryspil yacía en una calma tensa, anticipando el alba. A pesar de la serenidad aparente, el aire vibraba con la ansiedad de sus habitantes, cuyos sueños eran perturbados por la sombra de la incertidumbre. En las horas previas a que las primeras luces del día se filtraran a través del velo de la noche, las familias permanecían abrazadas en un intento de encontrar consuelo en el calor compartido, aferrándose a los últimos vestigios de paz.
Anastasiya, acostada en su cama, pero lejos de encontrar descanso, contemplaba el techo con una mirada inquieta. Sus pensamientos navegaban por recuerdos de días más simples, contrastando dolorosamente con la realidad actual. La guerra, con su cruel indiferencia, había transformado su hogar, su ciudad, en un escenario de desesperación y lucha.
—“¿Cómo puede cambiar tanto el mundo en tan poco tiempo?” se preguntaba en silencio, su voz interna buscando respuestas donde no las había.
En algún lugar lejano, más allá de las fronteras de su habitación, Bohdan y Mykola pasaban la noche en vela en el taller. La preocupación por el futuro se mezclaba con la determinación de hacer una diferencia, de dejar una marca de esperanza en medio de la desolación. A través de la ventana, contemplaban el cielo nocturno, buscando estrellas que parecían esconderse, temerosas de la luz venidera que traería consigo el estruendo de la guerra.
—“¿Crees que la gente recordará estos días con algo más que dolor?” murmuraba Mykola, su voz apenas un susurro en la quietud de la madrugada.
—“Lo harán,” respondía Bohdan con una firmeza que luchaba por creer, “porque recordarán cómo resistimos, cómo creamos belleza en medio del caos.”
En la frontera, Oleksandr y sus compañeros permanecían vigilantes, cada sonido nocturno un recordatorio del inminente peligro. La solidaridad entre ellos era su refugio, su fortaleza ante la adversidad. Las conversaciones susurradas compartían esperanzas y temores, tejiendo un lazo de hermandad que los mantenía unidos en la más oscura de las noches.
—“No importa lo que nos depare el mañana,” decía Oleksandr, su mirada perdida en la oscuridad que los rodeaba, “nos tenemos los unos a los otros, y eso nos dará la fuerza para enfrentar lo que sea.”
Con el cielo comenzando a clarear, anunciando el alba de un nuevo día, la tensión en el aire se intensificaba. La belleza del amanecer no lograba ocultar la creciente sensación de inquietud que se apoderaba de Boryspil. Los primeros rayos de luz revelaban no solo la promesa de un nuevo día, sino también la certeza de que nada sería como antes. La guerra, con su sombra alargada, se extendía sobre la ciudad, preparando el escenario para el drama que se desarrollaría bajo la luz del sol naciente.
La luz del amanecer se filtraba débilmente a través de las nubes de ceniza, bañando las calles de Boryspil en un resplandor etéreo. A pesar de la belleza momentánea, la realidad de la guerra se hacía presente en cada esquina: edificios desfigurados por el combate, ventanas rotas que miraban vacías al mundo, y las calles, una vez llenas de vida, ahora marcadas por el paso apresurado de quienes buscaban seguridad.
Anastasiya caminaba por estas calles, cada paso un recordatorio de lo mucho que había cambiado. La memoria de los días tranquilos le pesaba, contrastando agudamente
con el eco de las explosiones lejanas. Al llegar al centro de ayuda, encontró a Kateryna. Su reencuentro fue un pequeño oasis de normalidad en el caos.
—¿Recuerdas cuando solíamos preocuparnos por exámenes y citas?, dijo Anastasiya, intentando forzar una sonrisa. —Ahora, nuestras preocupaciones son de vida o muerte.
Las palabras de Kateryna revelaron una mezcla de gratitud y dolor.
—Estar aquí, contigo y con los demás, me da fuerza. Pero ver a tantos niños asustados... es desgarrador.
Juntas, decidieron que no serían meras espectadoras de la tragedia. Organizaron sesiones de arte y narración para los niños, creando un espacio donde podían expresar sus miedos y encontrar consuelo en la creatividad y la comunidad.
Mientras tanto, Bohdan y Mykola se habían convertido en pilares de esperanza a través de su arte. Bohdan trabajaba en un mural gigantesco que representaba a la comunidad unida, reconstruyendo lo perdido.
—Cada color, cada línea, es un acto de desafío contra la oscuridad", explicaba a un grupo de niños fascinados, "y un recordatorio de que juntos somos invencibles."
Mykola, por su parte, moldeaba una paloma en vuelo, destinada a ser un símbolo de paz en medio del caos. A través de sus manos, el barro cobraba vida, transformándose en un emblema de la esperanza que aún ardía en los corazones de los habitantes de Boryspil. La gente se reunía alrededor de su obra, encontrando en la simpleza y belleza de la paloma una fuente de consuelo y fuerza.
El arte de Bohdan y Mykola, junto con los esfuerzos de Anastasiya y Kateryna, tejía una red de solidaridad y resistencia que abrazaba a toda la comunidad. En Boryspil, a pesar de las cicatrices de la guerra, la esperanza florecía, nutrida por el incansable espíritu de aquellos que se negaban a rendirse ante la adversidad. Y así, en medio de la devastación, la vida encontraba una manera de persistir, de luchar, de soñar con un mañana donde la paz y la normalidad pudieran ser algo más que un recuerdo lejano. En medio del caos y la incertidumbre, la comunidad de Boryspil buscaba desesperadamente refugio y consuelo. Los estruendos de la guerra y las explosiones ocasionales recordaban a todos el peligro inminente. Anastasiya, Bohdan, Mykola y Oleksandr se esforzaron por mantenerse fuertes, buscando formas de apoyar a quienes los rodeaban. Anastasiya, con el rostro marcado por el temor y la preocupación, encontró a Kateryna en el centro de ayuda. Las dos amigas se fundieron en un abrazo, encontrando consuelo en su mutua compañía.
—“Kateryna, estoy tan agradecida de verte a salvo,” confesó Anastasiya, las lágrimas inundando sus ojos.
—“Yo también estoy agradecida, Anastasiya. Pero es desgarrador ver todo esto,” respondió Kateryna, con una sonrisa triste.
Observando a su alrededor, vieron a familias que habían perdido todo. La desolación era palpable, pero también lo era la determinación en sus corazones.
—“No podemos quedarnos de brazos cruzados, Kateryna. Debemos ayudar,” insistió Anastasiya con firmeza.
—“Tienes razón, amiga. Haremos todo lo posible por nuestra comunidad,” acordó Kateryna.
Juntas, organizaron grupos de apoyo para los niños afectados por la violencia, proporcionándoles un espacio seguro para expresar sus miedos y ansiedades.
Bohdan y Mykola, por otro lado, encontraron en su arte un faro de esperanza. La plaza pública se llenó de espectadores admirando sus obras en progreso. El mural de Bohdan y la escultura de Mykola se convirtieron en símbolos de resistencia.
—“Tu arte nos da esperanza, joven. Gracias,” le dijo un anciano a Mykola, con lágrimas en los ojos.
—“Es un honor aportar algo de luz,” respondió Mykola, su sonrisa cálida iluminando su rostro.
Bohdan continuó su mural con pasión. Cada pincelada era una declaración de resistencia.
—“Tu mural es asombroso, Bohdan. Es un recordatorio de nuestra fuerza unida,” le dijo un vecino, admirando el
trabajo.
—“Es lo que espero lograr. Inspirar a todos a reconstruir juntos,” respondió Bohdan, gratitud en su voz.
La música se unió al arte como un bálsamo para la comunidad. Los conciertos al aire libre llenaron las calles de melodías, recordando a todos la persistente belleza de la vida, incluso en la adversidad.
La plaza se convirtió en un símbolo de calma y esperanza. El arte, la música y la solidaridad tejieron un refugio en medio de la tormenta, recordando a todos que, juntos, podían enfrentar cualquier desafío.
A medida que el sol se ponía, la comunidad de Boryspil se mantuvo unida y fuerte, enfrentando los desafíos con valentía. Anastasiya, Bohdan, Mykola y Oleksandr, junto con todos los ciudadanos, habían forjado una nueva familia, unida por la experiencia compartida y la determinación de superar.
La vida en Boryspil continuaba, transformada pero resiliente. La comunidad se había convertido en un faro de esperanza y belleza, listo para sanar y reconstruir, llevando consigo las cicatrices de la guerra como recordatorios de su fuerza y capacidad de recuperación.
—"Estamos en esto juntos, y juntos reconstruiremos nuestra ciudad," declaró Anastasiya, inspirando a todos. La ciudad comenzó a transformarse, lentamente borrando las cicatrices de la guerra y floreciendo una vez más, un testimonio de la determinación inquebrantable de su gente.
The painting depicts a group of people gathered around a table, engaged in an art activity. The scene is vibrant and colorful, with various flags and banners visible in the background, suggesting a multicultural or international setting. The individuals appear to be of different ages and ethnicities, contributing to a sense of community and inclusivity. The overall atmosphere is one of creativity and collaboration, with everyone actively participating in the artistic process.
Capítulo 6
Ecos de Resistencia
A pesar del miedo y la desolación que reinaban en Boryspil, un espíritu de resistencia comenzó a surgir entre sus habitantes. La guerra había dejado cicatrices profundas, pero también había encendido una chispa de determinación en el corazón de la comunidad.
Anastasiya, con su espíritu compasivo y decidido, se convirtió en una líder natural en este momento crítico. Tras asegurarse de que todos en su familia estaban a salvo en su hogar, decidió dedicar su tiempo y energía a ayudar a los niños que habían sido afectados por el conflicto. Fundó grupos de apoyo en el centro de ayuda local, donde los pequeños podían compartir sus miedos y preocupaciones.
—Sabemos que es un momento difícil, pero no están solos. Estamos aquí para apoyarnos mutuamente y encontrar
fuerza en nuestra comunidad —les dijo Anastasiya a los niños, sus ojos llenos de empatía.
Los niños, muchos de ellos traumatizados por lo que habían presenciado, comenzaron a encontrar consuelo en estos grupos de apoyo. Anastasiya les proporcionaba un espacio seguro para expresar sus emociones y les enseñaba técnicas de afrontamiento para lidiar con el estrés y la ansiedad. La luz de la esperanza comenzaba a brillar en sus corazones, y la resistencia tomaba forma en sus jóvenes mentes.
La artista les animaba a expresar sus emociones a través del arte, dándoles pinceles, papel y pinturas para que plasmaran sus sentimientos. Los niños pintaban paisajes de paz y armonía, utilizando colores brillantes para contrastar con los oscuros recuerdos de la guerra. A medida que las horas avanzaban, la sala se llenaba de risas y colores, y los niños compartían sus obras con orgullo.
Anastasiya también les contaba historias de valentía y esperanza, inspirándolos a enfrentar los desafíos con coraje. Les recordaba que, aunque la oscuridad parecía abrumadora, siempre había un rayo de luz esperando ser descubierto.
Mientras los niños encontraban refugio en la expresión artística y el apoyo emocional, Anastasiya se aseguraba de que cada uno de ellos se sintiera escuchado y comprendido. El espíritu de resistencia comenzaba a tomar forma en la
comunidad, y los ecos de esperanza se propagaban, incluso en medio de la adversidad más oscura.
Mientras Anastasiya lideraba grupos de apoyo para niños, Bohdan y Mykola continuaban utilizando su arte como una forma de protesta y curación en el corazón de Boryspil.
Bohdan se había embarcado en un proyecto ambicioso: un mural en una plaza pública que representaba a los ciudadanos trabajando juntos para reconstruir su hogar. Cada día, escalaba el andamio con su paleta de colores y pinceles, decidido a plasmar la resistencia y la esperanza de la comunidad en cada trazo de pintura.
La plaza se había convertido en un lugar de reunión para los habitantes de Boryspil. Los niños, jóvenes y adultos se detenían para observar el progreso del mural. Los colores vivos y la representación de la comunidad unida les recordaban que estaban juntos en esta lucha.
Un anciano, con arrugas en el rostro que hablaban de experiencias pasadas, se acercó a Bohdan mientras pintaba. —Tu mural es un testimonio de nuestra resistencia, joven artista. Nos recuerda que debemos mantenernos fuertes en tiempos difíciles.
Bohdan sonrió y asintió. —Esa es precisamente la idea, señor. Quiero que todos vean que juntos somos capaces de superar cualquier desafío.
Mientras tanto, Mykola seguía trabajando en su escultura de una paloma en vuelo. La figura de arcilla comenzaba a tomar vida bajo sus hábiles manos. La paloma se había convertido en un símbolo de paz en medio de la devastación, un recordatorio constante de la esperanza que aún brillaba en el horizonte.
Algunas personas se sentaban a observar a Mykola mientras trabajaba, sus ojos siguiendo cada movimiento de sus manos. La expresión de concentración en el rostro del artista era evidente mientras daba forma a la escultura con amor y dedicación.
Un joven se acercó tímidamente a Mykola. —¿Por qué haces una paloma, señor Mykola?
Mykola dejó de modelar por un momento y sonrió al joven. —La paloma es un símbolo de paz, algo que todos anhelamos en tiempos como estos. Quiero recordarnos que, incluso en medio de la guerra, debemos seguir buscando la paz y la esperanza.
El joven asintió, sus ojos reflejando comprensión. —Espero que la paz vuelva pronto.
Mykola retomó su trabajo, sintiendo que cada toque de arcilla era una contribución a la esperanza colectiva de la comunidad. La escultura de la paloma en vuelo comenzaba a tomar forma, y la gente se congregaba a su alrededor,
encontrando consuelo en su belleza y significado.
La resistencia no solo se manifestaba en el arte, sino también en la música. Los músicos locales se unieron para ofrecer conciertos al aire libre, llenando las calles con melodías que elevaban el espíritu de todos. Los sonidos de violines, guitarras y voces se entrelazaban en armonía, recordando a la comunidad que la vida aún tenía belleza en medio de la adversidad.
Mientras Bohdan y Mykola continuaban con sus obras de arte en medio de la plaza, la comunidad se acercaba cada vez más para presenciar el proceso de transformación. Los niños se sentaban en el suelo, sus ojos llenos de asombro, mientras observaban las pinceladas de Bohdan y la habilidad de Mykola con la arcilla. Los adultos, por su parte, se detenían en sus quehaceres diarios para admirar las obras.
Anastasiya, quien había llegado al lugar después de sus actividades con los niños en el centro de ayuda, se unió a la multitud. Observó a Bohdan y Mykola con admiración, sintiendo un profundo agradecimiento por su contribución a la comunidad.
Bohdan notó la presencia de Anastasiya y la saludó con una sonrisa. —Anastasiya, me alegra que estés aquí. Estamos tratando de transmitir un mensaje de esperanza a través de nuestro arte.
Ella asintió con aprecio. —Lo están logrando. Esta plaza se llena de vida y significado con cada pincelada y cada toque de la arcilla.
Mykola, con las manos todavía ocupadas en su escultura de la paloma en vuelo, asintió con gratitud. —Anastasiya, tu trabajo con los niños también es fundamental. Estás ayudando a sanar las heridas invisibles que esta guerra ha causado.
Anastasiya sonrió y miró a los niños que se habían reunido a su alrededor. —Todos estamos haciendo lo que podemos para apoyar a nuestra comunidad. Juntos somos más fuertes.
Mientras los artistas continuaban con su obra, un grupo de personas mayores se acercó para ofrecer su ayuda. Trajeron mantas y alimentos para compartir con quienes habían perdido sus hogares. La solidaridad de la comunidad era palpable, y cada acto de bondad reforzaba el espíritu de resistencia.
Un hombre mayor, de cabello plateado, se dirigió a Bohdan y Mykola. —Sus obras son un regalo para nuestra ciudad, jóvenes. Gracias por recordarnos la belleza que aún existe en medio de la adversidad.
Mykola inclinó la cabeza con humildad. —Gracias por su apoyo. La belleza y la esperanza son más importantes que
nunca en estos tiempos difíciles.
Bohdan agregó, con gratitud en sus ojos. —Es un honor poder contribuir a la curación de nuestra comunidad a través del arte.
La música también se convirtió en una forma de sanación en Boryspil. Los músicos locales ofrecieron conciertos al aire libre, llenando las calles con melodías que elevaban el espíritu de todos. La música unía a la comunidad, brindando un respiro en medio de la angustia y recordándoles que la vida aún tenía belleza en medio de la adversidad.
A medida que el día avanzaba y las obras de Bohdan y Mykola continuaban tomando forma en la plaza pública, la comunidad se sumía aún más en la atmósfera de esperanza y unidad que los rodeaba. Los niños, quienes se habían convertido en espectadores entusiastas, comenzaron a hacer preguntas a los artistas sobre sus obras y su significado.
Un niño de ojos curiosos se acercó a Bohdan y levantó la mano con timidez. —¿Por qué estás pintando a la gente trabajando juntos, señor Bohdan?
Bohdan se agachó para estar a la altura del niño y le sonrió. —Estoy pintando a la gente trabajando juntos porque eso es lo que hace que nuestra comunidad sea fuerte, pequeño
amigo. Cuando trabajamos juntos, podemos superar cualquier desafío, incluso los momentos difíciles como este.
El niño asintió con comprensión y luego miró a Mykola, quien seguía dando forma a su escultura de la paloma en vuelo. —¿Y tú, señor Mykola? ¿Por qué haces una paloma?
Mykola continuó modelando con cuidado mientras respondía. —La paloma es un símbolo de paz, un recordatorio de que incluso en tiempos de guerra, debemos anhelar la paz y trabajar hacia ella. Espero que esta paloma nos ayude a encontrar la calma en medio de la tormenta.
Los adultos también participaron en la conversación, compartiendo historias de sus propias experiencias y reflexiones sobre la importancia del arte en tiempos difíciles. Un anciano de cabello canoso compartió una anécdota sobre cómo había aprendido a pintar durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial como una forma de sobrellevar el miedo y la incertidumbre.
La música, que seguía llenando el aire con su melodía sanadora, atrajo a un grupo de jóvenes que comenzaron a tocar instrumentos improvisados. La comunidad se unió en un coro improvisado, cantando canciones de esperanza y resiliencia. Los aplausos y vítores resonaron en la plaza mientras la música llenaba los corazones de todos.
Anastasiya, quien había estado conversando con los niños
y los adultos por igual, se acercó a Bohdan y Mykola con una mirada de profundo agradecimiento. —Lo que están haciendo aquí es asombroso. Están uniendo a nuestra comunidad de una manera que nunca imaginé posible.
Bohdan sonrió y asintió. —La belleza y la esperanza son poderosas, Anastasiya. Cuando las compartimos, podemos superar incluso los momentos más oscuros.
Mykola agregó con determinación. —Esta es nuestra forma de resistir y sanar. Espero que nuestras obras inspiren a otros a hacer lo mismo.
La plaza se había convertido en un refugio de calma y esperanza en medio de la tormenta. El arte, la música y la comunidad se entrelazaban en un abrazo reconfortante que recordaba a todos que, juntos, podían enfrentar cualquier desafío. Boryspil estaba encontrando su fuerza en la solidaridad y la creatividad de su gente, y esa fuerza los llevaría hacia la reconstrucción y un futuro más brillante.
La música y el arte continuaron siendo fuentes de consuelo y resistencia en la comunidad de Boryspil. Los días pasaban, y Anastasiya, Bohdan, Mykola y Oleksandr se sumergieron aún más en sus respectivas contribuciones a la lucha por la resistencia y la curación.
Anastasiya había establecido grupos de apoyo para niños que habían experimentado traumas durante los eventos
iniciales de la guerra. Se reunían en el centro de ayuda y compartían sus miedos, pero también sus esperanzas y sueños. Anastasiya les proporcionaba un espacio seguro donde podían expresar sus emociones y encontrar consuelo entre sus compañeros.
—Anastasiya, gracias por ayudarnos a entender lo que está sucediendo. Me siento menos asustado cuando estoy aquí —dijo un niño de ojos grandes mientras sostenía un dibujo que había hecho durante la reunión.
Anastasiya sonrió con ternura. —Estoy aquí para ti y para todos ustedes. Juntos podemos apoyarnos mutuamente y encontrar la fuerza para superar esto.
Bohdan, por su parte, había convertido su arte en una poderosa forma de protesta y memoria. Cada mural y pintura que creaba llevaba consigo una historia, una narrativa visual que capturaba la esencia de la resistencia de su comunidad. Sus obras se habían convertido en testigos silenciosos de los eventos que habían sacudido a Boryspil.
Una tarde, mientras trabajaba en un nuevo mural que mostraba a los ciudadanos protegiendo sus hogares con valentía, una mujer se acercó a Bohdan con lágrimas en los ojos. —Tu arte nos recuerda por qué seguimos luchando, Bohdan. Gracias por inmortalizar la valentía de nuestra comunidad.
Bohdan asintió, conmovido por las palabras de la mujer. —Es un honor representar a personas tan valientes como ustedes. Juntos, superaremos cualquier adversidad.
Mykola continuaba esculpiendo sus obras con devoción, y su escultura de la paloma en vuelo había ganado notoriedad en toda la ciudad. La gente se reunía a su alrededor, encontrando inspiración y consuelo en la elegante simplicidad de la paloma.
Una niña se acercó a Mykola con timidez y señaló la escultura. —¿Puedo tocarla?
Mykola sonrió y asintió. —Por supuesto, pequeña. La paloma es para todos. Es un símbolo de paz y esperanza.
La niña acarició con cuidado la escultura y luego miró a Mykola. —Me hace sentir mejor, como si todo fuera a estar bien algún día.
Mykola la abrazó con ternura. —Eso es exactamente lo que queremos transmitir con esta escultura. Mantén viva la esperanza, incluso en los momentos más oscuros.
Oleksandr, en la frontera, encontraba fortaleza en la solidaridad de sus compañeros soldados. Cada día era un desafío, pero sabía que no estaba solo en esta lucha. Compartían historias sobre sus seres queridos y sus hogares, encontrando consuelo en la comprensión mutua.
Una noche, mientras compartían una fogata, uno de los soldados habló en voz alta lo que muchos pensaban. —La lucha es dura, pero sé que estamos haciendo lo correcto. Proteger a nuestra tierra y a nuestra gente es lo más importante.
Oleksandr asintió con seriedad. —Tienes razón. No importa lo difícil que sea, debemos seguir adelante por nuestro país y nuestra comunidad. La solidaridad que compartimos aquí es lo que nos dará la fuerza para resistir.
El espíritu de resistencia y unión se extendía por toda Boryspil, creando una red de apoyo que sostenía a la comunidad en sus momentos más oscuros. La esperanza brillaba en medio de la adversidad, y los personajes principales y los ciudadanos comunes continuaban demostrando que juntos podían superar cualquier desafío que la guerra les arrojara.
El paso del tiempo no disminuyó el espíritu de resistencia que había arraigado en la comunidad de Boryspil. A pesar de las amenazas constantes de la guerra, los ciudadanos seguían demostrando valentía y compasión en sus acciones diarias. La solidaridad y la determinación los mantenían unidos, y los personajes principales continuaban liderando con el ejemplo.
Anastasiya, Bohdan, Mykola y Oleksandr habían encontrado en su comunidad una familia extendida que
compartía su lucha. Los lazos que se habían formado durante los momentos más oscuros eran inquebrantables y significativos. La alborada de fuego había dejado cicatrices en sus vidas, pero también había revelado la resiliencia y el espíritu indomable de su gente.
Anastasiya seguía siendo un faro de esperanza y apoyo para los niños de Boryspil. Sus grupos de apoyo se habían convertido en un refugio emocional para los pequeños que habían sido testigos de la violencia y la destrucción. Cada sesión se centraba en el proceso de curación a través del arte, el juego y la expresión.
—Anastasiya, ¿por qué pintamos estos cuadros de esperanza? —preguntó un niño mientras sumergía su pincel en la paleta de colores.
Anastasiya sonrió y se acercó al niño. —Pintamos cuadros de esperanza porque, incluso en los momentos más difíciles, debemos recordar que hay belleza y bondad en el mundo. Cuando pintamos lo que nos hace felices, creamos un lugar seguro dentro de nosotros mismos.
Bohdan seguía utilizando su arte como una herramienta de protesta y memoria. Cada nueva obra que creaba se convertía en un recordatorio visual de la determinación y valentía de su comunidad. Sus murales se habían vuelto icónicos en la ciudad, y la gente venía de todas partes para admirar su trabajo.
Un anciano se detuvo frente a uno de los murales de Bohdan y suspiró. —Tu arte nos recuerda que somos más fuertes cuando trabajamos juntos. Cada pincelada es un acto de resistencia y amor por nuestra ciudad.
Bohdan asintió, con gratitud en sus ojos. —Así es. El arte es nuestra voz en estos tiempos difíciles, y debemos usarlo para contar nuestra historia.
Mykola continuaba esculpiendo, y su escultura de la paloma en vuelo se había convertido en un símbolo de esperanza y resistencia en la comunidad. La gente se acercaba para tocar la escultura y encontrar consuelo en su belleza.
Una madre se acercó a Mykola con su hija pequeña en brazos. —Mi hija ama tu paloma. Dice que le da esperanza para el futuro.
Mykola sonrió y acarició la cabeza de la niña. —Esa es la razón por la que la hice, para recordarnos que incluso en los momentos más oscuros, la esperanza está presente si la buscamos.
Oleksandr y sus compañeros soldados seguían protegiendo la frontera con valentía. La camaradería entre ellos se fortalecía con cada día que pasaba, y compartían risas y cuentos en medio de la incertidumbre.
Una noche, mientras descansaban alrededor de una fogata, uno de los soldados habló en voz alta. —Nuestra lucha es
dura, pero cuando miro a mi alrededor y veo a todos ustedes, sé que estamos haciendo lo correcto.
Oleksandr asintió con determinación. —Nuestra comunidad nos necesita, y debemos seguir adelante por ellos y por nuestro país. La solidaridad que compartimos aquí es nuestra fuerza.
El espíritu de resistencia y unidad seguía vivo en Boryspil, sosteniendo a la comunidad en sus momentos más oscuros. La esperanza brillaba en medio de la adversidad, y los personajes principales, junto con sus conciudadanos, continuaban demostrando que juntos podían superar cualquier desafío que la guerra les presentara. La alborada de fuego los había marcado, pero también los había fortalecido.
The painting of the city is a collective effort, with artists from different backgrounds and styles coming together to create something beautiful and meaningful. The city's history and culture are reflected in the artwork, making it a true representation of the community.
La quietud se había instalado en Boryspil después de la tormenta de la guerra. Los estruendos de los combates habían cesado, y la ciudad y sus habitantes se encontraban en un respiro temporal. Para los personajes principales y los ciudadanos comunes, este período de pausa brindaba una oportunidad para la reflexión profunda.
Anastasiya se sentó en su pequeño apartamento, observando el sol ponerse lentamente en el horizonte. La guerra había dejado cicatrices en su corazón y en su comunidad, pero también la había transformado en una líder fuerte y resiliente. Recordó a sus alumnos, las risas y los desafíos que habían compartido antes de la guerra. Suspiró con nostalgia y prometió que haría todo lo posible para que esos niños tuvieran un futuro mejor.
—Mamá, ¿cuándo volveremos a la escuela? —preguntó su hija pequeña, interrumpiendo sus pensamientos.
Anastasiya la abrazó con cariño. —Pronto, mi amor. Pronto volveremos a la escuela, y todo estará bien. —Sus palabras estaban cargadas de esperanza y determinación, sabiendo que la educación era la clave para el futuro de su hija y de todos los niños de la ciudad.
Bohdan continuó trabajando en sus murales por toda la ciudad, pero esta vez sus obras hablaban de reconstrucción y esperanza. Un mural en particular mostraba a la comunidad unida, levantando edificios destrozados y sembrando árboles en medio de la ciudad. Era un recordatorio de que la fuerza de la comunidad podía superar cualquier adversidad.
En una tarde soleada, un grupo de jóvenes se acercó a Bohdan mientras trabajaba en su mural. —Señor Bohdan, su arte nos inspira. Queremos ayudar a reconstruir nuestra ciudad.
Bohdan sonrió y asintió. —Estoy emocionado de escuchar eso. La reconstrucción es un esfuerzo conjunto, y cada mano que se une nos acerca más a nuestro objetivo. —Los jóvenes se sumaron al trabajo de Bohdan, tomando pinceles y comenzando a pintar con entusiasmo. Era un acto simbólico de unidad y compromiso con la recuperación de la ciudad.
Mykola continuaba esculpiendo en su taller, y su lugar se había convertido en un centro de encuentro para la comunidad. La gente venía a aprender sobre el arte y a encontrar consuelo en la creatividad. Mykola se dio cuenta de que su escultura de la paloma en vuelo había llegado a representar la esperanza de la comunidad.
Un joven se acercó a Mykola con una bolsa de arcilla en la mano. —Quiero aprender a esculpir como usted, señor Mykola.
Mykola aceptó la bolsa y sonrió. —Te enseñaré con gusto. El arte es una forma hermosa de sanar y expresarse. — Comenzó a darle al joven algunas pautas básicas sobre cómo manejar la arcilla y dar forma a sus ideas. La expresión de gratitud en el rostro del joven era evidente mientras comenzaba su viaje en el mundo del arte.
La ciudad se llenaba de actividad creativa, y cada pincelada y escultura era un recordatorio de la resiliencia de la comunidad y su determinación de reconstruir no solo edificios, sino también espíritus y esperanzas.
Oleksandr, mientras tanto, continuaba escribiendo cartas a su esposa e hijos. Cada carta era un recordatorio de su amor y dedicación, una promesa de que volvería a casa. Las cartas se habían convertido en una conexión vital con su hogar, una forma de mantener viva la esperanza y la promesa de un reencuentro.
Una noche, mientras escribía en su tienda de campaña, Oleksandr se encontró con otro soldado que estaba haciendo lo mismo. Compartieron historias sobre sus seres queridos y sus esperanzas para el futuro. La camaradería entre los soldados se fortalecía a medida que compartían sus experiencias y esperanzas.
—Mi esposa está esperando a nuestro primer hijo —dijo el otro soldado con una sonrisa triste—. No puedo esperar para conocerlo.
Oleksandr asintió con empatía. —Cuando volvamos a casa, celebraremos juntos esos momentos que hemos perdido. —La conversación con su compañero soldado le recordó la importancia de regresar a casa y estar con su propia familia.
La guerra había dejado marcas indelebles en todos ellos, pero también había fortalecido su determinación de regresar a sus seres queridos. Las cartas se habían convertido en un hilo que los conectaba con la vida que anhelaban y que esperaban recuperar pronto.
La quietud de la ciudad ofrecía a estos cuatro protagonistas y a la comunidad en general un espacio para reflexionar sobre lo que habían perdido, pero también sobre lo que habían ganado en términos de resiliencia y unidad. Boryspil estaba en el camino hacia su reconstrucción, y cada corazón y mente comprometidos con ese objetivo eran un paso más cerca de un futuro más esperanzador.
La conversación se extendió a medida que cada soldado compartía detalles de su vida en casa. Algunos mencionaron a sus padres ancianos, mientras que otros hablaron de hermanos menores que habían dejado atrás. A través de sus palabras, la tienda de campaña se llenó de la vida y el amor que todos extrañaban.
—Mi hijo está aprendiendo a caminar, y tengo miedo de que no me reconozca cuando regrese —dijo otro soldado con una nota de tristeza en su voz.
Oleksandr puso una mano en su hombro en un gesto de apoyo. —Nuestros seres queridos saben que estamos luchando por un futuro mejor para ellos. Eso es lo que importa.
La guerra había dejado marcas indelebles en todos ellos, pero también había fortalecido su determinación de regresar a sus seres queridos. Cada carta escrita en la quietud de la noche, cada historia compartida en la tienda de campaña, era un recordatorio de que, a pesar de la distancia y el tiempo, su amor y compromiso con sus familias seguían intactos. La esperanza era un faro que los guiaba a través de las oscuras aguas de la guerra, y cada palabra escrita era un paso más cerca de ese anhelado reencuentro.
Mientras tanto, la comunidad comenzaba a reconstruir sus hogares y sus vidas. Las casas dañadas estaban siendo reparadas con la ayuda de voluntarios, y los escombros de
los edificios destruidos se retiraban lentamente. Cada paso hacia la reconstrucción era un acto de resistencia contra la devastación que la guerra había traído.
Oleksandr y sus compañeros soldados continuaban su servicio en la frontera, pero ahora también se involucraban en proyectos comunitarios. Ayudaban a transportar materiales de construcción y participaban en la limpieza de áreas afectadas por la guerra.
—Es importante que estemos aquí para nuestra comunidad —dijo Oleksandr mientras trabajaba junto a sus compañeros—. La paz y la seguridad son nuestro objetivo.
La solidaridad entre los ciudadanos y los soldados fortalecía aún más la determinación de todos. La ciudad comenzaba a tomar forma nuevamente, y cada edificio restaurado era un triunfo sobre la adversidad. Los niños corrían y jugaban en las calles, riendo mientras veían cómo su ciudad renacía.
Un anciano de cabello plateado observaba con una sonrisa en el rostro. —Nuestra comunidad es fuerte y resiliente. Juntos, podemos superar cualquier desafío.
Los ciudadanos se unían en cada esfuerzo, compartiendo recursos y ofreciendo apoyo emocional a quienes lo necesitaban. Las historias de valentía y compasión se compartían en cada rincón de la ciudad, inspirando a todos a seguir adelante.
—La guerra nos ha robado mucho, pero no permitiremos que nos quite nuestra esperanza —dijo una mujer mientras trabajaba en la reparación de su hogar—. Estamos reconstruyendo no solo nuestras casas, sino también nuestro futuro.
Oleksandr, después de una larga jornada de trabajo, regresó a su tienda de campaña y tomó una de las cartas que había escrito a su esposa e hijos. La miró con cariño antes de agregar algunas líneas más.
"La ciudad está comenzando a recuperarse", escribió. "La solidaridad y la determinación de nuestra comunidad son increíbles. Cada día estamos un paso más cerca de regresar a casa".
Las palabras que había escrito eran un reflejo de la fortaleza y la esperanza que había encontrado en su comunidad. A pesar de los desafíos que enfrentaban, todos estaban decididos a reconstruir sus vidas y a mirar hacia un futuro mejor.
La comunidad de Boryspil estaba en plena efervescencia de actividad mientras se esforzaba por reconstruir lo que la guerra había destruido. La esperanza y la unidad llenaban el aire a medida que cada ciudadano aportaba su grano de arena en la tarea monumental de recuperar su ciudad.
Anastasiya continuaba con su labor de apoyo emocional a
los niños. Había organizado grupos de apoyo donde los pequeños podían expresar sus emociones y preocupaciones. Sentados en círculo, compartían sus experiencias y hablaban de sus sueños para el futuro. Anastasiya les brindaba herramientas para afrontar el trauma que habían vivido, enseñándoles a transformar su dolor en resiliencia.
Un niño de mirada triste compartió su historia en una de las sesiones de grupo. —Extraño mi hogar, extraño mi habitación. ¿Cuándo podremos volver?
Anastasiya lo abrazó con ternura. —Sé que extrañas tu hogar, pero estamos trabajando para que todos podamos regresar pronto. Y mientras tanto, estamos construyendo un nuevo hogar aquí en nuestra comunidad, un lugar donde todos somos una gran familia.
Bohdan, por su parte, había comenzado a utilizar su arte como una forma de protesta y memoria. Junto con otros artistas de la ciudad, pintaba murales que narraban las historias de valentía y resistencia de su comunidad. Uno de sus murales más conmovedores mostraba a un grupo de niños sonrientes que sostenían flores en sus manos, simbolizando la esperanza y la fortaleza de la juventud en tiempos de adversidad.
Un hombre mayor se acercó a Bohdan mientras pintaba. —Tu arte nos recuerda que la belleza puede florecer incluso
en medio de la destrucción. Gracias por compartir tu talento con nosotros.
Bohdan sonrió y asintió. —Es un honor para mí poder contribuir de esta manera. El arte tiene el poder de sanar y unir a la comunidad.
Mykola, con las manos manchadas de arcilla, seguía creando esculturas que inspiraban a todos los que las veían. Su taller se había convertido en un centro de creatividad y esperanza. La gente venía a aprender sobre el arte y a encontrar consuelo en la expresión artística.
Una joven madre le preguntó a Mykola mientras observaba su escultura de la paloma en vuelo. —¿Cómo puedes crear algo tan hermoso en medio de la tristeza?
Mykola sonrió con suavidad. —El arte es una forma de expresar nuestras emociones y encontrar belleza incluso en los momentos más difíciles. Esta paloma simboliza la paz que anhelamos, y al crearla, encontramos un refugio en medio de la tormenta.
Oleksandr, junto con sus compañeros soldados, se había involucrado plenamente en la reconstrucción de la ciudad. Ayudaban a transportar materiales, reparaban infraestructuras dañadas y trabajaban junto a los ciudadanos en la limpieza de las áreas afectadas por la guerra. Cada día, veían el progreso que estaban logrando y se sentían
inspirados por la determinación de su comunidad.
Una mujer agradecida se acercó a Oleksandr mientras trabajaba en la reparación de una escuela. —Gracias por estar aquí y ayudarnos a recuperar lo que perdimos.
Oleksandr asintió con humildad. —Estamos juntos en esto. La paz y la seguridad son nuestro objetivo, y juntos lo lograremos.
La paleta de colores de la comunidad se estaba llenando de esperanza y resiliencia a medida que cada persona contribuía con sus talentos y esfuerzos. La ciudad estaba comenzando a brillar nuevamente, y en medio de la reconstrucción, la gente encontraba fuerzas para seguir adelante. Habían demostrado que la adversidad solo fortalecía su determinación de construir un futuro mejor.
Los días pasaban, y la comunidad de Boryspil continuaba su lucha por la reconstrucción y la recuperación. A pesar de los desafíos persistentes, el espíritu de resistencia y la unidad prevalecían en cada rincón de la ciudad.
Anastasiya estaba determinada a proporcionar apoyo no solo a los niños, sino también a los adultos que habían experimentado traumas profundos durante la guerra. Organizó grupos de terapia de apoyo para los residentes de la ciudad, brindando un espacio seguro donde podían compartir sus emociones y recibir orientación para sanar.
sus heridas internas.
En una de las sesiones de terapia grupal, un hombre mayor compartió su experiencia. —He vivido muchas guerras a lo largo de los años, pero esta fue la más devastadora. Perdí a mi esposa y a mis dos hijos en el conflicto.
Las lágrimas corrían por su rostro mientras hablaba, y los demás asistentes se conmovieron por su dolor. Anastasiya extendió una mano reconfortante hacia él. —Lamento mucho tu pérdida. Estamos aquí para apoyarte en tu proceso de curación.
Bohdan, por su parte, había formado un grupo de artistas locales que trabajaban juntos en proyectos comunitarios. Habían comenzado a restaurar la fachada de un edificio histórico en el centro de la ciudad que había sido dañado durante la guerra. Cada pincelada era un acto de renacimiento y un tributo a la historia de Boryspil.
Mientras trabajaban en el proyecto, un joven pintor se acercó a Bohdan. —No puedo creer que estemos restaurando esto. Mi abuela solía contarme historias sobre este edificio cuando era niño.
Bohdan asintió, con una sonrisa en el rostro. —Estamos preservando la historia y creando un futuro mejor para las generaciones venideras.
Mykola seguía modelando en su taller, y su obra se había
vuelto aún más conmovedora. Había comenzado a esculpir retratos de personas de la comunidad que habían perdido a seres queridos en la guerra. Cada escultura estaba llena de emoción y honraba la memoria de aquellos que habían dado sus vidas.
Un padre conmovido se acercó a Mykola mientras modelaba un retrato. —Mi hijo era un soldado valiente. Gracias por mantener viva su memoria.
Mykola asintió con respeto. —Es un honor para mí poder hacerlo. Sus seres queridos nunca serán olvidados.
Oleksandr y sus compañeros soldados también continuaban su labor en la reconstrucción de la ciudad. La camaradería entre ellos se había fortalecido a medida que trabajaban codo a codo con los ciudadanos de Boryspil.
Uno de los soldados se acercó a Oleksandr mientras cargaban materiales de construcción en un camión. —Es un honor servir a nuestra comunidad de esta manera. Estamos construyendo un futuro mejor para todos.
Oleksandr asintió con determinación. —Cada ladrillo que colocamos es un paso hacia la paz y la recuperación. Estamos en esto juntos.
La comunidad de Boryspil había encontrado en la solidaridad y la creatividad la fuerza para sanar y reconstruir. Cada esfuerzo, ya fuera una pincelada, una escultura, una
sesión de terapia o un trabajo de construcción, contribuía al renacimiento de la ciudad. Boryspil se estaba levantando de las cenizas de la guerra con una determinación inquebrantable y la certeza de que un futuro mejor les esperaba.
The dove of peace is a symbol of hope and reconciliation, often used to represent the end of conflict and the beginning of a new era of peace and harmony. In this image, the dove is seen flying over a group of people who are engaged in various activities, such as painting and cooking. The presence of soldiers in the background suggests that the image may be depicting a post-conflict situation where people are working together to rebuild their lives and society. The overall message of the image is one of hope and renewal, as people come together to create a better future for themselves and their community.
El proceso de reconstrucción en Boryspil continuaba, y con cada día que pasaba, la ciudad comenzaba a renacer de las cenizas de la guerra. Los personajes principales y los ciudadanos comunes se unían en un esfuerzo colectivo para restaurar su hogar y sus vidas.
Anastasiya había ampliado su trabajo de terapia de apoyo para incluir talleres de arte terapia. Los residentes de la ciudad tenían la oportunidad de expresar sus emociones a través del arte, lo que les permitía sanar de una manera creativa y liberadora.
Una mujer que había perdido a su esposo en el conflicto compartió su experiencia durante uno de los talleres. —El arte me ha ayudado a liberar el dolor y la tristeza que llevaba dentro. Gracias, Anastasiya, por brindarnos esta
oportunidad.
Anastasiya sonrió con gratitud. —El arte tiene el poder de sanar y unirnos. Estamos aquí para apoyarnos mutuamente en este viaje.
Bohdan continuaba trabajando en murales por toda la ciudad, pero ahora se centraba en retratar a personas comunes que habían demostrado valentía y resistencia durante la guerra. Sus murales celebraban la fuerza de la comunidad y honraban a aquellos que habían dado todo por su ciudad.
Un grupo de niños se reunió alrededor de Bohdan mientras pintaba un mural en una escuela. —¿Quiénes son esas personas, señor Bohdan?
Bohdan les explicó con pasión. —Son héroes de nuestra ciudad, personas como ustedes que lucharon por un futuro mejor. Sus historias merecen ser contadas.
Mykola continuaba esculpiendo retratos conmovedores de aquellos que habían perdido seres queridos. Había establecido un memorial en el centro de la ciudad, donde las esculturas recordaban a las víctimas de la guerra y brindaban consuelo a sus familias.
Un hombre mayor se acercó a Mykola y señaló una de las esculturas. —Mi hija, ella era una enfermera valiente. Gracias por mantener viva su memoria.
Mykola asintió con respeto. —Es un honor poder hacerlo. Sus seres queridos nunca serán olvidados.
Oleksandr y sus compañeros soldados habían sido liberados de su servicio militar y ahora se unían plenamente a la comunidad en la reconstrucción. Trabajaban incansablemente en proyectos de construcción, ayudando a restaurar la infraestructura de la ciudad.
Un vecino se acercó a Oleksandr y le dio un apretón de manos. —Gracias por tu servicio y por ayudarnos a reconstruir nuestra ciudad.
Oleksandr sonrió con humildad. —Es un honor poder contribuir a la reconstrucción de Boryspil. Juntos, somos más fuertes.
Boryspil estaba renaciendo de las cenizas con una determinación inquebrantable. Cada esfuerzo, ya fuera a través del arte, la terapia, la construcción o la memoria, contribuía al proceso de sanación y renacimiento. La comunidad había demostrado su resiliencia y su capacidad de encontrar esperanza incluso en las circunstancias más desoladoras.
A medida que avanzaban en la reconstrucción, los personajes principales reflexionaban sobre lo que habían perdido y lo que habían ganado en el camino. La guerra les había arrebatado mucho, pero también les había enseñado
valiosas lecciones sobre la fuerza interior y la importancia de la comunidad.
Anastasiya se sentó en su apartamento después de un largo día de trabajo en el centro de ayuda. Miró por la ventana y vio a los niños jugando en la calle, riendo y corriendo. A pesar de los horrores que habían presenciado, la alegría de los niños le recordaba que la vida aún tenía belleza y esperanza.
—Mamá, ¿podemos ir al parque mañana? —preguntó su hija pequeña.
Anastasiya la abrazó con cariño. —Claro, mi amor. Mañana iremos al parque y disfrutaremos del día juntas.
Bohdan miraba uno de sus murales recién terminados en el centro de la ciudad. Era un tributo a la resiliencia de la comunidad y a los héroes anónimos que habían surgido durante la guerra. Se dio cuenta de que, a pesar de la destrucción, la ciudad estaba más unida que nunca.
Una pareja mayor se acercó a Bohdan mientras admiraban su obra. —Gracias por recordarnos la fuerza de nuestra ciudad. Tu arte nos da esperanza para el futuro.
Bohdan sonrió y asintió. —El futuro será lo que construyamos juntos.
Mykola visitó el memorial que había creado en el centro de
la ciudad. Observó las flores frescas que la gente había colocado junto a las esculturas. Cada una de sus obras contaba una historia, y cada historia era un tributo a la humanidad y la compasión.
—¿Cómo te sientes, papá? —preguntó su hija mientras lo acompañaba.
Mykola miró a su hija con ternura. —Me siento en paz, sabiendo que hemos honrado a aquellos que se fueron y que estamos construyendo un mundo mejor para ti y tu generación.
Oleksandr se encontraba en la obra de construcción de una nueva escuela. Mientras observaba el edificio tomar forma, reflexionó sobre las lecciones que había aprendido durante la guerra. La importancia de la paz y la unidad se habían convertido en valores fundamentales en su vida.
Un colega se le acercó mientras trabajaban juntos. —Hemos pasado por mucho, ¿verdad?
Oleksandr asintió con seriedad. —Sí, pero hemos emergido más fuertes. La paz y la unidad son más valiosas que nunca.
La comunidad de Boryspil se estaba recuperando y renovando, y sus residentes estaban determinados a construir un futuro mejor. La guerra había dejado cicatrices profundas, pero también había fortalecido su resiliencia y su determinación. Juntos, miraban hacia el horizonte con
esperanza y la certeza de que podían enfrentar cualquier desafío que el futuro les presentara.
A medida que la reconstrucción de Boryspil avanzaba, la comunidad se encontraba en un período de profunda reflexión. Habían perdido tanto en la guerra, pero también habían descubierto una fortaleza interior que no sabían que poseían. Los personajes principales y los ciudadanos comunes se encontraban en un momento de introspección y transformación.
Anastasiya había estado organizando grupos de apoyo para niños desde el comienzo de la guerra, pero ahora esos grupos tenían un propósito diferente. En lugar de ayudar a los niños a lidiar con el miedo y la incertidumbre, los grupos se centraban en la curación y la esperanza. Los niños compartían sus historias y expresaban sus emociones a través del arte y la escritura.
Una niña levantó la mano durante una de las sesiones. —Extraño a mi papá. ¿Cuándo volverá a casa?
Anastasiya se acercó a la niña y la abrazó con ternura. —Sé que es difícil, pero tenemos que tener esperanza y apoyarnos mutuamente. Tu papá también está deseando volver a casa.
Bohdan, por su parte, continuaba utilizando su arte como una forma de protesta y memoria. Había comenzado a
trabajar en una serie de pinturas que representaban los momentos más oscuros de la guerra. Quería que la comunidad recordara la realidad de lo que habían vivido y se comprometiera a evitar que la historia se repitiera.
Una de sus pinturas mostraba a los soldados regresando a casa con cicatrices físicas y emocionales. Bohdan quería que la gente comprendiera el costo humano de la guerra y la importancia de buscar la paz.
Mykola también canalizaba su creatividad de una manera similar. Había comenzado a esculpir monumentos conmemorativos en honor a los caídos en combate. Cada escultura tenía una historia que contar, y Mykola compartía esas historias con la comunidad.
Un grupo de personas se reunió alrededor de una de las esculturas, admirando el detalle y la emoción que Mykola había capturado. —Esto nos recuerda la importancia de la paz y la unidad, incluso en tiempos difíciles —dijo uno de ellos.
Mykola asintió. —Sí, recordar a aquellos que se sacrificaron nos motiva a trabajar por un futuro mejor.
Oleksandr, quien había compartido tantos momentos con sus compañeros soldados en la línea del frente, había aprendido la importancia de la solidaridad en tiempos de adversidad. Había vivido la hermandad de la guerra, y ahora
deseaba que esa misma solidaridad se extendiera a su comunidad.
—Debemos seguir apoyándonos mutuamente como lo hacíamos en la frontera —les dijo a sus compañeros mientras trabajaban juntos en proyectos de construcción.
Un compañero asintió con determinación. —La solidaridad nos ha llevado lejos, y no debemos olvidarlo ahora que estamos en casa.
Boryspil estaba atravesando una transformación profunda. La guerra había sacudido a la comunidad hasta sus cimientos, pero también los había unido de una manera que nunca habrían imaginado. La reflexión y la transformación eran procesos dolorosos pero necesarios para sanar y construir un futuro mejor.
A medida que la reconstrucción en Boryspil avanzaba, la comunidad se encontraba en un punto de inflexión. Habían pasado por tanto dolor y pérdida durante la guerra, pero también habían encontrado una fuerza y determinación que los impulsaban hacia adelante. Los personajes principales y los ciudadanos comunes se unían para construir un futuro más brillante.
Anastasiya seguía organizando grupos de apoyo para niños, pero ahora también incluía a los adultos en sesiones de terapia grupal. Todos necesitaban un espacio para
compartir sus experiencias y emociones a medida que sanaban juntos.
Un hombre mayor compartió sus sentimientos con el grupo. —Perdí a mi hijo en la guerra. Todavía me duele todos los días.
Anastasiya asintió con empatía. —Compartir tu dolor es el primer paso para sanar. Estamos aquí para apoyarnos mutuamente en este viaje.
Bohdan había comenzado a recibir encargos de arte que celebraban la resiliencia de la comunidad. Un grupo de jóvenes quería que pintara un mural en su escuela que representara la esperanza y el futuro. Bohdan aceptó con entusiasmo y se puso manos a la obra.
Los jóvenes miraban con admiración a Bohdan mientras trabajaba en el mural. —Queremos que esta escuela sea un lugar de aprendizaje y esperanza, y tu arte nos ayudará a lograrlo.
Bohdan sonrió y les dio las gracias. —Es un honor ser parte de este proyecto. El futuro depende de ustedes.
Mykola había creado una serie de esculturas que contaban la historia de la guerra y la resiliencia de la comunidad. Estas obras de arte se exhibían en un museo local, donde la gente podía visitarlas y reflexionar sobre lo que habían pasado.
Una madre llevó a su hijo al museo y señaló una de las esculturas. —Esa paloma representa la paz, hijo. Siempre debemos buscar la paz.
Mykola observó desde lejos y sintió que su trabajo estaba cumpliendo su propósito. Quería que la comunidad nunca olvidara la importancia de la paz.
Oleksandr seguía trabajando en proyectos comunitarios con sus compañeros soldados. Juntos, habían construido casas temporales para aquellos que habían perdido sus hogares en la guerra. La solidaridad entre los ciudadanos y los soldados continuaba fortaleciendo a la comunidad.
Un niño se acercó a Oleksandr mientras trabajaba en una casa. —Gracias por ayudarnos a tener un techo sobre nuestras cabezas, señor Oleksandr.
Oleksandr sonrió y acarició la cabeza del niño. —Estamos juntos en esto. La comunidad es nuestra familia.
Boryspil estaba en proceso de renacer de las cenizas de la guerra. A medida que la comunidad sanaba y se unía, miraba hacia el futuro con determinación y esperanza.
La reconstrucción de Boryspil continuaba a medida que la comunidad trabajaba incansablemente para levantar sus hogares y sus vidas de las ruinas de la guerra. Los personajes principales y los ciudadanos comunes se unían en un esfuerzo conjunto para crear un futuro más brillante.
Anastasiya había ampliado sus grupos de apoyo y terapia para incluir a más personas. Las historias compartidas en esas sesiones eran dolorosas pero necesarias para sanar. La comunidad encontraba consuelo y fortaleza en su unidad.
Una joven madre compartió su experiencia en una de las sesiones. —Perdí a mi esposo en la guerra, y mi hijo aún lo extraña todos los días.
Anastasiya la abrazó con comprensión. —Estamos aquí para apoyarte. Juntos superaremos este dolor.
Bohdan había completado el mural en la escuela, y los estudiantes lo admiraban todos los días. La obra de arte recordaba a la comunidad la importancia de la educación y la esperanza en el futuro.
Una niña le dijo a Bohdan con entusiasmo: —Tu mural nos inspira a estudiar y trabajar duro. Queremos construir un futuro mejor.
Bohdan sonrió con gratitud. —Esa es la actitud correcta. El conocimiento es poder.
Mykola continuaba creando esculturas que contaban la historia de la guerra y la resiliencia de la comunidad. Las esculturas se habían convertido en un símbolo de esperanza y recordatorio de la importancia de la paz.
Una pareja mayor visitó el museo donde se exhibían las
esculturas de Mykola. El hombre señaló una de las obras y dijo: —Esta paloma representa la paz que tanto anhelamos. Mykola se acercó a ellos y asintió. —La paz es un regalo precioso que debemos proteger.
Oleksandr y sus compañeros soldados habían construido muchas casas temporales para aquellos que habían perdido sus hogares en la guerra. La solidaridad entre los ciudadanos y los soldados era más fuerte que nunca, y juntos estaban reconstruyendo su ciudad.
Una familia que había recibido una de las nuevas casas agradeció a Oleksandr y a su equipo. —Gracias por darnos un lugar para vivir. Somos afortunados de tenerlos.
Oleksandr les dio las gracias con humildad. —Estamos aquí para ayudar. La comunidad es nuestra prioridad.
Boryspil seguía avanzando en su camino hacia la reconstrucción y la esperanza. La comunidad había sufrido tanto, pero su determinación y unidad los llevarían a un futuro más brillante.
La comunidad de Boryspil se encontraba en un punto de inflexión mientras continuaba su proceso de reconstrucción y sanación. Los personajes principales y los ciudadanos comunes se unían en su determinación de construir un futuro mejor después de los horrores de la guerra.
Anastasiya había establecido un centro de ayuda comunitaria que ofrecía apoyo emocional, asistencia alimentaria y educación. La comunidad se había convertido en una red de apoyo que se cuidaba mutuamente.
Un hombre mayor se acercó a Anastasiya y le dijo con gratitud: —Tu centro ha hecho una diferencia en nuestras vidas. Gracias por cuidar de nosotros.
Anastasiya sonrió y asintió. —Estamos juntos en esto. La solidaridad es nuestra fuerza.
Bohdan seguía creando arte que inspiraba a la comunidad. Había comenzado a trabajar en una serie de pinturas que mostraban a la comunidad unida y fuerte, construyendo un futuro mejor juntos.
Un adolescente se acercó a Bohdan mientras trabajaba en una de sus pinturas y dijo: —Tu arte nos recuerda que somos una comunidad fuerte y que podemos superar cualquier desafío.
Bohdan asintió con determinación. —Esa es la verdad. Juntos somos invencibles.
Mykola continuaba esculpiendo monumentos conmemorativos en honor a los caídos en combate. Cada escultura tenía un significado profundo y recordaba a la comunidad la importancia de la paz.
Un grupo de estudiantes visitó el museo de Mykola y expresaron su admiración por su trabajo. —Tus esculturas nos hacen recordar que debemos trabajar por un mundo sin guerras.
Mykola les sonrió y les agradeció por su apoyo. —El arte puede inspirar el cambio.
Oleksandr y sus compañeros soldados seguían trabajando en proyectos comunitarios, y su solidaridad con la comunidad nunca flaqueaba.
Un niño se acercó a Oleksandr y le dijo con entusiasmo: —Cuando sea grande, quiero ser como tú y ayudar a mi comunidad.
Oleksandr lo miró con orgullo. —Ese es un gran objetivo. La comunidad siempre necesita héroes locales.
Boryspil estaba renaciendo de las cenizas de la guerra. La comunidad había demostrado su resiliencia y su determinación para construir un futuro lleno de esperanza y unidad.
The painting depicts a scene in front of a grand cathedral with ornate domes and spires, suggesting a significant religious or historical location. In the foreground, a group of people is gathered around a table where an artist is working on a canvas. The artist is surrounded by various art supplies, including paintbrushes and jars of paint, indicating that this is likely an art class or workshop. The people in the scene appear to be engaged in conversation and observation, with some looking at the artwork being created. The overall atmosphere suggests a community event or celebration centered around art and creativity.
El sol comenzaba a asomarse en el horizonte, bañando Boryspil con sus cálidos rayos. Después de tantos desafíos y tribulaciones, la ciudad y sus habitantes miraban hacia el futuro con determinación y esperanza.
Anastasiya estaba parada frente a su escuela, observando a los niños que llegaban con mochilas y sonrisas en sus rostros. Habían pasado años desde que la guerra interrumpió sus vidas, y finalmente, la normalidad regresaba.
Un grupo de padres se acercó a Anastasiya y le agradeció por su dedicación. —Gracias por seguir educando a nuestros hijos a pesar de todo.
Anastasiya los abrazó con gratitud. —La educación es la
clave para un futuro mejor. Siempre estaremos aquí para los niños.
Bohdan continuaba creando arte que celebraba la resiliencia de la comunidad. Su última serie de pinturas mostraba a la ciudad en plena reconstrucción, con edificios nuevos y flores que brotaban en las calles.
Un hombre mayor se acercó a Bohdan mientras admiraba una de las pinturas. —Tu arte nos recuerda que la belleza puede surgir de las cenizas.
Bohdan sonrió y asintió. —La belleza está en todas partes, incluso en los momentos más oscuros.
Mykola seguía esculpiendo con pasión, y su taller se había convertido en un lugar de inspiración y sanación. Las esculturas que creaba hablaban del deseo de paz y de la fortaleza de la comunidad.
Una joven artista le dijo a Mykola con admiración: —Tu trabajo nos hace creer en un futuro mejor. Gracias por compartir tu arte con nosotros.
Mykola inclinó la cabeza con humildad. —El arte es una expresión de esperanza.
Oleksandr, ahora un líder respetado en la comunidad, seguía trabajando en proyectos comunitarios y escribiendo cartas a su familia. A pesar de la continua amenaza de la
guerra, la vida continuaba.
Un hombre se acercó a Oleksandr y le dijo con gratitud: —Eres un héroe para nosotros, Oleksandr. Gracias por tu servicio.
Oleksandr sonrió y respondió: —Todos somos héroes cuando nos unimos por un bien común.
Boryspil se preparaba para enfrentar el futuro con valentía y determinación. La guerra aún estaba en el horizonte, pero la comunidad estaba lista para cualquier desafío que se presentara. La ciudad estaba en plena reconstrucción, con edificios nuevos que se alzaban en lugar de los que habían sido destruidos por la guerra. Cada ladrillo colocado era un símbolo de la determinación de la comunidad.
Oleksandr y sus compañeros soldados habían regresado a sus hogares, pero su compromiso con la comunidad continuaba. Seguían siendo un apoyo vital en la reconstrucción de la ciudad.
Un veterano de guerra expresó su gratitud a Oleksandr y su unidad. —Gracias por proteger nuestra ciudad y ayudarnos a reconstruir.
Oleksandr inclinó la cabeza con respeto. —Siempre estaremos aquí para proteger y servir a nuestra comunidad.
La música seguía siendo una parte integral de la vida en
Boryspil. Los conciertos al aire libre continuaban, y la música unía a la comunidad en momentos de alegría y reflexión.
Una madre abrazó a su hijo mientras escuchaban la música y le dijo: —La música nos hace recordar que la vida es hermosa.
El hijo sonrió y asintió. —Siempre debemos encontrar la belleza en el mundo.
Mientras la ciudad se alzaba de las cenizas de la guerra, la reconstrucción se convirtió en un acto simbólico de resiliencia y unidad. Los edificios nuevos que emergían eran mucho más que simples estructuras de ladrillos y cemento; representaban la fuerza de una comunidad que se negaba a ser derrotada.
Los voluntarios se unían en masa para ayudar en la reconstrucción. Jóvenes y mayores trabajaban codo a codo, recordando que cada ladrillo colocado era un paso hacia adelante, un paso hacia la recuperación. Cada nuevo edificio era un testimonio tangible de su determinación colectiva.
Oleksandr y sus compañeros soldados habían regresado a sus hogares, pero su compromiso con la comunidad no había disminuido en absoluto. Se habían convertido en pilares de fuerza en la tarea de reconstrucción. Ayudaban a transportar materiales de construcción, ofrecían su
experiencia en la planificación de proyectos y lideraban equipos de trabajo.
Un día, mientras Oleksandr trabajaba con un grupo de voluntarios, un veterano de guerra se le acercó. Su rostro estaba marcado por las cicatrices de batallas pasadas, pero sus ojos brillaban con gratitud. —Gracias por proteger nuestra ciudad y ayudarnos a reconstruir lo que se perdió.
Oleksandr inclinó la cabeza con humildad. —Es un honor servir a nuestra comunidad. Juntos somos más fuertes, y juntos construiremos un futuro mejor.
La música seguía siendo un vínculo esencial entre los habitantes de Boryspil. Los conciertos al aire libre se habían convertido en un evento regular en la plaza de la ciudad. La música era un bálsamo para el alma, una forma de sanar heridas profundas y recordar la belleza de la vida.
Una madre abrazó a su hijo mientras escuchaban una melodía conmovedora y le dijo con cariño: —La música nos hace recordar que la vida es hermosa, incluso después de todo lo que hemos vivido.
El hijo sonrió y asintió con sabiduría más allá de sus años. —Siempre debemos encontrar la belleza en el mundo, mamá. Es lo que nos da esperanza para el futuro.
La música y la reconstrucción se entrelazaban como dos hilos que tejían la nueva identidad de Boryspil. Cada nota,
cada ladrillo, cada sonrisa compartida eran testimonios de la determinación y la capacidad humana de encontrar la esperanza incluso en las circunstancias más desafiantes. Boryspil estaba en proceso de renacimiento, y nada podría detener su marcha hacia un futuro lleno de promesas.
El sol brillaba sobre Boryspil, iluminando la ciudad en pleno renacimiento. Los nuevos edificios se alzaban con determinación, desafiando el recuerdo de los que habían sido reducidos a escombros durante los días oscuros de la guerra. Cada ladrillo colocado era un tributo a la perseverancia de la comunidad, un testimonio de que no se rendirían ante la adversidad.
En las calles, voluntarios de todas las edades se sumaban a los esfuerzos de reconstrucción. El sonido de las herramientas y la maquinaria llenaba el aire, y cada martillazo, cada viga de acero izada, era un eco de la resiliencia de Boryspil. Los equipos de construcción trabajaban incansablemente, conscientes de que cada paso hacia adelante era una respuesta al estruendo de la guerra que aún resonaba en sus memorias.
Oleksandr y sus camaradas soldados, aunque habían regresado a sus hogares, continuaban siendo una presencia constante en la vida de la ciudad. Se habían convertido en pilares fundamentales de la reconstrucción, liderando con ejemplar dedicación. Ayudaban a transportar pesados materiales de construcción, compartían su experiencia en la
planificación de proyectos y coordinaban equipos de trabajo. Su compromiso infatigable recordaba a todos que la paz y la seguridad eran valores inquebrantables.
Un día en particular, bajo el resplandor del sol, mientras Oleksandr supervisaba la colocación precisa de una viga en una estructura en construcción, un veterano de guerra se acercó a él. La medalla en su pecho brillaba como un faro de honor en medio de los escombros que rodeaban a la ciudad. Sus manos temblorosas sostenían con cariño una fotografía desgastada de su familia.
—Gracias por proteger nuestra ciudad y ayudarnos a reconstruir lo que se perdió —expresó el veterano con voz entrecortada, los ojos anegados de gratitud y nostalgia—. Esta foto es lo único que me queda de mi hogar.
Oleksandr recibió la fotografía con cuidado, sintiendo la carga emocional que representaba. —Siempre estaremos aquí para proteger y servir a nuestra comunidad. Vamos a reconstruir juntos lo que hemos perdido, y su familia tendrá un lugar al que regresar.
La música seguía siendo el hilo que unía a la comunidad. Los conciertos al aire libre se habían convertido en una tradición arraigada en la plaza de la ciudad. Las melodías resonaban en los corazones de todos, un bálsamo para el alma, una paleta de colores emocionales que sanaba heridas profundas y recordaba la belleza de la vida.
Una madre abrazó a su hijo mientras escuchaban una melodía conmovedora y le transmitió con cariño: —La música nos hace recordar que la vida es hermosa, incluso después de todo lo que hemos vivido.
El hijo, con la mirada fija en el escenario donde los músicos interpretaban sus notas con pasión, asintió con sabiduría que trascendía sus años. —Siempre debemos encontrar la belleza en el mundo, mamá. Es lo que nos da esperanza para el futuro.
Cada ladrillo, cada gesto de gratitud y cada nota musical eran los cimientos de una nueva Boryspil. La ciudad se estaba reconstruyendo en múltiples dimensiones: sus edificios estaban tomando forma nuevamente, pero también se estaban reforzando los lazos comunitarios y, sobre todo, se estaba tejiendo un futuro rebosante de promesas y esperanza. La resiliencia de Boryspil y su gente brillaba con intensidad, recordándoles a todos que, incluso en las circunstancias más adversas, la vida podía florecer una vez más.
La plaza central de Boryspil seguía llenándose de ciudadanos, y el ambiente festivo se volvía más vibrante con cada minuto que pasaba. La música y el canto continuaban, y la comunidad se unía en una celebración de la vida y la esperanza.
Anastasiya se dirigió a la multitud. —Hoy, estamos aquí
para celebrar nuestra resiliencia y determinación. Hemos superado desafíos inimaginables, y lo hemos hecho juntos.
Bohdan levantó su pincel hacia el cielo. —El arte nos ha ayudado a sanar y a expresar nuestra fuerza. Sigamos creando belleza en este mundo.
Mykola asintió mientras sostenía una de sus esculturas. —Cada obra de arte es un testimonio de nuestra capacidad para encontrar la belleza incluso en los momentos más oscuros.
Oleksandr se acercó al micrófono. —Nuestra comunidad es un faro de esperanza, y juntos hemos demostrado que la paz es posible incluso en tiempos de guerra.
La multitud estalló en aplausos y vítores, reconociendo la valentía y la dedicación de sus líderes y de todos los ciudadanos que habían contribuido a la reconstrucción de Boryspil.
A medida que la celebración continuaba, los niños correteaban por la plaza, riendo y jugando. Eran la promesa de un futuro brillante y lleno de posibilidades. Sus risas eran un recordatorio de que, a pesar de las adversidades, la vida continuaba, y Boryspil estaba decidida a construir un mundo mejor para las generaciones venideras.
La noche cayó sobre la ciudad, y la plaza se iluminó con luces brillantes y faroles. La música seguía llenando el aire,
y la comunidad se reunió en torno a hogueras para compartir historias y canciones. Era una noche de unión y gratitud, una noche en la que Boryspil celebraba su fortaleza y su determinación.
En los días que siguieron, la reconstrucción de la ciudad continuó a un ritmo constante. Los edificios se alzaban, las calles se reparaban y la vida volvía a florecer en cada rincón de Boryspil. La comunidad estaba decidida a no solo recuperar lo que se había perdido, sino a construir un lugar aún mejor que antes.
Anastasiya, Bohdan, Mykola y Oleksandr continuaron desempeñando roles fundamentales en la reconstrucción. Anastasiya lideraba la educación, asegurando que los niños tuvieran acceso a la enseñanza y el apoyo que necesitaban. Bohdan seguía embelleciendo la ciudad con su arte, recordando a todos la importancia de la creatividad y la expresión. Mykola compartía su talento con jóvenes aspirantes a artistas, inspirándolos a encontrar la belleza en el mundo a través del arte. Oleksandr trabajaba incansablemente para mantener la seguridad de la comunidad, sabiendo que la paz debía ser protegida con determinación.
A medida que los meses se convirtieron en años, Boryspil continuó su transformación. La guerra seguía siendo una amenaza distante, pero la comunidad estaba más unida que nunca para defender su hogar. La resiliencia de Boryspil se
había convertido en su fuerza motriz, y cada día era un recordatorio de lo que podían lograr cuando trabajaban juntos.
El tiempo pasó, y los niños que habían crecido en medio de la guerra comenzaron a forjar sus propios caminos. Se graduaron de la escuela, persiguieron sus sueños y contribuyeron a la reconstrucción de la ciudad que amaban. Cada logro de la juventud de Boryspil era un testimonio del espíritu indestructible de la comunidad.
Anastasiya miraba con orgullo a sus antiguos alumnos mientras se convertían en líderes y soñadores. Les recordaba constantemente la importancia de la educación y la resiliencia. —Ustedes son el futuro de Boryspil, y su potencial es ilimitado. Nunca dejen de aprender y crecer.
Bohdan seguía creando obras de arte que adornaban la ciudad. Sus murales contaban la historia de Boryspil, desde la oscuridad de la guerra hasta la luz de la reconstrucción. Cada mural era un tributo a la fuerza y la belleza de la comunidad.
Mykola continuaba esculpiendo y enseñando a otros jóvenes artistas. Su taller se había convertido en un centro de creatividad y sanación. Los escultores jóvenes encontraban inspiración en las obras de Mykola y en su pasión por el arte.
Oleksandr lideraba a la nueva generación de soldados, entrenándolos para proteger la paz que la comunidad tanto valoraba. Les contaba historias de los tiempos difíciles, recordándoles la importancia de mantener la paz y la seguridad.
La música seguía siendo una parte esencial de la vida en Boryspil. Los conciertos al aire libre continuaban siendo una tradición, y la música seguía siendo un bálsamo para el alma. La comunidad se reunía para celebrar la vida y la unidad a través de la música.
Los años pasaron, y la ciudad de Boryspil siguió floreciendo. Se convirtió en un faro de esperanza y resiliencia, una comunidad que había superado desafíos inimaginables y había emergido más fuerte que nunca. La guerra aún acechaba en el horizonte, pero la determinación de Boryspil de construir un futuro de paz y prosperidad nunca flaqueó.
La comunidad de Boryspil continuó tejiendo lazos, y las familias prosperaron en medio de la paz y la seguridad. Los niños crecieron en un entorno de amor y apoyo, y cada día era un recordatorio de la importancia de proteger lo que habían construido.
Anastasiya, Bohdan, Mykola y Oleksandr envejecieron juntos, recordando los días oscuros de la guerra y celebrando los triunfos de la reconstrucción. Sus amistades
se habían fortalecido con el tiempo, y cada uno había encontrado amor y felicidad en sus vidas.
Anastasiya se convirtió en una respetada líder comunitaria, abogando por la educación y la igualdad. Su pasión por el aprendizaje nunca disminuyó, y seguía inspirando a jóvenes y adultos por igual.
Bohdan continuaba pintando murales por toda la ciudad, y su arte se había convertido en una parte integral del paisaje urbano. Sus obras contaban la historia de Boryspil y recordaban a todos la importancia de la creatividad y la expresión.
Mykola continuó esculpiendo con gracia y belleza, y sus obras se exhibían en museos de todo el mundo. A pesar de su éxito internacional, nunca perdió su conexión con Boryspil y su compromiso con la comunidad.
Oleksandr se retiró del servicio militar, pero su dedicación a la seguridad de Boryspil nunca menguó. Se convirtió en un consejero y mentor para la próxima generación de soldados, transmitiéndoles su sabiduría y experiencia.
La música seguía siendo una fuente de alegría y unión en Boryspil. Los conciertos al aire libre continuaban, y la plaza central de la ciudad seguía siendo el lugar de encuentro de la comunidad. La música recordaba a todos que la vida era hermosa, incluso después de las adversidades.
Los años pasaron, y la guerra que una vez había amenazado a Boryspil se convirtió en una historia lejana. La comunidad había construido una vida llena de amor, esperanza y resiliencia. Sus logros eran un testimonio de lo que podía lograr la determinación humana.
Anastasiya, Bohdan, Mykola y Oleksandr, ahora en la última etapa de sus vidas, se reunieron una vez más en la plaza central de la ciudad. Sus arrugas contaban la historia de sus vidas, y sus ojos brillaban con la sabiduría del tiempo.
Anastasiya habló con voz suave pero firme. —Miremos atrás y veamos todo lo que hemos logrado juntos. Hemos superado desafíos que parecían insuperables y hemos construido un futuro mejor para las generaciones venideras.
Bohdan asintió con nostalgia. —El arte y la creatividad nos han guiado a lo largo de este viaje. Han sido una fuente de sanación y un recordatorio constante de la belleza de la vida.
Mykola sonrió mientras miraba a su comunidad. —El arte nos ha unido, y a través de él, hemos encontrado la belleza en el mundo incluso en tiempos difíciles.
Oleksandr habló con gratitud. —Nuestra comunidad es un faro de esperanza y resiliencia. Hemos demostrado que la paz es posible incluso en medio de la guerra.
La plaza estaba llena de ciudadanos de Boryspil, jóvenes y viejos, todos unidos para celebrar la vida y la comunidad
que habían construido juntos. La música resonaba en el aire, y la música de Boryspil seguía siendo un regalo para el alma.
El sol comenzó a ponerse en el horizonte, tiñendo el cielo de tonos dorados y naranjas. Mientras la noche caía sobre Boryspil, la comunidad se abrazó en un gesto de amor y unidad. Sabían que, independientemente de lo que el futuro les deparara, estaban unidos por lazos indestructibles de amor y resiliencia.
Boryspil había superado la guerra y había construido un futuro brillante a partir de las cenizas del pasado. La alborada de una nueva era se había convertido en una realidad, y la comunidad estaba lista para enfrentar cualquier desafío con valentía y esperanza.
La historia de Boryspil perduró en el tiempo como un testimonio de la fortaleza del espíritu humano y la capacidad de encontrar la luz incluso en los momentos más oscuros. La ciudad y su gente eran un recordatorio de que, con determinación y unidad, cualquier obstáculo podía superarse.
Con el corazón lleno de gratitud y amor, la comunidad de Boryspil se retiró de la plaza, lista para abrazar la noche y el futuro incierto que les esperaba. Habían demostrado que, juntos, podían construir un mundo mejor, y estaban listos para enfrentar lo que viniera con valentía y resiliencia.
Epílogo
Al desvanecerse el estruendo del último conflicto, el amanecer trajo consigo un silencio que había sido un extraño para el pueblo de Ucrania durante demasiado tiempo. La guerra, con sus cicatrices y sus lecciones, había dejado un legado imborrable en el corazón de cada ciudadano, un recordatorio de la fragilidad de la paz y la fortaleza del espíritu humano.
Anastasiya, quien una vez temió por el futuro de sus alumnos, se convirtió en una figura central en la reconstrucción de la comunidad educativa. Las paredes de su aula, antes eco de la incertidumbre, ahora resonaban con voces de esperanza y determinación. A través de la educación, buscaba sembrar en las jóvenes mentes la importancia de la comprensión, la tolerancia y, sobre todo, la paz. Su dedicación no solo inspiró a sus estudiantes sino también a todo aquel que conocía su historia.
Bohdan, el anciano artesano de Lviv, emergió de la guerra con una misión renovada. Su taller, una vez un santuario de tradición en tiempos de incertidumbre, se transformó en un símbolo de resistencia y resiliencia. Las figuras de madera que tallaba, cada una contando su propia historia de supervivencia, se convirtieron en preciados tesoros para las generaciones futuras, enseñanzas de un pasado que nunca debe olvidarse.
Oleksandr, el joven soldado que una vez miró hacia el horizonte con una mezcla de determinación y miedo regresó a su hogar no como un héroe de guerra, sino como un guardián de la paz. Con la sabiduría adquirida en el campo de batalla, dedicó su vida a ayudar a otros veteranos a encontrar su camino de regreso a la civilidad, promoviendo el diálogo y la reconciliación como los verdaderos pilares de una nación fuerte.
El epílogo de esta historia no es el de un final, sino el comienzo de un nuevo capítulo en la historia de Ucrania. Un capítulo marcado por la esperanza, la unidad y la determinación de un pueblo que, a pesar de las adversidades, se negó a ser quebrantado. En los años venideros, "Antes del Alba" se recordaría no solo como una crónica de guerra, sino como un testimonio de la capacidad humana para superar la oscuridad con luz, el odio con amor y la división con solidaridad.
Así, mientras el sol se eleva sobre Ucrania, iluminando las heridas del pasado y las promesas del mañana, Anastasiya, Bohdan, y Oleksandr, junto con millones de ucranianos, avanzan, llevando consigo la indeleble marca de la historia y la inquebrantable esperanza de un futuro pacífico. Porque en el corazón de este país, forjado por la adversidad, yace una verdad eterna: que incluso en los tiempos más oscuros, la luz de la humanidad, la compasión y la solidaridad siempre encontrará la manera de brillar.
Sobre el Autor
Ricardo Alcides Canaveri, autor de "Antes del Alba: Esperanza y Resiliencia en el Umbral de la Guerra", nació el 28 de septiembre de 1975 en Paraná, Argentina. Realizó sus estudios secundarios en el Centro Provincial de Enseñanza Media (CPEM) Nº 14, ubicado en Aluminé, Provincia del Neuquén. Canaveri ha dedicado tres décadas de servicio en la Gendarmería Nacional Argentina, donde actualmente se desempeña como Oficial Jefe. A lo largo de su carrera, ha sido parte de importantes proyectos de implementación tecnológica e innovación en Seguridad Pública y Ciudadana, destacándose su participación en las Pruebas de Aceptación en Fábrica (FAT) en Motorola Chicago, Illinois (EE.UU.) y Teltronic S.A.U Zaragoza (España).
Desde el año 2008, Canaveri ejerce la docencia dentro de la fuerza, formando a Oficiales y Suboficiales en áreas técnicas-profesionales tanto en el Instituto Universitario de Gendarmería Nacional (IUGNA) como en otros institutos y universidades. Entre 2014 y 2015, participó en una misión al exterior, fungiendo como Jefe del Elemento de Seguridad de la Embajada Argentina en la República de Haití.
En el ámbito académico, Canaveri es Ingeniero Electrónico, título obtenido en 2007, y Especialista en Sistema de Control desde 2013, ambos por la Facultad de
Ingeniería del Ejército Argentino (FIE). En 2017, se diplomó en Estado Mayor de Gendarmería Nacional. Recientemente, en 2023, completó su Maestría Internacional en Ciberseguridad en España y ha iniciado estudios de postgrado en “Maestría en Ciberdefensa y Ciberseguridad” en la Universidad de Buenos Aires - Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.
Su incursión en el mundo literario comenzó con la publicación de "Aprender Fácil Lenguaje Visual de Microcontroladores PIC" en Amazon, obra que alcanzó el estatus de best seller el 6 de diciembre de 2021 en tres categorías. Con "Antes del Alba", Canaveri se adentra en la narrativa, ofreciendo una obra que refleja su profundo compromiso con temas de seguridad, tecnología y enseñanza, ahora desde una perspectiva literaria que explora la resiliencia y la esperanza humanas frente a los desafíos de la guerra. | d34ddbe8-350d-4c8b-9e05-6a3c97aac612 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 138,970 |
ΣΧΟΛΙΟ ΓΙΑ ΤΗ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ ΘΕΩΡΗΤΙΚΗΣ ΚΑΤΕΥΘΥΝΣΗΣ
ΑΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΚΑΘΗΓΗΤΡΙΑ ΣΙΑΧΑΜΗ ΕΛΕΝΗ
ΤΟΥ ΦΡΟΝΤΙΣΤΗΡΙΟΥ
Τα φετινά θέµατα της Ιστορίας Κατεύθυνσης ήταν αρκετά δύσκολα, σαφώς δυσκολότερα από τις πανελλαδικές εξετάσεις του 2013.
Συγκεκριµένα, όσο αφορά την ΠΡΩΤΗ ΟΜΑ∆Α δεν υπήρχε ιδιαίτερη δυσκολία, καθώς οι ερωτήσεις ήταν συγκεκριµένες σαφείς και αναµενόµενες.
Αντίθετα η ∆ΕΥΤΕΡΗ ΟΜΑ∆Α, οι αποκαλούµενες πηγές, προφανώς δυσκόλεψε πολύ τους µαθητές αφενός µεν, λόγω όγκου αφετέρου δε, επειδή απαιτούνταν µεγάλη κριτική και συνθετική ικανότητα. Άρα, θα ξεχωρίσουν µόνο οι µαθητές που διαθέτουν τις παραπάνω ικανότητες και ταυτόχρονα άριστη γνώση της ιστορίας.
ΕΚΤΙΜΗΣΗ ΠΟΣΟΣΤΩΝ ΕΠΙΤΥΧΙΑΣ
ΣΤΟ ΜΑΘΗΜΑ ΤΗΣ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑΣ ΘΕΩΡΗΤΙΚΗΣ ΚΑΤΕΥΘΥΝΣΗΣ ΑΠΟ ΤΟΝ ΠΡΟΕ∆ΡΟ ΤΟΥ IdEF Ε. ΑΜΑΡΓΙΑΝΑΚΗ
Εκτιµούµε ότι το 45% των υποψηφίων έγραψε στο µάθηµα της Ιστορίας θεωρητικής κατεύθυνσης από 0 έως 9,9, το 25% από 10 έως 14,9 και το 30% από 15 έως 20. | <urn:uuid:d5da465e-fa19-438a-b27e-368dcd2e9410> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ell_Grek/train | finepdfs | ell_Grek | 926 |
ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ ΠΡΕΣΒΕΙΑ ΣΤΑ ΣΚΟΠΙΑ
ΓΡΑΦΕΙΟ ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ & ΕΜΠΟΡΙΚΩΝ ΥΠΟΘΕΣΕΩΝ
Borka Taleski 6, 1000 Skopje Tel. +389.2.3129456 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Αρ. Τεύχους: No.62 15 Μαΐου 2024
ΔΕΛΤΙΟ ΤΡΕΧΟΥΣΩΝ ΠΡΟΚΗΡΥΞΕΩΝ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΩΝ ΔΙΑΓΩΝΙΣΜΩΝ ΒΟΡΕΙΑΣ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑΣ
| Αναθέτουσα Αρχή & στοιχεία επικοινωνίας: | Ministry of Transport and Communications Crvena Skopska Opstina No.4, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia Αρμόδιος: Makedonka Dimitrioska Gjorgjieska Tel. +38923145546 Email: email@example.com |
|---|---|
| Ημερομηνία Δημοσίευσης: | 22/04/2024 |
| Προθεσμία υποβολής προσφορών: | 07/06/2024 |
| Περισσότερες πληροφορίες: | https://ecepp.ebrd.com/delta/viewNotice.html?displayNoticeId=28974039 |
| | Αντικείμενο: Πρόσκληση για Ανάπτυξη Στρατηγικών Χαρτών Θορύβου και σχετικών Σχεδίων |
|---|---|
| | Δράσεων |
| Αναθέτουσα Αρχή & στοιχεία επικοινωνίας: | |
| Ημερομηνία Δημοσίευσης: | |
| Προθεσμία υποβολής προσφορών: | |
| Περισσότερες πληροφορίες: | |
| | Αντικείμενο: Προμήθεια εξοπλισμού συλλογής απορριμμάτων για Περιφέρειες της Βόρειας |
|---|---|
| | Μακεδονίας (απορριμματοφόρα) |
| Αναθέτουσα Αρχή & στοιχεία επικοινωνίας: | |
| Ημερομηνία Δημοσίευσης: | |
| Προθεσμία υποβολής προσφορών: | |
| Περισσότερες πληροφορίες: | |
| | Αντικείμενο: Συσκευές διανομής και ελέγχου ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας (προμήθεια ηλεκτρονικού | |
|---|---|---|
| | φασόμετρου για άμεση σύνδεση) | |
| Αναθέτουσα Αρχή & στοιχεία επικοινωνίας: | | EVN JSC, Skopje Lazar Lichenoski 11, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia Αρμόδιος: Irena Radevska Email: firstname.lastname@example.org Telephone: +389 72 933 351 Web: https://evn.mk/ |
| Ημερομηνία Δημοσίευσης: | | 08/05/2024 |
| Προθεσμία υποβολής προσφορών: | | 08/07/2024 |
| Περισσότερες πληροφορίες: | | https://ted.europa.eu/en/notice/-/detail/274248-2024 |
Αντικείμενο: Νέα παράταση προθεσμίας κατάθεσης προσφορών επί της προκήρυξης για τις σιδηροδρομικές εργασίες κατασκευής νέου σιδηροδρομικού τμήματος από την Κρίβα Παλάνκα έως τα σύνορα με τη Δημοκρατία της Βουλγαρίας, ως μέρος του Διαδρόμου VIII
| | Αντικείμενο: Προκήρυξη έργου για την εκτίμηση περιβαλλοντικών επιπτώσεων για την κατασκευή, | |
|---|---|---|
| | προετοιμασία τεκμηρίωσης για το τμήμα αγωγού φυσικού αερίου Gostivar-Kicevo | |
| Αναθέτουσα Αρχή & στοιχεία επικοινωνίας: | | Joint Stock Company for performing energy activity natural gas transmission NOMAGAS Skopje Αρμόδιος: Violeta Spasova Email: email@example.com Telephone: +38926090137 Web: https://nomagas.com.mk/en/ |
| Ημερομηνία Δημοσίευσης: | | 30/04/2024 |
| Προθεσμία υποβολής προσφορών: | | 27/05/2024 |
| Περισσότερες πληροφορίες: | | https://ted.europa.eu/en/notice/-/detail/256400-2024 | | <urn:uuid:e4ae6417-b483-4485-8522-37a953a4491b> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ell_Grek/train | finepdfs | ell_Grek | 2,703 |
Abstract
Despite interest income from loans is a major profit contributor for commercial banks, lending inevitably makes banks bear default risks. For the sake of avoiding expected and unexpected losses, risk management methods ough to be employed by banks to meet the ecomical capital requirement. Besides, loan loss severity may very well be underestimated if the correlation between default events is disregarded. Therefore, in order to calculate economical capital when taking default correlation into account, we start from Merton (1974) model, and identify if loans will be in default via facor models for portfolio credit risk and portfolio losses can then be detemined. To simplify our analysis in this paper, loss given default is assumed to be 100 %. To intensify correlation, default contagion is, moreover, introduced to our factor model and we investigate which model results in larger losses as well.
g When determining default, we have to utilize rating transition matrices to obtain unconditional probability of default. Transition matrices published by credit rating agencies, however, have embedded drawback of insufficient information. We correct this flaw by means of another transition matrix based on continuous-time observations and produce different unconditional probability of default. Through Monte Carlo simulation, loss distributions are calibrated respectively from the two factor models under portfolio of 537 Taiwan listed and OTC companies. We find that expected and unexpected losses are larger and loss distribution is more right-skewed when infectious effects exsit.
Keywords: Correlation, Contagion Effect, Transition Matrix with Continuous Observations, Value at Risk, Loss Distribution | <urn:uuid:f793609c-3f02-4a87-ade9-1a7246a30170> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 1,719 |
ΟΜΟΣΠΟΝΔΙΑ ΒΕΝΖΙΝΟΠΩΛΩΝ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ
Λόντου 8 10681 Αθήνα Τηλ.:(210) 3810783-4 Fax.: (210)3301977
E-Mail: email@example.com - Internet:http://www.obe.gr
Αρ. Πρωτ.6887 Αθήνα,10 Ιουλίου 2015
ΔΕΛΤΙΟ ΤΥΠΟΥ
Θέμα: Η μείωση του ΕΦΚ στο πετρέλαιο θέρμανσης
Η Ομοσπονδία Βενζινοπωλών Ελλάδας χαιρετίζει την ανακοίνωση του αναπληρωτή υπουργού Οικονομιών Δημήτρη Μάρδα στη Βουλή, ότι η κυβέρνηση προτίθεται να προχωρήσει στη μείωση του Εδικού Φόρου Κατανάλωσης κατανάλωσης στο πετρέλαιο θέρμανσης, στα 60 ευρώ το χιλιόλιτρο (6 λεπτά το λίτρο) που θα ισχύσει από 15 Οκτωβρίου. Σημειώνουμε ότι με την «εξίσωση» του 2012, ο ΕΦΚ στα πετρέλαια αυξήθηκε στα 330 ευρώ το χιλιόλιτρο και πέρσι μετατράπηκε σε 230 ευρώ το χιλιόλιτρο.
Αναμένουμε τη σχετική τροποποίηση νόμου που θα υλοποιήσει την υπόσχεση έγκαιρα.
Η ΟΒΕ, μαζί με τους άλλους Έλληνες, αναμένουμε με αγωνία την υλοποίηση αυτού του μέτρου και ευελπιστούμε ότι θ υπάρχει αγοραστική δύναμη τον Οκτώβριο για όλους μας ώστε να μπορέσουμε να αξιοποιήσουμε αυτή τη δυνατότητα.
Η ομοσπονδία μας, είχε καταδικάσει έγκαιρα την αύξηση του ΕΦΚ στο πετρέλαιο θέρμανσης, στο όνομα της εξίσωσης με το πετρέλαιο κίνησης για την πάταξη της λαθρεμπορίας πράγμα που απέτυχε, και είχε εντοπίσει τις σοβαρές οικονομικές και κοινωνικές επιπτώσεις που θα επέφερε.
Δυστυχώς επιβεβαιωθήκαμε. Ας μη ξεχνάμε ότι:
Α) θρηνήσαμε ανθρώπινα θύματα,
Β)προέκυψαν περιβαλλοντικές καταστροφές,
Γ) προέκυψαν σοβαρά προβλήματα υγείας στον πληθυσμό από καύση βλαπτικών υλικών, όπως οι ιατρικοί σύλλογοι επιβεβαίωσαν.
Όλα τα παραπάνω εμφανίστηκαν από τον πρώτο χρόνο εφαρμογής του μέτρου. Παράλληλα οι στόχοι για αύξηση των δημοσίων εσόδων απέτυχαν και το Δημόσιο είχε μειωμένα έσοδα κατά 500 εκ. ευρώ όπως δήλωσε ο τότε αν. Υπουργός Οικονομίας κ. Σταϊκούρας.
Τέλος, το μέτρο επέδρασε καταστροφικά και στον κλάδο των βενζινοπωλών αφού συνετέλεσε σε σημαντικό βαθμό μαζί με τα άλλα μέτρα του μνημονίου στο κλείσιμο 2.500 πρατηρίων!
Ελπίζουμε ότι τον φετινό χειμώνα τα σπίτια θα είναι ζεστά και το περιβάλλον καθαρό. | <urn:uuid:f3343508-cd99-4500-9fa3-03ea3b417393> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ell_Grek/train | finepdfs | ell_Grek | 2,032 |
ABITARE L’INNOVAZIONE
Nuovi poli nella Regione Urbana
Convegno | Tavola rotonda
12.02.2019 Assimpredil ANCE
via S. Maurilio 25 - Milano
ore 16.15 | 19.45
Il convegno costituisce l’esito finale e la discussione dei risultati del workshop svolto al Politecnico di Milano nell’ambito dell’accordo di collaborazione tra l’Ateneo milanese e il Politecnico di Nizhny Novgorod, sui temi indotti dalle trasformazioni dell’abitare nelle regioni urbane: visione policentrica e sviluppo del sistema infrastrutturale; organizzazione sociale, del lavoro, delle relazioni e degli spazi collettivi nelle nuove polarità territoriali; innovazioni tecniche e sostenibilità ambientale.
Riconosciuti 3 cfp agli Architetti e agli Ingegneri
ILLUSTRAZIONE DEI PROGETTI ELABORATI NEL WORKSHOP “I TERRITORI DELL’INNOVAZIONE”
| h 16.15 | 16.30 | Presentazione |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | Quartiere Stazione 2020 a Treviglio |
| h 16.30 | 17.30 | Descrizione dei progetti |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | Dibattito |
| h 18.00 | 19.00 | Innovation HUB a Vaprio d’Adda |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | Descrizione dei progetti |
| h 19.00 | 19.45 | Dibattito | | 85d0b5f4-d583-4c8a-934c-4099e335394a | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 1,136 |
DA 2018 FC Codru Raport de meci 4:0 (1:0) Iskra -
Stadionul: Stadionul s. Ghidighici / s. Ghidighici /
Data/timpul: 13.05.2018 17:00 EET
Moldova
Tur de scrutin: 4
Numărul curent:
21
Arbitru: Minciuna Valerii
Prim asistent: Roşca Eugeniu
Al doilea asistent: Bucliş Maria
Al 4lea oficial: Șturmilov Andrei (Chişinău)
Primul adițional:
Al 2lea adițional:
Delegat:
Observator: Ţurcan Valeriu
FC Codru
Î
(24) 64 (23) 71
ANDRONIC VALERIU
Rogac Veaceslav
CASIAN VIOLETA
Panța Vadim
Chiricenco Alexandr
Antrenorul principal Asistentul antrenorului Antrenorul portarului Antrenor fizic Specialist în fizioterapie Doctor Administrator Team manager
CONFIRMAT Mihail Botnaru 13.05.2018 10:41:15 EET
CONFIRMATAnatolie Cebotari 13.05.2018 11:02:58 EET
| 1:0 | | 2:0 | | 3:0 | | 4:0 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | 3 | 7 | 57 | 10 | 62 | 18 | 75 |
Precauții: Iskra: 6 Bumbac Vladislav (8 - Comportare nesportivă - fault dur.)
Cartonaş galben CG:
PK:
Golman/portar
Capitanul echipei
G:
C:
Înlocuire
Î:
AG: Auto-gol
Cartonaş roşu CR:
Penalty
Analyticom COMET - FC Codru - Iskra 4:0
Spectatorii: 100
Categoria pe vârstă: Seniorii
MECI JUCAT
Valerii Minciuna
13.05.2018 19:08:05 EET
Pagină: 1 / 1 | <urn:uuid:9909d982-6533-4369-99d6-02b2e140c954> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ron_Latn/train | finepdfs | ron_Latn | 1,240 |
Stadtverwaltung Rottweil
Rottweil, 21. März 2023
-Ma/Ni-
An die Damen und Herren Stadträte 78628 Rottweil
SITZUNG DES GEMEINSAMEN AUSSCHUSSES DER VERWALTUNGSGEMEINSCHAFT ROTTWEIL
Sehr geehrte Frau Stadträtin, sehr geehrter Herr Stadtrat, hiermit lade ich Sie ein zu einer Sitzung des gemeinsamen Ausschusses der Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Rottweil am
Donnerstag, 30. März 2023, 17:00 Uhr, im Sitzungssaal des Neuen Rathauses
TAGESORDNUNG
öffentlich
1. Anfragen, Berichte, Verschiedenes
2. Flächennutzungsplan 2012 - 24. Änderung "Gewerbegebiet Berland ENRW" Ortsteil Neufra Abwägungs- und Feststellungsbeschluss (Vorlage ist zugestellt) 020/2023
3. Flächennutzungsplan 2012 - 25. Änderung "SO Solarpark Frankenreute" in Zimmern ob Rottweil - Offenlagebeschluss (Vorlage ist zugestellt) 044/2023
Mit freundlichen Grüßen
Dr. Christian Ruf Oberbürgermeister | <urn:uuid:3707e38c-9700-4878-9a56-792c3e4cb403> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 863 |
Mozione n. 439
presentata in data 21 dicembre 2018
a iniziativa dei Consiglieri Busilacchi, Volpini, Mastrovincenzo, Giancarli "Classificazione delle Aziende Ospedaliere"
L'ASSEMBLEA LEGISLATIVA DELLE MARCHE
Premesso che:
- con la DGR 1554 del 19.11.2018 l'Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord è stata definita come Azienda Ospedaliera di I livello;
- con la DGR 1623 del 27/11/2018 è stata modificata la DGR 1554/2018 in particolare il paragrafo 8 "Classificazione delle strutture ospedaliere", dove a "pag. 9, riga 20) Si sostituiscono le parole "n. 1 Azienda ospedaliera (Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord) di l livello" con "n. 1 Azienda ospedaliera (Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord) che sarà da considerarsi di II livello a seguito della realizzazione dell'Ospedale Unico";
Rilevato che il Piano socio sanitario attualmente in vigore prevede come unico ospedale di secondo livello l'Ospedale regionale di Torrette di Ancona;
Considerato che il DL 229/1999, più conosciuto come "riforma Bindi", all'articolo 4, stabilisce che "nell'ambito della riorganizzazione della rete dei servizi conseguente al riordino del sistema delle aziende previsto dal presente decreto, le regioni possono proporre la costituzione o la conferma in aziende ospedaliere dei presidi ospedalieri in possesso di tutti i seguenti requisiti:
a) organizzazione dipartimentale di tutte le unità operative presenti nella struttura, disciplinata dall'atto di cui all'articolo 3, comma 1-bis, in coerenza con l'articolo 17-bis;
b) disponibilità di un sistema di contabilità economico patrimoniale e di una contabilità per centri di costo;
c) presenza di almeno tre unità operative di alta specialità secondo le specificazioni di cui al decreto del Ministro della sanità 29 gennaio 1992, pubblicato nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 26 del 1° febbraio 1992, e successive modificazioni;
d) dipartimento di emergenza di secondo livello, ai sensi dell'atto di indirizzo e coordinamento approvato con decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 27 marzo 1992, pubblicato nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 76 del 31 marzo 1992 e successive modificazioni, secondo le specificazioni contenute nell'Atto di intesa tra Stato e regioni di approvazione delle linee guida sul sistema di emergenza sanitaria pubblicate nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 114 del 17 maggio 1996;
e) ruolo di ospedale di riferimento in programmi integrati di assistenza su base regionale e interregionale, così come previsto dal Piano sanitario regionale ed in considerazione della mobilità infraregionale e della frequenza dei trasferimenti da presidi ospedalieri regionali di minore complessità;
f) attività di ricovero in degenza ordinaria, nel corso dell'ultimo triennio, per pazienti residenti in regioni
diverse (mobilità attiva, ndr), superiore di almeno il dieci per cento rispetto al valore medio regionale, salvo che per le aziende ubicate in Sicilia e in Sardegna;
g) indice di complessità della casistica dei pazienti trattati in ricovero ordinario, nel corso dell'ultimo triennio, superiore di almeno il venti per cento rispetto al valore medio regionale;
h) disponibilità di un proprio patrimonio immobiliare adeguato e sufficiente per consentire lo svolgimento delle attività istituzionali di tutela della salute e di erogazione di prestazioni sanitarie";
Rilevato che il Decreto del Ministero della Sanità 29 gennaio 1992 dà una definizione molto restrittiva delle "alte specialità" comprendendo tra queste:
"1) le emergenze, ivi comprese quelle pediatriche;
2) le grandi ustioni, ivi comprese quelle pediatriche;
3) la cardiologia medico-chirurgica, ivi compresa quella pediatrica;
4) la neurologia a indirizzo chirurgico, ivi compresa quella pediatrica;
5) la nefro-urologia, ivi compresa quella pediatrica;
6) la neuro-riabilitazione;
7) i trapianti d'organo, ivi compresi il coordinamento interregionale dei prelievi multiorgano a fine di trapianto;
8) la oncoematologia, ivi compresa quella pediatrica;
9) la pneumologia oncologica;
10) la radioterapia oncologica;
11) le malattie vascolari;
12) la ginecologia oncologica"
e prevedendo per queste discipline bacini di utenza di milioni di abitanti;
Viste le disposizioni del DM 70/2015 in merito ai presidi di II livello e ai DEA di II livello e precisamente:
2.4 I presidi ospedalieri di II livello, con bacino di utenza compreso tra 600.000 e 1.200.000 abitanti, sono strutture dotate di DEA di II livello. Tali presidi sono istituzionalmente riferibili alle Aziende ospedaliere, alle Aziende ospedaliero universitarie, a taluni Istituti di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS) e a Presidi di grandi dimensioni della Azienda sanitaria locale (ASL). Tali presidi sono dotati di tutte le strutture previste per l'Ospedale di I Livello, nonché di strutture che attengono alle discipline più complesse non previste nell'Ospedale di I Livello, quali a titolo indicativo, nel rispetto del criterio prevalente dei bacini di utenza di cui al successivo punto 3.: Cardiologia con emodinamica interventistica h. 24, Neurochirurgia, Cardiochirurgia e Rianimazione cardiochirurgica, Chirurgia Vascolare, Chirurgia Toracica, Chirurgia Maxillo-facciale, Chirurgia plastica, Endoscopia digestiva ad elevata complessità, Broncoscopia interventistica, Radiologia interventistica, Rianimazione pediatrica e neonatale, Medicina Nucleare e altre eventuali discipline di alta specialità; devono essere presenti h.24 i Servizi di Radiologia con almeno T.A.C. ed Ecografia (con presenza medica), Laboratorio, Servizio Immunotrasfusionale.
9.2.4 La struttura ospedaliera sede di DEA di II livello esegue tutti gli interventi previsti nell'ospedale sede di DEA di I livello ed é sede di discipline di riferimento per le reti delle patologie complesse; effettua oltre agli interventi previsti per il DEA di I livello, le funzioni di accettazione in emergenzaurgenza per il trattamento delle patologie acute ad elevata complessità, in particolare per quanto attiene alle alte specialità o alle specialità che fanno riferimento a centri regionali o sovra regionali (Centro ustioni, Centro trapianti, Unità spinali, Cardiochirurgia, Neurochirurgia).
La struttura sede di DEA di II Livello serve un bacino di utenza compreso tra 600.000 e 1.200.000 abitanti, con numero di accessi annui appropriati superiore a 70.000 e deve essere dotato delle strutture di cui al capitolo 2, punto 2.4 (vedi sopra, ndr). E' inoltre prevista, qualora i volumi di attività consentano di garantire le competenze richieste, una struttura complessa di Chirurgia d'Urgenza, che assolva a compiti di trattamento specialistico di patologie urgenti.
La rete di teleconsulto rappresenta un utile supporto alle reti specialistiche di emergenza, in quanto, essendo connessa alle Centrali Operative 118, permette flussi informativi e trasporto dei dati tecnici fra tutti i Centri collegati, con la possibilità di anticipare informazioni sui pazienti in arrivo in Ospedale e ricevere dati sulla disponibilità dei posti letto. Al fine di un utilizzo ottimale della rete di trasmissione di immagini e dati é necessario garantire la presenza sulle 24 ore, negli hub di personale sanitario formato, con specifica programmazione regionale, alla gestione delle richieste di consulenza";
Considerato che le norme vigenti stabiliscono chiaramente che un'Azienda Ospedaliera è significativamente diversa da altre strutture ospedaliere e che nella nostra regione è già presente una azienda Ospedaliera di secondo livello, l'individuazione di una ulteriore azienda di secondo livello creerebbe un modello di competizione che non sarebbe efficiente ma metterebbe in seria difficoltà l'ospedale regionale;
Rilevate le numerose problematiche che affliggono l'Ospedale regionale (personale sotto organico, costretto ad effettuare anche turni lavorativi estenuanti, con stipendi più bassi rispetto ad altre realtà) e che andrebbero affrontate e risolte e non aumentate con scelte ingiustificate, non inserite nella vigente pianificazione e che non possono essere assunte con semplici delibere di Giunta regionale ma, al contrario, sono di competenza del Consiglio e dunque dovrebbero essere inserite nel nuovo piano socio sanitario in fase di elaborazione;
Ritenuto che le scelte del vecchio piano in merito all'omogeneità dei servizi sul territorio regionale con un'unica azienda ospedaliera regionale di secondo livello ed una serie di ospedali di rete omogeneamente ripartiti tra il nord ed il sud della regione, evitino la creazione di trattamenti disparitari e di competizione tra i territori senza depauperarne nessuno;
Ritenuto che l'Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord non possieda, ne potrà possedere anche a seguito della realizzazione dell'ospedale unico, i requisiti stabiliti dal DM 70/2015 per le Aziende Ospedaliere di secondo livello se non con un importante intervento di adeguamento che comporterà alti costi, sia dal punto di vista economico/finanziario, sia organizzativo;
Ribadito che una simile scelta non può essere presa leggermente senza considerare in maniera più che approfondita quali saranno le ricadute su tutto il sistema sanitario regionale e soprattutto non può essere presa in assenza di una pianificazione di settore
IMPEGNA
la Giunta regionale
- a revocare la DGR 1554 del 19/11/2018 e la DGR 1623 del 27/11/2018 rimandando qualsiasi scelta strategica all'approvazione del Piano socio sanitario regionale. | <urn:uuid:b7ef0d96-96ce-4beb-8438-8c603a55a801> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 9,408 |
NViS 3620
Mobile NVR Surveillance Fanless System with Intel® Core™ i5-4300U
Main Features
- Intel® Core™ processor dual core i5-4300U
- Three SIM cards + dual WWAN modules support
- Dual externally accessible SATA 3.0 SSD/HDD
- Built-in U-blox UBX-G6010 GPS, optional Dead Reckoning support
- Built-in CAN 2.0B. Optional OBDII function (SAE J1939/J1708)
- Wake on RTC/SMS via WWAN module
- Voice communication via WWAN module
- Compliant with MIL-STD-810G
- 4 x mini-PCIe socket rich expansion capability
Product Overview
NViS 3620 features powerful new generation Intel® Core™ processor i5-4300U. Its CPU performance gives the users the ability to adapt to what they need in any surveillance applications. Its Intel® HD graphics 4400 engine allows users to fully take advantage of NViS 3620 providing a wide variety of display I/O configurations of 2 different video outputs (VGA, DP). NViS 3620 is equipped with 2 externally accessible SSD/HDD tray; users can easily download or upload the data on other devices by just removing the storage devices from NViS 3620. By integrating the variety of I/O ports and 4 x mini-PCIe sockets expansibility, NViS 3620 is not only suitable for video surveillance application, but also can meet the demand for other telematics applications, such as infotainment, fleet management and dispatching system. With dual SIM cards support, NViS 3620 allows three SIM cards backup each other for a better connectivity quality by software. In addition, three SIM cards + dual WWAN modules architecture can increase the bandwidth for a faster data transfer speed. Not only data transmission, NViS 3620 also supports two-way voice communication. Equipped with intelligent power management, NViS 3620 can be woken on by ignition, RTC timer or SMS/Ring remotely.
Specifications
CPU
- Intel® Core™ processor dual core i5-4300U, 1.9GHz
Memory
- 2 channel 204-pin DDR3L SO-DIMM socket support 1333/1600MHz up to 16GB (default built-in 4GB)
Storage
- 2 x 2.5” SATA 3.0 SSD/HDD (externally accessible), RAID 0/1 supported (optional lockable storage available)
- 1 x CFast (externally accessible)
Expansion
- 1 x Full size mini-PCIe socket (USB 2.0)
- 1 x Full size mini-PCIe socket (USB 2.0 + PCIe)
- 1 x Full size mini-PCIe socket (USB 2.0 + PCIe)
- 1 x Half size mini-PCIe socket (USB 2.0 + PCIe)
Function
- 1 x default U-blox UBX-C6010 GPS module (50-channel and GALILEO) or optional modules with Dead Reckoning or GLONASS support
- Built-in G-sensor
Software Support
- Windows 8, WES8
- Window 7, WES7
- Linux kernel 3.X
I/O Interface-Front
- 4 x LED for power, storage, WWAN, WLAN
- 2 x Externally accessible SATA 3.0 SSD/HDD tray, RAID 0/1 supported (optional lockable storage available)
- 1 x Dual USB type A connector for USB 3.0 port + USB 2.0 port
- 2 x Externally accessible SIM card socket (selectable)
- 1 x Phone jack 3.5mm for 1 x MIC-in
- 1 x Phone jack 3.5mm for 1 x Line-out
- 1 x Externally accessible CFast card socket with cover
- 1 x Event button (trigger type)
- 1 x Reset button
- 3 x Antenna hole for WWAN/WLAN/BT
I/O Interface-Rear
- 1 x 9 ~ 36VDC input with ignition
- 1 x Dual USB type A connector for USB 3.0 port + USB 2.0 port
- 2 x RJ45 10/100/1000 Fast Ethernet with LED
- 1 x Phone jack 3.5mm for 1 x MIC-in
- 1 x Phone jack 3.5mm for 1 x Line-out with 1.5W output each
- 1 x DB-15 VGA, Resolution up to 2560 x 1600 @60Hz
- 1 x DP port, Resolution up to 2560 x 1600 @60Hz
- 2 x DB-9 RS232
**Dimension Drawing**
- 1 x DB-9 RS232/422/485 (RJ/SV/12V selectable)
- 1 x DB-9 for CAN 2.0B (optional CAN Bus 2.0B mini-PCIe card), 2 x MCU-DI and 2 x MCU-DO
- 1 x 16-pin terminal block
- 1 x CAN Bus 2.0B (on board)
- 1 x Optional OBDII module (ASE J1939 or J1708)
- 8 x Programmable GPIO (Digital Input)
- Input voltage (internal type): 5VDC TTL (default)
- Input voltage (source type): 3 ~ 12VDC
- Digital output (sink type): 5VDC TTL (default), max. current: 20mA
- Digital output (source type): 3 ~ 24VDC, max. current: 150mA
- 1 x 12VDC output (2A), SM Bus
- 4 x Antenna hole for WWAN/WLAN/BT/GPS
- 1 x Fuse (15A)
**Power Management**
- Selectable boot-up & shut-down voltage for low power protection by software
- Setting B-level power on/off delay time by software
- Status of ignition and low voltage can be detected by software
- Support S3/S4 suspend mode
**Dimensions**
- 260mm (W) x 206mm (D) x 79.5mm (H) (10.24” x 8.11” x 3.13”)
- Weight: 2.5kg
**Environment**
- Operating temperature: Ambient with air -30°C ~ 60°C
- Storage temperature: -35°C ~ 85°C
- Relative humidity: 10% ~ 90% (non-condensing)
- Vibration (random): 1.5g@5 – 500Hz (in operation, HDD), 2g@5 ~ 500Hz (in operation, SSD)
- Vibration (SSD/HDD):
- Operating: MIL-STD-810G, Method 514.6, Category 4, common carrier US highway truck vibration exposure
- Storage: MIL-STD-810G, Method 514.6, Category 24, minimum integrity test
- Shock (SSD/HDD):
- Operating: MIL-STD-810G, Method 516.6, Procedure I, functional shock=20g Non-operating: MIL-STD-810G, Method 516.6, Procedure V, crash/hazard shock test=75g
**Certifications**
- CE approval
- FCC Class B
- E13 Mark
**Ordering Information**
- NViS 3620 (P/N: 10C00362000X0) | <urn:uuid:1eb872ef-25f4-48e3-8a20-956b47befe2f> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 5,184 |
SMALL & SHAREABLE
SALADS
POUTINE Canadian Classic 14
Crispy french fries covered in cheese curds and smothered in fresh gravy.
SWEET POTATO FRIES 12
Served with chipotle mayonnaise.
FRIES
ONION RINGS
Tossed in Cajun seasoning, served with Caesar dressing.
LEMON PEPPER CALAMARI
Served with dill tartar sauce and lemon wedges.
STUFFED YORKIE
15
House-made Yorkshire pudding, shaved beef, blue cheese, gravy and bacon.
SOURDOUGH PRETZEL 14
Buttered and salted pretzels with beer cheddar dip and house mustard.
1 LB CHICKEN WINGS 24
Choice of: plain, salt and pepper, Cajun dry spice, honey-garlic, barbeque, buffalo, hot, or suicide sauce. Served with carrots and celery and choice of ranch or blue cheese dressing.
TRADITIONAL NACHOS 23
Tortilla chips, tomatoes, black olives, jalapenos, green onions, mozzarella and cheddar cheese mix. Served with salsa and sour cream.
add guacamole 3 / add chicken 10 / add chili 6
WARM UPS
JOZO'S CHILI
20
House-made chili with chorizo sausage and diced beef, mozzarella and cheddar cheese mix, sour cream and green onions, served with jalapeno corn bread.
FRENCH ONION SOUP
16
Traditional French onion soup broiled with swiss cheese and garlic crouton.
Gratuities and taxes not included, subject to change without notification.
Blue Mountain Resort LP's Food & Beverage Services do our utmost to accommodate any food related allergies, intolerance or sensitivities that are communicated to us by our guests. We do not however, assume responsibility for any reaction, illness or injury related to food allergies, intolerance or sensitivities and are unable to guarantee a 100% allergen-free environment.
10
13
18
POWER SALAD
Mixed greens, cucumbers, sun dried blueberries, red quinoa, edamame beans, goat cheese, pomegranate dressing
CAESAR SALAD
19
Romaine lettuce, double smoked bacon, shaved Grana Padano cheese, garlic croutons, house-made creamy garlic dressing
COBB WEDGE SALAD 18
Iceberg lettuce wedge, cherry tomato, double smoked bacon, pickled egg, green onion, avocado, feta cheese, Green Herb vinaigrette.
add chicken to any salad 10
MAINS
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QUATRIÈME PARTIE
ACCOMPAGNEMENT DU PLAIN-CHANT
PRINCIPES DE LA TRANSPOSITION
TRANSPOSITION APPLIQUÉE AU PLAIN-CHANT
THE LITERARY MAGAZINE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
VOLUME XXXIII, NUMBER 1
FALL, 1934
PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS
ACCOMPAGNEMENT DU PLAIN-CHANT
Le plain-chant de nos Graduels et de nos Antiphonaires n'a pas été composé à l'origine pour recevoir une harmonie. La mélodie grégorienne s'est accommodée pendant longtemps de l'unisson. Puis elle a reçu l'embellissement de la diaphonie, c'est-à-dire d'une suite de quartes ou de quintes et d'octaves, mode d'accompagnement qui nous semble étrange, parce qu'on l'a prescrit sous cette forme systématique de l'enseignement, mais qui existe encore, à l'état un peu latent, il est vrai, dans les jeux de mixture de l'orgue, dans l'ensemble des jeux de fond qu'on appelle le plein jeu.
Dans les écoles savantes des quinzième et seizième siècles, où l'art était plus pédantesque qu'inspiré, on n'a guère considéré les morceaux de plain-chant que comme des thèmes pour servir aux combinaisons du contre-point et à des effets d'harmonie.
Au dix-huitième siècle, particulièrement en France, on a adopté pour l'accompagnement du plain-chant le contre-point fleuri, moins sévère que le précédent, mais peu favorable à l'exécution vocale.
L'introduction des orgues d'accompagnement dans le chœur des églises, venant en aide à la pénurie toujours croissante des voix et des chantres capables, a ramené l'usage de la diaphonie des douzième et treizième siècles, mais perfectionnée et assujettie aux règles d'un art qui n'a cessé de progresser, du moins dans ses éléments scientifiques ; c'est l'harmonie en accords plaqués qui a donc prévalu. Elle suit la mélodie note à note, et, soumise au rythme du texte, elle contribue puissamment à la pompe de nos solennités religieuses.
Pour l'objet que je me propose de traiter ici, il est nécessaire de présenter, sous une forme succincte, diverses notions relatives au plain-chant. Les élèves qui voudront approfondir l'étude de cet art pourront recourir à ma Méthode complète de plain-chant, d'après les règles du chant grégorien. Il importe de bien connaître les clefs, les valeurs et la constitution tonale des modes du plain-chant, pour le bien accompagner.
ZUR ORIENTALISTIK UND ALTHISTORIK.
NOTIONS DE PLAIN-CHANT
CLEFS EN USAGE DANS LE PLAIN-CHANT
On se sert dans le plain-chant d'une portée de quatre lignes et de deux clefs : la clef d'ut qui indique la place de l'ut, et la clef de fa qui indique la place du fa.
La clef d'ut, placée sur la première ligne de la portée, c'est-à-dire sur la ligne la plus basse, prend le nom de clef d'ut première ligne :
\[
\begin{align*}
\text{si} & \quad \text{ut} \\
\text{sol} & \quad \text{la} \\
\text{mi} & \quad \text{fa} \\
\text{ut} & \quad \text{ré} \\
\text{la} & \quad \text{si} \\
\end{align*}
\]
Elle prend le nom de clef d'ut deuxième ligne, troisième ligne, quatrième ligne, selon la place qu'elle occupe sur la portée. Exemples :
Clef d'ut deuxième ligne. . . .
\[
\begin{align*}
\text{sol} & \quad \text{la} \\
\text{mi} & \quad \text{fa} \\
\text{ut} & \quad \text{ré} \\
\text{la} & \quad \text{si} \\
\text{sol} & \quad \text{mi} \\
\end{align*}
\]
Clef d'ut troisième ligne. . . .
\[
\begin{align*}
\text{mi} & \quad \text{fa} \\
\text{ut} & \quad \text{ré} \\
\text{la} & \quad \text{si} \\
\text{fa} & \quad \text{mi} \\
\end{align*}
\]
Clef d'ut quatrième ligne . . .
\[
\begin{align*}
\text{ut} & \quad \text{ré} \\
\text{la} & \quad \text{si} \\
\text{fa} & \quad \text{sol} \\
\text{ré} & \quad \text{mi} \\
\end{align*}
\]
Dès que l'ut est connu, on parvient à trouver, sans hésitation, le nom des autres notes, si l'on a recours au moyen mnémonique suivant :
A partir de la ligne occupée par la clef d'ut, on aura toujours mi, sol, si, en montant successivement aux lignes supérieures, et la, fa, ré, en descendant aux lignes inférieures ; à partir de l'interligne occupé par le ré, qui se trouve immédiatement au-dessus de l'ut indiqué par la clef, on aura toujours fa, la, ut, en montant successivement aux interlignes supérieurs, et si, sol, mi, ut, en descendant aux interlignes inférieurs. (Les notes qui sont placées au-dessous de la première ligne et au-dessus de la quatrième ligne doivent être considérées comme occupant des interlignes supplémentaires.)
La clef de fa ne se place que sur la seconde et la troisième ligne.
Clef de fa deuxième ligne :
\[
\begin{array}{cccc}
\text{ut} & \text{ré} \\
\text{la} & \text{si} \\
\text{fa} & \text{sol} \\
\text{ré} & \text{mi} \\
\text{si} & \text{ut} \\
\end{array}
\]
Clef de fa troisième ligne :
\[
\begin{array}{cccc}
\text{la} & \text{ré} \\
\text{fa} & \text{sol} \\
\text{ré} & \text{mi} \\
\text{si} & \text{ut} \\
\text{la} & \text{la} \\
\end{array}
\]
A partir de la ligne occupée par la clef de fa, on aura la, ut, sur les lignes supérieures, et ré, si, sur les lignes inférieures; à partir de l'interligne occupé par le sol qui se trouve immédiatement au-dessus de fa indiqué par la clef, on aura si, ré dans les interlignes supérieurs, et mi, ut, la dans les interlignes inférieurs.
La clef de fa s'emploie dans les morceaux les plus bas du chant ecclésiastique, parce que la note fa, dont elle marque la position sur la portée, représente un son placé cinq notes au-dessous de la note désignée par la clef d'ut : ut, si, la, sol, fa.
On voit ici que la clef d'ut quatrième ligne et la clef de fa seconde ligne désignent les mêmes notes.
Il existe des morceaux de chant dont l'étendue dépasse les quatre lignes de la portée, soit en haut, soit en bas. Pour marquer les notes surabondantes, on se sert, comme dans la musique ordinaire, de petites lignes supplémentaires sur lesquelles on les place comme elles le seraient dans l'intérieur de la portée.
Lorsque les notes surabondantes sont en trop grand nombre, on prend le parti de changer de clef, c'est-à-dire de la poser sur une autre ligne. On conçoit que par ce moyen il n'est pas de mélodie qui ne puisse être notée dans les limites des quatre lignes, puisque une étendue de deux octaves et deux notes est comprise entre la note la plus basse de la clef de fa troisième ligne, et la note la plus élevée de la clef d'ut première ligne :
En conséquence, on peut hausser la clef lorsqu'il se trouve dans un morceau de chant un passage qui excède la première ligne; on peut la baisser, au contraire, lorsqu'il s'en rencontre un qui excède
la quatrième ligne; car, si l'on hausse la clef, on a un plus grand nombre de notes graves; si on la baisse, on a un plus grand nombre de notes aiguës.
Le changement de clef s'opère quelquefois au commencement de la portée. Il est donc nécessaire au lecteur de jeter les yeux sur la position de la clef à chaque portée. Pour éviter les erreurs si faciles à commettre dans cette circonstance, on a imaginé de placer à l'extrémité de chaque portée un petit signe appelé *guidon*, et dont la forme est celle-ci \( \uparrow \) ou celle-ci \( \downarrow \). Le guidon est toujours placé sur la ligne ou dans l'interligne que doit occuper la première note de la portée suivante:
\[
\begin{array}{cccccccccc}
\text{fa} & \text{fa} & \text{fa} & \text{fa} & \text{fa} & \text{sol} & \text{fa} & \text{fa} & \text{Guidon} \\
1^{\text{re}} \text{portée.} & & & & & & & & & \\
\text{fa} & \text{fa} & \text{fa} & \text{fa} & \text{fa} & \text{mi} & \text{sol} & \text{la}. \\
2^{\text{e}} \text{portée.} & & & & & & & & & \\
\end{array}
\]
Si la première note de la portée suivante occupe la même ligne ou le même interligne que le guidon, il n'y a point de changement de clef. Ainsi, dans l'exemple qui précède, le guidon placé sur la seconde ligne de la première portée indique à l'avance que la première note de la seconde portée sera *fa*. Aussitôt le lecteur peut lire *fa* en toute assurance; puis, dès qu'il voit que la première note de la seconde portée est placée aussi sur la seconde ligne, il est sûr que la clef n'a point changé de position.
\[
\begin{array}{cccccccccc}
\text{ut} & \text{si} & \text{la} & \text{la} & \text{sol} & \text{ut} & \text{ré} & \text{mi} & \text{Guidon}. \\
1^{\text{re}} \text{portée.} & & & & & & & & & \\
\text{ré} & \text{mi} & \text{fa} & \text{sol} & \text{fa} & \text{mi} & \text{re}. \\
2^{\text{e}} \text{portée.} & & & & & & & & & \\
\end{array}
\]
Si, au contraire, la première note de la portée suivante occupe une autre ligne ou un autre interligne que le guidon, il y a changement de clef. Ainsi, dans l'exemple ci-dessus, le guidon placé entre la troisième et la quatrième ligne de la première portée indique à l'avance que la première note de la seconde portée era *ré*. Aussitôt que le lecteur a lu *ré*, il voit que cette note occupe au commencement de la deuxième portée un autre interligne que le guidon, et par là il acquiert la certitude d'un changement de clef.
**VALEUR DES NOTES DANS LE PLAIN-CHANT**
On entend par *valeur* d'une note la durée du son qu'elle représente.
Les sons du plain-chant sont soumis à trois modes de durée différents:
1° Lorsqu’ils n’ont qu’une durée ordinaire, ils sont représentés par des notes carrées, qu’on appelle notes communes.
Notes communes :
2° Lorsqu’ils doivent être prolongés au delà de la durée ordinaire, ils sont représentés par des notes carrées à queue, qu’on appelle notes longues. La queue ajoutée à ces notes carrées est un trait perpendiculaire qui part de leur droite ou de leur gauche, et qui se dirige vers le bas de la portée.
Notes longues :
3° Lorsque les sons ont une durée moindre que celle de la note commune ou note carrée sans queue, ils sont représentés par des losanges qu’on appelle notes brèves. La losange est une figure qui a deux angles aigus et deux angles obtus.
Notes brèves :
On trouve quelquefois des notes communes ou longues suivies d’un point. Ce point prolonge le son de la note pendant un temps indéterminé, ou tout au moins il indique un repos.
4° Il est nécessaire de présenter ici quelques observations sur l’emploi des différentes figures de notes.
Les losanges ont quelquefois la même durée que les notes carrées sans queue ou notes communes, mais c’est seulement dans le cas où plusieurs de ces losanges se suivent en descendant sur la portée, et prolongent les sons sur la même syllabe :
Ky - ri - e, e - - - le - i - son.
Pour reconnaître si les losanges doivent être exécutées comme des notes communes, il faut observer si elles sont précédées d’une note carrée à queue. Cette note carrée à queue a la forme d’une longue, non pas parce qu’elle doit être chantée comme sa forme l’indique, mais parce qu’elle doit être liée avec les notes qui la suivent. Dans plusieurs éditions récentes, on n’a employé que des notes communes pour représenter ces séries de sons :
Ky - ri - e, e - - - le - i - son.
On trouve, dans les anciens livres de chant, une autre forme de notes, appelée Rhomboïde, et dont la valeur est plus grande que celle de la brève et moins grande que celle de la commune.
Notes rhomboïdes :
Lorsque les rhomboïdes se suivent en descendant sur la portée et prolongent le son sur la même syllabe, elles se trouvent dans le même cas que les losanges, et ont aussi la même durée que les notes carrées simples.
5° Lorsque la queue d'une note carrée se dirige vers le haut de la portée, cette note n'est point longue, mais simplement commune. La queue en ce cas n'indique qu'une liaison avec les notes qui suivent :
Prolation.
Quand le même son doit être prolongé sur une même syllabe, on emploie deux notes communes et même plus. C'est ce qu'on appelle Prolation. La suppression de la plupart des prolations dans les éditions modernes a souvent fait perdre au chant ecclésiastique une partie de sa majesté.
Lorsque la seconde des deux notes commence une reprise de chant, il faut bien se garder de prolonger le son, de le tenir. Il faut, au contraire, séparer par un court repos, par une demi-respiration, la seconde note de la première. Car, en ce cas, il n'y a pas de Prolation :
6° La longue s'emploie immédiatement avant la brève, afin de rendre celle-ci plus frappante.
Le chant romain a beaucoup plus de grâce et de mélodie que celui des autres liturgies, parce qu'il offre beaucoup plus de brèves.
CHIFFRES ET LETTRES
Les chiffres 1, 2, 5, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 se placent au commencement, quelquefois à la fin des morceaux de plain-chant. Ils indiquent l'échelle tonale sur laquelle le morceau a été écrit, les éléments constitutifs de sa composition, son caractère, enfin celui des huit modes ou tons auquel il appartient.
Les lettres A, B, C, D, E, F, G, J se placent à côté des chiffres. Elles indiquent aussi l'échelle tonale, mais plus communément la dernière note ou finale des morceaux de plain-chant. Elles correspondent aux notes la, (A); si, (B); ut, (C); ré, (D); mi, (E); fa, (F); sol, (G).
Ainsi, 1 en D, ou simplement 1 D, signifie que le morceau appartient à la première échelle tonale ou au premier ton, et que sa finale est ré; 2 D signifie que le morceau est du deuxième ton, et qu'il a pour finale ré, etc.
CONSTITUTION TONALE DU PLAIN-CHANT
Il y a dans le plain-chant huit modes ou tons qui sont caractérisés: 1° par les divisions de l'échelle qui sert à les former; 2° par les limites de leur octave; 3° par leur finale; 4° par leur dominante; 5° par la nature de leur quarte et de leur quinte.
Les tons impairs, c'est-à-dire le premier, le troisième, le cinquième et le septième, sont appelés tons authentiques.
L'échelle de D ré, divisée en une quinte juste ré la et une quarte juste la ré, forme le premier mode ou ton.
L'échelle de E mi, divisée en une quinte juste mi si et une quarte juste si mi, forme le troisième ton.
L'échelle de F fa, divisée en une quinte juste fa ut et une quarte juste ut fa, forme le cinquième ton.
L'échelle de G sol, divisée en une quinte juste sol ré et une quarte juste ré sol, forme le septième ton.
Les tons pairs, c'est-à-dire le deuxième, le quatrième, le sixième et le huitième, sont nommés tons plagaux. Il existe une relation étroite entre chacun de ces tons et le ton authentique précédent : le premier et le deuxième ton ont la même quinte et la même quarte, et il en est de même du troi
sième et du quatrième, du cinquième et du sixième, et enfin du septième et du huitième. Mais, dans le ton authentique, la quarte est à l'aigu et au-dessus de la quinte, tandis que dans le ton plagal qui le suit, la quarte est au grave et au-dessous de la quinte. Il résulte de cette différence dans la position de la quarte et de la quinte que le ton plagal descend une quarte plus bas que le ton authentique précédent, et que le ton authentique monte, au contraire, une quarte plus haut que le ton plagal suivant.
Ainsi, le premier ton authentique a la quinte ré la au grave et la quarte la ré à l'aigu; nous aurons le deuxième ton, le ton plagal qui lui correspond, en transportant la quarte la ré au grave et au-dessous de la quinte ré la :
Le troisième ton authentique a la quinte mi si au grave et la quarte si mi à l'aigu; nous aurons le quatrième ton, le ton plagal qui lui correspond, en transportant la quarte si mi au grave et au-dessous de la quinte mi si :
Le cinquième ton authentique a la quinte fa ut au grave et la quarte ut fa à l'aigu; nous aurons le sixième ton, le ton plagal correspondant, en transportant la quarte ut fa au grave et au-dessous de la quinte fa ut :
Le septième ton authentique a la quinte sol ré au grave et la quarte ré sol à l'aigu; nous aurons le huitième ton, le ton plagal correspondant, en transportant la quarte ré sol au grave et au-dessous de la quinte sol ré :
Les modes ou tons impairs sont appelés authentiques, parce que leur usage paraît avoir été le plus ancien dans l'Église, et passe pour remonter au temps où saint Ambroise régla la liturgie. Le mot plagal signifie oblique, transversal; les tons pairs ont reçu cette dénomination à cause de la quarte grave qui les distingue, et qui est le produit de la quinte de l'authentique renversée. Saint Grégoire admît l'usage des tons plagaux dans la composition des chants sacrés.
Les huit tons du plain-chant embrassent théoriquement une octave d'étendue. La première note de cette octave est, dans les tons authentiques, la note la plus grave de la quinte, et, dans les tons plagaux, la note la plus grave de la quarte; ce qui résulte nécessairement de ce que les tons plagaux descendent une quarte plus bas que les tons authentiques auxquels ils correspondent.
Les tons du plain-chant n'atteignent pas toujours les limites de l'octave, et quelquefois ils les dépassent.
La finale d'un ton est la note qui termine régulièrement tout morceau composé dans son échelle diatonique. La note la plus grave de la quinte qui entre dans la constitution d'un ton, est en même temps sa note finale. Par conséquent, la finale d'un ton authentique et celle du ton plagal qui lui correspond, est la même: ainsi, le premier et le deuxième ton ont pour finale ré, le troisième et le quatrième mi, le cinquième et le sixième fa, le septième et le huitième sol.
Après la finale, la note la plus essentielle d'un morceau est la dominante. On appelle dominante la note qui domine généralement dans le morceau, et sur laquelle se chante le corps des versets d'un psaume. Cette note est déterminée par les règles suivantes:
1° Les tons impairs ont pour dominante la quinte au-dessus de leur finale;
2° Les tons pairs ont pour dominante la tierce au-dessous de la dominante du ton authentique auquel il correspond;
3° La dominante ne saurait être placée sur la note variable si, à cause du changement de place du demi-ton.
En conséquence de cette dernière règle, le troisième ton ne peut avoir pour dominante la quinte de sa finale mi qui est le si. On lui a donné pour dominante la sixte ut. De même, le huitième ton ne pouvant avoir pour dominante la tierce inférieure de la dominante du septième ton, qui est si, on lui a donné la note au-dessus, ut.
Les quintes et les quartes qui entrent dans la composition des modes ou tons du plain-chant, diffèrent de nature par la position diverse de leurs demi-tons.
Ainsi, dans le premier et le deuxième ton, la quinte ré la et la quarte la ré ont le demi-ton du deuxième au troisième degré :
Dans le troisième et le quatrième ton, la quinte mi si et la quarte si mi ont le demi-ton du premier au deuxième degré :
Dans le cinquième et le sixième ton, la quinte fa ut a le demi-ton du quatrième au cinquième degré, et la quarte ut fa a le demi-ton du troisième au quatrième degré :
Dans le septième et le huitième ton, la quinte sol ré a le demi-ton du troisième au quatrième degré, et la quarte ré sol a le demi-ton du second au troisième degré:
Septième ton.
Huitième ton.
Bien que le huitième ton soit renfermé dans la même octave que le premier, on ne saurait confondre ces deux tons l'un avec l'autre. En effet, le premier ton est authentique, et sa quinte est, par conséquent, au bas de son échelle, tandis que le huitième ton étant plagal, a la quinte dans le haut. D'ailleurs ces deux quintes sont dissemblables à cause de la place qu'occupe le demi-ton.
Enfin, la finale du premier ton est ré, celle du huitième est sol; la dominante du premier ton est la, celle du huitième est ut.
OBSERVATIONS GÉNÉRALES SUR L'ACCOMPAGNEMENT
Accompagner un chant, c'est exécuter sur ce chant une harmonie qui non-seulement soit un ornement, mais qui mette en relief la mélodie et la fasse valoir. Il en est de même pour le plain-chant. Or, il n'y a pas d'harmonie sans un bon enchaînement des accords.
L'enchaînement des accords résulte du rôle que joue chacune des notes qui les composent dans une tonalité déterminée.
1° Déterminer la tonalité du chant et des fragments de ce chant est la première opération à faire, en y ajoutant la connaissance de l'échelle ou mode à laquelle le morceau appartient;
2° Appliquer à chaque degré de la gamme l'accord qui lui est propre, est la seconde;
3° introduire des cadences qui divisent le morceau en phrases, et les phrases en divers membres, est la troisième;
4° S'inspirer, en dernier lieu, du caractère grave du plain-chant, rejeter les dissonances qui le lui feraient perdre, appliquer certaines formules traditionnelles que l'usage a consacrées et qui sont d'un bel effet; telles sont les seules choses dont l'organiste-accompagnateur ait à s'occuper.
Après avoir fait les études d'harmonie qui précèdent, sa tâche sera facile, et il saura la remplir avec succès.
S'il n'y a pas une manière spéciale d'accompagner les chants de chaque mode, parce que la succession des intervalles réclame l'application des mêmes règles, il y a néanmoins des effets particuliers dans chaque mode et des traditions qui remontent au temps de Palestrina et même des écoles flamandes du quinzième siècle, toutes choses dont il faut faire cas lorsqu'il s'agit d'un art religieux, traditionnel de sa nature. J'indiquerai ces effets et ces usages à l'occasion.
Pour le moment, je vais établir l'harmonie caractéristique de chaque mode d'après sa constitution tonale. Dans la pratique, la disposition des sons et des groupes de notes détermine la tonalité et nécessite de constantes infractions à l'ordre que j'indique. Mais, comme on retombe toujours dans les progressions du mode, l'organiste fera bien de s'inspirer de ce qui va suivre.
PRINCIPES GÉNÉRAUX POUR L'ACCOMPAGNEMENT DES ÉCHELLES DU PLAIN-CHANT
Conformément à ce qu'on a vu plus haut, je décompose l'échelle en deux parties : en quinte et en quarte. La première note de ces intervalles étant répétée et harmonisée, on peut former tous les groupes possibles et enchaîner les accords dans toutes les directions.
CHANT À LA BASSE
EN MONTANT
Quinte en ré min. Quarte en la min. Quarte en la min. Quinte en ré min.
1er TON
CHANT À LA PARTIE SUPÉRIEURE
5e en ré min. 4e en la min. 4e en la min. 5e en ré min.
1er TON
CHANT À LA BASSE
4e en la min. 5e en ré min. 5e en ré min. 4e en la min.
2e TON
CHANT À LA PARTIE SUPÉRIEURE
4te en la min 5te en ré min 5te en ré min 4te en la min
2e TON.
CHANT À LA BASSE
Toutes les 5tes et 4tes en la mineur
3e TON.
CHANT À LA PARTIE SUPÉRIEURE.
5tes et 4tes en la mineur.
3e TON.
CHANT À LA BASSE.
5tes et 4tes en la mineur.
4e TON.
CHANT À LA PARTIE SUPÉRIEURE.
5tes et 4tes en la mineur.
4e TON.
CHANT À LA BASSE.
5e de fa en ut. 4e en fa. 4e en ut. 5e de la min.en fa.
5e TON NATUREL
5e en fa. 4e en fa. 4e en ut. 5e en fa.
5e TON AVEC LE SI b.
CHANT À LA PARTIE SUPÉRIEURE.
5e de fa en ut. 4e en fa. 4e en ut. 5e de la min.en fa.
5e TON NATUREL
5e en fa. 4e en fa. 4e en ut. 5e en fa.
5e TON AVEC LE SI b.
CHANT À LA BASSE.
4e en fa. 5e de fa en ut. 5e de la min.en fa. 4e en ut.
6e TON NATUREL.
6e TON
AVEC LE SI b
CHANT À LA PARTIE SUPÉRIEURE.
4te en fa. 5te de fa en ut 5te de la min.en fa. 4te en ut.
6e TON
NATUREL.
CHANT À LA BASSE
5te en sol 4te en ut.* 4te en ré min. 5te en sol. 4te en ré min.
7e TON.
CHANT À LA PARTIE SUPÉRIEURE.
5te en sol. 4te en ut. 4te en ut* 5te en sol. 4te en ré min.
CHANT À LA BASSE.
4te en ut* 5te en sol. 6te en sol. 4te en ré min. 4te en ré min.
CHANT À LA PARTIE SUPÉRIEURE.
4te en ut. 5te en sol. 5te en sol. 4te en ut* 4te en ré min.
Dans les septième et huitième tons, la quarte ré, mi, fa, sol, mise à la partie supérieure, peut être accompagnée comme il suit :
On choisira la manière la mieux appropriée au passage qui doit être harmonisé. Il faut remarquer que le ton d'ut, que j'ai employé en premier lieu, est moins éloigné du ton de sol, qui est celui de la quinte du mode, que celui de ré mineur.
OBSERVATION SUR L'HARMONIE DES TROISIÈME ET QUATRIÈME TONS
La formation de la quinte qui, dans ces modes, a un demi-ton du premier au deuxième degré, rend leur tonalité indécise. Le sol naturel semble contredire le ton de la mineur auquel je les ai attribués. Enfin l'accord parfait de mi majeur produit une fausse relation avec le sol naturel dont il peut être souvent voisin. Telles sont les anomalies qui ont amené plusieurs personnes, plus ou moins versées dans ces matières, à inventer et à propager un système erroné d'accompagnement dont j'ai démontré ailleurs les vices radicaux.
La plupart des plains-chants des troisième et quatrième modes finissent par ré, mi, ou par fa, mi. Cette note finale doit-elle recevoir l'accord parfait majeur ou l'accord parfait mineur? Il faudrait, si l'on ne veut pas faire de notes étrangères à la tonalité du plain-chant, finir par l'accord parfait de mi mineur, mi sol si. C'est là une harmonie tout à fait défectueuse, et en voici la raison : il n'y a que quatre tons dans lesquels le
fa et le mi soient tous deux naturels ; savoir : en ut majeur, en la mineur, en fa majeur et en ré mineur. Dans les autres tons, on aurait le fa dièse ou le mi bémol. Or, dans les quatre tons indiqués, le mi ne comporte pas l'accord parfait mineur ; en ut et en fa, le mi à la basse demande, comme troisième et septième note du ton, à être accompagné par l'accord de sixte mi sol ut ; en ré mineur, le mi à la basse comporte l'accord de sixte mi sol ut dièse, ou l'accord de quinte diminuée, mi sol si bémol ; enfin en la mineur, il faut faire sur le mi l'accord parfait majeur mi sol dièse si. Il faut le sol dièse comme note sensible du ton ; sans cela, le sol naturel serait contraire aux règles du solfège et de l'harmonie. D'après ces exemples, auxquels on en pourrait ajouter une foule d'autres, je crois que les harmonistes demeureront bien convaincus que l'application à l'accompagnement du plain-chant des règles de l'harmonie telles qu'elles sont enseignées et pratiquées partout, est bien préférable au système qui voudrait interdire toutes les modulations passagères pour ne pas introduire dans l'accompagnement de notes étrangères à la gamme dans laquelle le plain-chant a été composé. Le choix entre les deux manières d'harmoniser le plain-chant a une très-grande importance ; en effet, s'il est vrai de dire que la plupart des fidèles sont étrangers à la connaissance des règles de l'harmonie et du plain-chant, il n'est pas moins exact d'affirmer que la plupart d'entre eux sont doués d'assez de sentiment musical naturel pour être plus favorablement impressionnés par une harmonie suave que par des accords rebutants pour l'oreille.
Ainsi, le sol naturel dans le chant est un effet mélodique qui ne saurait entraîner une violation des principes de l'harmonie. Le sol dièse de l'accompagnement est sans doute voisin du sol naturel. Mais il y a plus d'intérêt à se fixer en la qu'à rester dans une tonalité incertaine ; d'ailleurs, si l'accompagnement donnait le sol naturel, l'effet eût été fort désagréable avec le fa naturel du chant, puisque le ton de mi mineur ne le comporte pas. Ces anomalies et ces difficultés tonales résultent d'un désaccord passager entre la mélodie et l'enchaînement de l'harmonie. Il faut prendre le parti de consulter l'oreille et le goût, en s'efforçant de rentrer le plus tôt possible dans l'application des principes rigoureux.
Le sol naturel doit être traité comme septième note du ton et note non sensible, comme dans la gamme mineure, où la septième note cesse d'être altérée en descendant et se trouve un ton au-dessous de la tonique. On doit l'accompagner par l'accord de sixte si elle est à la partie supérieure.
MANIÈRES D'ACCOMPAGNER LE PLAIN-CHANT.
Il est rare qu'un morceau soit joué tel qu'il est écrit dans les livres de plain-chant. On transpose presque toujours. Nous verrons plus loin les règles de cette transposition.
On accompagne le plain-chant en accords plaqués tantôt en mettant le chant à la basse, tantôt en le plaçant à la partie supérieure ou dans une partie intermédiaire ; on l'accompagne aussi en contre-point fleuri.
PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA BASSE
Lorsque le chant est mis à la basse, la main droite l'accompagne généralement par deux notes qui forment avec la note du chant trois parties.
Les accords employés sont l'accord parfait et l'accord de sixte.
L'accord parfait se place sur la tonique et sur la dominante.
La dominante dans la gamme mineure peut être accompagnée par l'accord de sixte, si elle n'est pas suivie de la tonique.
Toutes les autres notes doivent être accompagnées par l'accord de sixte, à l'exception de la quatrième note du ton qui peut recevoir l'accord parfait, quand elle ne monte pas sur la dominante.
Un groupe de notes peut être considéré sous plusieurs aspects relativement à la tonalité. Il peut être accompagné régulièrement dans plusieurs tons différents. Il faut faire choix d'un ton qui ne soit pas trop éloigné de la tonalité dominante dans le morceau et ne pas sortir sans nécessité des types que j'ai donnés plus haut.
Un bon accompagnateur ne doit pas chercher à faire une harmonie excentrique.
La tonalité moderne résulte du mouvement de la quinte à la tonique portant toutes deux accord parfait. Cependant on réalise des modulations passagères sur le chant mis à la basse au moyen de sixtes modulantes. Exemples :
On doit éviter, autant qu'on le peut, les fausses relations entre une note et une autre sur le même degré, mais altérée dans une autre partie, telle qu'un ut à la basse suivi d'un ut dièse à la première ou à la seconde partie.
En raison des difficultés qu'offre l'accompagnement du plain-chant, on est moins rigoureux à l'égard des fausses relations que dans la musique ordinaire, surtout lorsqu'elles ont pour but une modulation utile et agréable à l'oreille.
Dans les morceaux où le goût moderne demanderait la note sensible, mais où on ne pourrait l'introduire sans vicier le caractère de la mélopée, cette note doit recevoir un accord de sixte.
La transposition exige une armure à la clef qui reproduise l'échelle tonale primitive. Cette échelle tonale étant différente de la gamme moderne, l'armure ne détermine donc pas le ton harmonique; elle ne fait qu'indiquer les altérations et elle est sans influence sur la tonalité des accords.
L'accord de quarte et sixte ne doit être employé qu'avec une extrême réserve et seulement dans les morceaux relativement modernes, tels que la messe de Dumont par exemple, et dans les proses mesurées. Il ne peut être introduit que sur la cinquième et sur la seconde note du ton, lorsque ces deux notes sont précédées et suivies de degrés conjoints.
Des effets empruntés aux cadences traditionnelles des troisième et quatrième modes peuvent être employés dans le cours d'un morceau appartenant à d'autres tons. Ce sont là des transitions harmoniques instantanées dont on peut faire usage à la fin des périodes et comme une sorte de point de suspension.
Exemples: (Dans le sixième mode.)
(Voir plus loin les morceaux de plain-chant mis à la basse et accompagnés.)
PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA PARTIE SUPÉRIEURE
L'organiste devra se rappeler les principes énoncés plus haut : 1° reconnaître l'échelle du mode; fixer la tonalité de chaque phrase; 2° appliquer à chaque degré de la gamme l'accord qui lui convient; 3° pratiquer les cadences qui séparent les phrases les unes des autres; 4° appliquer, s'il y a lieu, les formules traditionnelles.
Le meilleur accompagnement dans ce cas est celui à quatre parties. Le plus souvent la main droite exécute trois de ces parties.
Aussitôt qu'on a choisi le ton du groupe de notes à accompagner, on sait quel degré de la gamme occupe chaque note, et l'organiste traite ce degré selon les règles ordinaires de l'harmonie en ne se servant que des accords prescrits.
Le mode d'accompagnement le plus naturel, le mieux consonnant, et même le plus sûr dans tous les cas où le plain-chant offre quelques difficultés, est le suivant :
On placera l'accord parfait :
1° Sur la tonique;
2° Sur la quatrième note du ton;
3° Sur la cinquième note du ton;
Et ces trois accords suffisent pour accompagner les notes de la mélodie qui font partie de ces accords.
J'ai évité dans les exemples, même dans ceux de démonstration, de multiplier les accords à la main gauche, d'abord parce qu'on saisit mieux les sons lorsque la basse est un peu éloignée des autres parties, et ensuite pour qu'on prenne l'habitude d'une bonne disposition des parties.
Je donne ici ces trois accords parfaits à la première position. Ils doivent être lus et non joués, puisqu'ils forment des quintes consécutives.
Par conséquent si la mélodie est en ut et offre mi sol, on mettra ut ut à la basse, ou, si l'on veut, ut sol, et on remplira l'accord.
Si la mélodie donne fa la mi, on l'accompagnera par fa fa ut. Si elle donne si ré mi, l'accompagnement sera sol sol ut. De même mi sol ré auront pour basse ut ut sol ou, si l'on veut éviter les deux quintes par mouvement contraire, ce qui est autorisé d'ailleurs, on mettra ut sol sol.
On voit que ces trois accords parfaits suffisent pour accompagner toutes les notes de la gamme.
Le mouvement contraire doit être pratiqué autant que possible afin d'éviter les quintes consécutives. Les périodes du plain-chant s'exécutent dans un mouvement trop grave pour qu'il soit possible de
réunir plusieurs notes sur un seul accord comme dans la musique ordinaire. Dans celle-ci, en effet, il n'est pas rare de voir une mélodie formée de vingt à trente notes et accompagnée par une harmonie peu variée, par trois ou quatre accords seulement. On y remarque aussi une suite nombreuse de notes sur un seul accord, ce qui ne pourrait avoir lieu dans le plain-chant sans en dénaturer complètement le caractère et sans lui faire perdre sa majestueuse simplicité. Ainsi il convient d'accompagner par un accord chaque note de la mélopée liturgique, et j'ai insisté sur ce principe parce que des conséquences essentielles en découlent. La première de ces conséquences est la nécessité de moduler, c'est-à-dire de changer de ton fréquemment.
On a vu dans mon travail sur l'harmonisation des huit échelles tonales, tant à la basse qu'à la partie supérieure, les diverses modulations dont elles sont susceptibles. L'organiste devra y recourir fréquemment jusqu'à ce qu'il les possède à fond.
Indépendamment des modulations obtenues régulièrement en considérant chaque note du groupe à harmoniser comme appartenant à tel ou tel ton et comme partie intégrante d'un des trois accords parfaits de ce ton, on fait usage de la transition harmonique instantanée dont j'ai parlé au sujet du chant mis à la basse.
La même note peut changer d'accord, par exemple passer du mode majeur au mode mineur selon qu'on la regarde comme tonique ou comme troisième note du ton. Exemples :
On peut faire précéder l'accord parfait de l'accord de sixte sous forme de cadence sur la seconde note du ton lorsqu'elle est répétée ou longue, et lorsqu'elle est suivie de la tonique. J'ai employé cette harmonie
dans ma partition des Chants de la Sainte-Chapelle (1849), et cet effet, accueilli avec faveur, a été adopté depuis par plusieurs organistes.
Le son fondamental produit le meilleur effet, employé communément. Cependant la disposition de l'harmonie et de la mélodie est quelquefois telle que le premier renversement vaut mieux. La basse de l'accord de sixte à la main gauche doit autant que possible être amenée ou quittée par degré conjoint. Si on reste longtemps dans le même ton, on emploie ce premier renversement; mais il vaut mieux détruire la monotonie par l'emploi des modulations passagères.
Le second renversement ou accord de quarte et sixte est d'un emploi très-rare; lorsque la dominante est répétée deux fois à la basse et suivie de la tonique, on peut chiffrer la première par $\frac{5}{4}$, et la deuxième par l'accord parfait; mais cette disposition doit être évitée comme donnant lieu à une cadence trop moderne. On n'a guère l'occasion de l'appliquer que dans les morceaux mesurés, tels que dans les proses et dans les plains-chants récents. Exemples:
L'accord de quarte et sixte doit être amené par degré conjoint.
Enfin, je dirai un mot de l'accord de septième de dominante. Puisque je me montre seulement tolérant à l'endroit des renversements, et que cette tolérance bornée à certains cas implique une sorte d'exclusion générale, à plus forte raison devrais-je me montrer sévère pour l'admission de la dissonance naturelle, de la septième sans préparation. Cependant, en raison même de l'origine de cet accord qui remonte au treizième siècle, à une époque où notre tonalité moderne s'est développée pour devenir un peu plus tard prépondérante dans la musique, il me paraît peu dangereux pour le caractère grave et antique du chant grégorien, sauvégardé d'ailleurs par tous les principes rigoureux que j'ai fait connaître, d'introduire çà et là dans quelques morceaux ayant le caractère des séquences dont la mélodie remonte aux douzième et treizième siècles, quelques accords de septième de dominante; mais il faut que ces morceaux appartiennent au sixième mode, tels que l'Ave verum, l'Inviolata. Employés avec une extrême discrétion, ils produiront un bon effet et ne feront nulle disparate avec le caractère de ces morceaux.
(Voir les morceaux harmonisés et mis à la partie supérieure.)
PLAIN-CHANT MIS À UNE PARTIE INTERMÉDIAIRE
Pour harmoniser le chant en le plaçant dans une partie intermédiaire, on observe les mêmes règles que lorsqu'il occupe la partie supérieure, puisqu'il faut tout d'abord trouver une basse à ce chant. Une fois la basse obtenue, on distribue les notes de l'accord d'après les principes de l'harmonie. Ordinairement c'est au ténor que la partie du chant est confiée; il reste alors à trouver, si l'ensemble est à quatre parties, un premier dessus et un second dessus. Cet arrangement est dans les attributions du maître de chapelle qui écrit une partition vocale, et l'organiste l'exécute sur l'orgue pour accompagner les voix. C'est surtout dans ce genre d'arrangement qu'il importe de conserver à la basse le son fondamental.
Aucun croisement n'est toléré.
(Voir plus loin les tons de psaumes harmonisés.)
CONTRE-POINT FLEURI
L'organiste accompagnateur doit accompagner le chant en accords plaqués à la partie supérieure, à la partie intermédiaire ou à la basse, selon la nature des voix qui chantent et le genre d'effet qu'on veut produire.
L'organiste du grand orgue ayant à exécuter seul les morceaux de plain-chant et avec des ressources de sonorité plus puissantes, peut donner plus de solennité et de richesse à l'ensemble harmonique, en faisant du contre-point à la main droite et en jouant le chant à la main gauche et aux pédales.
Dans les instruments doués de puissants jeux de pédales, il arrive même que le chant est joué à la pédale et accompagné sur les claviers à mains en contre-point.
Les règles que j'ai fait connaître sur le contre-point, ce que j'ai dit sur les notes de passage, les retards et les marches, s'appliquent à l'accompagnement du plain-chant entendu de cette manière, c'est-à-dire en contre-point fleuri.
(Voir plus loin les exemples de contre-point fleuri.)
OBSERVATION SUR L'EXÉCUTION DU PLAIN-CHANT
De quelle manière le plain-chant doit-il être exécuté? A la partie supérieure? à celle du ténor? ou doit-il être mis à la basse? Les personnes qui se sont occupées de la science du plain-chant depuis une vingtaine d'années, ont presque toutes émis l'avis que le plain-chant devait être traité comme une mélodie, et par conséquent qu'il devait être toujours mis à la partie supérieure. Il semble qu'il suffise d'émettre cette opinion pour qu'aucune objection ne puisse prévaloir contre elle. Et cependant je pense que ce système absolu offre des inconvénients dont le moins grave consiste dans l'uniformité de l'exécution et dans le non-emploi des beaux effets auxquels se prête particulièrement le plain-chant. La place que doit occuper le plain-chant dans la partition dépend de la nature des morceaux, des moyens d'exécution dont le maître de chapelle dispose, enfin du degré de solennité des offices. En premier lieu, si tel morceau de plain-chant ne s'éloigne pas trop de la gamme diatonique moderne, s'il offre une mélodie facile à saisir et qui se prête à une basse naturelle, ce morceau perdrait ses qualités s'il était mis ailleurs qu'à la partie supérieure. Tels sont l'Inviolata, l'Ave verum, l'Adoro te supplex, etc.; d'autres morceaux comme les Alleluia et les Graduels, les Répons, les Antennes, peu propres à recevoir une basse régulière et agréable, sont mieux placés à la basse. Les accords parfaits ou les sixtes qui les surmontent, sans étouffer le son fondamental et ses dérivés, y ajoutent une harmonie qui en adoucit la rudesse. Si enfin le chant est psalmodique et très connu, tel
que la mélopée de nos psaumes, il peut recevoir au-dessus des parties d'accompagnement et au-dessous une basse, et cette sorte de partition s'appelle faux-bourdon. J'ai dit que les voix dont le maître de chapelle dispose devaient aussi déterminer la manière de chanter le plain-chant. Les partisans du plain-chant mis toujours à la partie supérieure ont-ils réfléchi à la composition du personnel du chœur de nos églises? Les voix y sont de quatre espèces: les dessus et seconds dessus, les ténors et les basses ou chantres proprement dits. A quoi servirait ce quatuor indiqué par la nature? Si l'on fait exécuter le chant par les enfants, il sera loin d'être assez sonore, et, d'ailleurs, les fidèles ne pourraient chanter aussi haut. Si l'on fait exécuter le chant par les dessus et les ténors, l'harmonie devra être écrite à voix égales pour éviter les croisements. Cette manière d'écrire est difficile. L'effet peut en être trouvé monotone. En dernier lieu, lorsque l'exécution doit être rapide, comme dans les offices ordinaires, dans le chant des antennes pendant les vêpres d'un dimanche après la Pentecôte, il est clair que le chant joué à la partie supérieure donne des basses sautant de quarte et de quinte. Ce mouvement produit un effet aussi insupportable pour l'oreille, lorsqu'il est rapide, qu'agréable, au contraire, lorsqu'il est lent. Le même chant mis à la basse et accompagné à la main droite par des accords parfaits et des accords de sixte, donne une succession fréquente de degrés conjoints très-harmonieuse et parfaitement conforme au caractère de la mélopée ecclesiastique. En dernier lieu, on sait que dans un accord de quatre notes exécuté sur l'orgue et sur le même clavier avec un mélange de jeux d'anches, la note la plus grave sera la mieux saisie par l'oreille, parce qu'elle est la plus forte. Si la note supérieure reproduit le chant, ce chant est nécessairement couvert par les trois autres notes, et quand le plain-chant est exécuté de cette manière, on n'entend que des successions de quartes et de quintes à la basse qui sont dépourvues d'intérêt; la mélodie est étouffée, l'effet musical est très-mauvais, et le but liturgique n'est pas atteint. Si l'on veut jouer le chant à la partie supérieure, de manière à ce qu'il soit entendu, il faut se résoudre à ne l'exécuter qu'avec des jeux de fond, dont on pourra éclaircir les dessus en y mêlant une doublette, ou, si l'on veut employer les jeux d'anches, jouer la note du chant sur un clavier, sur celui du grand orgue, par exemple, et faire l'accompagnement sur un autre clavier chargé de jeux plus doux. Il importe de tenir compte de toutes ces circonstances pour bien exécuter le plain-chant sur l'orgue, et de se garder d'un système absolu, qui, en toute chose, a des inconvénients, mais qui, en musique, a le tort assez grave, on en conviendra, de ne compter pour rien et le goût et l'oreille.
PRINCIPES GÉNÉRAUX DE TRANSPOSITION
Je suppose que l'organiste est suffisamment instruit de la composition des intervalles, et de la génération des tonalités avec leurs armures respectives à la clef pour les gammes majeures et mineures.
Il doit étudier les procédés à suivre pour transposer les morceaux d'après les convenances des voix, et les ramener à un diapason déterminé. Cette opération se fait au moyen des clefs qu'on substitue à celles qu'on a devant les yeux, en observant d'exécuter, dans la nouvelle échelle qui résulte de ce déplacement, les tons et les demi-tons aux mêmes places qu'ils occupent dans l'échelle primitive; enfin, en transposant exactement les signes accidentels qui sont marqués dans le morceau.
La lecture sur les sept clefs doit être pratiquée aisément pour transposer. Voici plusieurs exercices qui serviront à en faire usage. Les clefs de sol et de fa étant suffisamment connues, le nombre des clefs à étudier se réduit à cinq.
Clef d'ut 1ère ligne.
ut ut la sol
ré sol si
fa fa sol
Clef d'ut 2ème ligne.
ut ut ré la
sol ré ré
sol sol fa la la ré si
Clef d'ut 3ème ligne.
ut ut ut
la ut fa
Clef d'ut 4ème ligne.
ut sol ut ut
fa ut ut
ut la fa
Clef de fa 5e ligne
L'ut placé sur la ligne de la clef correspond au premier ut de la clef de sol.
Et le fa de la clef de fa 5e ligne correspond au fa de la clef de fa 4e ligne.
Lorsqu'on transpose, il arrive souvent qu'on lit les notes à des octaves au-dessus ou au-dessous de ce diapason général. Mais, dans l'exécution, on observe la distance qui existe entre les intervalles aux deux clefs dans le ton primitif.
Dans les exercices suivants, j'ai conservé au thème dont j'ai fait choix sa physionomie, c'est-à-dire que la place des notes sur la portée reste la même, et cependant on le transpose sept fois dans des tons différents, et on a fait usage pour cela des sept clefs. Cet exemple peut servir de type pour transposer un morceau dans tous les tons. En effet, on n'a qu'à modifier l'armure de la clef et on aura les huit autres tonalités sans aucun changement dans la disposition des clefs.
EXERCICES POUR LA LECTURE DE CLEFS DIFFÉRENTES À CHAQUE MAIN
Clef d'ut 1re ligne à la main droite; clef de fa 4e ligne à la main gauche.
Clef d'ut 2e ligne à la main droite; clef de sol 2e ligne à la main gauche.
On voit que l'accompagnement est lu à la double octave au-dessus de son diapason réel. On l'exécute comme il suit :
Clef d'ut 2e ligne à la main droite; clef de fa 4e ligne à la main gauche.
La clef de sol sur la 4e ligne se lit comme la clef de fa 4e ligne.
Clef d'ut 3e ligne à la main droite; clef d'ut 1e ligne à la main gauche.
Clef d'ut 4e ligne à la main droite; clef d'ut 2e ligne à la main gauche.
Clef de fa 4e ligne à la main droite; clef d'ut 4e ligne à la main gauche.
EN RÉ.
Clef de fa 3e ligne à la main droite; clef d'ut 3e ligne à la main gauche.
EN FA.
Clef de sol 2e ligne à la main droite; clef de fa 5e ligne à la main gauche.
EN SI b
PROCÉDÉS À EMPLOYER POUR LE CHOIX DES CLEFS
Lorsqu'on a déterminé le ton dans lequel on veut transposer un morceau, on remarque de quel intervalle il s'éloigne, soit en montant, soit en descendant, du ton primitif. Fixé sur ce point, on fait subir le même changement à la note qui est sur la ligne de la clef, c'est-à-dire qu'on hausse cette note ou qu'on la baisse du même intervalle qui sépare le nouveau ton du premier.
On cherche ensuite à laquelle des clefs correspond la nouvelle note, ainsi placée sur la ligne de l'ancienne clef. La clef étant trouvée, on la substitue à la première; on suppose l'armure du nouveau ton et la transposition est opérée.
On emploie les mêmes procédés pour la clef de fa.
Lorsqu'on se sera rendu compte, par l'expérience, de cette manière de transposer, on pourra fixer dans sa mémoire les résultats suivants:
La transposition d'un morceau à l'intervalle de seconde en montant s'opère en substituant à la clef de sol celle d'ut 3e ligne, à celle de fa, la clef d'ut 2e ligne.
Si l'on veut transposer à une tierce au-dessus, on lira, au lieu de la clef de sol, celle de fa 4e ligne, et au lieu de celle de fa, la clef de fa 5e ligne.
Si l'on veut transposer à une quarte au-dessus, on lira, à la place de la clef de sol, la clef d'ut 2e ligne, et à la place de la clef de fa, celle d'ut 1re ligne.
Les transpositions à la quinte, à la sixte et à la septième sont soumises aux mêmes procédés que les transpositions à la quarte, à la tierce et à la seconde dont ces intervalles sont les renversements; et c'est pour cela que la transposition en descendant donne lieu aux résultats suivants:
La transposition de l'intervalle de seconde en descendant se fait en lisant, au lieu de la clef de sol, celle d'ut 4e ligne ; au lieu de la clef de fa, celle d'ut 5e ligne.
La transposition à l'intervalle de tierce en descendant s'opère en lisant, au lieu de la clef de sol, celle d'ut 1re ligne, et, au lieu de la clef de fa, celle de sol.
Pour transposer enfin à la quarte en descendant, on lira, à la place de la clef de sol, celle de fa 5e ligne, et à la place de la clef de fa, celle d'ut 4e ligne.
Par l'effet des renversements, la transposition à la quinte, à la sixte, à la septième en montant se fait en lisant à une quarte, à une tierce, à une seconde au-dessous de ce qui est écrit, tandis que la transposition à la quinte, à la sixte, à la septième en descendant se fait en lisant à une quarte, à une tierce, à une seconde au-dessus.
Il ne s'agit ici que de fixer les clefs, ce qui doit précéder l'appréciation de l'intervalle. En effet, que la seconde soit majeure ou mineure, que la quarte soit augmentée ou diminuée, cela ne change rien à la règle qui détermine à quelle clef il faut lire le morceau. Les altérations constitutionnelles de la tonalité et les altérations accidentelles vont être l'objet d'explications spéciales.
**TRANSPOSITION DES SIGNES ACCIDENTELS**
La transposition exige que les intervalles qui séparent les notes dans le nouveau ton soient les mêmes que ceux qui séparent les notes dans le ton primitif.
On arrive à ce résultat, en ce qu'en concernant l'échelle diatonique, par l'armure de la clef qui détermine la nouvelle tonalité. Mais s'il se rencontre un dièse, un bémol, un bécarre, il faut en reproduire l'effet dans le ton nouveau en haussant ou en baissant la note.
On peut bien dire d'une manière générale que, si l'on transpose un ton qui a des dièses à la clef dans un ton qui a des bémols, le dièse se change en bécarre, le bécarre en bémol, le bémol en double bémol; que si, au contraire, on transpose un ton qui a des bémols à la clef, dans un ton qui a des dièses, le bémol devient bécarre, le bécarre dièse, le dièse double dièse. Mais les exceptions sont si fréquentes qu'on ne peut en faire une règle, puisque son application dépend du rapport de l'altération accidentelle des notes avec la tonalité.
Il faut constater d'abord les faits suivants:
Lorsqu'on transpose à un demi-ton diatonique au-dessous, le dièse, le bécarre et le bémol s'exécutent un demi-ton au-dessus de ce qu'ils expriment, s'ils sont placés devant les notes fa, ut, sol, ré, la du nouveau ton. Devant les deux notes mi et si, les signes restent les mêmes.
EXEMPLE.
TRANSPOSITION A UN DEMI-TON DIATONIQUE EN DESCENDANT
TON DE SI BÉMOL.
On doit remarquer quelles sont les notes du ton primitif qui doivent être altérées en montant ou en descendant pour être transposées dans le nouveau ton.
Si l'on transpose d'ut en ré, il y a deux notes du ton d'ut à monter, puisque le fa et l'ut sont dièses. Si l'on transpose de si b en la, il y a cinq notes à monter. Il faut d'abord supprimer les deux bémols si et mi, puis ajouter trois dièses : fa, ut, sol. Si l'on transpose de mi en fa #, il faut hausser deux notes du nouveau ton : le la et le mi, etc.
Lorsqu'il n'y a qu'une note à hausser, le changement des signes accidentels se fait dans le nouveau ton en les exécutant un demi-ton au-dessus de ce que ces signes indiquent dans le ton primitif. Ce changement ne se produit que devant le fa du nouveau ton, parce qu'il est le premier dièse de la série des dièses.
Lorsqu'il y a deux notes à hausser, le changement des signes accidentels a lieu devant les premières notes de l'ordre des dièses : fa et ut ; lorsqu'il y a trois notes, il a lieu devant les trois premières notes de l'ordre des dièses, et ainsi de suite ; de telle sorte que s'il y a devant ces notes un bécarré, il faut le changer en dièse ; s'il y a un double bémol, il faut le changer en bémol ; un bémol devient bécarré, un dièse double dièse.
Ainsi, lorsqu'on transpose un morceau de si b en si naturel, comme il y a deux bémols à supprimer : si, mi, puis cinq dièses à ajouter : fa, ut, sol, ré, la, en tout sept notes à hausser, les signes accidentels sont haussés d'un demi-ton devant les sept notes de l'ordre des dièses : fa, ut, sol, ré, la, mi, si.
EXEMPLE.
TRANSPOSITION A UN DEMI-TON DIATONIQUE EN MONTANT
TON DE SI BÉMOL.
Devant les autres notes que celles qu'on prend dans la série des dièses, on exécute en transposant le signe accidentel tel qu'il est indiqué dans le ton primitif.
On doit suivre l'ordre inverse, lorsque pour transposer d'un ton dans un autre, il faut baisser des notes.
Pour transposer un morceau d'ut en fa, il faut baisser une note, le si; d'ut en si ♭, il faut en baisser deux: le si et le mi; de si mineur en sol mineur, il faut en baisser quatre, puisqu'on doit supprimer les deux dièses fa et ut, puis ajouter deux bémols, le si et le mi.
Dans ce cas, les signes accidentels s'exécutent un demi-ton au-dessous de ce qu'ils indiquent. Le dièse devient un bécarre, le double dièse un dièse; le bécarre devient un bémol, le bémol un double bémol.
Lorsque le nouveau ton n'offre qu'une note à baisser dans le ton primitif, comme par exemple si l'on transpose un morceau de sol en ut, les signes accidentels ne sont changés que devant la première note de la série des bémols: le si.
**EXEMPLE.**
Lorsque le nouveau ton comporte deux notes à baisser, le changement des signes accidentels a lieu devant les deux premières notes de la série des bémols: si et mi. S'il en comporte trois, le changement a lieu devant les trois premières et ainsi de suite. S'il en comporte sept, les sept notes de la série des bémols subissent ce changement. Par exemple, pour transposer de mi en mi ♭, il faut supprimer les quatre dièses fa, ut, sol, ré, et ajouter les trois bémols si, mi, la; en tout il y a sept notes à baisser. Les signes accidentels seront donc baissés d'un demi-ton devant les sept notes de la gamme.
**EXEMPLE.**
Le double dièse et le double bémol comptent chacun pour deux altérations.
Il faut quelquefois hausser plus de sept notes pour transposer, comme par exemple, lorsqu'on
transpose de la b en si; il faut alors supprimer quatre bémols et ajouter cinq dièses, en tout altérer neuf notes. Dans ce cas, les notes qui excèdent le nombre de sept sont haussées d'un ton. Ce sont toujours les premières de la série; soit fa, ut, s'il y en a deux; fa seulement s'il y en a qu'une.
**EXEMPLE.**
Il faut aussi quelquefois baisser plus de sept notes pour transposer, comme de mi en la b; il faut alors supprimer les quatre dièses fa, ut, sol, ré et ajouter quatre bémols: si, mi, la, ré, en tout huit notes à altérer. Dans ce cas, les notes qui excèdent le nombre de sept doivent être baissées d'un ton. Ce sont les premières notes de la série des bémols, soit si, lorsqu'il y a huit notes, soit si, mi, lorsqu'il y en a neuf.
**EXEMPLE.**
Ces particularités se présentent lorsqu'on transpose un morceau à un intervalle de seconde augmentée, de tierce diminuée ou de quarte diminuée. On peut facilement éviter ces complications en se servant des tons synonymes, tons que j'appelle plus exactement enharmoniques (voyez ma *Méthode de musique vocale*, pages 17-18), en convertissant par exemple le ton d'ut z en ré b, celui de la z en si b.
Ces principes de transposition sont les seuls exacts. Ce sont ceux que m'a enseignés mon vénéré et regretté maître et ami, M. Moncouteau. Autant pour honorer la mémoire de cet artiste dont la modestie égalait la science, que pour être utile aux élèves, je reproduis ici le tableau qu'il a composé et qui résume ce que je viens d'exposer dans cette partie de mon travail.
TABLEAU DE TRANSPOSITION
Il faut faire, dans le cas de l'ut transposé, les signes d'attention que l'on rencontre passagèrement tels qu'on les voit, c'est-à-dire qu'il faut faire un dièse s'il y a un dièse de marqué, sauf les modifications des quatre dernières colonnes. — Les notes désignées par la quatrième et la sixième colonne se trouvent en suivant l'ordre de la série des dièses : va, vt, sol, né, la, mi, si ; celles qui le sont par la cinquième et la septième se trouvent en suivant l'ordre de la série des bémols : si, mi, la, né, sol, va, va.
| Pour TRANSPOSER EN MONTANT : | LISEZ, au lieu DE LA CLEF DE SOL, LA CLEF | D'ut 5e ligne. | D'ut 2e ligne. | Les 2 premières. |
|-------------------------------|------------------------------------------|----------------|----------------|------------------|
| D'une seconde mineure, comme d'ut en ré b. | D'ut 5e ligne. | D'ut 2e ligne. | Les 2 premières. |
| D'une seconde majeure, comme d'ut en ré #. | D'ut 5e ligne. | D'ut 2e ligne. | Les 2 premières. |
| D'une seconde augmentée, comme d'ut en ré #. | D'ut 5e ligne. | D'ut 2e ligne. | Les 2 premières. |
| D'une tierce diminuée, comme d'ut 2e en mi b. | De fa 4e ligne. | De fa 5e ligne. | Les 5 premières. |
| D'une tierce mineure, comme d'ut en mi b. | De fa 4e ligne. | De fa 5e ligne. | Les 5 premières. |
| D'une tierce majeure, comme d'ut en mi. | De fa 4e ligne. | De fa 5e ligne. | Les 4 premières. |
| D'une quarte diminuée, comme d'ut 2e en fa. | D'ut 2e ligne. | D'ut 1e ligne. | La première. |
| D'une quarte juste, comme d'ut en fa. | D'ut 2e ligne. | D'ut 1e ligne. | La première. |
| D'une quarte augmentée, comme d'ut en fa #. | D'ut 2e ligne. | D'ut 1e ligne. | Les 6 premières. |
| Pour TRANSPOSER EN DESCENDANT : | LISEZ, au lieu DE LA CLEF DE FA, LA CLEF | D'ut 2e ligne. | D'ut 5e ligne. | Les 5 premières. |
|-------------------------------|------------------------------------------|----------------|----------------|------------------|
| D'une seconde mineure, comme d'ut en si. | D'ut 4e ligne. | D'ut 5e ligne. | Les 5 premières. |
| D'une seconde majeure, comme d'ut en si b. | D'ut 4e ligne. | D'ut 5e ligne. | Les 2 premières. |
| D'une seconde augmentée, comme d'ut 2e en si b. | D'ut 4e ligne. | D'ut 5e ligne. | Les 2 premières. |
| D'une tierce diminuée, comme d'ut en la #. | D'ut 1e ligne. | De sol. | Les 5 premières. |
| D'une tierce mineure, comme d'ut en la. | D'ut 1e ligne. | De sol. | Les 5 premières. |
| D'une tierce majeure, comme d'ut en la b. | D'ut 1e ligne. | De sol. | Les 4 premières. |
| D'une quarte diminuée, comme d'ut en sol #. | De fa 5e ligne. | D'ut 4e ligne. | La première. |
| D'une quarte juste, comme d'ut en sol. | De fa 5e ligne. | D'ut 4e ligne. | La première. |
| D'une quarte augmentée, comme d'ut en sol b. | De fa 5e ligne. | D'ut 4e ligne. | Les 6 premières. |
Pour la transposition d'un demi-ton chromatique, soit en montant, comme d'ut en ut #, soit en descendant, comme d'ut b en ut, les clefs ne changent pas. Dans le premier cas, toutes les notes s'exécutent un demi-ton au-dessus du signe marqué ; dans le second, elles s'exécutent un demi-ton au-dessous.
Exemples de transposition des signes accidentels
D'UT en SI b
Conversion du z en ½.
DE MI b en SI b
Conservation des mêmes signes.
D'UT en FA
Conversion du z en ½ et du ½ en b.
DE SI b en UT
Conversion du ½ en #.
DE LA b en LA NATUREL
Conversion du b en ½.
DE RÉ en RE b
Conversion du ½ en b, du b en bb
Exemple de transposition à la seconde majeure en montant.
EN UT
CO RE
TRANSPOSITION APPLIQUÉE AU PLAIN-CHANT
J'ai dit plus haut que les morceaux de plain-chant n'étaient presque jamais exécutés dans le ton marqué sur les livres liturgiques par rapport au diapason admis par l'usage. Cela tient à deux causes : d'abord à l'écart qui existe entre les intonations des diverses échelles des modes puisque les huit modes, embrassent une étendue de près de deux octaves. Une voix de basse qui chantera facilement les notes de l'échelle du deuxième ton, qui est le plus grave des huit, ne pourra atteindre sans difficulté les notes aiguës du septième ton, qui est le plus élevé. Il devient nécessaire de se conformer, au moyen de la transposition, aux exigences des voix. En second lieu, les offices divins sont chantés par des voix plus ou moins graves, et, d'après la composition du chœur, on doit adopter un diapason en rapport avec la nature de ces voix.
Le moyen est facile. Chaque ton ayant une note, appelée dominante, autour de laquelle s'enroulent en quelque sorte les autres notes, on ramène les échelles à un diapason uniforme, en adoptant une intonation commune à toutes les dominantes. On réduit ainsi les huit tons à n'avoir qu'une seule dominante. Si le plain-chant est exécuté par des voix de basse exclusivement, on peut adopter la dominante sol ; si les voix sont moins graves, la dominante la ; si le chant est confié à des voix de ténor ou à des voix de dessus, on peut transposer à la dominante si. Il arrive que dans un chœur nombreux et formé d'éléments variés, on emploie, dans le même office, les voix de diverses espèces pour exécuter le chant. Il importe donc que l'organiste soit préparé à toutes ces combinaisons. Je vais indiquer les procédés à suivre pour ramener les huit tons à la même dominante.
REDUCTION DES HUIT TONS A LA DOMINANTE SOL
PREMIER TON
Ce ton s'écrit avec la clef d'ut 4e ligne; on substituera à cette clef celle d'ut 1re ligne, et on armera la clef de deux bémols. Exemple :
Du 1.
Con-fi-te-bor ti-bi, Do-mi-ne, in to-to
cor-de me-o: re-tri-bu-e ser-vo tu-o: vi-vam
et cu-sto-di-am ser-mo-nes tu-os: vi-vi-fi-
ca-me se-cun-dum ver-bum tu-um, Do-mi-ne.
Lisez : Con-fi-te-bor ti-bi etc.
DEUXIÈME TON
Le deuxième ton s'écrit avec la clef de fa; on lui substituera la clef d'ut 1re ligne avec deux dièses.
Du 2.
Collège runt Pontifices, et Pharisæi concilium, et dixerunt: Quid facimus, qui a hic homo multa signa facit? Si dimittimus eum sic, omnes credent in eum.
etc.
Collège runt Pontifices, et Pharisæi concilium,
TROISIÈME TON
Le 3e ton s'écrit à la clef d'ut 4e ligne; on le lira à la clef d'ut 2e ligne avec 1 dièse.
Du 5.
Eripe me de ini-mi-cis me-is, Do-mine: ad te con-fu-gi, do-ce me fa-ce-re vo-lun-ta-tem tu-am: qui-a De-us me-us es tu.
Eripe me de ini-
mi-cis me-is, Do-mine:
Dans des éditions anciennes, on trouve le 5e ton écrit sur la clef d'ut 5e ligne. Dans ce cas, on lit à la clef d'ut 1re ligne avec 1 dièse.
QUATRIÈME TON
Le 4° ton s'écrit à la clef d'ut 4° ligne; on le lira à la clef d'ut 1° ligne avec 2 bémols.
Du 4.
Custo - di me, Do - mi-ne, de ma - nu
pecca - to - ris: et ab ho-mi - ni-bus i-ni - quis e - ri-pe
me.
Custo - di me, Do - mi-ne,
Dans les anciennes éditions où le 4° ton est écrit à la clef de fa 5° ligne, on le lira à la clef d'ut 2° ligne avec 2 bémols.
CINQUIEME TON
Le 5° ton s'écrit à la clef d'ut 5° ligne; on le lira à la clef d'ut 1° ligne avec 1 dièse qui est souvent supprimé dans le morceau.
Du 5.
Do-mi-ne, tu mi-hi la-vas pe-des? Respondit Je-sus,
et di-xit ei: Si non la-ve-ro ti-bi pe-des, non ha-be-bis
par-tem me-cum.
Do-mi-ne, tu mi-hi la-vas pe-des?
SIXIÈME TON
Le 6e ton s'écrit à la clef d'ut 4e ligne ; on le lira à la clef d'ut 1re ligne avec 2 bémols.
Du 6. Quasi modo geniti infantes, alleluia : rationabiles, sine dololac concupiscite, alleluia, alleluia, alleluia. Ps. Exultate Deo adiutori nostro :
* jubilate Deo Jacob.
Quasi modo geniti infantes, alleluia: rationabiles,
SEPTIÈME TON
Le 7e ton s'écrit à la clef d'ut 5e ligne ; on le lira à la clef de fa 5e ligne avec 1 bémol.
Du 7. Si consur-re-xistis cum Chris-sto, quæ sur-sum sunt quæ-ri-te, ubi Chri-stus est in dex-te-ra De-i se-dens, alleluia : quæ sur-sum sunt sa-pi-te, alleluia.
Si con-sur-re-xistis cum Chris-sto, quæ sur-sum sunt
Dans les éditions où on trouvera le 7e ton écrit sur la clef d'ut 2e ligne, on lira à la clef d'ut 4e ligne avec 1 bémol.
HUITIÈME TON
Le 8e ton s'écrit à la clef d'ut 4e ligne; on le lira à la clef d'ut 2e ligne avec 1 dièse.
Du 8.
Mo - di-cum, et non vi-de - bi-tis me, al-le-lu - ia: i-
te-rum mo - di-cum, et vi-de - bi-tis me, qui - a va -
do ad Pa - trem, al-le-lu - ia, al-le - lu - ia.
etc
Mo - di-cum, et non vi-de - bi-tis me, al - le - lu - ia:
RÉDUCTION DES HUIT TONS A LA DOMINANTE LA
Je suppose que les élèves ont déjà acquis quelque habitude de la transposition; je vais en conséquence donner des exercices plus sommaires.
PREMIER TON
Du 4.
Pa - nus, quem e - go de - de-ro, ca-ro me -
a est pro sæ - cu-li vi - ta.
Le 1er ton ayant pour dominante la, on n'a pas à le transposer.
Lisez à la clef d'ut 4e ligne avec 4 dièses.
Du 2. Au-fer-a me oppro-bri-um et contemptum, qui-a manda-ta tu-a exqui-si-vi, Do-mi-ne: nam et te-sti-mo-ni-a tu-a me-di-ta-ti-o me-a est.
Au-fer-a me op-pro-bri-um etc.
TROISIÈME TON
Lisez à la clef de fa 3e ligne avec 5 dièses.
Du 3. Re-ple-a-tur os me-um lau-de tu-a, al-le-lu-ia: ut possim canta-re, al-le-lu-ia: gaude-bunt la-bi-a me-a, dum canta-ve-ro ti-bi, al-le-lu-ia, al-le-lu-ia.
Re-ple-a-tur os me-um lau-de etc
Si on trouve des morceaux du 5e ton écrits à la clef d'ut 3e ligne, on lira à la clef d'ut 4e ligne.
QUATRIÈME TON
Le 4e ton ayant pour dominante la, on n'a pas à le transposer.
On le trouve dans les anciennes éditions écrit à la clef de fa 5e ligne.
Du 4.
\[
\begin{align*}
&\text{ACCEPTABIS} \\
&\text{sacramentum justitiae,} \\
&\text{oblationes, et holocausta, super altare} \\
&\text{tuum, Domine.}
\end{align*}
\]
CINQUIÈME TON
Lisez à la clef d'ut 4e ligne avec 5 dièses. Le dernier dièse est souvent supprimé.
Du 5.
\[
\begin{align*}
&\text{PA-CEM re-linquo vo-bis: pa-cem me-am do vo-bis,} \\
&\text{di-cit Do-mi-nus. Alleluia.}
\end{align*}
\]
SIXIÈME TON
Le 6e ton ayant pour dominante la, on n'a pas à le transposer.
Du 6.
\[
\begin{align*}
&CIRCUI-no, et immo-la-bo in ta-berna-cu-lo e- \\
&\text{jus ho-sti-am ju-bi-la-tio-nis: canta-bo, et psal-mum} \\
&\text{di-cam Do-mi-no.}
\end{align*}
\]
Lisez à la clef d'ut 1ère ligne avec 1 dièse.
Du 7.
Viru Galilæi, quid ad-mira-mini aspi-ci-entes
in cæ-lum? al-le-lu-ia: quemad-mo-dum vi-di-stis e-um ascen-
dentem in cæ-lum, i-ta ve-ni-et, al-le-lu-ia, al-le-lu-ia,
al-le-lu-ia. Ps. Om-nes Gentes plau-di-te ma-ni-bus: * ju-bi-
la-te De-o in vo-ce ex-ul-ta-ti-o-nis.
Viru Galilæi, quid ad-mira-mini aspi-ci-en-tes in cæ-lum?
Si ce ton est écrit à la clef d'ut 2e ligne, on le lira à la clef de sol 2e ligne avec 1 dièse.
HUITIÈME TON
Lisez à la clef de fa 5e ligne avec 3 dièses.
Du 8.
Alleluia.
v. Spiritus est,
qui vivificat: caro autem non prodest quidquam.
ALLELUIA
RÉDUCTION DES HUIT TONS A LA DOMINANTE SI
PREMIER TON
Lisez à la clef de sol 2e ligne avec 2 dièses.
INTROIT.
Exaudi, Domine, vocem meam, qua clama vi ad te, alleluia: tibi dixit cor meum, quasi vi vultum tuum, vultum tuum, Domine, requiram: ne avertas faciem tuam a me, alleluia, alleluia. Ps. Dominus iluminatio mea, et salus mea: quem timebo.
Exaudi, Domine.
Lisez à la clef de sol 2e ligne avec 5 dièses.
(NE-RA.)
INTROIT.
Du 2.
Ciba-vit e-os ex adi-pe frumen-ti, alle-lu-
ia: et de pe-tra, mel-le sa-tu-ra-vit e-os, alle-lu-
ia, alle-lu-ia, alle-lu-ia. Ps. Ex-ul-ta-te De-o
adju-to-ri no-stro: * ju-bi-la-te De-o Ja-cob.
On peut choisir de préférence le si b comme dominante et lire à la même clef avec 2 bémols.
TROISIÈME TON
Lisez à la clef d'ut 1re ligne avec 5 dièses.
(MI-UT.)
INTROIT.
Du 3.
Vo-cem ju-cun-di-ta-tis an-nun-ti-a-te, et au-di-a-
tur, alle-lu-ia: an-nun-ti-a-te us-què ad extre-
mum ter-ra: li-be-ra-vit Do-mi-nus po-pu-lum su-
um, alle- lu-ia. Ps. Ju-bilate Deo, omnis terra, psalmum dicite nomini ejus: date glori-am lau-di-ejus.
Vo-cem ju-cun-dita-tis
En prenant pour dominante si b, on n'a que 2 bémols à la clef.
Vo-cem ju-cun-dita-tis
Écrit à la clef d'ut 5e ligne, le 3e ton se lit à la clef de sol 2e ligne avec 5 dièses pour la dominante si, avec 2 bémols pour la dominante si bémol.
QUATRIÈME TON
Lisez à la clef de sol 2e ligne avec 2 dièses.
INTROIT.
Du 4.
Re-sur-RE-xi, et ad-huc te-cum sum, al-le-lu-ia:
po-su-i-sti su-per me ma-num tu-am, al-le-lu-ia:
mi-ra-bi-lis fa-fcta est sci-en-ti-a tu-a, al-le-lu-
ia, al-le-lu-ia. Ps. Do-mi-ne, pro-ba-sti me, et co-gno-vi-sti
me: tu co-gno-vi-sti sessi-o-nem me-am, et re-surre-ci-o-nem me-am.
Re-sub-RE-xi, et ad-huc
Écrit à la clef de fa 5e ligne, on le lit à la clef d'ut 4e ligne avec 2 dièses.
CINQUIÈME TON
Lisez à la clef de sol 2e ligne avec 5 dièses, le dernier dièse est souvent supprimé.
(FA-UT)
GRADUEL.
Du 5.
Omnes de Sabave nient, aurum
et thus deferen tes, et laudem Domi no annun ti an tes.
v. Surge,
et il lu mi na re
Je ru sa lem,
qui a glo ri a Do mi ni
su per te or ta est.
etc.
SIXIÈME TON
Lisez à la clef de sol 2e ligne avec 2 dièses ; quelquefois le si b est à la clef; alors on supprime l'ut dièse.
(FA-LA)
Du 6.
San ctus, San ctus, San ctus Do mi nus De us
Sa ba oth. Ple ni sunt ce li et ter ra glo ri a tu a, Ho san na in ex cel sis. Be ne -
dicitus qui venit in nomine Domini. Hosanna
in excelsis.
Sanctus, Sanctus,
SEPTIÈME TON
Lisez à la clef d'ut 4e ligne avec 3 dièses.
(sol-mi.)
INTROIT.
Du 7.
Puer natus est nobis, et filius datus est nobis: cujus imperium super humerum ejus: et vocatur nomen ejus, magni consili i Angeli.
Ps. Canta te Domino canticum novum: qui amirabilia fecit.
Puer natus est nobis,
Écrit à la clef d'ut 2e ligne, on lira le 7e ton à la clef d'ut 5e ligne avec 3 dièses.
HUITIÈME TON
Lisez à la clef d'ut 1re ligne avec 5 dièses.
(sol-ut.)
INTROIT.
Du 8.
SPIRITUS DOMINI REPLEVIT ORBEM TERRA-RUM, ALLE-
LUIA: ET HOC QUOD CONTINET OMNIA, SCIEN-TIAM
HABET VO-CIS, ALLE-LU-IA, ALLE-LU-IA, ALLE-LU-IA.
Ps. EXURGAT Deus, et dis-si-pentur ini-mi-ci e-jus: * et fu-gi-ant qui
o-de-rant e-um a fa-ci-e e-jus.
SPIRITUS DOMINI REPLEVIT
On peut prendre si b comme dominante, et on n'aura que 2 bémols à la clef.
SPIRITUS DOMINI REPLEVIT
On trouve dans les livres anciens les clefs adaptées à tous les modes et plusieurs clefs différentes dans le même morceau et dans la même ligne; ce qui crée une assez grande difficulté pour la transposition. On a remédié à ces inconvénients par l'adoption des lignes supplémentaires dans quelques éditions récentes, notamment dans ma grande édition du Chant romain traditionnel, imprimée chez A. Le Clerc, en usage dans les diocèses de Lyon, Dijon, Clermont, Séez et Pamiers, et adoptée pour le diocèse de Paris; j'y ai ramené les tons à des clefs uniques d'après leurs échelles respectives.
MORCEAUX DE PLAIN-CHANT ACCOMPAGNES.
PREMIER TON
PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA BASSE - Dominante SOL.
Salve, Regina,
mater misericordiae, vita, dulcedo, et spes nostra salve Ad te clamamus exultantes filii Ewae
ad te suspiramus gementes, et flentes
in hac lachrymarum valle. Et ia ergo
ad vocata nostra, illos tuos miseri
cor des oculos ad nos
converte Et Jesum benedicetum
fructum ventris tui, nobis post
hoc exilium ostende O
clementis, o pimena, o
dulcis Virgo Maria.
PREMIER TON.
PLAIN CHANT MIS À LA BASSE - Dominante LA.
Salve, Regina,
mater misericordiae, vita,
dulcedo, et spes nostra, salve
Ad te clama-mus ex-ules fi-bi
Evæ ad te sus-pi-ra-mus gemen-tes
et flen-tes in hac la-cry-ma-rum val-le.
Eia er-go ad-vo-ca-ta no-stra, il-los tu-os
mi-se-ri-cor-des o-cu-los
ad nos conver - sante, Et Jesum
benedictum fructum ventris tu - i,
nobis post hoc ex - ili - um o -
sten - de. O cle - mens, o pi - a,
dul - cis Vir - go Ma - ri - a!
PREMIER TON.
PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA PARTIE SUPÉRIEURE - Dominante SI.
Salve, Regina, mater misericordiae, vita, dulcedo, et spes nostra salve. Ad te clamamus exultantes filii Evae, ad te suspiramus gementes et flentes in hac lacrymarum valle Eia ergo advocata nostra,
illos tuos misericordes
oculos ad nos converte
Et Jesum benedictum fructum ventris tui,
nobis post hoc exilium ostende O clemens, o pia,
dulcis Virgo Maria!
Après avoir étudié la manière d'accompagner les morceaux de plain-chant dans trois tonalités différentes, on s'exercera à les transposer et à les accompagner en divers tons sur les livres de chant liturgique. C'est dans ce but que je reproduis le morceau dans la notation du plain-chant.
**ANTIENNE.**
*Du 4.*
Salve Regina, mater misericordiae,
vita, dulcedo, et spes nostra, salve. Ad te
clamamus exules filii Evae. Ad te suspiramus, gementes, et flentes in hac lacrymarum valle. Eia ergo advocata nostra, illos tuos misericordes oculos ad nos converte. Et Jesum benedictum fructum ventris tui, nobis post hoc exilium ostende. O clemens, O pia, O dulcis Virgo Maria.
Les tons authentiques empruntent souvent aux tons plagaux les notes graves qui les caractérisent. Le verset *Et Jesum* du *Salve Regina* appartient à l'échelle du second mode. (Voyez ma *Méthode complète de plain-chant*, chapitre III.)
DEUXIEME TON.
PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA BASSE - Dominante SOL.
Dies iræ, dies illa, Solvet sæclum in favilla:
Teste David cum sibylla. Liber scriptus proferetur,
In quo totum continetur, Unde mundus judicetur.
DEUXIÈME TON.
PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA BASSE - Dominante LA.
Dies iræ, dies illa, Solvet sæclum in favilla:
Teste David cum sibylla. Liber scriptus proferetur,
In quo totum continetur, Unde mundus judicetur.
Cette séquence des morts appartient au 1er et au 2e ton. J'ai pris comme exemple deux strophes dans lesquelles le 2e ton se trouve bien caractérisé.
DEUXIÈME TON.
PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA PARTIE SUPÉRIEURE Dominante SI.
Dies iræ, dies illa,
Solvet sæclum in favilla:
Teste David cum Sibylla,
Liber scriptus proferetur,
In quo to-tum con-ti-ne-tur,
Unde mundus ju-di-ce-tur.
LE MÊME MORCEAU EN NOTATION DE PLAIN-CHANT
PROSE.
Du 1 et du 2.
Dies iræ, dies illa, Solvet sæclum in favilla: Teste David cum Sibylla. Liber scriptus proferetur, in quo to-tum con-ti-ne-tur, unde mundus ju-di-ce-tur.
TROISIÈME TON
PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA BASSE - Dominante SOL
Pange lingua gloriosi Corporis mysteriorum,
Sanguinisque pretiosi, Quem in mundi pretium
Fructus ventris generosi Rex effudit gentium.
TROISIÈME TON
PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA BASSE - Dominante LA
Pange lingua, gloriosi Corporis
mysterium, Sanguinisque pretiosi, Quem in mundi pretium
Fructus ventris generosi Rex effudit gentium
TROISIÈME TON
PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA PARTIE SUPÉRIEURE - Dominante SI.
Pange, lingua, gloriosi Corporis mysticum,
Sanguinisque pretiosi, Quem in mundi pretium
Fructus ventris generosi Rex effudit gentium
Pour faciliter l'exécution, on peut prendre pour dominante le si ; on n'aura alors que 2 bémols à la clef.
Le chant de ce morceau ne s'élève que d'un degré au-dessus de la dominante. On l'exécute très-souvent avec ut pour dominante, comme il suit :
LE MÊME MORCEAU EN NOTATION DE PLAIN-CHANT
Du 5.
Pange lingua gloriosi Corporis mysticum, Sanguinisque pretiosi, Quem in mundi pretium Fructus ventris generosi Rex effudit gentium.
QUATRIEME TON.
PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA BASSE - Dominante SOL.
Te lucis ante terminum Rerum Creator
poscimus, Ut pro tua clementia Sis præsul, et custodia.
QUATRIEME TON.
PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA BASSE - Dominante LA.
Te lucis ante terminum Rerum Creator
poscimus, Ut pro tua clementia Sis præsul, et custodia.
QUATRIEME TON
PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA PARTIE SUPÉRIEURE - Dominante SI
Te lucis ante terminum Rerum Creator
LE MÊME MORCEAU EN NOTATION DE PLAIN-CHANT
HYMNE.
Du 4.
Te lucis ante terminum Re-rum Creator possimus, Ut pro
tu-a cle-men-ti-a Sis præ-sul, et cu-sto-di-a.
CINQUIÈME TON.
PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA BASSE - Dominante SOL.
Al-
Redemp-to-ris Ma-ter, qua per vi-a cœ-
Por-ta ma-nes, et stel-la
mammaris, succurre cadenti, Surge re qui
curat populo: tu quaegenuisti,
Naturamirante, tuum sanctum Geminotrem.
Virgo prius ac posterius,
Gabrielis ab ore Sumens
illud ave, peccatorum misere.
CINQUIÈME TON
PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA BASSE - Dominante LA
AL - -
Redemptoris Ma - ter, qua per - vi - a co - li
Por - ta ma - - - nes, et stel - la
ma - - ris, sue - cur - re ca - den - ti, Sur - ge - re qui cu - rat,
po - pu - lo: tu
Natu - ra mi - ran - te, tu - um san - tum Ge - ni - to - rem
Virgo primus ac posterius,
Gabriellis ab ore Sumens
ilud ave, peccatorum misere.
CINQUIÈME TON.
PLAIN CHANT MIS À LA PARTIE SUPÉRIEURE Dominante SI
Alma
Redemptoris Mater, quae per viæ
evli Portatamenes,
et stella maris, succurre cadenti,
Surge qui curat populo: tuque
genuisti, Natura mirante, tuum sanctum
Gennitorem. Virgo primus
ac posteriorus, Gabriellis ab ore
Sumens ilud ave, peccatorum misere.
LE MÊME MORCEAU EN NOTATION DE PLAIN-CHANT
ANTIENNE.
Du 1.
ALMA Redemptoris Mater, quae per vi-a cœ-li Porta ma-nes, et stel-la maris, succur-re ca-den-ti, Sur-ge-re qui cu-rat, po-pu-lo: tu qua ge-nu-i-sti, Na-tu-ra mi-ran-te, tu-um san-ctum Ge-ni-to-rem. Vir-go pri- us ac po-ste-ri-us, Ga-bri-e-lis ab o-re sumens il-lud A-ve, pec-ca-to-rum mi-se-re-re.
SIXIÈME TON.
PLAIN CHANT MIS À LA BASSE - Dominante SOL.
Regina cœli laetare,
alleluia: Qui-a quem meruisti
portare, alleluia.
resurrexit sic ut dixit, alleluia.
Ora pro nobis Deum, alleluia.
SIXIÈME TON.
PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA BASSE - Dominante LA.
Regina cæli laetare,
alleluia: Qui a quem meruisti
porrextare; alleluia
resurrexit sic ut dixit, alleluia.
Ora pro nobis Deum alleluia.
SIXIÈME TON.
PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA PARTIE SUPÉRIEURE—Dominante SI
Regina coeli laeta
Alleluia Qui a quem me ruisisti
Porfaire, alleluia
Resupexit sic ut dixit, alleluia
Ora pro nobis Deum, alleluia
LE MÊME MORCEAU EN NOTATION DE PLAIN-CHANT
ANTIENNE.
Du 6.
Regi-na coe-li la-te-ta-re, al-le-lu-ia. Qui-a
quem me-ru-i-sti por-ta-re, al-le-lu-ia. Re-sur-
re-xit si-cut di-xit, al-le-lu-ia. O-ra pro-no-bis De-um,
al-le-lu-ia.
SEPTIÈME TON.
PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA BASSE - Dominante SOL.
As-per-ges me, Do-mi-ne, hys-so-po,
et mun-da-bor: la-va-bis me, et su-per-nivem
de-al-ba-bor. Ps. Mi-se-re-re-me-i, De-us,
se - cun - dum ma-gnam mi_se ri_cor _ di_am fu_am.
SEPTIÈME TON.
PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA BASSE Dominante LA
As - per - ges me, Do - mi_ne, hys-so - po,
et munda - hor, la - va - bis me, et su - per nivem
de - al_ba - bor. Ps.Mi - se - re_re me - i, De - us,
se - cun - dum ma-gnam mi_se ri_cor _ di_am tu - am.
SEPTIÈME TON
PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA PARTIE SUPÉRIEURE - Dominante SI.
Asperges me, Domine, hyssopo,
et mundabor: lavabis me, et superni vem
de alba hor. Ps. Misere-re-re me i, Deus,
se-cun-dum mag-nam mi-se-ri-cor-di-am tu-am
LE MÊME MORCEAU EN NOTATION DE PLAIN-CHANT
(sol-né.)
ANTIENNE.
Du 7.
Asperges me Domine hyssopo, et mundabor:
lavabis me, et superni vem de alba hor. Ps. Misere-re-re me i, Deus, se-cun-dum mag-nam mi-se-ri-cor-di-am tu-am.
HUITIÈME TON
PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA BASSE - Dominante SOL
VENI, Creator Spiritus, Mentes tuorum visita,
Imple superna gratia, Quæ tu creasti peccora.
HUITIÈME TON
PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA BASSE - Dominante LA
VENI, Creator Spiritus, Mentes tuorum visita,
Imple superna gratia, Quæ tu creasti peccora.
HUITIÈME TON.
PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA PARTIE SUPÉRIEURE - Dominante SI.
VENI, Creator Spiritus,
En choisissant le si bémol comme dominante on n'aura que deux bémols à la clef.
**Hymne.**
*Du 8.*
**PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA PARTIE INTERMÉDIAIRE**
Cette disposition convient principalement à l'accompagnement d'une partition vocale, de celle des psaumes, par exemple, chantés en faux-bourdon. Je vais donner comme spécimen un verset du cantique de la Sainte Vierge, *Magnificat*.
Je prends le second verset, parce que le premier verset des psaumes et cantiques a une intonation particulière et n'est pas chanté en faux-bourdon.
**PREMIER TON en J.**
*Et exsultavit spiritus meus,* in Deo salutari meo
TROISIEME TON en à.
Et ex_sul_ta_vit spi_ri_tus me_us, in De_o sa_lu_ta ri me_o
SIXIÈME TON en F
Et ex_sul_ta_vit spi_ri_tus me_us, in De_o sa_lu_ta ri me_o
SIXIÈME TON Royal
Et ex_sul_ta_vit spi_ri_tus me_us, in De_o sa_lu_ta ri me_o
SEPTIEME TON en d
Et ex_sul_ta_vit spi_ri_tus me_us, in De_o sa_lu_ta ri me_o
CONTORE-POINT FLEURI, A TROIS PARTIES, SUR UN PLAIN-CHANT MIS À LA BASSE
KYRIE DE LA MESSE DE DUMONT
On peut se livrer à ce genre de composition lorsqu'un morceau de plain-chant doit être exécuté lentement et avec une grande solennité. Sur les grandes orgues, l'organiste devra doubler le chant à la pédale avec les jeux d'anches et exécuter le contre-point fleuri avec le plein-jeu.
Kyrie.
Plein Jeu
Ped doublant
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СПИСЪК НА ДОПУСНАТИ И НЕДОПУСНАТИ КАНДИДАТИ ЗА ДЛЪЖНОСТТА ИНСПЕКТОР в ОТДЕЛ ООС
Понеделник, 3 Април 2023
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NIGHTLIFE VAUD : UN PROJET DE PREVENTION ET DE REDUCTION DES RISQUES EN MILIEU FESTIF
Quels sont les publics concernés par la prise de risques liée à la consommation et aux comportements en milieu festif ? Comment mener une action de prévention qui s'accorde à la réceptivité du public et aux pratiques des intervenant-e-s professionnel-le-s ?
EQUIPE DE RECHERCHEACTION
Kim Carrasco, chef de projet, REL'IER (Fondation Le Relais)
Partenaires de recherche :
* Fondation vaudoise contre l'alcoolisme (FVA)
* Fondation ABS
* Fondation PROFA
* Délégué à la jeunesse, Ville de Lausanne
* Institut universitaire de médecine sociale et préventive (IUMSP)
firstname.lastname@example.org www.nightlifevaud.ch
Octobre 2012 – septembre 2013
(12 mois)
Service de la santé publique du canton de Vaud, Lausanne Région, Ville de Lausanne.
Des thématiques transversales apparaissent dans le milieu festif : l'abus d'alcool et de substances illégales, les comportements sexuels à risque, le sentiment d'insécurité.
Ces problématiques ne sont pas propres au milieu festif, mais y prennent une importance et une forme particulières qui requièrent une attention et des mesures adaptées. Le projet NightLife est fondé sur un travail entrepris dès 2009 par plusieurs professionnels vaudois de la prévention et de la réduction des risques.
Ce projet, réalisé au moyen d'une recherche-action dans le milieu festif nocturne lausannois, a pour finalités de mieux connaître les usager/ère-
© HETS-FR / Département PS / RM / 2017
Contact : +41 26 429 62 86 email@example.com
COORDONNEES POUR DEMANDE D'INFOS
CALENDRIER
FINANCEMENT
CONTEXTE
FINALITES
OBJECTIFS
DEMARCHE, ETAPE, METHODES
s et leurs pratiques dans le milieu festif, de déployer des prestations sur le terrain tout en renforçant leur coordination et de dégager des recommandations pour la mise en œuvre d'un concept de prévention et de réduction des risques généraliste et coordonné.
* Réaliser un état des lieux qui documente :
− Le profil sociodémographique des personnes fréquentant le milieu nocturne lausannois ;
− Les pratiques et prises de risques (prévalence et modes de consommation) ainsi que les problèmes consécutifs ;
− Les lieux et horaires où ces pratiques et prises de risques ont lieu.
* Déployer des prestations de prévention et de réduction des risques
* Renforcer la coordination des prestations existantes sur le terrain
* Elaborer des recommandations concrètes à l'intention des autorités.
Publics concernés :
* Noctambules
* Acteurs/trices professionnel-le-s (prévention, soin, ordre public)
* Organisateurs/trices de soirées festives.
:
Le projet NightLife a été réalisé sous la forme d'une recherche-action : en effectuant une enquête, tout en déployant des prestations de prévention et de réduction des risques.
Démarche
Méthodes :
A) Volet action
Des actions de proximité ont été mises en place afin d'entrer en contact avec les noctambules en Ville de Lausanne, à raison d'une intervention par mois pendant une année, soit 12 interventions. Ces actions se sont déroulées le premier samedi de chaque mois dans différentes tranches horaires et zones urbaines afin de pouvoir observer l'évolution des pratiques au cours de la nuit et identifier des besoins différents. Trois plages horaires de quatre heures ont été visées 18h-22h ; 22h-2h ; 2h-6h.
Les moyens engagés pour entrer en contact avec les noctambules ont été les suivants :
* Stand de prévention et de réduction des risques avec matériel, informations et conseils ;
* Actions mobiles à proximité et à l'intérieur des bars et des clubs ;
* Supports de communication variés.
La mise en œuvre des actions de terrain a été confiée à des professionnels : Travailleurs Sociaux Hors Murs (TSHM) de la Ville de Lausanne et infirmiers de la Fondation ABS. Ils étaient
© HETS-FR / Département PS / RM / 2017
Contact : +41 26 429 62 86 firstname.lastname@example.org
accompagnés d'auxiliaires des équipes de prévention par les pairs Be My Angel (FVA) et Georgette in Love (Fondation PROFA). Les intervenant-e-s ont été chargé-e-s d'animer le stand, d'effectuer les actions mobiles et de proposer la participation à l'enquête, tout en diffusant des messages de prévention et de réduction des risques. Ils ont également eu la mission de remplir un rapport après chaque intervention en vue de répertorier les prestations effectuées ainsi qu'un certain nombre d'observations sur le contexte de l'intervention.
B) Volet recherche (protocole réalisé par l'IUMSP)
Ce volet associe des méthodes quantitatives (auprès des noctambules) et qualitatives (auprès des acteurs professionnels).
Questions générales auprès des usager/ère-s :
Quel est le profil sociodémographique des personnes fréquentant le milieu festif nocturne ?
Quelles sont les consommations de substances légales et illégales de ces personnes lors d'une soirée (prévalences et modes de consommation) ?
Quels sont les problèmes liés aux consommations et autres prises de risques ?
Quels sont les lieux et horaires où ces consommations et prises de risques ont lieu ?
Quelles sont les connaissances et l'utilisation des mesures de prévention et de réduction des risques ?
Le questionnaire a été pré-testé auprès de quelques jeunes du réseau des intervenant-e-s. La durée pour remplir complètement le questionnaire a été évaluée à environ 20 minutes. Il a été décidé de proposer le questionnaire aux personnes dès 16 ans. Les questionnaires ont été saisis et analysés de manière descriptive et non agrégée.
Questions générales des entretiens avec des acteurs professionnels :
Quelles sont les difficultés et les besoins dans le milieu festif nocturne en termes de prévention et de réduction des risques? Comment cela a-t-il évolué ?
Quelles sont les expériences efficaces dans le cadre du milieu nocturne en termes de prévention et de réduction des risques ? Quelles mesures avez-vous mis en place ?
Des mesures telles que celles déployées par le projet NightLife Vaud répondraient-elles aux besoins ?
Afin de récolter leurs expériences et besoins, des personnes ressources en lien avec le milieu festif ont été recrutées dans les domaines suivants :
© HETS-FR / Département PS / RM / 2017
Contact : +41 26 429 62 86 email@example.com
DISPOSITIFS DE COLLABORATION
EFFETS IN/ATTENDUS DE LA RECHERCHE
* Prévention et réduction des risques ;
* Santé (services d'urgence et de traitement) ;
* Acteurs du monde de la nuit ;
* Ordre public (police, agents de sécurité).
Une dizaine d'entretiens semi-directifs ont été réalisés sur la base d'une grille et analysés par l'IUMSP de manière transversale selon les méthodes de l'analyse qualitative.
REL'IER a assumé la coordination de la recherche-action. Les professionnel-le-s ont choisi d'établir un partenariat pour accompagner le projet afin de bénéficier des compétences de chacun. Ils ont composé un groupe de suivi au sein duquel les décisions opérationnelles ont été prises.
Groupe de suivi :
* Chef de projet REL'IER, Fondation Le Relais – coordination du projet
* Délégué à la jeunesse, Ville de Lausanne
* Responsable secteur prévention, Fondation vaudoise contre l'alcoolisme
* Responsable du programme Georgette in Love du Centre de Compétences Prévention VIH-IST, Fondation PROFA)
* Directeur, Fondation ABS
* Responsable de recherche, IUMSP
Sur la base d'une convention, les institutions partenaires se sont engagées à:
* Offrir une participation aux interventions de prévention et/ou de réduction des risques sur le terrain,
* Déléguer un-e professionnel-le aux séances du groupe de suivi,
* Mettre à disposition les compétences et les informations dont elles disposent en vue d'atteindre les objectifs fixés, notamment par le biais des modules de formations,
* Promouvoir le projet.
* Un rapport mettant en évidence les profils des usager/ère-s ainsi que des problématiques de prises de risques en milieu festif ont été rédigées et transmises aux autorités publiques pour les aider dans leur prise de décision
* Des actions d'information et de sensibilisation ont été déployées auprès du public-cible en termes de prévention et de réduction des risques
* La coordination des prestations existantes a été formalisée et validée par les partenaires
© HETS-FR / Département PS / RM / 2017
Contact : +41 26 429 62 86 firstname.lastname@example.org
VALORISATIONS
* Des recommandations concrètes et des propositions pour la mise en œuvre d'actions de prévention et de réduction des risques en milieu festif ont été formulées.
Carrasco, K., Lucia, S., Gervasoni, J-P. & Dubois-Arber, F. (2014). Rapport NightLife Vaud. Fondation Le Relais - Rel'ier & Institut Universitaire de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Lausanne.
Présentations :
* Etats Généraux de la nuit à Lausanne (mai 2014)
* Conférence des délégué-e-s cantonaux/ales aux problèmes des addictions (juin 2014)
* Groupe d'expert-e-s addiction du Canton de Vaud (septembre 2014)
© HETS-FR / Département PS / RM / 2017
Contact : +41 26 429 62 86 email@example.com
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271.
Vládní nařízení
ze dne 13. prosince 1924
o úhradě drahotních přídavků k důchodům podle zákona o pensijním pojištění.
Vláda republiky československé nařizuje podle § 1 zákona ze dne 20. prosince 1922, č. 399 Sb. z. a n., o dalším vyplácení drahotních přídavků k důchodům podle zákona o pensijním pojištění:
Čl. I.
§ 7, odst. 1., zákona ze dne 12. srpna 1921, č. 299 Sb. z. a n., o drahotních přídavcích k důchodům podle zákona o pensijním pojištění, zní:
Nositel pojištění uhradí přídavky vyplacené během správních let 1923 a 1924 rozvrhem na své členy zaměstnavatele v poměru přemíří v těchto správních letech předepsaných, přičemž jest přemíře předepsané u zemské úřadovny Všeobecného pensijního ústavu v Bratislavě, jak při stanovení rozvyrhového procenta, tak při rozvrhu na jednotlivé zaměstnavatele, k této úřadovné příslušné, čítati pro rok 1923 pouze jednou pětinou, pro rok 1924 dvěma pětinami. Procento úhrady jest zaokrouhliti na nejbližší vyšší čtvrtinu a případného přebytku použití ve prospěch úhrady v příštím roce. Přispěvek podle těchto pravidel předepsaný jest splatný prvního dne měsíce následujícího po doručení výměru. Právo sraziti si poměrnou částku tohoto příspěvku (§ 36 zákona o pensijním pojištění) zaměstnavateli nepřísluší.
§ 8, odst. 1., zní:
Zaměstnancům, kteří byli nebo jsou z pojištěné povinnosti podle zákona o pensijním pojištění vyňati, majíce normální nároky pensijní, a jejich pozůstalým, dále důchodům ústavů a zařízení podle §§ 4, 7 a 8 vládního nařízení ze dne 29. prosince 1921, č. 506 Sb. z. a n., kterým se upravuje pensijní pojištění železničních zaměstnanců, jsou nositelé jejich pensijního pojištění nebo zaopatření povinni poskytnouti k pensijním (zaopatřovacím) požitkům přídavky, pokud jinými předpisy nejsou stanoveny v míře vyšší, obdobně podle předchozích ustanovení, avšak s tou změnou, že přídavek jest vyměřiti podle § 2 100% důchodu a že nejvyšší částky podle § 3 jsou o polovinu vyšší. Náklad těchto přídavků uhradí příslušný zaměstnavatel; u společenstvího pensijního ústavu podle § 4 vládního
nařízení č. 506/1921 Sb. z. a n. platí obdobně všeobecná zásada § 7 zák. č. 299/1921 Sb. z. a n. ve znění tohoto nařízení.
Čl. II.
Toto nařízení nabývá účinnosti dnem vyhlášení a provedením jeho pověřuje se ministr sociální péče v dohodě se zúčastněnými ministry.
Švehla v. r.
Malypetr v. r. Bečka v. r.
Dr. Dolanský v. r. Novák v. r.
Stříbrný v. r. Srba v. r.
Dr. Hodža v. r. Udržal v. r.
Habrman v. r. Šrámek v. r.
Dr. Franke v. r. Dr. Markovič v. r.
---
272.
Vládní nařízení ze dne 13. prosince 1924, kterým se pro rok 1925 stanoví výše zdravotní přirážky ku přímým daním státním, podléhajícím přirážkám.
Vláda republiky československé nařizuje podle §§ 2 a 3 zákona ze dne 21. prosince 1923, č. 254 Sb. z. a n., o dalším vybírání zdravotní přirážky ku přímým daním státním, podléhajícím přirážkám, a o veřejném fondu pro podporu veřejných nemocnic a ústavů léčebných v Československé republice:
§ 1.
Výše přirážky pro rok 1925 činí 7%.
§ 2.
Část, jež z výnosu přirážky ku přímým daním předepsaným v území Slovenska a Podkarpatské Rusi má být uhravena státní pokladně k plnění úkolů, vytčených v zák. čl. XXI/1898 o úhradě nákladů veřejného ošetřování nemocných, činí pro rok 1925 5/7 výnosu přirážky.
§ 3.
Toto nařízení nabývá účinnosti dnem 1. ledna 1925. Jeho provedením pověřuje se ministr veřejného zdravotnictví a tělesné vý-
chovy a ministr financí v dohodě se zúčastněnými ministry.
Švehla v. r.
Šrámek v. r. Bečka v. r.
Udržal v. r. Dr. Dolanský v. r.
Malypetr v. r. Dr. Hodža v. r.
Novák v. r. Dr. Markovič v. r.
Dr. Franke v. r. Habrman v. r.
Srba v. r. Stříbrný v. r.
---
273.
Vládní nařízení ze dne 13. prosince 1924 o jednacím řádu patentního úřadu.
Vláda republiky československé nařizuje podle § 38 zákona ze dne 11. ledna 1897, č. 30 ř. z., o ochraně vynálezů (zákonu o patentech), změněného zákonem ze dne 27. května 1919, č. 305 Sb. z. a n., jenž se týká prozatímních opatření na ochranu vynálezů, a zákonem ze dne 30. června 1922, č. 252 Sb. z. a n., kterým se doplňují ustanovení zák. č. 305/1919 Sb. z. a n. a mění některá ustanovení zák. č. 30/1897 ř. z.:
Příjem a vyřízení podání podatelnou.
§ 1.
(1) Všechna písemná podání na patentní úřad přijímá podatelna.
(2) Je-li zároveň s podáním zapraštěti nějaký poplatek, připojití dlužno k podání příslušnou stvrzenku poštovního šekového úřadu.
(3) Kdo předává podatelně nějaké písemné podání, může žadati, aby mu příjem jeho potvrzen byl hodinovým razítkem na rubrice současně předložené.
§ 2.
V podatelně opatří se všechna písemná podání patentnímu úřadu odevzdaná ihned po předložení a v pořadu, v němž došla, značkou podaci; tato vyznačuje den podání (datum), při přihláškách také hodinu a minutu předložení a pořadové číslo. K žádosti strany jest den podání, při přihláškách také hodinu a minutu předložení, vyznačiti na podání v její přítomnosti. Všechna podání označí se za přesného zachování pořadu jich předložení běžným číslem, jež každým rokem začíná číslem 1. Toto běžné číslo vyznačí se na podání | <urn:uuid:f87479f7-fcfb-4a01-8930-aadc4a32a47b> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ces_Latn/train | finepdfs | ces_Latn | 5,077 |
Заведение / Ресторант Варна, Трошево
1 500 EUR
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Площ: 200 кв.м.
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Лице за контакт:
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Телефон: 052/ 318 318, Мобилен: 0886 922 946
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De Facit Special Classic 2017 en de Facit Norden 2017
Goede wijn behoeft geen krans maar de Facit Norden 2017 heeft er een gekregen. Binnen de krans op de voorzijde van de omslag zien we het cijfer 70, hetgeen betekent, dat sinds 1947 de "moedercatalogus" onafgebroken is verschenen. Een fantastische prestatie van duizenden knappe en volhardende mensen, die daar ongelooflijk veel tijd en energie in hebben gestoken. Al die verzamelde kennis van de Scandinavische filatelie kunnen we ons eigen maken voor enige tientallen Euro's. De Facitredactie onder aanvoering van chefredacteur Gunnar Lithén heeft wederom een fantastische prestatie geleverd.
De Facit Norden 2017
Het zwaartepunt ligt hier bij de uitgaven vanaf 1950. De teksten zijn geschreven in zowel het Zweeds als het Engels en bevat alle uitgegeven zegels van Scandinavië vanaf 1951 met de diverse varianten. De zegels van de periode voor dit jaartal zijn volkomen aanwezig maar, in een eenvoudiger vorm. Elk land heeft onderaan elke bladzijde zijn eigen vlag ontvangen. Vlaggen zijn belangrijk voor Scandinaviërs. Alle postzegelboekjes met hun varianten zijn opgenomen. Ook bij de boekjes van voor 1951 zijn deze niet vergeten. De kwaliteitsnormen voor zegels en briefstukjes hebben nu ook een Engelse tekst gekregen. Alle afbeeldingen zijn in kleur. In het Deense deel zijn veel nieuwe gegevens toegevoegd. Bij Denemarken, de Faeröer en Groenland is ook aandacht aan de nieuwe frankeringsetiketten gewijd. De gutterpaartjes van Åland zijn terug en bijgewerkt. Ook krijgt men in een klap alle interessante en fraaie uitgiften van de laatste jaren bij elkaar. Het aantal bladzijden bedraagt 384.
De Facit Special Classic 2017
Ook deze catalogus heeft naast de Zweedse een Engelse tekst en bevat alle Scandinavische zegels tot het jaar 1951. Men vindt er varianten nuances,techniekgegevens, uitgifte datums,oplagecijfers, namen van graveurs, thema,s enz. enz. De kwaliteitsnormen zijn hier nu ook in het Engels. Bij Zweden vinden we een omvangrijk artikel over de 4 Skilling Banco, leverantie 11. Ook is er een nieuwe bewerking van de varianten bij het Ringtype 13. Het gedeelte over de Bandmärken is verbeterd en heeft ook een inleidende tekst in het Engels gekregen. Bij Denemarken en Deens West-Indië zijn de zwart-wit beelden vervangen door beelden in kleur. Bij IJsland treffen we een aantal bladzijden aan welke beelden vertonen van Skillingbrieven die in privé bezit verblijven o.a. de beroemde " Bijbelbrief" Ook zien we daar afbeeldingen van de 12 zeldzame zegels met de opdruk van 1897 de " 3 rood Thrir ". Het aantal bladzijden is hier 880.
In Zweden zijn de prijzen voor de Facit Norden Sek. 450 en voor de Special Classic Sek. 350. Men kan rustig zeggen, dat men veel Scandinavische waar voor zijn geld ontvangt. Het zijn ook prachtige cadeau's voor de komende feest – of verjaardagen.
Verzamelaars die niet zo geïnteresseerd zijn in de nieuwe emissies kunnen volstaan met de Facit Special Classic en omgekeerd zij die zich niet bekommeren om de oude uigaven zullen beslist blij zijn met de Facit Norden. Onze altijd actieve Henk Burgman beveel ik warm aan als Uw bemiddelaar bij Uw aankoop. | <urn:uuid:7f10f526-ac9e-449d-ae3f-6ee47a64a9da> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nld_Latn/train | finepdfs | nld_Latn | 3,189 |
Worth Township
Youth Commission
Lego Club
Calling all girls and boys who love to build with Legos who would like to meet others and create many different designs either individually or as a group. Our Lego Mania class will allow the children to express their own creativity and will help with building team skills.
Ages 6 - 12
$35.00 Fee for Residents ($40.00 for Non-Residents)
Session 1: September 27, 2017 – November 8, 2017
(No Class: October 18, 2017)
Session 2: November 22, 2017 – January 3, 2018
(No Class: December 20, 2017)
Session 3: January 10, 2018 – February 28, 2018
(No Class: January 17, 2018 and February 21, 2018)
Session 4 – March 7, 2018 – April 25, 2018
(No Class: March 21, 2018 and April 18, 2018)
Wednesdays (6 weeks), 6:00 - 7:30 pm
11601 South Pulaski • Alsip, IL 60803
Any questions? Contact us at firstname.lastname@example.org or 708-371-2900
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Worth Township Officials SUPERVISOR John O'Sullivan
TRUSTEES
Patrick Hanlon Richard Lewandowski Kelly Sexton-Kelly Eamon McMahon
CLERK Katie Elwood ASSESSOR John H. Dietrick HIGHWAY COMMISSIONER Vicki Moody | <urn:uuid:26647c37-c4ba-48a2-b5d5-0277abe7f14c> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 1,162 |
WORKSHOP
DETOX im Frühling - für alle Levels geeignet -
Freitag, den 24. April 2020 18.00 – 19.30 Uhr
Bei diesem Workshop geht es um die bewusste innere Reinigung des Körpers, was automatisch auch eine Reinigung der Gedanken und des Geistes nach sich zieht. Durch spezielle Yoga-Sequenzen werden die Meridianleitbahnen der wichtigsten Entgiftungsorgane aktiviert. Atemübungen aus dem Kriya-Yoga und eine geführte dynamische Meditation ergänzen die yogische Vorbereitung auf den Frühling.
Eine regenerative Klangentspannung nach ayurvedischen Prinzipien rundet das aktive Programm ab.
Bitte ein großes Handtuch und eine leere Wärmflasche mitbringen!
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Section VII: Associate Pool
CLEAN:
(VII. Associate Pool)
*There is intentionally no text here. It is proposed that Section VII be omitted from the procedure. The existing text was edited and moved to Section II. Timeline per the notes in the markup below.
MARKUP:
VII. Adjunct Associate Pool (It is proposed to remove this section and move the language to II. Timeline (below). This marked up section shows the edits to VII. Associate Pool suggested before the language was moved to II. Timeline (below).)
A. Each department and/or program shall establish and maintain, through a recruitment and selection process, a pool of qualified applicants sufficient to cover anticipated needs for hiring substitutes or new adjunct associate faculty at the beginning of a each semester. Moved to II.D.2)
B. Applicants can apply to be placed in the Associate Pool at any time. (moved to II.D.3)
C. An Adjunct Pool is composed of those adjunct faculty currently working, those who have completed an assignment within the past four years, those who have been qualified to receive an assignment within the past two years but have not been given a work assignment, and those whose eligibility for an assignment has been extended beyond the initial two year period for an additional two years without reapplication, at the discretion of the department chair and withthe consent of the pool member.
D. Adjunct Pools shall be opened annually.
E. It is strongly encouraged that departments maintain adequate pools of qualified candidate that it is not necessary to resort to an Emergency Hire, except on a very rare occasion.
Rationale for above edits: Remove C because members of the Associate Pool are defined by the contract and this is not part of the hiring process. Remove D because we added as B to make the language more specific and match current practice. Remove original E because it is addressed by the edits to the approved Emergency Hire section already.
**VII. A and B are moved to II.D.2 and 3 below.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Section II: Timeline--scroll to next page
Section VII: Associate Pool & Section II: Timeline
Section II: Timeline
CLEAN:
II. Timeline
A. All phases of the faculty hiring process shall be conducted in a timely manner to best ensure the hiring of the most qualified candidates.
1. At the start of the faculty hiring process, Human Resources and the Screening and Interviewing Committee will establish a timeline to ensure all phases of the hiring process will be completed in an expeditious manner.
B. The Superintendent/President, in response to recommendations from the Faculty Staffing Advisory Committee, shall identify the positions that will be recruited for an academic year. To ensure that interviews and final hiring decisions are, whenever reasonably possible, made during the regular academic year, approval to fill open positions should occur during the fall semester.
C. Any campus transfer requests shall be considered from among eligible contract faculty before job announcements are posted.
D. Associate Pool
1. Departments shall annually review their need to recruit, interview, and hire additional part-time associate faculty members, and Human Resources shall initiate recruitment for associate faculty members accordingly.
2. Each department shall establish and maintain, through a recruitment and selection process, a pool(s) of qualified applicants sufficient to cover anticipated needs for hiring substitutes or new associate faculty.
3. Applicants can apply to be placed in the Associate Pool at any time.
MARKUP:
III. Timeline
A. All phases of the faculty hiring process shall be conducted in a timely manner to best ensure the hiring of the most qualified candidates.
1. At the start of the faculty hiring process, Human Resources and the hiring Screening and Interviewing Committee will establish a timeline to ensure all phases of the hiring process will be completed in an expeditious manner.
B. The Superintendent/President, in response to recommendations from the Faculty Staffing Advisory Committee, shall identify the positions that will be recruited for an academic year. To ensure that interviews and final hiring decisions are, whenever reasonably possible, made during the regular academic year, approval to fill open positions should occur during the fall semester.
C. Any campus transfer requests shall be considered from among eligible regular faculty before job announcements are posted.
D. Associate Pool (moved from VII)
1. Departments shall annually review their need to recruit, interview, and hire additional part-time associate faculty members, and Human Resources shall initiate recruitment for part-time associate faculty members accordingly.
2. Each department and/or program shall establish and maintain, through a recruitment and selection process, a pool(s) of qualified applicants sufficient to cover anticipated needs for hiring substitutes or new adjunct associate faculty at the beginning of a each semester.
3. Applicants can apply to be placed in the Associate Pool at any time. | <urn:uuid:be1af790-be46-4a68-8e93-e151d0059407> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 5,143 |
CHOIX DE LETTRES
ET DOCUMENTS
TIRÉS DE PAPIERS DE FAMILLE
2e LIVRAISON
MORGES
IMPRIMERIE LÉOPOLD SAGE & COMP.
1882
CHOIX DE LETTRES
ET DOCUMENTS
TIRÉS DE PAPIERS DE FAMILLE
2e LIVRAISON
MORGES
IMPRIMERIE LÉOPOLD SAGE & COMP.
1882
ÉPISODE
DE LA
DOMINATION BERNOISE
EN 1790 ET 1791
M. Martin, pasteur à Mézières, tint dans l’assemblée du Consistoire, le 5 novembre 1790, dans le courant de la conversation et à propos de la dime sur les pommes de terre, des propos qui furent dénoncés aux autorités Bernoises : le gouvernement ayant pris les choses au tragique, M. Martin fut enlevé de nuit, conduit à Berne, emprisonné sous la prévention de haute trahison, interrogé, confronté, jugé et finalement acquitté ; mais la conduite du gouvernement Bernois n’étant pas conforme aux droits et privilèges du Pays-de-Vaud, il y eut grand émoi et protestation particulièrement des villes d’Yverdon, Moudon, Morges et Nyon. Voici seulement quelques pièces relatives à cet évènement, pièces déjà trop longues.
(Note de l’Editeur.)
RAPPORT de M. de Diesbach, de Carouge, fait en Deux-Cents,
et introduit dans la procédure instruite contre M. le ministre
Martin. (L'original a été écrit en français.)
Les seigneurs chargés par LL. EE de l'instruction de la
procédure contre M. Martin, pasteur à Mézières, m'ayant requis
de leur faire un narré de ce qui s'est passé entre lui et moi,
au sujet des difficultés que mes ressortissants paraissent vou-
loir me susciter en raison de la dime des pommes de terre,
ainsi que des suites que cette affaire a eues, je me fais un de-
voir de m'en acquitter, en rapportant les faits tels que je me
les rappelle et appuyé autant que possible de preuves littérales.
L'exposé en sera sans doute long et même tédieux, mais je
crois la matière trop importante pour me permettre la moindre
réticence à cet égard. Je remonterai donc jusques à l'époque
où je reçus le premier avis des oppositions que mes ressort-
tissants se proposaient de former à l'exécution de mon droit de
dimer les pommes de terre. Un arrangement que j'avais fait
avec eux à ce sujet, l'année précédente, qu'ils avaient même
désiré et en vertu duquel je ne percevais tout au plus que la
moitié de ce qui me revenait de droit, me faisait espérer que je
serais à l'abri de toute espèce de réclamation. Quelle ne fut
donc pas ma surprise, lorsque le 28 septembre dernier, M. le
capitaine Freudenreich me dit à Rolle, qu'il savait que les com-
munes de Mézières et des Culeyes se plaignaient de la rede-
vance, qu'elles me payaient en raison de la dime des pommes
de terre.
De retour chez moi, je ne tardai pas à avoir la preuve de
l'avis qu'il m'avait donné; puisque le régent de l'école des
Culeyes qui était venu me parler d'affaires particulières, me dit
en même temps, que la commune de Mézières avait fait à la
leur, la proposition de se joindre à elle et à celle de Carouge,
pour réclamer contre la dime des pommes de terre; mais que
la commune des Culeyes assemblée avait décidé qu'elle reste-
rait tranquille, et qu'elle payerait en conséquence.
Le lendemain, arrivèrent chez moi deux députés de Carouge
et deux de Mézières; ils étaient chargés, disaient-ils, de me
parler de la dîme des pommes de terre : mais comme ils devaient s’acquitter de leur commission verbalement, j’eus quelque peine à saisir ce qu’ils voulaient positivement de moi ; tantôt ils paraissaient douter de mon droit de les dimer, tantôt ils semblaient le reconnaître et se borner à demander l’affranchissement de cinquante toises pour chacun faisant feu. Après un verbiage fort long et toujours indéterminé je répondis à ces députés, que je croyais mon droit de dimer les pommes de terre incontestable, que j’étais confirmé dans cette idée par le mandat même de LL. EE. qui, en accordant un soulagement à cet égard aux districts où elles perçoivent les dimes, avaient réservé expressément les droits des vassaux, que dès là je ne consentirais jamais à une libération totale : et que les communes pourraient faire décider le cas par le souverain, si elles le jugeaient à propos. Que si au contraire, elles ne contestaient pas mon droit, elles me trouveraient disposé comme du passé, à leur procurer tous les soulagements qu’elles pourraient exiger raisonnablement. Mais qu’aussi longtemps qu’elles douteraient de mes droits, je ne pourrais entrer dans aucun arrangement, vu que je ne voulais percevoir que ce que j’étais fondé d’exiger d’après mes titres. J’ajoutai de plus que si LL. EE., après avoir examiné la chose trouvaient que la dîme des pommes de terre ne m’était pas due, non-seulement je respecterais ainsi que je le dois, leur arrêt, mais de plus je rembourserais aux particuliers tout ce qu’ils m’avaient payé à ce titre jusqu’à présent. Les commis partirent satisfaits du moins en apparence, en me promettant de rapporter à leurs comettants, ce que je leur avais dit. Mais ne me fiant pas à l’un d’eux que je connais pour être un homme remuant, et ne recevant pas de réponse, je pris le parti quelques jours après, environ le 28 octobre, d’écrire à M. Martin, lui dire ce qui s’était passé, et de le prier d’user de la confiance que ses paroissiens avaient en lui, pour leur faire entendre raison et les empêcher de se livrer à quelques démarches irrégulières. Une course qu’il avait faite à Vevey, ne lui permit pas de me répondre avant le 30 octobre; mais comme j’étais à Berne alors, je ne reçus sa lettre n° 4 qu’à mon retour le 4 novembre ; elle est très détaillée, et contient toutes les raisons que les paysans allèguent pour se croire exempts de
la dîme des pommes de terre ; elle parle même des difficultés qu'il y aurait, si on voulait lever cette dîme en nature. M. Martin finit par me recommander ses paroissiens, et m'assure qu'il n'y a parmi eux ni meneurs, ni insurgés, ni têtes exaltées et qu'il n'en existe point de tels. Je fis voir cette lettre à M. Freudenreich, qui se trouvait chez moi au moment qu'on me la remit. Le lendemain 5 novembre, je lui répondis, et en rendant justice à sa façon de penser, tout en défendant mes droits, je le chargeai de faire quelques propositions d'arrangement à ses paroissiens.
Les choses en étaient là, lorsque je reçus le 7 novembre entre 4 et 5 heures du soir, une lettre que M. Freudenreich me fit remettre par l'uber-reuter que M. le trésorier de Muralt a envoyé avec des dépêches à M. le bailli de Lucens. M. Freudenreich me mande qu'il juge que je n'ai été que très imparfaitement instruit de ce qui s'est passé à l'assemblée des communes de la paroisse de Mézières. L'affaire étant assez importante pour rendre nécessaires des renseignements plus exacts, il me prie de faire tout ce qui dépendra de moi pour y réussir, et finit en me demandant une réponse par le retour de l'uber-reuter.
N'ayant pas de temps à perdre pour prendre les informations demandées, et ne connaissant personne dans tout le Jorat, à qui je puisse me fier plus positivement qu'à M. Martin, dans ces circonstances, je chargeai l'express d'un billet par lequel je le priai de se rendre aussitôt à Moudon ; il me répondit qu'il allait partir. Il arriva effectivement à 10 heures du soir, me dit sur les affaires du Jorat ce qu'il en savait alors, et me promit de prendre les informations ultérieures à ce sujet. Quant à mes affaires particulières, il m'assure que les communes de Carouge et de Mézières avaient décidé de s'arranger avec moi à l'amiable. Le 8 au matin, je répondis à M. Freudenreich et lui rendis un compte assez détaillé de tout ce que j'avais appris.
Le même jour, je reçus encore une lettre de M. Martin, où il me donna des avis ultérieurs sur les discussions des communes du Jorat.
Le lendemain, je crus devoir m'occuper de nouveau de l'arrangement à faire avec mes ressortissants, à cause de la dime
des pommes de terre ; je m'y déterminai d'autant plus aisément, que M. Martin m'avait dit comme on a pu le voir plus haut, que les communes de Carouge et de Mézières avaient décidé qu'elles s'arrangeraient avec moi à l'amiable ; je crus donc qu'il convenait de terminer cette affaire au plus tôt. Pour cet effet, j'écrivis à M. Martin le 9 novembre la lettre n° 5 ; elle contient l'éloge de la façon de penser pour ses paroissiens et les propositions que je le charge de faire aux communes, pour mettre un terme à la difficulté naissante entre elles et moi.
Voici le résumé des propositions en question : Que mon droit de dimer les pommes de terre ne soit plus contesté ; qu'on paie cette redevance cette année sur le pied convenu en 1789 ; qu'alors j'affranchirai quant à moi les pauvres de cette redevance, et que les autres particuliers qui n'appartenaient pas à cette classe ne payeront à l'avenir la dime, que de ce qu'ils planteront au-delà de 25 toises carrées. De plus je chargeai M. Martin d'assurer les communes de ma part, qu'au cas qu'il plaise à LL. EE., d'affranchir dans la suite des temps tout le pays de cette dime, je les reconnaîtrai aussi déchargées de cette redevance et qu'elles ne payeraient plus rien à ce titre. À la fin de cette même lettre, je prie M. le Ministre de demander à la commune de Carouge assemblée, si c'est par ses ordres que le gouverneur est allé de maison en maison, demander la note des censes que chacun paie au château de Carouge.
Le 11 novembre le matin, je reçus la réponse de M. Martin n° 6 ; il me dit que tout va bien à Carouge et à Mézières, que les deux publics l'ont expressément chargé de me remercier de ce que je faisais en faveur de leurs pauvres, que tous avaient assuré n'avoir jamais eu l'intention de susciter une difficulté à leurs seigneurs : qu'ils recevaient avec reconnaissance la suppression des 25 toises pour ceux qui ne sont pas assistés, s'en remettaient à ma générosité pour étendre si possible cette exception.
... Le même jour je vis par hasard en rue, M. le juge Platel, châtelain de ma Justice : après un moment de conversation, je voulus le quitter, en lui disant que j'étais en règle avec mes ressortissants, que j'en avais l'assurance positive de la part de
M. Martin. Sur mon invitation, il revint le soir et il me dit qu’il doutait beaucoup de l’acceptation des communes ; il venait d’avoir une conversation qui lui faisait croire que j’étais mal servi dans cette affaire ; il me donna d’autres détails qu’il tenait de M. Reymond, notaire.
J’avoue que je fus surpris de cette déclaration, mais que je n’y ajoutai pas foi. Je fus même si persuadé du contraire et de la vérité de ce que M. Martin m’avait écrit à ce sujet, que pour terminer le tout définitivement, je chargeai au même moment M. Platel qui est aussi notaire, de projeter l’acte d’arrangement entre les communes et moi.
Je n’ai pas besoin de dire combien j’ai dû être affecté de la chose même et des conséquences qu’elle a eues. J’avoue que les devoirs que m’impose le serment que chaque membre du gouvernement prête à la République, ne m’ont jamais paru pénibles que dans ce moment. Je respectais en M. Martin le pasteur fidèle et zélé ; je l’estimais comme citoyen attaché à son souverain par principe, et je l’ai aimé dès le moment que j’ai pu l’apprécier.
Du reste rien ne prouve mieux l’opinion avantageuse que j’avais de lui, que la confiance que je lui ai témoignée, en le chargeant non-seulement d’arranger les difficultés naissantes entre mes ressortissants et moi, mais encore en l’employant dans le moment où je devais m’adresser à un homme assuré, pour procurer les avis certains de ce qui se passait dans les communes du Jorat.
DÉCLARATION D’OFFICE DU CHATELAIN REYMOND
Le très noble et magnifique seigneur de Diesbach de Carouge, m’ayant dit avoir été informé des propos que M. le ministre Martin, pasteur à Mézières a tenus en Consistoire, au dit Mézières, dans l’assemblée du 5 novembre dernier qui eut lieu avant midi, et m’ayant fait la grâce de me prévenir que je serais
appelé à donner ma déclaration officielle à cet égard; j'ai cru devoir la coucher par écrit, pour soulager ma mémoire, et pour d'autant mieux rendre gloire à l'exacte vérité comme suit:
Au moment où je rédigeais une connaissance qui venait d'être rendue, comme on peut le voir sur le registre, je fus interrompu par le dit M. Martin, qui me priait de donner mon avis sur cette proposition qu'il me fit en ces termes:
Vous M. le Secrétaire qui entendez les affaires, quel nom et quel titre donnerez-vous aux pommes de terre? les envisagez-vous sous le titre de graine ou de jardinage?
Je lui répondis: Monsieur, votre question demande d'être réfléchie, je ne puis par conséquent point répondre là-dessus dans ce moment.
Il me dit au même instant: non, dans tous les pays du monde, les pommes de terre ne sont point réputées graine, mais jardinage comme choux et autres de ce genre, par conséquent point sujettes à la dime.
Dans le même moment, en se tournant du côté de l'assesseur Nicolaz de Mézières, il lui adressa la parole comme ceci: Qu'en dites-vous, sieur Nicolaz, n'ai-je pas raison? Celui-ci fit un signe avec la tête. Eh bien, repartit M. Martin, les communiens de Carouge et Mézières se refuseront à toute dime sur les pommes de terre rière leurs districts; et ils ont raison: ce n'est pas comme vous, sieur Emery, en s'adressant à l'assesseur des Culayes, qui avez consenti à tout en commune; vous aurez lieu de vous en repentir.
Il soutint fort au long cette question, même avec chaleur, mais je ne puis pas me rappeler des autres termes, parce que je continuai à écrire la connaissance.
La conversation changea, et en me regardant il dit: Non, non, il n'y a point de pays au monde aussi taillé que le nôtre, et voici un moment bien favorable pour être déchargé de ces impôts et pour le demander sans risque; vous verrez que le pays de Vaud se réunira pour le faire, car on commence déjà à la Côte; mais on doit demander ces abolitions avec fermeté, force et violence; il répéta plusieurs fois, en disant surtout: c'est le moment, voyez la France. Je fus si frappé de cette conversation, notamment des termes et de la chaleur qui l'accomppagnaient, que je lui répondis : Monsieur, je ne suis pas de votre avis; si on a quelque représentation légitime à adresser au Souverain, il faut le faire d'une façon honnête et respectueuse; de cette manière on est toujours sûr de l'obtenir; encore je ne trouve pas que ce soit le moment. Il insista, et je ne lui répondis plus rien. Il raisonna fort longuement là-dessus; mais je ne puis pas me rappeler des termes, excepté qu'il dit que la ville de Morges s'était bien montrée et que l'avocat Cart était perdu de réputation, pour avoir entièrement gâté son bon mémoire par des excuses, qu'il avait eu la bassesse de faire à divers seigneurs de Berne.
Le Consistoire était composé ce jour-là, outre M. le Ministre et moi, de M. l'assesseur Giliéron de Servion, de l'assesseur Emery des Culeyes, de l'assesseur Nicolaz de Mézières, de l'assesseur Rod de Ropraz et de l'officier Jordan du dit Mézières.
Tout cela fit une impression si vive chez moi, qu'au sortir du Consistoire, j'en fis part à ma femme et à mon frère, chez qui nous étions pour présenter son enfant au saint baptême, en leur témoignant combien cela me faisait de peine; et c'est ce que je déclare ici, pour être la pure et exacte vérité et que j'ai signé à Berne, ce 18 décembre 1790.
Monsieur le conseiller J. à Morges.
Monsieur,
Dans la précédente lettre que j'eus l'honneur de vous écrire, j'eus celui de vous marquer, que nous avions fait demander à Moudon la cause de l'arrestation de M. Martin, et quelles démarches on se proposait de faire à ce sujet. La réponse a été: qu'il est de la prudence d'attendre l'issue de cette affaire; d'autant plus que la justice et la sagesse du souverain Tribunal n'ont point encore prononcé sur cet acte; conséquemment notre conseil a trouvé qu'il n'y avait pas lieu à délibérer.
A la suite de cette lettre, l'on est resté dans l'inaction; je m'étais proposé d'avoir l'honneur de vous écrire sur cet objet par le courrier de samedi dernier; des affaires me firent renvoyer à aujourd'hui; je voulais vous demander si vous étiez
aussi dans l'intention de différer de faire des démarches jusqu'à la fin de cette affaire.
Il est question d'examiner si en vertu de la loi, qui dit que nul ne doit être distrait de son juge naturel, l'on ne doit pas être en sûreté et tranquille chez soi et n'avoir à répondre qu'à ses pairs ; ou, s'il y a des occasions où l'on peut mettre de côté cette loi. S'il peut y avoir des cas exceptés, la loi peut souffrir des atteintes à chaque moment ; des ennemis, des faux délateurs peuvent inculper un citoyen, qui au moyen de cette exception est transféré tout de suite à la capitale, coupable ou innocent, enlevé par force de sa famille, laissant une femme, des enfants et des parents dans le dernier désespoir, ignorant le sujet de l'arrestation ; nous en avons une preuve dans le cas de M. Martin ; l'on dit que son épouse si fort affectée et effrayée à la suite de l'enlèvement de son mari, a pris des maux de nerfs dont elle aura peine à se guérir.
N'y a-t-il pas des moyens suffisants dans le pays pour empêcher qu'un citoyen accusé ne puisse échapper à la vengeance publique, s'il est reconnu coupable ; tout autre voie paraît s'écarter de cette liberté dont on veut bien nous honorer. Je n'ignore pas et je suis très persuadé que l'accusé peut être jugé dans la capitale par le souverain conseil avec autant de sûreté qu'ailleurs, connaissant sa justice et sa douceur dans les arrêts qu'il prononce. Mais avec cela, le citoyen désire toujours que l'on suive à la loi et être jugé par ses pairs : il y attache, si je puis le dire, une espèce de gloire ; d'ailleurs il est plus à même de se défendre, quand il est sur les lieux où le prétendu délit doit être arrivé, par les preuves qu'il peut plus facilement produire soit par témoin, soit par écrit.
Il paraîtrait donc, sans s'informer si le citoyen qui a été arrêté et transféré à la capitale, est coupable ou non, que la seule chose qui doive intéresser, c'est qu'il ne soit pas distrait de son juge naturel. Nous avons l'exemple de ce siècle, que cette maxime a été adoptée : M. Davel pour crime de lèse-Majesté fut incarcéré à Lausanne ; son procès lui fut fait là, et la sentence y fut exécutée.
Après ces réflexions et l'exemple que je viens de citer, il paraîtrait que les Corps publics n'ont pas à attendre de savoir,
s'il y a un délit ou non à la charge de celui qui a été arrêté, mais faire de respectueuses représentations sur l'infraction faite à la loi et à nos privilèges. Vous pouvez voir, Monsieur, quelle est la façon de penser, par les observations que je viens de faire; je serais d'autant plus disposé que l'on fasse des démarches respectueuses dans ce moment, que la ville d'Yverdon en a déjà faites et que d'autres villes vont suivre.
Au reste, Monsieur, connaissant vos lumières, votre prudence et votre sagesse, j'attendrai que vous vouliez bien me faire part de votre dernière détermination pour me diriger en conséquence; au cas que vous preniez le parti de faire des représentations à présent, veuillez me le faire savoir et me communiquer l'adresse que vous vous proposerez de faire parvenir au Souverain, s'il est possible pendant le courant de la semaine.
Nyon, le 8 février 1791.
LA FLÉCHÈRE.
Monsieur le conseiller J. à Morges.
Monsieur,
J'espérais de recevoir réponse à la lettre que j'eus l'honneur de vous écrire le 8 de février, sur celle que vous m'aviez adressée le 6. Je commence d'être en crainte qu'elle ne vous soit pas parvenue. La plupart de nos Messieurs sont impatients de faire des représentations sur l'arrestation de M. le ministre Martin. N'ayant aucune nouvelle de votre part, Monsieur, j'ai poussé le temps en insinuant, que je pensais que vous trouviez plus convenable de renvoyer jusqu'à la définition. L'on dit qu'actuellement cette affaire est terminée, que le détenu est pleinement justifié et renvoyé chez lui, et l'accusateur banni: si cela est ainsi, il n'y aurait plus de temps à perdre; veuillez, Monsieur, vous donner la peine de m'instruire à quoi vous en êtes à cet égard, et si vous aviez dressé une requête, de vouloir m'en envoyer copie.
Nyon, le 11 mars 1791.
LA FLÉCHÈRE.
Monsieur le conseiller J. à Morges.
Monsieur,
Le Deux-Cents assemblé vendredi jusqu'à 7 heures reconnut et déclara presque unanimement l'innocence de M. Martin, en renvoyant à une commission de rechercher les moyens propres à le dédommager. Il n'a rien été dit sur son accusateur, qui a obtenu du Sénat quelques jours auparavant la permission de se retirer. Les honnêtes gens, et il y en a ici, s'en sont plaint hautement. L'on s'attend à des démarches sur la publicité de la procédure; et il y a apparence que si l'on n'obtient pas qu'elle soit imprimée, on la communiquera manuscrite; ce qui est fort égal. Je ne savais pas que j'y eusse un chapitre rendu nécessaire d'après les charges mêmes; je les ai vues et originales et signées de la main de Reymond. M. Martin était accusé d'avoir dit: 1° que les pommes de terre étant un légume, n'étaient pas plus sujettes à la dime que les choux; 2° que c'était le moment où tout le Jorat devait représenter avec force et violence, voyez la France; 3° que le docteur Cart s'est couvert de honte en faisant des excuses à plusieurs seigneurs à propos du Mémoire dont il est l'auteur.
Et voilà tout; et pour cela, un père de famille a été enlevé de nuit... sous un gouvernement bon, doux, etc. Au reste chacun ici en paraît désolé et reconnaît dans toute cette aventure, un égarement sur lequel on n'aime pas s'arrêter.
Au reste, et quant à la part que j'y ai, je nie de la manière la plus formelle, que j'aille jamais fait des excuses à qui que ce soit, pour être l'auteur de ma consultation à la ville de Morges. Cette dénégation, je la ferai verbalement, par écrit, et peut-être par l'impression. Il m'importe qu'elle soit connue et répandue. Vous avez vu, Monsieur, les lettres au seigneur trésorier et à M. le commissaire général, ainsi qu'une réponse de celui-ci; et bien loin que j'y fasse des excuses, j'y déclare que tenant par-dessus tout aux privilèges de mon pays, ne respirant que pour les lui voir conserver, si ce sentiment est incompatible avec le service du prince, je reconnais moi-même que je ne dois pas y être employé.
Il m'a paru que l'on recherche à adoucir certaines conditions au pays de Vaud, et que l'on en a bien l'intention.....
Berne 20 mars 1791.
J.-J. CART.
Monsieur J., Morges.
Monsieur,
Mes affaires me retiendront ici jusqu'au 8 ou au 9 d'avril, et M. le châtelain Bory, qui doit partir mardi par la diligence pour se rendre ici, pourrait se charger du paquet dont vous me parliez; chose cependant assez inutile. Le projet qu'il renferme, dicté par la vérité et par le patriotisme, porte d'ailleurs sur un trop beau sujet pour qu'il puisse ne pas être bon.
Au reste, il est nécessaire que vous soyez instruit de quelques détails. M. Thormann de St-Cristophe fit une motion aux Deux-Cents, quelques jours après l'enlèvement de M. Martin, et dénonça cet enlèvement au Souverain, comme attentatoire aux droits du pays de Vaud et propre à y porter le trouble. Il soutint que dans le cas même d'un crime de lèse-majesté au premier chef, l'emprisonnement, quoique de l'ordre du prince devait être faite sur les lieux, et la procédure y être instruite. Il cita l'exemple du major Davel pris les armes à la main, convaincu par le fait même, etc.
Ce brave magistrat ne réunit que trois suffrages; mais l'esprit de vertige qui avait produit la chose subsistait encore, et maintenant il n'en reste que les regrets.
L'on semble ne pas avoir perdu de vue Reymond, et sur ce que j'en ai demandé à plusieurs membres de l'Etat, ils m'ont uniformément répondu, que la procédure jugée vendredi ne portant que sur M. Martin, l'on ne pouvait point dans cet instant, juger de ce qu'il y avait à faire; mais que l'on en a renvoyé l'examen à une commission. L'on s'attend tellement à la demande d'une communication de la procédure, que M. de Carrouge m'a lu tout au long la relation qu'il a été appelé à donner au Deux-Cents de la part qu'il a eue à toute cette affaire. Sur
quoi, observant qu'elle est écrite en français, il me dit qu'il avait demandé la permission de la faire dans cette langue, parce que, devant nécessairement être connue au pays de Vaud dans la suite, il désirait que nous l'eussions telle qu'il l'a faite, plutôt que par une traduction. Si la communication à demander était incompatible avec nos griefs sur la chose, il faudrait bien se garder de faire cette démarche. Mais il me semble que l'une est nécessairement liée à l'autre, que celle-ci est première et celle-là seconde, et si la communication était refusée, l'on aurait autant lieu de se plaindre de ce refus que de l'enlèvement de M. Martin. L'un me paraît être aussi effrayant que l'autre, et si l'on était appelé à réunir les deux griefs, ils se fourniraient réciproquement un secours de la plus grande force et propre à frapper les esprits les plus prévenus ou les plus froids.
Il y a eu grand débat, s'il y avait une distinction à faire entre constitution et administration. La fin a été que l'on maintiendrait la première et que l'on changerait à la dernière dans le sens qui paraîtrait être essentiellement agréable au peuple; que le Conseil secret verrait ce qu'il y a à réformer... j'interrompis: Monseigneur, dis-je, ne devrait-on pas commencer par réformer le Conseil secret lui-même? — Oh! on verra ensuite, Monsieur, il y a de bien braves gens ici, et plutôt à Dieu que nous eussions parmi nous la moitié de la vertu qui règne à Berne! nous vaudrions non pas la moitié, mais dix fois plus que nous ne valons. Quand je vous parle de vertu, ce n'est pas de cette histoire plus ou moins physique, à laquelle s'attachent trop nos moralistes, et dont le tableau fait rougir même nos servantes.
Ecrivant très rapidement, vous ne vous attacherez pas, Monsieur, à l'ordre que je suis, ou plutôt que je ne suis pas. Quelques jours avant le jugement de M. Martin, parut un mémoire de sa part, le plus mal écrit, le plus lâche! ce mémoire aura été conseillé. La haine n'ayant jamais été dans le cœur de M. Martin, il ne demande point que son accusateur soit puni, mais il laisse à son souverain le soin de son honneur. L'idée n'est pas mauvaise; il est fâcheux qu'elle soit rendue
mal, et si mal, que l'on n'y voit que l'envie de sauver l'accusateur.
Mais, est-ce M. Martin qu'il s'agit de venger, n'est-ce pas le public, n'est-ce pas nous tous ? Tremblerons-nous dans nos habitations, ou y vivrons-nous avec sécurité ? Notre sort et quand ce ne serait que notre sort momentané, tiendrait-il à la délation d'un misérable... celui-ci sera-t-il accueilli, sauf-conduisé, libéré momentanément, dit-on, au moment où l'accusé irait à l'échafaud s'il était coupable... Ah ! Monsieur, je vous écris, ce que je dis à qui veut m'entendre. Que l'on me mène aux carrières, si je ne dois pas sentir ce que je sens, et si je suis coupable si je l'exprime. Un moment d'erreur nous a causé les plus justes alarmes; mais serions-nous criminels en travaillant à ce qu'il n'arrive plus ? On ne le pense pas ainsi, et, encore une fois, l'on est assez juste à Berne pour penser sur la chose ce que nous en pensons, et, pour y ajouter des regrets que nous n'avons pas à partager.
C'est une raison pour que nous soyons confiants, et que des représentations qui ne taisent rien quant aux choses, soient modérées dans l'expression. Mais il n'est besoin de le dire, ni à vous, ni aux personnes qui travaillent à la chose publique, et voilà que je vous répète ce que vous m'avez si souvent dit vous-même.
Quand je pourrai vous procurer privément la procédure concernant M. Martin, en vérité je ne pourrais pas m'y résoudre, parce que dans mon système, la manière de l'avoir, c'est-à-dire d'office, est une obligation du Souverain à remplir envers nous, et je reviendrai toujours à ce qu'elle soit demandée, lors même que l'on aurait la certitude d'un refus. Mais quel parti que l'on prenne, il me semble qu'il n'y a plus de temps à perdre.
Berne, le 27 mars 1791.
Cart
Vous savez, Monsieur, que le Deux-Cents jugeant de l'accusation portée contre M. Martin, renvoya à une commission de rechercher : 1° les moyens de le réintégrer et de le dédommager ; 2° ce qu'il y avait à faire contre l'accusateur. Cette commission a été divisée : M. Martin sera-t-il réintégré dans son poste par le lieutenant baillival ou par un membre de l'État ? Lui accordera-t-on 1000 fr. ou 100 louis de dédommagement ?
Le Deux-Cents-faisant assises aujourd'hui jusqu'à 5 heures, a décidé : que le décret qui reconnaît l'innocence de M. Martin sera communiqué officiellement à la classe, qu'il sera réintégré par M. de Dénesy, lieutenant baillival, et qu'il lui sera livré 100 louis, tant à titre de dédommagement que pour payer l'appoimentement du vicaire qui l'a remplacé.
M. Martin à mon gré, ne devrait pas recevoir cette misère, et nos villes devraient lui faire un sort.
Décidé quant à Reymond, qu'il sera admonesté et privé de son poste de secrétaire consistorial de Mézières, eu égard, à ce qu'il ne peut plus siéger dans un corps dont M. Martin est membre.
Au demeurant, le dit sieur Reymond continue à être M. le châtelain.
Berne 4 avril 1791.
Cart.
L'advoyer, petit et grand conseil de la ville de Berne, notre salutation prémise !
Très noble, cher et féal baillif !
Maitre Martin, ministre à Mézières, ayant été entièrement libéré par l'instruction de sa procédure, de toute accusation faite à sa charge à teneur de copie ci-jointe de son jugement, nous vous en avisons donc, d'un côté pour en avoir due connaissance comme bailli de l'endroit, et de l'autre pour qu'en la forme usitée vous chargiez votre lieutenant-baillival de présenter de nouveau et publiquement avec la solennité d'usage en pareilles circonstances, un jour de dimanche, à sa paroisse, comme continuant à être son pasteur, le dit ministre Martin dont la saisie ne peut qu'avoir fait quelque sensation dans le lieu, et de faire connaitre que nous l'avons parfaitement déchargé de toutes les accusations portées contre lui. En exhortant généralement les paroissiens, ou à rendre encore comme du passé à ce ministre si zélé pour sa paroisse, leur primitif amour, estime et confiance. De même que nous attendons aussi du dit ministre qu’il continuera de son mieux à notre satisfaction et contentement, l’exercice de ses fonctions avec zèle et fidélité, selon qu’à tous égards saurez, vous et votre lieutenant baillival pour mieux faire. Dieu soit avec vous.
Donné le 4 avril 1791.
DIVERSES PIÈCES QUI POURRAIENT AVOIR QUELQUE INTÉRÊT RELATIVEMENT À L’HISTOIRE DU CANTON DE VAUD.
Lettres de MM. le bannieret et conseils de Morges à LL. EE. de Berne au sujet de la conspiration qui se découvrit le 4 juillet 1749.
Illustres, Hauts, Puissants et Souverains Seigneurs !
Les premiers bruits qui se répandirent dans le public ne purent pas nous persuader qu’il s’était trouvé des hommes assez méchants pour conspirer contre l’État et faire une conjuration qui ne tendait pas moins qu’au bouleversement de sa constitution.
Nous ne pouvions pas croire que pendant que vos EE. font leur unique occupation du bonheur de leurs sujets, et qu’ils leur donnaient actuellement des preuves si sensibles de leur tendre affection en les soulageant en ce temps de disette, il était des cœurs assez criminels pour former un complot si détestable. Aujourd’hui que nous sommes forcés de n’en plus douter, nous supplions vos EE. de nous permettre de leur exprimer l’extrême douleur que nous avons ressentie en apprenant que ce siècle a pu produire de tels monstres. Et l’ardeur des actions de grâce que nous avons rendues au Tout-Puissant,
de ce qu'il Lui a plu de protéger vos EE. dans cette cir-
constance! Il semble que sa Providence n'a abandonné ces
ingrats à la dépravation de leurs cœurs, que pour donner à
l'univers une preuve d'autant plus éclatante du soin particulier
qu'elle prend de la République, et pour marquer la conduite de
vos LL. EE. dans le gouvernement de leurs peuples du sceau
de son approbation d'une manière plus publique. Nous con-
naissions, Souverains Seigneurs, par une longue expérience,
que vos peuples sont les plus heureux de tous les peuples du
monde, et que la durée de notre félicité est invariable-
ment attachée à celle de l'affermissement de la gloire et de la
prospérité de l'Etat; ainsi nous regardons tous ceux qui sont
capables de manquer d'affection et de fidélité pour vos EE.,
comme les ennemis de notre bonheur général et particulier.
Veuille le Tout-Puissant qui tient dans sa main la durée des
Etats, faire fleurir l'illustre République jusqu'à la consomma-
tion des siècles, et la rendre autant immuable que le sont
vos EE. dans l'observation de tous les grands principes et de
toutes les vertus qu'ils font briller dans le gouvernement de
leurs peuples. Pénétrés comme nous le sommes, du sentiment
du bonheur dont nous jouissons, et instruits sans cesse que
VV. EE. ont pour leurs sujets les affections des pères les plus
tendres, nous prenons la liberté de leur offrir les assurances
les plus respectueuses de la vive reconnaissance, du zèle, de
la fidélité inviolable et du très profond respect avec lesquels
nous sommes et serons à jamais de vos EE. les très humbles,
très obéissants, très soumis et très fidèles sujets.
Le Banneret et Conseils de Morges.
Ce 11 juillet 1749.
Copie de la représentation faite le 8 octobre 1771 au sujet de
l'emprisonnement de Marc Boand.
T. N. M. et T. H. Seigneur-Bailli!
Le banneret et les Conseils 12 et 24 de cette ville, viennent
remercier très humblement V. S. de l'attention assidue qu'elle
donne au maintien du bon ordre. Mais en même temps, à l'occasion du cas arrivé au sieur Marc Boand, ils prennent la liberté de vous prier très respectueusement, de vouloir leur conserver la précieuse sûreté que la loi 1° 385 du Coutumier accorde à tous les sujets et qui prescrit que « Personne ne devra être saisi au corps, ni emprisonné pour chose que se soit, si ce n'est par cognoissance de Justice, excepté les larrons ou autres criminels, et aussi pour cas de rebellion apparente contre les ordonnances souveraines et en cas qu'il y ait commandement expresse de votre part; semblablement, ceux qui useraient envers nos baillifs et autres sieurs subalternes, d'acte de rebellion, désobéissance, et félonie apparente, et que les contendants usassent en leur présence de paroles déshonnêtes et blasphématoires, ou œuvres de fait, et ayant noise et différend les uns avec les autres, jusqu'à vouloir s'entre-battre et mettre la main aux armes, ne voulussent donner les sûretés à eux imposées. » Loi chère à tous les citoyens et qui sur une respectueuse représentation de la part des Villes et Vassaux du pays fût reconfirmée par ordonnance souveraine du 12 juin 1706 et promulguée le 20 septembre dite année.
A ces titres respectables, permettez-nous, Monseigneur, d'ajouter les réflexions suivantes:
Une justice arbitraire, qui ne serait assujettie à aucune formalité dans un cas qui pourrait mériter l'emprisonnement, ne nous alarmerait pas si nous pouvions nous assurer, qu'elle serait toujours exercée par un digne magistrat tel que vous, Monseigneur; mais sans cette assurance, dans combien de circonstances n'en peut-il pas résulter des abus effrayants.
Ce serait se défier de la pénétration et de l'équité de V. S., d'en dire davantage pour obtenir d'elle de nous maintenir dans la possession d'un privilège si cher à nos cœurs, puisqu'il nous est un gage de la douceur du Gouvernement sous lequel nous avons le bonheur de vivre et à la conservation duquel nos biens et nos vies sont voués.
Chéserex, le 22 septembre 1792
Monsieur J., Morges.
Les Français affamés d'ennemis ont attaqué la Savoie du côté Fort-Barreau. C'étaient des volontaires nationaux. Deux estafettes l'ont annoncé hier à Genève : ils ont été vigoureusement repoussés avec perte de canons et de beaucoup de monde proportionnellement à leur nombre. C'est jeudi matin à 2 h., nous entendimes les canonnades grâces aux Alpes. Les Français font mine d'en vouloir à Chambéry : on s'y prépare à les bien recevoir ; la ville se dépave, etc., les citoyens et habitants du pays montrent le plus grand zèle et la plus grande ardeur, ils demandent de combattre avec les troupes ; ils ne seront pas les moindres, on défend toujours bien ses foyers.
Quant à nous, nous sommes fort tranquilles, tant que le nombre de troupes en activité ne sera pas plus considérable sur les frontières : une patrouille en partie sans culottes réellement, s'avisa de venir mercredi dans le village de la Rippe ; elle fut bientôt happée par nos carabiniers ; leurs pleurs, leurs protestations d'erreur et d'ignorance des limites (l'une et l'autre impardonnables après trois semaines de séjour à Divonne,) plus que cela, leurs mauvaises armes et le manque de munitions leur a valu la liberté ; on les renvoya à la première borne comme gens sans aveu, pour la première fois ; mais gare s'ils y reviennent ; de ce qui se passe en Savoie, du peu d'ordre qu'il paraît qu'il règne chez ceux-ci, nous pouvons conclure qu'il est bon d'être en mesure.
Au surplus rien de nouveau, la bonne volonté de nos gens, l'ardeur qu'ils ont à faire leur devoir, sont inexprimables. Nos voisins le savent, il y en a bien assez pour les contenir et faire respecter une nation paisible et fidèle à ses engagements....
Arpeau.
Monsieur J., à Morges.
Dimanche 23 septembre 1792.
Vous avez sans doute connaissance de l'alarme, mon cher.
Les Français se sont avancés, dit-on ; ils ont forcé Montmélian pour entrer à Chambéry, où on a, dit-on, encore été forcé. L'alarme est à Genève; ce matin, on disait les Français en chemin pour Genève. Jugez de l'effet : quoiqu'il en soit, rien encore d'officiel, c'est ce qu'il faut attendre; en attendant nous nous mettons en mesure, c'est-à-dire, nous avisons notre milice; je pense qu'on en fera autant partout. Mais en envoyant ceci à ma femme, je vous prie de lui faire comprendre à quel point je suis en l'air, et mes gens s'en ressentent; il n'y a pas eu moyen d'envoyer aujourd'hui, ce sera au premier moment convenable; qu'elle ne s'impatiente pas, cela n'ira pas loin. Au surplus elle est bien chez vous, et moi toujours sur les chemins, dans ce moment à Nyon d'où je vous embrasse parents et amis.
ARPEAU.
Monsieur J., conseiller à Morges.
Monsieur,
J'ai reçu par le courrier de hier une lettre et un mémoire de Messieurs les officiers du régiment d'Ernst, concernant la demande qu'ils font au Souverain, qu'il lui plaise, que dès le commencement de l'année prochaine, il n'y ait plus de distinction entre les officiers, et que le plus ancien lieutenant, qu'il soit Bernois ou sujet de l'Etat, prenne la compagnie vacante; de même pour l'état major.
Je ne doute pas, Monsieur, qu'un même envoi n'ait été fait à Monsieur le bannieret de votre ville.
Ce mémoire conforme à ma façon de penser, m'a beaucoup plu; et j'ose espérer que notre auguste Souverain juste et équitable comme il l'est, voudra l'approuver.
Je me propose de présenter lundi aux corps de notre Conseil, et la lettre et le mémoire, ainsi que Messieurs du dit régiment me le demandent; si tous les membres pensent comme moi, nous serons unanimes pour supplier très respectueusement LL. EE, de vouloir accueillir favorablement le dit mémoire.
Je souhaiterais, Monsieur, que vous voulussiez m'informer le plus tôt possible, et pour lundi matin au plus tard, quelle peut être la façon de penser de vos nobles Conseils à ce sujet; s'ils se disposeraient à faire des démarches tout de suite. Vous avez de votre ville plusieurs officiers au régiment, qui n'auront pas manqué d'écrire s'ils avaient déjà fait parvenir à Berne leur mémoire; si vous étiez informé, Monsieur, quelle sont les idées des Messieurs de Lausanne sur cet objet, je vous serais obligé de m'en aviser; je ne doute pas, que toutes les villes du pays ne soient informées du mémoire qui leur aura été vraisemblablement envoyé....
Nyon, le 7 juillet 1790.
LA FLÉCHÈRE, banneret.
Monsieur,
La lettre que vous m'avez fait l'honneur de m'écrire ne m'est parvenue qu'après la levée de notre conseil, où il a été décidé de mettre de côté la requête que nous nous étions proposés de faire parvenir à LL. EE. pour en faire une nouvelle, sans mention du mémoire de Messieurs les officiers du régiment d'Ernst, et nous traiterons la question pour la généralité. J'ai eu occasion de voir quelques-uns de nos Messieurs l'après midi, qui pensent ainsi que moi, qu'il faut pour le moment ne s'occuper que de ce qui est relatif à notre objet et qu'il n'y ait pas à douter, que si ces Messieurs reconnaissent qu'ils ont manqué à la forme, le Souverain recevra favorablement leur excuse; et que si, au contraire, ils ne s'exécutaient pas, les démarches du pays à leur égard pour le coup seraient vues de mauvais œil à la capitale. Allons donc à ce qui me paraît notre but et demandons de notre chef, qu'il plaît au Souverain de ne mettre aucune distinction pour les emplois supérieurs dans les régiments avoués, entre les citoyens de Berne et ceux du pays, qui doivent les intéresser tous également par les mêmes
services qu’ils sont appelés à rendre les uns et les autres, soit dans les régiments soit à la Patrie, lorsque l’occasion se présente.
Si contre mon idée, LL. EE. conservaient quelque ressentiment contre Messieurs les officiers d’Ernst, c’est à la suite que nous devrions employer tous nos bons offices en leur faveur, auprès de notre Souverain.
Lorsque votre nouvelle requête sera faite, veuillez, Monsieur, si vous n’êtes plus à Morges, prier vos Messieurs de vouloir nous la communiquer, nous aurons soin aussi de vous faire parvenir la nôtre, et je pense qu’il n’y aurait pas d’inconvénient, que l’on s’écrivit de ville en ville, ainsi que nous avons fait avec nos frères de Moudon….
Nyon le 3 août 1790.
LA FLÉCHÈRE, bannéret.
Même adresse.
Je vous dois deux réponses, aimable administrateur ; mais mes occupations sont assez connues pour que mon silence n’offense personne. Je ferai inscrire votre client Lambert, et dans l’occasion je présenterai son nom au Directoire; c’est à quoi se borne ma puissance en fait de recommandation.
Vous demandez si nous aurons la paix ou la guerre? Doutez-vous que nous n’ayons la dernière? Elle est commencée dans les Apennins, elle va gagner les Alpes, et la pauvre Helvétie en goûtera bientôt les fruits amers. Il faut rendre justice au zèle des Français pour l’Autriche, dont ils font tout ce qu’ils peuvent pour nous faire désirer le joug: le viol, la rapine et l’assassinat ne cessent par-ci par-là d’être à l’ordre du jour; je ne salirai pas ce papier de tous les détails que je reçois à cet égard; mais ils nous perdent avec eux: la haine concentrée de nos Allemands fera tôt ou tard une explosion terrible. Le ministre Perrochel est modéré par caractère et par principes; il m’a dit que le Congrès de Rastadt n’était qu’un jeu de temporisation.
Le directeur Gleyre a vu hier une lettre de Berlin, qui assure que les bras de Frédéric resteront croisés. La main exécutive de notre République est comme vous savez, terminée par cinq doigts dont un, dit-on, est un serpent (ceci entre nous). Je porte toujours ma couronne d'épines; la petitesse de mes moyens me met hors de proportion avec la grandeur de la besogne; je ne puis former mon bureau à mon gré. Il vient de m'échoir un petit héritage, mais embarassé d'un procès; ce qui nécessite la demande d'un congé nécessaire au soulagement de ma tête. Mon cœur est toujours à Lausanne, dont le site, le climat, les habitants, me plairont toujours: Fasse le ciel que les nuages qui noircissent l'horizon politique, ne s'étendent pas sur cette belle contrée! Puisse son bonheur s'accroitre de tout ce qui manque au mien! Ne m'oubliez pas auprès de vos collègues, pour qui ma reconnaissance et mon respect dureront toute ma vie. Mille choses à l'honnête d'Orsans; dites-lui que j'ai reçu de notre ami commun Byss, une lettre dont la lecture a rendu mes yeux humides; il est dans une misère absolue. Dites à Ausset qu'on aura égard à sa recommandation; le temps me manque pour lui écrire. J'espère que vous échapperez, quoiqu'il arrive, à tout chagrin très fort ou très continu, parce que vous avez une âme d'une heureuse tournure et qui participe un peu du naturel de la mésange.
Je vous salue du fond du cœur.
Repond.
Lucerne 8 Décembre 1798.
Même adresse.
Lucerne 11 janvier 1799.
Je vous envoie ci-joint un extrait de la lettre de mon ami Zimmermann, commandant des Suisses Piémontais, qui, après avoir combattu longtemps pour le pouvoir héréditaire des descendants de Humbert aux blanches mains, va enfin brûler de la poudre pour les droits de l'homme. C'est un homme loyal:
je vous prie, aimable administrateur, de vouloir bien, si vous le jugez convenable, faire insérer la dite lettre dans le Bulletin Officiel : elle est peut-être propre dans les circonstances où nous sommes, à éperonner les courages.
Toujours entre la paix et la guerre, et l'une aussi probable que l'autre ! Le directeur Gleyre a l'âme si bénigne, qu'il ne peut croire à la guerre. Les Français pénètrent dans la Pouille, dans l'Abruzze, dans la Calabre ; ils se sont rendus maîtres de Gaëte et d'Aquila, ils s'avancent sur Naples, et l'empereur ne bouge pas encore : Venise vient d'être mise en état de siège ; 20,000 mécontents sont prêts à tenter les derniers efforts, pour dégager leurs poignets des menottes impériales.
Il y a maintenant en Suisse 50,000 Français qui sucent notre moëlle ; ils ne ch.... plus que du pain fait avec nos blés : un commissaire vient d'exiger 4,000 sacs de l'administration de Fribourg ; celle de Berne en a tiré des magasins des pauvres, pour les faire passer à l'armée de Masséna. Dans la vallée d'Urserem, il y a un avant-poste où trente hommes par compagnie, bivouaquent toutes les vingt-quatre heures dans la neige jusqu'aux aisselles ; ils dévorent en guise de pain, les fromages maigres des habitants, et démolissent leurs maisons pour faire du feu.
Le malheur de votre collègue Bergier me navre le cœur. Rappelez-moi au souvenir de cette chambre qui est toujours présente au mien, et pour qui je ne cesse d'éprouver l'émotion de la reconnaissance. Le citoyen Ausset me pardonne sans doute de n'avoir pas encore répondu à ses deux lettres, parce qu'il sait que la cause de mon silence n'est pas en moi. Donnez-moi de vos nouvelles, et agréez mon salut cordial.
Je salue tous ceux que vous aimez !
Repond.
Liberté, Egalité.
Le Ministre de la Guerre de la république Helvétique une et indivisible,
Aux militaires ci-devant au service du Piémont qui se trouvent présentement en Helvétie.
Il est enjoint, de la part du Directoire Exécutif, à tous les individus qui ont quitté le service du ci-devant roi de Sardaigne, sans congé absolu, de se rendre à Lucerne, où ils recevront un ordre de route et l'étape pour rejoindre les légions helvétiques au service de la république Française. Dans cet ordre sont compris tous les individus Suisses, déserteurs d'un des régiments au service du ci-devant roi de Sardaigne; ainsi que ceux qui, ayant obtenu des congés limités, n'ont point rejoint leurs drapeaux.
En se consignant à Lucerne chez le citoyen Pfyffer, capitaine dans la seconde Légion, on leur fournira les vivres jusqu'au moment de leur départ, et de là on les transportera aux frais de la république Française à leur destination.
Lucerne, le 28 février 1799.
Le Ministre de la guerre
REOND.
Par le Ministre
JOMINI, secrétaire.
Au citoyen J. administrateur à Lausanne, canton du Léman.
Lucerne 25 avril 1799, à 6 h. du matin.
Cher citoyen,
J'avais différé depuis 4 jours de vous répondre dans l'espoir que je pourrais en même temps vous donner quelque nouvelle intéressante; malheureusement, il n'est rien survenu dans cet intervalle. Les troubles de l'intérieur sont à peu près étouffés, à l'exception du Haut-Valais, où ils le seront dans peu de jours. L'extérieur est calme aussi pour le moment: Masséna n'attend que le nombre complet des renforts qui lui arrivent tous les jours, pour repasser le Rhin. L'armée d'Italie vient de reprendre sa position à Brescia, elle va aussi incessamment reprendre l'offensive. Il faut convenir que les Autrichiens, qui ont su vaincre par la grande supériorité de leur nombre, n'ont point
du tout su profiter de leur victoire; car si après la retraite de Jourdan à la fin de mars, le prince Charles, au lieu de lancer ses manifestes en Helvétie, eût essayé d'y lancer ses armées, celles-ci auraient aisément pénétré jusqu'à Lucerne et même jusqu'à Berne: il n'y avait pas 10,000 Français sur toute la ligne du Rhin, de Constance à Bâle, plus 5 à 6,000 paysans Suisses qui auraient fui, comme ils l'ont fait depuis, au premier coup de canon. Outre cela, tous les cantons se seraient insurgés à la fois. De sorte qu'il n'y a nul doute, que les Autrichiens fussent aujourd'hui au cœur de ce pays. Cette horrible perspective a duré jusqu'au 15 de ce mois, et cet Autrichien Charles n'en a point profité: Dieu le lui rendra, et les nombreux aristocrates n'en diront pas autant, car ils gémissent sur sa maladresse. Aujourd'hui le coup est manqué: l'armée française d'Helvétie est déjà dans ce moment de 35,000 hommes, et nous y avons 20,000 Suisses qui s'exercent et s'aguerrissent tous les jours. Il en fut de même en Italie: si après la bataille du 5 avril, les Autrichiens avaient su profiter de leur victoire, ils seraient aujourd'hui à Milan, de l'aveu même des Français. Au lieu de cela ils se sont bêtement endormis sous leurs lauriers; pendant ce temps-là, les Français ont repris haleine, et aujourd'hui les revoilà dans les mêmes positions, où ils étaient au commencement d'avril. Il parait qu'il n'y a pas un seul bon général en Autriche; tant mieux. Si j'apprends quelque chose d'intéressant, je me ferai un plaisir de vous le communiquer. Je travaille beaucoup ici, mais comme ce travail est de mon goût, il m'amuse plutôt que de me fatiguer.
FORNEROD.
(P. S.) Hier, quatre compagnies du premier bataillon d'élite du Léman, qui se sont aidées depuis 8 jours à soumettre les rebelles de ce canton, après avoir soumis ceux de l'Argovie, sont entrés à Lucerne, d'où 2 sont déjà parties cette nuit pour Altorf; chacun a admiré leur bonne tenue; les Allemands les redoutent autant que les Français.
Lucerne, jeudi 2 mai 1799, à midi.
Au citoyen X, administrateur à Lausanne, canton du Léman.
Cher concitoyen,
Je rentre très à la hâte à mon bureau pour vous apprendre une bien fâcheuse nouvelle: nous avons reçu aujourd'hui une lettre de Masséna communiquée au Directoire par le citoyen Perrochet, qui y dit : Que le 28 Avril, les ministres français ont été assassinés à un quart de lieue de Rastadt, comme ils s'en retournaient en France. Roberjot et Bonier ont été hachés à coups de sabre, et Jean Debrit qui en avait aussi beaucoup reçu, n'a échappé à la mort, que parce qu'on le crût tel. Il est arrivé la nuit suivante à Strasbourg, où l'on espère encore le sauver. Leurs femmes et filles furent témoins de cette horrible barbarie; une d'elles y a même reçu deux coups de sabre. On les avait tirés de leur carosse pour les massacrer. Il faut espérer que la grande nation ne laissera pas impuni ce forfait exécrable; gare aux Autrichiens.
Vous aurez su, que la semaine dernière, les cantons de Schwitz et d'Uri se sont insurgés, qu'on a envoyé contre eux 1,000 hommes, dont 400 Vaudois; ce corps en est revenu dimanche soir avec perte d'une soixantaine de tués et environ 100 blessés, parmi lesquels trois seuls Vaudois, qui n'ont d'ailleurs point eu de décès. On a pris dès lors des mesures aussi habiles que sûres et secrètes, pour réduire ces misérables qui sont au nombre de 5 à 6,000 hommes. Les insurgés ont osé envoyer ici un député avant hier, pour traiter avec le Directoire: ils demandent l'assurance par écrit de ne fournir aucun homme à l'élite, de ne jamais recevoir chez eux de soldats étrangers, et une amnistie générale pour tous les fugitifs et prisonniers détenus tant ici qu'ailleurs: à ces conditions, ils auraient posé les armes. Le Directoire a répondu avec dignité, qu'il n'avait rien à traiter avec des rebelles.
Aujourd'hui est le grand jour fixé pour leur extermination; ils doivent être attaqués dans ce moment par 10,000 hommes
sur trois points, et l'on espère apprendre ce soir, qu'ils sont réduits.
En ce moment, notre ministre à Paris écrit : que le roi de Prusse y a fait des propositions de paix, qui consistent de sa part à reconnaître la rive gauche du Rhin à la France, et les républiques Batave, Cisalpine et Ligurienne; à condition que d'un autre côté, les rois de Sardaigne et de Naples, le Pape et le duc de Toscane soient rétablis; il déclare qu'il se rangera contre celui qui refusera ces conditions. Voilà donc une espèce de déclaration de guerre; car il est clair que la France ne peut acquiescer à de telles conditions.
Nous avons vu arriver il y a une heure, un détachement de superbes hussards de la légion Helvétique, apportant un drapeau bernois enlevé aux derniers rebelles de l'Oberland soumis entièrement depuis six jours.
Salut, amitié et considération.
Fd
(P. S.) Sans la Vendée de Schwitz, Masséna aurait déjà passé le Rhin.
Même adresse.
Lucerne, vendredi 3 mai à midi.
Surchargé aujourd'hui d'un travail extraordinaire, j'escamote un instant avant le départ du courrier, pour vous annoncer, cher concitoyen, deux excellentes nouvelles que nous avons reçues aujourd'hui: l'une, c'est le résultat de l'action que je vous ai annoncée hier; grâce à l'habileté des manœuvres des généraux français, grâce aux postes importants qu'ils ont adroitement saisis, et au profond secret qui a été gardé, 10,000 hommes ayant tout à coup paru sur les trois seuls passages conduisant à Schwitz, ont tellement surpris les rebelles, que confondus par cette apparition subite, une partie a bien vite posé les armes, les autres se sont enfuis à toutes jambes du côté d'Altorf, où on les réduira bientôt: de sorte que les troupes
sont entrées dans Schwitz et dans Brunnen, sans avoir répandu une goutte de sang. On va maintenant chercher à découvrir les chefs scélérats de ces malheureux fanatiques, et après leur avoir fait avouer tout ce qu'on veut savoir, on leur rendra je pense bonne justice.
Le 1er mai, les généraux Ménard et Chabran, attaqués à Lutien-Steig et à Mayenfeld à 3 heures 1/2 du matin, se sont battus avec acharnement jusqu'à 3 heures après-midi, ils sont restés maîtres du champ de bataille avec 2,000 prisonniers : des détails nous viendront demain.
Le 29 avril, le général Lecourbe attaqué aussi sur divers points, a repoussé les Autrichiens avec perte d'environ 1,000 hommes, tant tués que blessés.
Vive la République -- salut et amitié.
Fd
Même adresse.
Lucerne, le 6 mai 1799.
Cher concitoyen et ami !
Si je ne pensais pas qu'en ce moment vous avez les détails imprimés de l'horrible assassinat des ministres Français, je vous en aurais envoyé un exemplaire. On est soulevé d'horreur et d'indignation, si ces détails imprimés qu'on a reçus de Strasbourg le lendemain du jour où je vous ai annoncé cette funeste nouvelle, sont authentiques ; il paraît clairement que c'est un assassinat politique commis par la trop machiavélique Maison d'Autriche, pours'assurer par les papiers de ces infortunés de la part plus ou moins grande que les divers princes de l'Empire pouvaient avoir prise au plan de la neutralité du dit Empire. Ce sont les Houzards Sicules qui ont fait le coup à 1/4 de lieue de Rastadt, à 7 heures du soir, avec des circonstances exécrables.
J'avais oublié dans les propositions du roi de Prusse, la république Helvétique qui y était bien reconnue ; c'est par pure
distraction, que je l'ai omis en vous écrivant. Ce matin notre ministre à Paris écrit, qu'on doit avoir découvert un traité conclu tout récemment entre l'Angleterre et la Prusse, par lequel cette dernière s'engage : 1° à soutenir de toutes ses forces l'Autriche, au cas qu'elle essuyât de grands revers; 2° à ne jamais s'allier à la France. Je ne sais, si notre ministre a de bien bonnes lunettes; mais il me semble que ce dernier traité, prétendu ou vrai, est en pleine contradiction avec le premier. En vous apprenant la reddition de Schwitz et d'Uri, je vous appris une nouvelle bien agréable, mais malheureusement trop inexacte et prématurée, quoique officielle. Il n'y a que Schwitz qui se soit rendu, et même la plus grande moitié des habitants a passé dans le canton d'Uri, qui tient avec une opiniâtreté infernale: on lui a envoyé successivement trois jours de suite diverses proclamations, par des émissaires affidés qui n'en ont rapporté autre chose, que la triste certitude que ces misérables voulaient se défendre jusqu'à la mort. On a fait en conséquence toutes les dispositions militaires pour les réduire par la force: on sait qu'ils en font de leur côté, ce qui ne peut qu'amener des affaires très sanglantes dans un pays comme celui-là. Le bataillon de notre ami Muret, a passé de ces côtés hier à 4 h. du matin. Aujourd'hui est le jour fatal qui doit décider du sort d'Uri, on en attend avec impatience des nouvelles; c'est pourquoi je ne vous expédierai ma lettre que demain, afin de pouvoir vous en donner.
Une autre nouvelle très fâcheuse, que nous avons reçue hier au soir et que nous gardons pour nous, c'est la défaite complète du général Lecourbe, à quelques lieues au delà de Coire, qui pourtant n'est pas encore pris; Masséna y est en ce moment.
Quelque chose de plus fâcheux encore qui nous est arrivé presque en même temps, c'est l'insurrection des Grisons dans la vallée de Dissentis; ces fanatiques se sont levés en masse, ont attaqué les Français, se sont battus comme des désespérés et ont laissé 1,500 d'entre eux sur le carreau, samedi dernier. Le lendemain, devaient se tenir les assemblées primaires et le 9 les électorales; et voilà malheureusement les Grisons qui vont encore nous échapper pour cette fois.
Enfin nous avons aussi appris les mouvements du HautValais, les progrès des rebelles jusqu'au pont de Ridde, la barbarie avec laquelle ils ont fusillé plusieurs prisonniers, et la contenance vraiment redoutable de 4 à 5,000 de ces coquins, qui cependant seront, je l'espère, bien battus par les deux bataillons français qu'on y envoie soutenus par les Lémans.
Mais ce qu'il y a de plus fâcheux dans tout cela, c'est l'incertitude cruelle où l'on est sur le sort de l'armée d'Italie, dont on n'a plus de nouvelles depuis dix jours. Il court un bruit que les Autrichiens sont à Milan : si malheureusement il était vrai, ces messieurs-là bientôt maîtres de toute la chaîne des Alpes, couperaient les communications de l'armée d'Italie avec nous, et domineraient également et sur la Cisalpine et sur la Suisse, ce dont Dieu nous préserve. Mais non, cela n'arrivera pas et en dépit de tous les Autrichiens et de tous leurs scélérats de partisans en Helvétie, ça ira, ça ira.
Mardi à 2 heures.
Rien encore de nouveau sur les affaires d'Uri ; il n'en est arrivé personne, que quelques officiers dans la soirée d'hier, qui disent que sur les bords du lac, les rebelles ont encombré avec des sapins et autres arbres, tous les endroits propres au débarquement; ce qui obligera peut-être de faire d'autres dispositions.
L'on nous apprend, que le bataillon français qui était déjà à Bex, est parti brusquement pour Berne, ce qui est très fâcheux. L'on nous dit aussi que les républicains doivent avoir repris le pont de Ridde. Ce qu'il y a de plus fatal dans tout cela, c'est qu'il y a quinze jours, on avait envoyé d'ici 1,000 hommes tout droit au Valais, par le canton d'Uri : la résistance que les rebelles d'Uri opposèrent au passage de ces 1,000 hommes et qui se soutient jusqu'à ce jour, est cause des malheurs du Valais, qui seraient certainement terminés. Il paraît qu'il n'y a rien de bien intéressant au moins jusqu'à ce moment, et comme le courrier va partir, je suis obligé de finir. Excusez ces horribles griffonnages que je n'ai pas le temps de relire.... Encore une fois salut et amitié.
FORNEROD.
Même adresse.
Lucerne, jeudi 9 mai.
Nous savions de gros en gros, cher concitoyen et ami, tout ce qui est relatif à l'insurrection du Valais, aux progrès des rebelles, et à la marche des Français ; mais votre chère lettre m'a donné à ce sujet des détails que nous ignorions et dont je ferai discrètement usage ce soir, en conversation avec ceux de nos braves députés qui ont le plus d'influence, et qui veulent bien me témoigner quelque estime en considération de mon patriotisme. Au reste on a déjà prévenu vos désirs et pourvu à dissiper vos inquiétudes. Nous recevons en ce moment une lettre de Masséna, du 7 courant, qui dit entre autres : « J'ai donné au général-adjudant Schinner, l'ordre de se rendre à Lausanne, pour y prendre le commandement de la demi-Brigade qui y est arrivée hier; cet officier connaissant parfaitement le pays, a ordre de marcher sur le Haut-Valais.
Ainsi il est à espérer, que cet officier (le même qui a été nommé notre ministre de la guerre) conduira cette expédition d'une manière tout autrement leste que le pauvre B. et qu'il aura bientôt mis les rebelles à la raison; et s'ils continuent à fusiller leurs prisonniers, ils seront traités de la même manière; rien de plus juste.
Je croyais pouvoir vous apprendre la reddition des rebelles d'Uri; malheureusement, il n'en est rien encore. La mollesse singulière avec laquelle les généraux Français se sont conduits envers eux, est peut-être cause qu'ils ne seront pas réduits aussi promptement, qu'on l'eût désiré. On les a enfin attaqués hier sur trois points, on les a battus à Fluelen, où l'on a pris terre, et on les a repoussés jusqu'à Steig; ils se replient dans l'intérieur de leurs montagnes, où la grande quantité des neiges qui y sont encore, empêchera de les y poursuivre. Cependant, on pourrait pénétrer sur eux par le Pont du Diable, et par la vallée de Dissentis qui vient d'être entièrement soumise; à ce qu'écrivit Masséna en ajoutant, que les rebelles y ont perdu plus de 2,000 hommes et que d'ailleurs
es Français ont repris et conservent toutes leurs positions dans les Grisons, et que plutôt à Dieu qu'il en fût de même en Italie; mais comme il arrive de tous les départements de la France des renforts prodigieux, il faut espérer que bientôt ça ira.
Nous sommes entourés ici d'une quantité d'espions, de scélérats, de traîtres, dont on découvre chaque jour quelques-uns que l'on arrête: il y en a de tous les états, depuis des représentants jusqu'à des gardes-arsenaux. Le Directoire marche très bien et j'espère que bientôt, l'on fera justice de plusieurs de ces misérables; il en était temps.
Le grand Modérateur vient d'envoyer aujourd'hui sa démission aux Conseils, qui la lui accorderont très volontiers. Plut à Dieu, qu'il n'eût pas tant modéré qu'il l'a fait, nous serions moins embarrassés que nous ne le sommes, et l'on ne serait pas réduit, pour se soustraire aux poignards de ces bonnes gens qu'on a voulu attacher à la Révolution à force de bons procédés, de les poignarder eux-mêmes. En adoptant un système plus raisonnable et plus juste, notre Révolution se fut faite et consolidée, sans verser une goutte de sang: mais il ne s'agit pas d'y songer, le mal est fait; il faut s'empresser à le réparer et à se sauver du naufrage.
Le vendredi 10 courant, fort à la hâte à midi 1/2.
A une heure après minuit, le sénateur Dolder a été nommé Directeur. Tout le gouvernement de Milan, les archives et chancellerie doivent être tombés dans les mains des Autrichiens, ce qui est d'autant plus fâcheux, qu'il faudra tout recommencer, quand on aura repris cette place.
Il se confirme que l'insurrection des Grisons est finie; l'on va chasser de leurs couvents et de leurs cures, tous les moines et une quantité de curés convaincus d'être les principaux moteurs de l'insurrection.
Les rebelles d'Uri sont enfin partie exterminés ou pris, partie dispersés dans les montagnes. Leur chef Schmidt a été tué, et l'on a trouvé sur lui des papiers très importants pour l'histoire de ces insurrections. Ils avaient quatre canons, sur lesquels les avis officiels ne disent rien ; tandis que d'autres disent qu'ils étaient de bois cerclés en fer. L'on n'indique pas le nombre des morts de part et d'autre; il y a eu quelques centaines de blessés dont quelques Vaudois de la garde soldée et des chasseurs. Il est déjà arrivé ici une centaine de blessés Français.
Enfin voilà encore une insurrection étouffée. Il paraît que celle du Valais te sera incessamment : je ne vous en dis rien, parce que vous en aurez probablement des détails tout comme ici; c'est Buxtorf qui les donne; et on lui répond fort obligeamment; il est certain que les torts qu'on lui impute, ne sont pas tous fondés, tant s'en faut. Un grand axiome dit: ex nihilo nihil fit, et c'est exactement ce qu'il a éprouvé. Il n'avait dans l'origine ni hommes, ni bonne volonté, ni armes, ni pondre, ni argent, ni vivres; il ne cessait d'en demander ici, on ne cessait de lui en promettre, et malheureusement des difficultés imprévues qui s'élevaient sans cesse, empêchaient toujours de lui en envoyer. Enfin il faut espérer que toute cette affaire finira bientôt à notre entière satisfaction, et que nous pourrons de nouveau crier avec une pleine confiance ça ira. Oui ça ira, vive la République.
Salut, estime et amitié.
Même adresse.
Lucerne, le 14 mai 1799.
Cher concitoyen,
J'ai eu le plaisir de recevoir hier votre chère lettre, à laquelle je n'ai pas répondu; d'abord parce que le paquet des postes était fermé, ensuite parce que n'ayant rien de bien intéressant
à vous apprendre, je crus devoir attendre jusqu'à aujourd'hui dans l'espoir d'être plus fécond. Mais voilà près d' onze heures, le courrier va partir, et il ne nous est rien parvenu de nouveau. Peut-être cette après-midi, cela ira-t-il mieux; mais alors ce sera trop tard pour une expédition de ce jour.
J'ai fait usage de la partie de votre lettre concernant les Genevois, dont j'ai tiré un extrait sans nom, que j'ai présenté au Directoire. Il m'en a su gré, d'autant plus que l'on se défie depuis longtemps de ces coquins de Genevois, dont la ville n'est qu'un foyer de contre-révolution. Les détails que vous m'avez donnés sur les affaires du Valais m'ont fort amusé: mais vous ignoriez alors ce qu'on a appris hier, c'est que les républicains devaient avoir essuyé un petit échec du côté de Louëche.
Quant aux nouvelles, l'on ne sait rien que ce que vous savez aussi bien que nous, l'insurrection de Lugano et Bellinzone, la nouvelle non-officielle de l'arrivée des Autrichiens à Domodossola et l'insurrection de la Val d'Aost ; ce qui n'est pas extrêmement amusant.
Cependant, je ne cesse pas un instant d'espérer que ça ira. Le général Soult après avoir entièrement exterminé ou dispersé les rebelles des petits cantons, a passé le pont du Diable, est arrivé au sommet du Gothard, d'où il doit se porter partie sur Bellinzone, partie dans le Valais; et j'espère qu'il parviendra dans ce dernier canton, avant que les Autrichiens y aient pénétré. En attendant l'issue de toutes nos dispositions combinées, je le répète, notre position n'est rien moins qu'avantageuse. Cernés par les Autrichiens, inquiétés par la multitude de traîtres et de conspirateurs dont l'intérieur est infesté d'une manière horrible, il n'y a pas le plus petit mot pour rire. Les aristocrates en rient, et de bon cœur; les patriotes mous en ont peur; les patriotes énergiques sentent renouveler leurs forces et leur courage, à la vue de tous ces dangers, qu'ils sont bien résolus de braver et dont j'espère bien que nous triompherons. Encore une fois, voilà où nous a conduits cet infernal et imbécile système de modérantisme, qui nous a engagés de protéger et surtout de retirer dans notre sein une foule d'in-fâmes contre-révolutionnaires de Condé, de Paris et d'ailleurs,
qui de concert avec les oligarques, à l'abri des bontés dont on les comblait si imprudemment, ont organisé la guerre civile et la contre-révolution au milieu de notre chère patrie. Mon cœur se gonfle et mon crâne se soulève, quand je pense à tout cela. Mille pardons, mon cher, je ne vous écris que des bêtises, et encore suis-je si pressé que je les écris dans le plus grand désordre; une autre fois, je ferai mieux.
Salut, estime et amitié.
Fd.
Au citoyen J., membre de la Chambre Administrative à Lausanne, canton du Léman.
Lucerne, le 17 mai 1799 à midi.
Cher concitoyen.
Malgré l'intervalle de trois jours que j'ai laissé écouluer depuis ma dernière, dans l'espoir de pouvoir vous apprendre quelque chose d'intéressant, je suis réduit à la même stérilité que mardi passé. Quoique nous soyons de toutes parts à la veille de grands événements, ils n'ont point encore éclaté jusqu'à ce moment. Beaucoup de faux bruits, de nouvelles bonnes et mauvaises, ou destituées de fondement, ou ridiculement exagérées, des victoires remportées par les Français en Allemagne et en Italie des défaites qu'ils auraient essuyées devant Turin, leur retraite sur Chambéry, etc., etc., mais rien d'officiel, rien par conséquent qui mérite quelque créance. Ceux des vrais amis de la Patrie qui n'ont pas tout le courage qui leur serait nécessaire en ce moment, se perdent dans une foule de conjectures, toutes plus inquiétantes les unes que les autres. Les patriotes énergiques, sans se dissimuler les désagrément de notre position ne la trouvent pas à beaucoup près désespérée, tant s'en faut, et ne
cessent de se dire et de répéter ça ira, dans la ferme conviction qu'il faut que ça aille, et que si l'on a un peu reculé, ce n'est que pour mieux sauter bientôt. Les ennemis de la Révolution rient sous cape de tous ces embarras, et flattent déjà leurs cœurs barbares du doux plaisir d'une vengeance atroce, dont ils sont bien plus éloignés qu'ils ne le pensent.
Hier matin, l'on a reçu la nouvelle certaine, que les Autrichiens avaient enfin réussi après un combat des plus sanglants, à forcer mardi matin au point du jour, le fameux poste de Lucien-Steig, d'où ils ont pénétré dans les Grisons. Mais deux demi-brigades qu'y a fait filer rapidement le général Masséna, parviendront bien comme on l'espère à rechasser les Autrichiens de ce canton-là. L'on en attend à chaque instant la nouvelle ; peut-être la recevra-t-on aujourd'hui.
L'on compte d'ailleurs que Masséna va incessamment passer le Rhin pour faire une diversion sans doute très favorable.
Il paraît que ces coquins de rebelles du Valais sont bien forts dans leurs positions, puisque on n'a pu encore parvenir à les en chasser, et que pour cet effet, l'on attend des renforts. Ils doivent encore avoir été renforcés par des rebelles d'Altorf qui se sont jetés chez eux après leur déroute complète de dimanche dernier, où ils furent encore rencontrés, attaqués et battus à un quart de lieue de l'Hospice du St-Gothard. Des avis prétendent que les Autrichiens sont maîtres du St-Bernard et du Simplon, et que les rebelles occupent aussi les passages de la Fourche et du Grimsel; d'autres avis soutiennent tout le contraire et mettent tous ces passages importants entre les mains des Républicains Français et Helvétiens. L'on ne sait au juste à quoi s'en tenir à ce sujet. J'aime à croire que les premiers avis sont trop exagérés; néanmoins je ne puis me dissimuler, qu'il coûtera beaucoup de peines et de sang pour réduire ces Hauts-Valaisans dans leurs positions presque inexpugnables, surtout si l'on ne peut les prendre à dos.
Il parait que la communication entre Bellinzone et Lucerne est entièrement rouverte par le St-Gothard, ce qui est toujours un très grand point de gagné. Notre premier bataillon d'élite Vaudois est en ce moment à Wasen, à la montée du St-Gothard, à six fortes lieues d'Altorf; l'on ne sait encore s'il avancera
plus outre; tous ces pauvres gens souffrent beaucoup de la faim, de la soif, du froid et de la misère; couchés sur la terre, sans argent pour boire un coup, souvent sans pain, grâces à la confusion qui règne dans l'administration militaire. Sans cesse exposés à la neige et à la pluie, il faut convenir que le début de leur première campagne est terrible, et qu'il ne faut pas moins que la chaleur de leur patriotisme pour les soutenir un peu.
L'on a fusillé hier à midi aux portes de la ville, un des chefs des rebelles de Ruswill, qui voulurent fondre sur Lucerne, il y a un mois. Ce premier vigoureux exemple de la justice républicaine depuis si longtemps attendu par tous les vrais amis de la patrie et de la liberté, fera, j'espère, un assez bon effet sur l'âme des fanatiques pour qu'on ne soit pas obligé d'y revenir de sitôt.
Je suis bien impatient de savoir l'influence que l'exécrable assassinat des ministres français aura eu sur certains cabinets de l'Europe, surtout sur celui de Prusse. Je crains un peu qu'elle ne soit pas telle qu'elle devrait l'être: tous les cabinets sont si machiavéliques et si égoïstes, que s'ils trouvent le plus léger intérêt à fermer leurs oreilles et leurs cœurs aux sentiments que doit nécessairement inspirer cet abominable forfait, ils le feront sans scrupule et iront même jusqu'à baiser la main profane qui l'a commis.
En ce moment, on apprend que la Cisalpine est inondée d'Autrichiens et de Russes, que l'armée de Moreau est réduite à 20,000 hommes, tant par la désertion, que par la quantité de détachements qu'il a dû laisser dans la plupart des places fortes de l'Italie, qu'il possède encore; que ce général d'abord retiré à Turin vient de transporter son quartier-général à Alexandrie, où il se croit plus en sûreté, en attendant les nombreux renforts qui vont incessamment lui arriver. Or, comme il est encore maître des principales places fortes de la Cisalpine, il n'est pas douteux, que du moment que ces renforts seront venus, il ne parvienne bien vite à débarrasser ces belles contrées des hordes impures qui les infestent...
Salut, estime, amitié sincère et dévouement.
Fd.
(P. S.) J'abandonne à votre prudente discrétion ces mauvaises nouvelles, dont la publicité pourrait réjouir les malveillants et alarmer les bons patriotes.
Même adresse.
Lucerne, le 27 mai 1799, à 10 heures du soir.
Nous voici encore ici, cher concitoyen, sans savoir encore au juste si nous y resterons ou non. Tout dépend du sort d'une bataille qui doit se livrer aujourd'hui ou demain, et en attendant toutes les archives sont toujours emballées et tout est prêt d'ailleurs pour le départ qui, je l'espère bien, n'aura pas lieu, malgré les vœux perfides et la mine scélérate des partisans de l'Autriche et de l'oligarchie.
On s'est battu samedi, depuis 4 heures du matin jusqu'à 6 heures du soir avec un acharnement terrible de part et d'autre: les braves Français ont suppléé par leur prodigieuse valeur à l'infériorité de leur nombre et surtout de leur cavalerie. C'est à Frauenfeld, où l'action a eu lieu: cette place et la position qui l'avoisine, d'abord emportées par les Français après plusieurs heures d'un combat sanglant, ont été reprises par les Autrichiens, puis reprises encore par les républicains qui, à 6 heures du soir poussèrent leurs ennemis à une lieue de là, derrière la petite rivière de la Thurr et leur firent 2,500 prisonniers. L'on a perdu beaucoup de monde de part et d'autre; les Suisses ont bien effacé dans cette journée, la honte dont ils s'étaient couverts le 23; ils se sont battus comme des lions, tant l'Elite que la Légion surtout, et Masséna leur donne aujourd'hui les plus grands éloges, entr'autres à La Harpe, sous-adjudant, fils du ministre. J'ai vu parmi les officiers tués un Chabot que je crois de Lausanne; l'Adjudant-Général Weber qui venait d'être nommé Général de l'armée Helvétique à la place de Keller, a été tué; un bataillon vaudois, le deuxième, je crois, s'est très bien conduit. Les Autrichiens avaient donné ce jour-là pour mot
d'ordre à Zurich; mais ils se sont trompés: ils ont imposé à un million de florins la ville de St-Gall. Masséna a reçu hier beaucoup de renfort, et j'espère aussi, qu'avec ceux que l'on vient de recevoir au Valais, l'on aura bientôt fini avec ces rebelles. Il se confirme aussi ici, que l'armée de Naples a fait sa jonction. Le courrier va partir:
Salut et amitié.
Fd.
(P. S.) Les infâmes oligarques et aristocrates de Zurich se distinguent par les soins et les attentions scandaleuses qu'ils témoignent pour les prisonniers Autrichiens, qu'ils comblent de bienfaits; tandis qu'ils jettent à peine un coup d'œil sur les blessés Français qu'on leur amène: Masséna s'en est plaint amèrement et avec raison.
Même adresse.
Berne le 16 juin 1799.
Si je ne vous ai rien dit de Zurich, cher concitoyen, c'est parce que je n'avais rien à vous en dire. Mon silence à cet égard devait seul vous prouver, que cette prétendue grande affaire n'avait jamais eu lieu, et que Zurich était toujours entre les mains des Autrichiens, comme il y est encore en ce moment. Je ne conçois rien du tout à mille nouvelles contradictoires qu'on répand sans cesse, et peut-être avec intention: il y a là une certaine tactique, qui peut avoir ses avantages dans les moments critiques où nous nous trouvons, et ce sont surtout les Français qui l'emploient avec succès; cela remonte et augmente le courage de leurs troupes: veut-on encourager l'armée de Zurich, on y repand la nouvelle, que l'armée d'Italie a fait sa jonction avec celle de Naples, qu'elle a battu les
Russes et les Autrichiens tantôt ici, tantôt là : qu'elle a repris Milan, etc... Veut-on encourager celle du Valais, on lui dit, que Zurich est repris, que les Autrichiens y ont perdu un monde considérable. Tout cela est excellent pour rendre du courage et de l'énergie aux Suisses eux-mêmes, s'ils en étaient susceptibles. Mais hélas! qu'ils en sont loin! Quand on considère les prodiges qu'ont fait les Français, pour reconquérir leur liberté après mille ans d'esclavage et par leur seule énergie, et qu'on les compare à ce que nous faisons, même au Léman, nous qui étions encore libres il y a deux siècles et demi et qui sommes soutenus par une armée étrangère, tout homme qui a un peu d'âme, ne pourra s'empêcher de rougir pour nous; et quant à moi, je suis si dégoûté de tout ce que je vois et entends, je suis pénétré d'un si profond mépris pour mes compatriotes, que je suis sur le point d'aller me cacher dans quelque coin du monde, où je n'entendrai plus parler du tout; et par là, je mépargnerai les déchirements du cœur qui me tourmentent depuis deux mois. J'avais eu la bêtise de croire, que du moment où nous serions débarrassés du principe de cette humeur glaireuse et virulente qui nous a empoisonnés, nous prendrions bien vite quelque bon contre-poison, quelque cordial, quelque tonique qui en rendant du ton à nos nerfs et à nos fibres nous mettraient bientôt en état de réparer les maux infinis qu'on nous avait faits, mais il n'en est rien, et il n'en sera jamais rien: nous voulons le bien, mais nous n'avons pas la force de le faire, parce que depuis le premier au dernier, nous ressemblons tous à de vieilles femmes tourmentées de vapeurs et nous n'avons pas la moindre énergie. Toujours esclaves des circonstances du moment, pour peu qu'il fasse beau, nous voilà tout hors de nous-mêmes de joie et de contentement; puis au moindre nuage qui se montre, nous sommes effrayés, abattus, consternés, pétrifiés, comme si la foudre allait nous écraser, sans songer à rien faire pour tâcher de nous y soustraire. Par exemple, nous sommes aujourd'hui menacés de la manière la plus terrible et la plus évidente, par les Autrichiens intérieurs, plus dangereux encore que ceux de Vienne. Eh bien! que faisons-nous pour les comprimer, pour éviter d'en être égorgés? rien, non rien du tout; bien au contraire, on nous croirait de
connivence avec eux. Un petit nombre de patriotes énergiques voyant notre inaction, notre apathie, et justement alarmés du danger qu’ils courent, veulent s’en tirer par les seuls moyens qui leurs restent, ceux de ranimer l’esprit public infecté d’une lèpre aristocratique, et pour cela de former des sociétés populaires, où l’on tâcherait de ramener le peuple de ses égarements; d’éloigner de leurs places plusieurs fonctionnaires, qui ne les ont occupées que pour organiser la contre-révolution; d’abolir cette maudite indemnité des droits féodaux, afin de persuader le peuple qu’on veut réellement son bien. Que répond-on aujourd’hui à tout cela? on rit, on hausse les épaules, voilà des enragés, des fous, des terroristes, qui demandent des choses absurdes et impossibles…… Les infâmes malveillants dont votre canton regorge tout comme les autres, ne se mettent plus en peine de dissimuler leurs exécrables désirs et leurs criminels projets, ils en parlent publiquement dans les villes, dans les campagnes, ils y font circuler une multitude d’écrits incendiaires, ils comblent de bienfaits les soldats Autrichiens dans un endroit, ils donnent de brillants festins à leurs officiers dans un autre….
On va lever une contribution au moyen d’une colonne mobile, et en même temps forcer les lâches déserteurs de l’Elite à rejoindre leurs corps…. Les Français seuls nous sauveront; mais comme nous aurons eu la honte de n’avoir rien fait pour nous-mêmes, ils nous traiteront peut-être comme nous ne l’avons que trop mérité….
Les armées sont toujours en présence depuis dix jours devant Zurich, sans que l’on comprenne rien à leur inaction. Il faut que les Autrichiens aient furieusement souffert, puisqu’ils n’ont pu s’avancer davantage; ou bien ils attendent peut-être avant d’attaquer sur ce point, que des détachements de leur armée aient pris certaines positions, vers lesquelles ils marchent; ou bien ils attendent la levée en masse des malveillants dans les cantons non encore envahis, Quoi qu’il en soit, cet état de choses ne peut durer plus longtemps: Masséna depuis trois ou quatre jours a reçu dix à douze mille hommes de renfort venant de la Hollande, et jusqu’à mercredi prochain il en aura reçu 25,000; c’est ce qu’annonçait hier au soir en
ma présence au directeur Ochs, un aide-de-camp Français arrivé de Bâle la veille avec trois et demie brigades de ces renforts. Les soldats Français de l'armée de Masséna commettent beaucoup d'excès et de pillage dans le canton de Baden; lui-même paraît un peu fâché, de ce que les Suisses ne voulant pas se battre, semblent encore lui refuser les provisions et munitions nécessaires pour le mettre à même de se battre pour nous. Xaintrailles tout aussi mécontent, ne quittera pas néanmoins le Valais, quoiqu'il en ait fait plus d'une fois la menace, peut-être aussi, pour nous forcer à nous mettre nous-mêmes en mesure. Le général Ruby est arrivé hier matin à Berne, où il prendra le commandement de l'Intérieur. Schinner est aussi arrivé hier au soir de chez Masséna, pour conférer ce matin avec le Directoire sur les mesures à prendre pour sauver l'Helvétie....
FORNEROD.
Même adresse.
Berne, le 25 juin 1799.
Cher concitoyen et ami!
J'ai gardé avec vous un assez long silence, parceque je n'avais rien d'intéressant à vous apprendre, et je ne le romprais pas aujourd'hui, si ce n'était que pour me féliciter avec vous de l'heureuse révolution qui vient de s'opérer à Paris, et qui en rendant à la grande nation toute sa dignité, sa force et son énergie, nous sauvera par contre-coup de l'abîme affreux, où nous étions prêts à tomber. Grâces éternelles en soient rendues aux braves et généreux patriotes Français, qui ont enfin rendu justice à tous ces indignes directeurs, qui ivres du pouvoir absolu dont ils jouissaient depuis dix-huit mois, ne s'en sont servi que pour opprimer, asservir et emmuseler tous les républicains énergiques et généreux qui ne voulaient absolument que le bien de la patrie.
J'espère que ce qui vient de se passer en France, influera essentiellement sur notre sort à nous-mêmes, et nous donnera une énergie dont nous avions grand besoin; en même temps, qu'il nous apprendra à distinguer bien clairement ceux qui sont nos vrais amis, d'avec ceux qui n'en n'ont que l'apparence, et nous fera rendre justice à tous.
Masséna a reçu depuis huit jours environ 10,000 hommes, et il va incessamment lui en arriver encore 18,000. Les armées sont en présence depuis plusieurs jours, et par les divers mouvements qu'elles ont fait hier, l'on s'attend à chaque instant à une grande bataille, qu'on espère devoir tourner à l'avantage des républicains. Il semble que les Autrichiens vacillent un peu: l'on nous écrit même, qu'ils doivent avoir quitté Zurich hier matin; mais je crois que cette nouvelle est prématurée. Le roi de Prusse paraît aussi inquiéter l'empereur avec sa ligne de démarcation. L'on présume que Sieyès l'a engagé secrètement à faire encore plus que cela. Sieyès a écrit à La Harpe, que le Directoire Helvétique devait oublier les malheurs passés, et qu'avec de l'énergie, on les aurait bien vite réparés.
L'on est généralement très mécontent du nouveau Directeur Savary qu'on nous a donné, et qui passe pour très grand aristocrate: au reste il n'ira pas loin avec ses principes, l'exemple de Paris lui en imposera; et puis les aristocrates depuis hier, commencent à faire la plus piteuse figure du monde, et semblent croire que les Autrichiens et l'avoyer Steiger ne pourront plus arriver. Le courrier me presse.
Salut et amitié, vive la République.
Tout à vous.
Même adresse.
Berne, 30 août 1799.
Veuillez excuser la négligence que j'ai eue, de ne pas vous envoyer plutôt le mémoire que vous avez bien voulu me communiquer. Il contient beaucoup de choses excellentes; mais permettez-moi de vous dire avec franchise, que je ne le crois pas propre au but que vous vous proposez: il est écrit avec chaleur et dans le sens des principes; il sera lu avec plaisir par les patriotes; mais ce n'est pas parmi eux, qu'il faut chercher des lecteurs, nous n'avons pas besoin de les convertir. Un tableau exact, mais rapide des bêvues de nos ci-devants, rapprochées avec assez d'art pour que le lecteur puisse en tirer facilement les conséquences, un narré fidèle de notre révolution, le tout présenté avec le ton de la plus grande impartialité, et même en lançant quelques traits contre les patriotes et contre les agents français; une exposition de la conduite tenue par l'Autriche pendant l'invasion de l'Helvétie et de l'indifférence des diplomates de Rastadt....
Voilà, je crois, ce qui conviendrait. Je n'en dis pas autant de votre brochure sur le régime représentatif: elle est remplie de choses excellentes, le moment est favorable, et si elle est publiée avec quelque soin et sur un théâtre convenable, elle aura un grand succès; mais je vous conseille de la faire traduire en allemand, sans quoi cet ouvrage est perdu pour l'Helvétie.
On débite de mauvaises nouvelles d'Italie; ici la situation des armées est bonne, j'espère qu'elles iront bientôt et bien.
Salut et considération distinguée.
Ph. Secretan, directeur.
Au citoyen administrateur J., à Morges, 15 janvier 1800.
Mon cher compatriote!
Très obligé de votre bon ouvrage : s’il n’est plus dans les principes du jour, cela ne veut pas dire qu’il ne soit pas dans les principes; tous mes collègues se joignent à moi pour vous faire leurs remerciements; ils sont en général aussi mécontents que vous de tout ce qui se passe. Quant à moi, qui au milieu des plus grands maux, me console par l’idée que tout est dirigé pour le mieux, ne désirant rien tant depuis cet été, que de pouvoir sortir de la galère où je suis, j’ai cru l’occasion si favorable, que je me suis hâté d’en profiter.
On m’a si fort tourné dans tous les sens pour m’obliger à rester, que je n’ai su comment résister. J’avoue que ce qui m’a déterminé, est moins le sentiment du bien que je pouvais faire (car nous sommes au point de ne pouvoir en faire, tant on a fait de nous des mannequins), que la crainte que l’on imaginât que ma retraite volontaire n’avait lieu que pour prévenir une retraite forcée. Que donnera tout ceci? Dans le fond, il ne peut guère empirer, notre état, et pourtant notre canton ne peut y gagner; mais comme il est plus que probable que les Français sont derrière ceci, on ne peut que rester tranquille. Nous avons pris un nouvel arrêté pour le 1 p.oo/er: on fera des réquisitions en nature sur ceux qui ne paieront pas, et s’ils ne satisfont pas au moment fixé, on remettra aux agents français le soin de faire satisfaire (leurs ordres sont d’agir en tel cas par exécution militaire): nous avons jusqu’ici sauvé cette voie extrême à notre Canton, et même les paiements aux communes jusqu’à présent; quoique dans les autres cantons, celles-là aient fourni de tout temps: si enfin on ne veut pas entendre; ce n’est plus notre faute! Je n’ai pas oui parler de troupes. Je vous écris en l’air.
Agréez mes sentiments de considération.
H. MONOD.
Même adresse.
Lausanne, le 23 juin 1800.
Citoyen !
Permettez que je vous demande un service :
Je suis nanti d’un mandat de la Trésorerie du . . . . . . juin sur la Caisse cantonale du Léman. Ce mandat est payable le . . . . . . novembre prochain ; il est de 3025 L., 3 batz, 3 rapp. Le Receveur-Général l’a accepté en ces termes : vu bon pour être payé à son échéance par la Caisse Cantonale.
La personne à laquelle il appartient, désirant avoir en place ou du comptant, ou du bon papier sur Paris, voudrait le faire escompter. On lui a dit que le citoyen Ochreutner acquéreur d’un bien national se chargerait peut-être de cet effet, moyennant l’escompte. Veuillez, je vous prie, lui en parler. Le citoyen Marcel doit lui avoir écrit à ce sujet ; il n’aurait qu’à lui répondre. Pardonnez l’embarras. Rien de nouveau que le triomphe de nos amis : espérons que cela ira mieux : tant va la cruche à l’eau qu’à la fin elle se casse. Mon départ d’ici est fixé à jeudi, et pour Paris dès que mes six mois seront écoulés.
Tout à vous. LAHARPE.
LIBERTÉ, ÉGALITÉ
CANTON DU LÉMAN
DISTRICT DE MORGES
COMMUNE DE MORGES
Le 28 novembre 1800.
Le citoyen B.J., Administrateur a payé aujourd’hui au sous-signé, la somme de huitante-cinq francs 10 k. pour sa quote-part de la contribution réquisitionnelle du trois pour mille, ordonnée par arrêté de la Chambre administrative, en date du 21 octobre 1800, et destinée au paiement des fournitures faites pour les troupes Françaises.
COMTE, perceuteur.
Le citoyen J. Administrateur a payé, aujourd'hui, au sous-signé la somme de deux livres, 2 batz, 5 rapp. pour sa quote-part de la contribution réquisitionnelle du trois pour mille, ordonnée par Arrêté de la Chambre Administrative, en date du 21 octobre dernier et destinée au paiement des fournitures faites pour les troupes Françaises.
BRIÈRE, agent national.
Aubonne, le 25 mai 1801.
Très cher citoyen, à mon retour de Genève hier au soir, j'ai trouvé une lettre de notre ami Monod. Je me serais fait un plaisir de vous la porter, si mes affaires me l'eussent permis ; je vous l'envoie sous ce pli, son intention étant qu'elle soit communiquée aux amis sûrs ! Vous connaissez, sans doute une partie de son contenu ; mais, elle paraît renfermer quelques considérations et des avis, qui ne sont point à négliger pour les hommes sages qui aiment leur pays, et qui avec la conservation des principes, veulent l'établissement d'une administration qui rende au beau Léman la paix, la prospérité, le bonheur! Vous êtes, mon cher concitoyen, du nombre de ces hommes rares et précieux qui veulent fortement le bien de leur patrie, sans vues particulières. Il est donc essentiel, très instant que, vous, Pidou, les Secretan, et quelques hommes instruits se voient, se concertent, pour préparer les choses, et choisir les hommes propres à l'exécution au moment du besoin. C'est vous en dire assez sur ce point; au surplus, prenez copie de
la lettre, si cela vous convient; vous priant de me la retourner par le premier courrier et mieux encore, de venir manger notre soupe lundi prochain; vous feriez fête à notre ami Grivel, à nos dames, à l'écrivain en particulier qui vous salue cordialement.
MURET-GRIVEL.
Au citoyen J. ci-devant Administrateur du Canton du Léman à Morges.
Nyon, le 19 décembre 1801.
Cher concitoyen!
Aussitôt que j'appris, que le premier Consul se proposait de se rendre à Lyon, j'écrivis à Pidou qu'il me paraissait d'une utilité majeure d'y envoyer une personne de confiance, connue de Verninac, et qui pût se présenter sans aucun caractère officiel. Je n'en ai reçu aucune réponse, non plus que sur les papiers de Laharpe, dont les détails sur la manière dont ils ont été expédiés à Paris, m'importeraient beaucoup. Je continue à penser, que l'envoi d'une personne possédant les qualités requises ci-dessus, peut être très utile, nonobstant le bruit qui court à Genève, que ce n'est plus Bonaparte, mais Berthier qui se rend à Lyon. Je ne verrais au contraire dans ce changement, qu'une plus grande facilité de communication. Aussitôt après la réception de votre lettre, je me suis rendu chez Reverdil, et nous sommes tous deux tombés d'accord sur l'envoi, et d'entrer pour notre coté-part dans le train qu'il occasionnera. Je pense que Muret serait très propre à cette mission, sous tous les rapports.
Il serait nécessaire de communiquer cette démarche à Usstery, qui peut facilement en donner connaissance aux membres de la Diète: — Pidou communique directement avec lui.
R. a été reçu chez le Ministre T., sans en recevoir d'autre titre que celui de citoyen. D. n'a pas pu obtenir la présentation . . . . De Bons, qui est ici, aura le plaisir de vous voir demain.
Je vous prie, cher concitoyen, de me communiquer vos idées et celles de nos amis communs.
Je vous salue et vous embrasse cordialement.
Lafléchère-Beausobre.
Au citoyen J., à Morges.
Lausanne, 19 décembre 1801.
Mon cher concitoyen !
Je vous ai attendu inutilement chez le citoyen Secrétan-Forneret, où s'est rendu Secretan docteur : il paraît que vos affaires ne vous ont pas permis de vous rendre ici, ce que j'aurais cependant fort désiré. Votre lettre me disait en dernier résultat : Si vous ne faites pas ce que nous pensons convenable, vous serez responsable de tout ce qui pourra nous arriver de mal ! Je vous avoue que ce langage adressé à un homme, qui a peu fait sans doute, mais qui a fait cependant tout ce qu'il a pu depuis quatre ans, et dont vous ne pesez peut-être pas assez les circonstances particulières, m'a paru dur ; le style de ma lettre a pu s'en ressentir. Bonaparte n'ira point à Lyon, au moins pour le moment, et Verninac n'a point quitté Berne ; vos projets ne peuvent donc avoir d'exécution maintenant. En attendant, des affaires de famille me rappellent à Vevey, où d'ailleurs ma présence pourrait ne pas être inutile : j'y verrai Chavannes qui arrive de Paris, et qui pourra me donner des renseignements plus que nul autre ; car il est au fait. Je ferai en sorte d'abréger autant que possible mon séjour à Vevey : nous nous verrons à Morges et si avant cela il arrivait quelque chose d'important, je vous prierais de m'en écrire. J'ai reçu
des lettres d'Ustery qui ont été ouvertes; je suis observé plus que jamais; prenez des précautions pour m'écrire. Je joins ici une lettre d'Ustery à Lafléchère, qui a été ouverte aussi: Je connais le cachet dont on s'est servi pour recacheter; cette lettre doit être envoyée à Lafléchère avec quelques précautions de sûreté.
Recevez mes salutations empressées.
J. MURET.
Au citoyen J., à Morges.
Berne, 11 mai 1802
Mon cher concitoyen.
J'ai écrit à Muret le sept courant, une lettre que je le priai de vous communiquer, étant censée écrite à vous autant qu'à lui. J'espère qu'il l'a fait: je n'ai pas eu dès lors de ses nouvelles, ce qui me surprend. Placés comme vous l'avez été, juste au milieu de la bagarre, j'attendais qu'il m'en enverrait des détails encore plus intéressants, qu'aucun autre de mes correspondants. J'eus avant-hier une lettre de Lafléchère et une de Lambert, qui m'instruisent de ce qui s'est passé chez eux, c'est-à-dire dans leurs districts. Je lus une partie de ces lettres, ainsi que celles que j'avais reçues de Lausanne, au Petit-Conseil où j'avais été appelé. J'eus regret de n'en avoir point à lire de Morges. On s'arrache ici, comme vous pensez bien, les nouvelles du Léman; on va les uns chez les autres; on s'arrête dans les rues... Hé bien! que vous mande-t-on? etc. J'espère, que lorsque vous auriez reçu cette lettre, tout sera un peu calmé, et que les insurgés auront mis bas les armes. Il ne leur restait guère autre chose à faire après la lettre de Vernine au Petit-Conseil. Nous n'aurions jamais osé croire à une
déclaration aussi catégorique ; c'est véritablement comme un seau d'eau froide qu'on leur a jeté sur la tête. Qu'il est fâcheux, qu'on ait fait cette levée de boucliers dans cette circonstance, pour nous ôter ici tout poids et tout crédit ! Le général Amey, cantonné à Fribourg, écrivait l'autre jour à Montrichard, que tout y était tranquille hormis à Font et à Chables, où ces écrivelés du Léman ont fait une incursion. Voilà, mon cher concitoyen, le renom que nous avons.
J'ai bien reçu votre lettre du 5 courant, mais les choses se sont bien aggravées depuis ; ce n'était là encore que le début. J'ai remis un exemplaire de votre rapport à Füssly, un autre à Kuhn : et le troisième à Souter.
Je me réfère de nouveau à ma lettre du sept mai, que Muret vous aura lue. Je vous en conjure tous les deux : qu'on aille de tous les districts auprès de Kuhn, qu'on lui parle, qu'on lui écrive, qu'on empêche qu'il ne soit circonvenu par la clique nobiliaire. J'ai de fortes raisons de croire qu'il est déjà sur quelques points ; ces gens-là sont comme des serpents ; ils se replient et sont là quand vous les croyez bien loin : Kuhn a fait son premier voyage avec Monsieur Constant d'Hermanches beau-fils du Préfet ; et son second avec Monsieur de Crousaz, neveu de ce même Préfet ; bon moyen pour arriver bien instruit ! sans compter ceux qui l'auront attendu à sa descente de voiture, complimenté, choyé, flatté, etc. Encore une fois soyez alerte ! Parlez-lui surtout de ce grand arbre qui nuit à notre courtîl, et que nous voudrions qu'on déplaçât, pour y en substituer un autre dont l'influence fut moins maligne. Qu'on ne fasse pas une égratignure à cet arbre, qu'on ne lui enlève pas une feuille : mais qu'il cesse de nous ombrager, de nous dominer.
Adieu, mon cher concitoyen, je vous embrasse de tout mon cœur.
A. Pidou.
P. S. Communiquez ma lettre à Muret, mais à lui seul.
Citoyen J., Suppléant de la Chambre Administrative, Morges.
Paris, le 9 prairial, an 10
29 mai 1802.
Je profite mon cher compatriote, de l'occasion du citoyen Veret de Nyon, qui part demain avec le courrier, pour vous accuser réception de votre lettre, et vous écrire un peu plus en liberté en attendant que je puisse vous causer. Très obligé de tous les détails que vous me donnez : il est sans doute très possible, que toutes les sottises qu'on a faites, aient été jusqu'à un certain point soufflées. Car, malgré les explications toutes naturelles qui sautent aux yeux et que vous avez parfaitement développées, on peut accuser de tout ceux qui ne respectent rien, ceux qui au moment où ils vous caressent le plus, vous étouffent tout-à-coup et s'apitoient sur votre mort. Or sous aucun régime, ce système ne fut suivi avec plus de fourberie. Cependant il faut bien se garder de se décourager par cette conviction : il faut agir au contraire, comme persuadés que l'on tiendra exactement les belles promesses qu'on ne cesse de faire et qui ont encore été réitérées depuis peu ; il faut se hâter de s'organiser, il faut se montrer fermes ; c'est encore un avis que l'on a donné ces jours-ci, dont il faut profiter, et il ne faut pas paraître s'inquiéter des faits qui pourraient n'être pas à l'unisson des paroles. Ainsi, Verninac a été fort désapprouvé pour sa lettre ; on s'est fâché hautement en présence d'envoyés étrangers, de ce qu'il s'avisait de s'entremettre ; il devait savoir, que le Gouvernement Français ne se mêlait en rien de ce qui se passait dans l'intérieur des autres Etats, etc., etc. Je vous garantis que cette comédie a été jouée, comme s'il n'y avait de jugement que dans une tête, et que tout le reste ne fût qu'un tas d'oisons. À bon compte, Verninac par sa maladresse a dû être rappelé à l'ordre ; heureusement qu'il y a sur le tapis, quelque chose qui lui donne des amis fort adroits qui ont laissé passer l'orage et l'ont ramené. Il sera cependant fort désapprouvé ; mais l'on ne doit pas s'en inquiéter, car si l'on sait être prompt, ferme et adroit, il y a encore espérance de salut. On a donné l'avis en conséquence, j'espère qu'on le suivra : au reste, que tout ce que je vous dis, reste entre nous ! Les sottises que l'on a faites, ont fourni un beau prétexte pour nous charger de troupes. Il faut savoir supporter ce malheur : tant qu'il ne sera question que d'argent, il faut être patient : si les troupes sortaient des bornes, il ne faut constater que les excès un peu majeurs et se plaindre avec fermeté et dignité, sans morgue ni raideur ; il faut prouver qu'on sait souffrir, qu'on ne sait pas être vil. Quand on parle dans ce sens, on finit toujours par se faire écouter bon gré, mal gré. D'ailleurs, mon cher concitoyen, dites bien à ceux qui ne peuvent pas supporter quelques années de peines et qui pour les éviter voudraient se réunir, qu'ils ne connaissent guère ce grand théâtre. Veulent-ils pour la plus petite misère, être obligés de courir ici, veulent-ils y languir plusieurs mois, y dépenser un argent effroyable, et s'ils n'en ont pas à donner pour obtenir ce qu'ils désirent, s'en retourner comme ils sont venus ? Que dis-je, comme ils sont venus ? et leurs dépenses, et les moeurs de Paris rapportées chez nous ! Ce seul malheur équivaut tous les avantages qu'on pourrait espérer d'ailleurs, et combien d'autres maux à côté de ce premier que je suis à portée de voir ! Prêchez donc à chacun patience et espérance ; celui qui en a le plus, finit par obtenir ce qu'il veut. Mais enfin, si après avoir épuisé cette provision de patience et d'espérance, nous n'obtenons pas la liberté après laquelle nous courons et qui mérite bien quelques années de sacrifices, le pis-aller sera d'en venir à cette réunion : au lieu que si nous y venons à présent, nous ne pourrons plus revenir en arrière, si le changement des circonstances nous le faisait désirer. Or, que les circonstances ne changent pas ? j'en suis fermement convaincu, elles peuvent encore subsister quelque temps ; mais si l'on suit la même marche, on ne paraît pas croire généralement, qu'on puisse soutenir cette marche longtemps ; on va trop grand train, chacun en est également fatigué, tous s'accordent sur ce point ; si on était aussi bien d'accord sur les autres points ce serait déjà fini. Quant à nous, il est important de tâcher de prendre une assiette : pour cela il faut travailler
à consolider le Gouvernement, à rallier, à pallier ses fautes ; à le faire en un mot marcher de manière qu’il puisse rester ferme, s’il arrivait quelque secousse tendant à le renverser de nouveau ; car si on doit tout espérer, il faut en même temps prévoir le pire. J’avais vu le projet de Constitution avant qu’il fût renvoyé, car quoiqu’on ne doive s’ingérer en aucune manière dans ce qui se passe chez son voisin, vous pensez bien que c’est bon pour le propos et non pour la réalité : je crains bien que ce projet ne donne trop de nerf au pouvoir exécutif pour vexer les individus, pas assez pour faire marcher les autorités cantonales ; mais il est inutile de rien dire là-dessus.
On me demanda dans le même temps, si je pourrais donner une liste d’hommes propres à être placés à la tête de nos affaires ; je crus devoir saisir cette occasion pour ajouter quelques mots ; et voici la note que je fis, qui a été remise :
« Il est peut-être moins difficile de donner une bonne Constitution à l’Helvétie, que de trouver des hommes qui veuillent ou qui puissent la faire marcher.
» Pour qu’ils le veuillent, il faut que leurs idées se rapprochent des principes de cette Constitution ; autrement ne fût-ce que par amour-propre, ils l’entraveront. »
N. B. J’étais bien aise d’insister là-dessus, parce que j’avais soutenu la même thèse dans une lettre que j’écrivis, lors de l’amalgame qu’on voulut faire avec Reding, et le fait venait de prouver que j’avais eu raison.
« Pourqu’ils le puissent, il faut deux choses :
» 1° Qu’ils soient assez modérés pour être impartiaux et ramener ainsi tout doucement les partis : qu’ils soient assez fermes pour ne pas craindre ces partis et pour savoir les comprimer . qu’ils soient assez adroits pour ne pas heurter de front les intérêts divergents des diverses parties de l’Helvétie, et pour flatter l’orgueil national, en paraissant indépendant, et tout en laissant au Gouvernement Français l’influence qu’il doit avoir, peut-être pour l’avantage des deux nations.
» Mais où trouver des hommes qui réunissent ces qualités ?
N. B. J’indiquai ici ceux que je croyais en approcher le plus, puis j’ajoutai :
« Enfin dans la supposition qu'on ait des hommes qui con-
viennent, si l'on veut qu'ils puissent faire marcher la Consti-
tion, il faut :
» 2° Leur en donner les moyens. Et d'abord, tant qu'ils
seront à Berne, ils seront tellement sous l'influence des
Bernois, de leur argent et de leurs intrigues, qu'ils ne peuvent
être les maîtres. Ensuite qu'il soit permis de le dire, si l'on
laisse aux Commandants Français prendre le ton que la plu-
part on eu, si le Gouvernement Français lui-même ne cherche
pas à relever plutôt qu'à avilir le gouvernement Helvétique,
mit-on un ange à la tête de celui-ci, jamais il ne s'attirera la
confiance ; et la Suisse qui après trois siècles de paix et de
faveurs de la part de la France, n'avait pu acquérir que de
l'aisance, redeviendra dans une vingtaine d'années la plus
misérable province de l'Europe. »
On lut tout, mais on ne fit de remarques que sur les indivi-
vidus désignés ; j'ignore si le reste aura produit quelque effet.
Est-il vrai qu'on désarme les paysans ? c'est, je crois, une
fausse mesure. Allez-vous toujours quelquefois à Lausanne ?
Je vis dernièrement de Loys qui me dit avoir diné avec vous à
Épenay peu avant son départ. Je compte partir sur la fin de
juin . . . . J'attends Laharpe dans quinze jours ou trois se-
maines : il me disait : « Sans le climat, non-seulement je ne
quitterais pas, je tâcherais encore d'attirer ici tous mes amis
et tous ceux qui aiment la liberté ; ils verraient qu'on pré-
pare tout avec maturité et sagesse pour établir cette liberté,
ce qui n'est pas l'affaire d'un jour ; il n'a pas tenu à lui qu'on
s'entendit, et il n'a pas tenu à lui que la chose n'allât là-bas.
Malheureusement, il paraît que l'on marche en sens inverse ;
il a été donc difficile d'aller ensemble. Que de belles choses
on eût faites sans peine et sans efforts ! tandis qu'on se
donne tant de peine pour faire des choses qui ne sont pas
belles. » Vous aurez des étalages pompeux de votes pour le
Consulat à vie : le vrai est qu'ici il n'y en a que sept à huit
mille : si d'ailleurs, vous jugez par ce que disent les papiers,
vous êtes souvent bien loin de la réalité. Je vous suis très
obligé de la complaisance que vous avez eue d'écrire à Monsieur votre fils . . . . . . . .
Hi Monod.
Lausanne, le 6 juin 1802.
Mon cher concitoyen !
J'ai reçu à la fois vos deux lettres des 2 et 4 courant. La première m'a été renvoyée de Berne, où je suis fâché de ne m'être plus trouvé pour appuyer autant que j'aurais pu, le mémoire du citoyen Muret.
En réponse à ce que vous me dites sur la Constitution, je puis vous assurer qu'il est très vrai, qu'elle a été conseillée par les Notables à l'unanimité; et que leur Délibéré à ce sujet est bien tel que vous le voyez transcrit en tête de cet acte. Personne ne peut mieux le savoir que moi, puisque c'est moi-même qui ait rédigé ce Délibéré. Et véritablement, vu l'urgence de ces circonstances et la difficulté d'accorder tant d'opinions divergentes, la Constitution me paraît encore assez passable, pour qu'aucun Notable n'ait à se repentir d'y avoir donné son assentiment. Elle est vingt fois meilleure, que nous ne devions nous y attendre. Muret-Baron lui-même m'a écrit qu'il en était très content. La Diète est périodique; le nombre de ses Membres est proportionné à la population; ses séances sont publiques; nous conservons le Pays-d'Enhaut, Romand; nous acquérons la propriété des Dimes et des Censes, et par là la faculté de traiter cette affaire convenablement, et d'accorder toute facilité à nos Décimataires pour le rachat; les Domaines Nationaux, sauf une partie aliquote de leur produit, nous sont délaissés; le Pouvoir Exécutif, vous en convenez vous-même, est conforme aux bons principes, qui dans ce projet se trouvent réalisés pour la première fois. N'est-ce donc rien que tout cela?... Quant
au Titre additionnel sur la mise en activité de la Constitution, les Notables n’ont point été dans le cas de le conseiller ou de le déconseiller; il ne leur a jamais été soumis; il a été ajouté depuis, et c’est apparemment ce qu’on a voulu indiquer par l’épithète additionnel. Ce titre, depuis la première ligne jusqu’à la dernière, est postérieure à l’assemblée des Notables, qui a été dissoute avant qu’il fût composé. On proposa aux Notables, dans leur avant-dernière séance, de désigner 27 citoyens pour les places du Sénat. Ils s’y refusèrent (mal à propos à mon avis et renvoyèrent la chose au Petit-Conseil, qui par là s’est vu forcé de faire lui-même cette désignation; car encore n’est-ce qu’une désignation, l’acceptation seule du peuple la changera en une nomination effective.
Je pars cette après-dîner pour la campagne d’où je ne reviendrai que demain soir. Je verrai Lauther à mon retour et je lui lirai quelques passages de vos deux lettres.
Adieu, mon cher concitoyen; recevez mes salutations cordiales et les assurances de mon dévouement.
A. Pidou.
Paris, mercredi, ... décembre 1802.
Il y eut une première assemblée de la Consulte, il y eut vendredi passé huit jours. Elle fut présidée par le citoyen Barthélemy, sur une lettre du Premier Consul adressée aux députés des dix-huit cantons.
Il fut convenu le même jour que les membres de chaque canton feraient un projet de constitution pour leur canton.
Le Premier Consul avait chargé le ministre Stapfer de choisir dans la députation cinq citoyens des différents partis, lesquels lui seraient présentés dimanche.
Stapfer fit un discours dans lequel il démontra mathématiquement que nous étions tous également dignes et tellement
dignes, qu'il n'en était aucun qui méritât la préférence. Il la donna cependant à cinq oligarques; comme si les ci-devant sujets ne faisaient pas un parti. Ce furent MM. Kuhn, Muller-Friedberg, d'Affry, Ruttiman et le brave Reinhard de Zurich.
Avant-hier lundi, il y eut à 2 heures une assemblée présidée par les quatre commissaires Barthélemy, Fouché, Rœderer et Des Meuniers. Ils invitérent les cinq députés à faire le rapport de ce qui s'était passé la veille à Saint-Cloud.
Ruttiman fit ce rapport et le fit très bien; chacun de ses associés dit son mot. Rœderer rendit justice à leur bonne mémoire; il ajouta qu'étant mieux accoutumé au langage du Premier Consul, et ayant d'ailleurs fait des notes, à mesure que le Premier Consul parlait, il nous ferait lecture de ces notes; qu'au reste cette lecture ne ferait qu'ajouter les couleurs à ce qui avait été rapporté. Ce qu'on nous a rapporté de cette conversation est vraiment étonnant. Il paraît que Bonaparte aime vaincre par la parole comme par l'épée. Il parla pendant près de deux heures, et confondit nos Messieurs parles principes, par les détails et de toutes les manières. Il parla de la Suisse comme s'il y avait toujours vécu. Voici quelques traits de son discours:
« Je comprends comment vous pouvez être heureux par le Fédéralisme; je ne conçois pas, je n'ai jamais conçu que vous puissiez l'être par l'Unité.
» Vous n'êtes plus dans le temps où la Suisse étant au centre de l'Italie et de la France, l'Italie était divisée en 50 souverainetés; où vos forces égalaient celles du duc de Bourgogne. Les États du duc de Bourgogne ne font plus qu'un point presque imperceptible dans la carte de la France.
» La France a 500,000 hommes de troupes soldées, l'Autriche 300,000, la Prusse 200,000. Combien pourriez-vous en payer? Dix mille, huit mille, six mille! A quoi vous serviraient-elles?
» Je ne serais cependant pas étonné, si quelqu'un de vous tenait encore pour l'Unité; je sais que les montagnards sont têtus: je suis montagnard moi-même.
» Et votre Landamman, où le prendrez-vous? Avez-vous un homme marquant et sur lequel s'arrête la confiance générale?
» Si on le choisit à Zurich, on en sera jaloux à Berne; si on le choisit Catholique, les Réformés en seront jaloux. Le peuple
» Français m'a cru digne d'être son premier magistrat; je ne
» me sentirais pas assez fort pour être le Landamman de
» l'Helvétie.
» Quant au Pays de Vaud, jamais la France ne permettra
» qu'il soit assujetti, dût-il lui en coûter cinquante mille hom-
» mes; le sang Vaudois est notre sang! Travaillez à donner à
» chacun de vos Cantons la Constitution qui lui convient.
» Faites surtout qu'elle soit durable; elle ne sera durable
» qu'autant qu'elle sera agréable à la masse du peuple et qu'il
» n'aura point à payer d'impôt; votre Gouvernement doit être
» un Gouvernement de famille. Au reste, que les membres de
» la Députation, collectivement ou individuellement, me fassent
» parvenir toutes les notes, tous les mémoires qu'ils trouveront
» à propos: je recevrai tout, je lirai tout; je ne demande qu'à
» m'instruire de vos intérêts et ne désire que votre bonheur. »
Après avoir parlé comme s'il fût Suisse, il parla comme
Premier Consul. Il se plaignit des Oligarques et de leurs vues,
surtout de la dernière insurrection. Il a rapporté les débats du
Parlement Anglais, dans lesquels un membre accuse le Minis-
tère d'entretenir un agent à Constance et de chercher à rallumer
la guerre.
« Au reste, a-t-il ajouté, persuadez-vous bien que je ne
» souffrirai jamais qu'une Guernesey s'établisse entre la France
» et l'Italie, et que les ennemis de la France gouvernent la
» Suisse. »
Je vous écris rapidement; plusieurs traits aussi marquants
m'ont échappé pour le moment. Un député de Senthis annonça
n'avoir point reçu de mandat pour faire une Constitution à son
Canton; il demanda du temps pour écrire, avoir une réponse,
etc. Je pris la parole; je représentai que la Proclamation du
Premier Consul au peuple Helvétique, avait annoncé l'objet et
le but de la Députation: que chaque Canton avait dû y pour-
voir, que la correspondance proposée pourrait être demandée par
chacun; qu'au lieu de cela, rien ne se ferait qu'au bout d'un
an. Que je devais à mon pays de le dire:
« Le Gouvernement actuel de la Suisse n'a la confiance
d'aucun parti, et si le Canton de Vaud a pris les armes contre
les insurgés, ce fut bien moins pour le soutenir que pour défendre sa propre indépendance. Nous ne soupirons que pour le moment, où ce Gouvernement n'existera plus. » Secretan parla, à peu près dans ce sens et pria les Commissaires d'exprimer au Premier Consul la reconnaissance des Vaudois. Bout de compte : lundi prochain une Assemblée, où chaque Députation présentera un projet de Constitution pour son Canton.
A Monsieur J., Morges, Canton de Vaud en Suisse.
Paris, lundi 16.
Citoyen !
Hier, j'avais mis à la poste une lettre à votre adresse, lorsque je fus appelé à travailler à la Circonscription de nos soixante Cercles ; nous en remettons le projet aujourd'hui. Il paraît donc que notre Constitution est faite et qu'elle sera à peu près telle que je vous le disais hier.
L'on m'a dit des choses obligantes sur le Mémoire et projet ci-joints, et entr'autres, que l'on en a adopté toutes les clauses; mais que l'on y en a ajouté une vingtaine d'autres et singulièrement : « six Cantons Directeurs (le nôtre ne le serait pas); la Diète s'assemblerait alternativement dans le chef-lieu de ces six Cantons. En cas d'insurrection dans l'un des Cantons, le Magistrat de ce Canton s'adressera au Canton Directeur qui y pourvoira. La Confédération aurait les sels. » Tout cela est fort déplaisant, mais je n'en ai pas la certitude, et en tout cas, nous nous y opposerons de toutes nos forces.
Je me propose cependant de partir dans le courant de la semaine prochaine et vous salue cordialement.
Cart.
L'indépendance d'une nation de cinquième ordre est une chimère.
Le Portugal, le Roi de Sardaigne, d'un ordre plus élevé, n'ont jamais été indépendants. Depuis que le Milanais a appartenu à la Maison d'Autriche, et que les forces des grands vassaux ont été réunies à la couronne, la Suisse n'a point été indépendante.
Elle le sera moins aujourd'hui. Elle avait une réputation, cette réputation est perdue; elle avait des trésors, ces trésors ont disparu; elle avait un sentiment de force, idéal sans doute, il ne lui reste que le sentiment de sa faiblesse et mille germes de discorde.
Les Suisses, sans doute, peuvent jeter des yeux rétrogrades sur une carrière militaire de quatre cents ans, contempler avec orgueil leurs drapeaux dans tous les moments, même dans les moments les plus orageux de la Révolution Française, et porter la tête haute. Mais ils doivent se préserver de ces souvenirs, trop propres à les distraire du véritable point de vue, c'est-à-dire de nos rapports avec les nations qui nous avoisinent.
Le projet de la réunion des divers Cantons de la Suisse en un seul faisceau et sous un même gouvernement, fut une suite de cette bévue; il devait séduire et séduisit les meilleurs citoyens.
Mais placée entre l'Autriche, la France, la République Italique, cette réunion renferme-t-elle un moyen de force préservatif? Pas du tout.
La Suisse, il est vrai, a 290,000 miliciens enrégimentés; mais le nerf de la guerre lui manque absolument: elle ne pourrait pas en solder 16,000 pendant quatre ans, ni les tenir en état de guerre. Ses forces nationales sont donc nulles à côté
de celles des grandes puissances qui l'environnent. Elle ne peut donc tirer aucun parti de son unité.
Le Gouvernement unitaire, comme qu'on l'organise, sera trop coûteux et trop faible au dedans; tout annonce qu'il deviendra très dangereux au dehors. Au premier égard, nous avons l'expérience: partout des Magistrats aussi inhabiles que leurs prédécesseurs, et c'est beaucoup dire; partout des agents, partout une armée d'écrivailleurs, des impôts sans cesse renaissants; la loi respectée ici, méprisée là; dans tous les Cantons des murmures, des plaintes, des prises d'armes: cet état de choses ne pouvait pas durer; il est cruel que des unitaires obstinés travaillent à le consolider, à le faire renaitre.
Une autre série de troubles nous menace dans l'état d'unité. La Suisse étant placée dans une situation malheureusement trop propre à la guerre et qui intéresse toutes les puissances, ayant beaucoup d'hommes, et peu de terres à cultiver,... l'habitude d'employer ses ressortissants au service des puissances voisines deviendrait cent fois plus active sous une Autorité Centrale ou Unitaire. N'est-il point à craindre que cette autorité ne remplisse de gré ou de force le rôle que les Rois de Sardaigne ont toujours joué dans les guerres d'Europe? que l'une ou l'autre des puissances ne l'oblige à y prendre part? que l'argent, ce grand stimulateur, n'y soit employé, et que nos Magistrats Unitaires ne deviennent marchands en gros de cette denrée, que trop souvent nos Magistrats Fédérés vendirent en détail? Je prie que l'on veuille y réfléchir.
Nul doute que l'Angleterre surtout n'eût une grande part à ce commerce, car elle est commerçante; et, qu'à force de guinées, elle ne tâchât de l'accaparer, car elle connaît les règles du monopole. Depuis la guerre de la Succession, ce n'est qu'avec de l'argent que l'Angleterre a pris part aux guerres continentales, ou qu'elle les a allumées. Les intrigues de Wickam en Suisse, en 1796 et 1797, sont bien connues; celles de Moore à Constance sont dévoilées. Il est donc évident que le Ministère Anglais cherche un autre Turin, ou même une Guernesey en terre ferme, et qu'il aspire à la fonder en Suisse: des meneurs s'enrichiront, le peuple sera écrasé.
Ces vues, ou plutôt ce résultat, sont bien propres à inspirer
des craintes à l'homme qui, chérissant son pays, ne voit son bonheur que dans une neutralité absolue et dans la paix, et de moyens que dans sa petitesse même et dans son obscurité.
L'on ne met point en doute la probité et le patriotisme de la majorité des unitaires; mais leur système est si effrayant, qu'il importe de faire connaître leurs vues.
Désespérant de faire jamais agréer leurs projets favoris, ils proposent des mesures mitoyennes, au moyen desquelles, petit à petit et profitant des occurences, ils pourront y revenir et l'exécuter.
C'est ainsi qu'ils veulent abandonner à la Confédération, soit à la Diète, non-seulement la guerre, la paix et les relations extérieures, choses convenables; mais encore les monnaies, les postes, les péages, le droit de timbre, les arsenaux, et même la formation et la disposition d'une troupe soldée de 2,000 hommes, plus ou moins, sous le titre de Gendarmerie Nationale. Et comme l'administration de ces choses exige un corps permanent, la Diète nommera une Commission de neuf membres soit à cet effet, soit pour veiller à l'exécution de ces lois.
Ce Corps permanent sous le titre modeste de Commission est donc le grand secret, la pierre du coin sur laquelle on bâtira de nouveau le système unitaire, aussitôt que l'occasion en paraîtra favorable.
Pour déjouer ce plan, et toute oligarchie à part, l'on doit se rapprocher autant que possible de l'ancienne Confédération: celle-ci n'avait en commun ni revenus, ni arsenaux, ni troupes soldées, ni surtout aucun Corps politique permanent, et nulle part, aucun Ministre diplomatique; l'on ne s'en est pas mal trouvé.
Les sept personnes qui composent la délégation du Pays de Vaud étaient Unitaires. La lettre du premier Consul aux députés Helvétiques, le rapport de la Conférence avec cinq d'entre eux, et les derniers événements en Suisse, semblaient les avoir réunis au système de Fédéralisme et même d'un Fédéralisme complet.
Des retours posthumes sur cette chimère de force unitaire, la crainte surtout, que le système fédéraliste réclamé à grands
cris par les oligarques, ne soit un piège et un acheminement à une aristocratie quelconque, en ont ébranlé quelques-uns, et les ont intimidés tous.
Il paraît cependant impossible, que jamais cette affreuse oligarchie soit rétablie, que jamais la petite bourgeoisie d'une petite villette exerce de nouveau la souveraineté sur une contrée quelconque de la Suisse; que les bourgeois de Berne ou de Zurich conservent aucun privilège exclusif, et qu'ils puissent à leur gré arranger leur basse-cour; le Premier Consul en a donné l'assurance, et sa parole est sacrée.
Il reste donc essentiellement à se préserver, soit des attributions trop étendues que les unitaires veulent donner à la Confédération, soit surtout de la permanence d'un corps quelconque agissant en son nom.
C'est dans ce sens que le soussigné a présenté à ses collègues du Canton de Vaud le projet suivant de la Constitution Fédérative; mais comme en même temps qu'ils en ont adopté les bases essentielles, quelques-uns ont adhéré au plan d'une Commission permanente, il a l'honneur de présenter ce projet et ses motifs aux citoyens commissaires du Premier Consul.
PROJET
Chaque Canton de la Suisse exerce dans l'enceinte de son territoire tous les droits de la souveraineté, à l'exception de ceux que, pour leur mutuelle défense, ils mettent en commun à forme de la présente convention.
Ces Cantons sont l'Argovie, etc. (La série selon l'ordre alphabétique.)
Les Cantons sont représentés par une Diète générale.
Chaque Canton députe annuellement et à ses frais, des membres à la Diète, mais non au-dessus de trois.
Les votes se comptent, non en raison du nombre des membres de l'Assemblée, mais en raison de la population de chaque Canton et selon la tabelle ci-après....
La première assemblée de la Diète aura lieu à Lucerne le...
Elle choisit dans son sein et au scrutin secret, un président et un secrétaire; ceux-ci ne seront pas du même Canton ils seront un an en place.
La Diète conviendra dans sa première session : 1° Du lieu et de l'époque de ses assemblées futures; 2° Du lieu et du dépôt des archives de la Diète, et de la manière de ce dépôt.
Les séances ordinaires et annuelles de la Diète ne dureront pas au-delà de quinze jours.
La Diète sera extraordinairement convoquée sur la demande d'un des Cantons, et selon les occurrences par le président en fonctions.
Aucun Canton ne pourra faire une alliance plus particulière avec un ou plusieurs Cantons.
Aucun Canton ne peut faire une alliance étrangère. — Cette faculté, ainsi que toutes les relations extérieures, appartient exclusivement à la Diète.
Le président de la Diète reçoit les dépêches des puissances étrangères; il en accuse la réception pure et simple; il les communique incontinent à tous les Cantons.
En cas de guerre, chaque Canton devra fournir son contingent d'après la règle de proportion relative à sa population, et telle qu'elle sera établie à la première session de la Diète.
A cette Diète seule appartient le droit d'appeler en tout ou en partie, les contingents des différents Cantons, dans le cas où la sûreté de la Suisse serait menacée, et d'en disposer.
Cette évocation ne sera jamais partielle, mais la même pour tous les Cantons, de manière que l'entier contingent de chacun d'eux, ou une part de ce contingent et la même pour tous, sera toujours appelé dans le même temps.
Aucun des Cantons ne peut fournir un ou plusieurs régiments, ou des hommes de guerre, à une puissance étrangère, sans le consentement de la Diète.
La Confédération Helvétique n'a aucune troupe soldée en temps de paix.
Tous les cantons ont les mêmes couleurs et le même sceau, distingués seulement par le nom de chaque Canton, écrit sur son sceau ou sur ses couleurs.
Les citoyens de chaque Canton pourront importer dans tout autre Canton et en exporter les denrées et productions naturelles et industrielles des différentes parties de la Suisse, sans être tenu au paiement d'aucun péage.
La Diète réglera le titre, le timbre et le poids des monnaies d'une manière uniforme pour toute la Suisse; chaque Canton battant monnaie devra s'y conformer.
Un Suisse peut s'établir dans toutes les parties de la Suisse, y exercer son industrie et son commerce, comme pourrait le faire le citoyen du Canton même: il y devient citoyen actif au bout d'un an de résidence.
Tout citoyen d'un Canton ayant à réclamer civillement contre un citoyen d'un autre Canton, devra l'actionner devant le juge de son domicile.
Tout homme prévenu d'un délit et se réfugiant dans un autre Canton, doit être livré aux magistrats du Canton où le délit aura été commis.
La Confédération Helvétique garantit à chaque Canton sa Constitution, son indépendance, et l'intégrité de son territoire.
Le Premier Consul sera prié de vouloir bien être arbitre des difficultés qui pourraient s'élever entre certains Cantons, par l'exécution immédiate de la Constitution.
Ce qui étant en règle, et pour la suite, tout désaccord entre les Cantons sera soumis à la négociation et au jugement de la Diète, les députés des Cantons contendants s'étant retirés de la salle des séances: la Diète pourra employer les armes pour contraindre la partie qui ne se soumet pas à la prononciation.
Au citoyen avocat Bourgeois, Morges, Suisse
Paris, lun
Mon cher concitoyen,
Il faut aussi que je vous dise deux mots faisant suite à ma lettre de vendredi, adressée à . . . . .
Les deux commissions réunies ont eu hier une conférence avec le Premier Consul. Elle a duré cinq heures, pendant lesquelles Bonaparte a essentiellement parlé, et toujours d'une manière étonnante. Il a également blâmé les œuvres du 28 octobre, celles du 17 avril, la dernière insurrection, et la lâcheté de cet affreux gouvernement ne comprimant pas l'insurrection et se laissant chasser de Berne.
« L'on a prétendu, a-t-il dit, que je désirais la réunion de la Suisse ou d'une partie de la Suisse : l'œuvre ne m'en aurait pas été plus difficile que ma médiation.
» Toutes les gorges de la Suisse sont ouvertes du côté de la France, et resserrées du côté de l'Allemagne : la nature indique votre politique ; elle doit être d'aller avec la politique de la France ; vous ne pouvez exister que par ce moyen. »
Quant à la discussion sur les détails, je ne puis pas vous en dire beaucoup pour le moment ; mais voici quelques amendements que nos sollicitations ont produits.
1° Le célibataire exclu d'abord dès 20 ans, ne le sera plus que depuis 30 ; 2° selon le premier projet, nul ne pourrait être citoyen actif dans un cercle, qu'autant qu'il serait bourgeois dans ce cercle : maintenant il suffira qu'il soit bourgeois dans le Canton, ce qui réduit cette condition à zéro ; 3° l'habitant nommera à la municipalité, comme le bourgeois.
Ces Cantons Directeurs sont bien choquants, et pourtant ce diable d'homme nous convainc presque : « Si l'on y appelle les nouveaux Cantons, et non les plus anciens (les petits), ceux-ci seront au désespoir ; si l'on y appelle les petits Cantons, ils amèneront le trouble ; de là le mezzo termine, qui d'ailleurs ne vous expose point ; le Grand Conseil seul peut en réclamer l'usage, et ce Grand Conseil sera nécessairement démocratique. »
Lausanne est déclarée notre capitale : j'en suis fâché ; il convient qu'elle le soit de fait, et non exclusivement de droit. Je doute d'ailleurs qu'elle y gagne ; car nous serons d'autant plus circonspects dans la nomination aux magistratures.
Il paraît que nous aurons une assemblée générale, qu'elle sera la dernière, et que la masse de la députation pourra se
retirer; la Commission restera cependant pour régler diverses affaires de détail.
Reinhard demanda hier au Premier Consul l'élargissement des prisonniers d'Arbourg; le Premier Consul le regarda fixement et ne lui fit aucune réponse.
Je vous salue cordialement.
Cart.
Citoyen J., ci-devant bannéret à Morges, Canton de Vaud en Suisse.
Paris, le 28 nivose l'an 11.
18 janvier 1803.
J'avais reçu vos différentes lettres, mon cher concitoyen, et encore hier celle sur la menace de désarmement. Quoique je ne vous aie pas répondu, parce que je n'en avais pas le temps, j'ai fait de ce que vous m'avez dit, tout l'usage que je pouvais en faire. Mais en général, on se fait dans notre pays une très fausse idée de ce qui se passe dans celui-ci, et quand on croit qu'il n'y a qu'à parler pour être entendu, on se trompe fort. On ne peut trop se dire et se répéter, que nous sommes si petits sur ce grand théâtre, que si on s'y occupe de temps en temps de nous, c'est comme l'on s'occupe, dans une immense ferme, de quelques chétives volailles qui peuplent un coin de basse-cour. Je vous invite à venir voir, et vous me direz au retour si vous tenez toujours si fort à l'idée de réunion.
Cependant, mon cher concitoyen, malgré ce que je vous dis, nous avons beaucoup à nous louer de la manière dont nous avons été accueillis, et dont toutes nos idées, toutes nos notes qui ont été en assez grand nombre, ont été reçues; mais n'en concluez pas que pour cela tout soit admis. Je crains fort, par
exemple, qu'on n'adopte pour le gouvernement fédéral, certains articles contre lesquels je n'ai cessé de réclamer. Je vous citerai entre autres celui des sels, qui a fourni de ma part matière à plusieurs visites et à trois fortes notes; mais il est telle compagnie, à laquelle ce qui nous convient, ne convient pas, et dont l'intérêt pourrait bien être écouté plus que le nôtre.
Un autre article peut-être plus majeur, est l'établissement de Cantons Directeurs, qui pourrait dans les commencements nous faire du mal. Vraisemblablement, aujourd'hui l'affaire va se décider, et je doute que ce soit conformément à mes représentations. Au surplus, notre organisation cantonale est, je pense, autant que décrétée : ce qui vous étonnera, c'est que ses bases sont infiniment plus démocratiques que nous n'eussions osé le demander; elles sont de l'invention du Médiateur, et vraiment en temps ordinaire, je les croirais très bonnes: dans le temps où nous sommes, cela nous donnera un régime turbulent, une majorité et une minorité très prononcées.
Voici en gros ce que c'est: Division du Canton en soixante Cercles, formant chacun le ressort d'une justice de paix et d'une assemblée primaire. Chaque assemblée de cercle nomme au Grand Conseil du canton un député pris dans son sein, et trois hors de son enceinte dans le reste du Canton: de ces trois derniers, deux doivent avoir une propriété au moins de 20,000 francs, l'autre doit être âgé au moins de 60 ans: ces trois députés qui pour les 60 cercles forment 180, sont éliminés les 2/3 par le sort; le 1/3 restant forme avec les 60 députés des cercles un Grand Conseil de 120 membres, qui choisit dans son sein un Petit Conseil de 9 membres. Le Grand Conseil ne siège qu'un mois par an; il est 5 ans en charge, mais les députés qui seraient nommés par 31 cercles le seraient pour la vie.
Telle est en gros l'idée qu'ils auraient tout à coup présentée, et qui paraît avoir prévalu sur la nôtre qui d'entrée avait été accueillie. Ce que vous me dites sur les bourgeoisies ne peut être admis, parce qu'on veut conserver les biens communs, et on a raison: j'avais présenté un autre projet qui conservait les biens communs et anéantirait les bourgeoisies;
on a prétendu que ce serait anti-populaire, ce qui ne m’inquiétait pas.
Le Consul prend un autre biais : il décide que tout citoyen domicilié depuis un an, qui paiera une rente dont le minimum sera de 6 livres et le maximum n’est pas encore fixé, jouira de tous les droits de la bourgeoisie ; sauf à lui, à payer le capital de la rente, s’il veut être bourgeois et non usufruitier. Suivant toutes les apparences, nous ne tarderons pas à avoir une assemblée générale dans laquelle, sans doute, chacun recevra son paquet ; après quoi, nous pourrons partir. Nous verrons cependant auparavant si tous nos intérêts sont mis en règle : j’entends les objets à partager avec Berne dont nous avons parlé, et sur lesquels on a paru nous comprendre ; cependant il ne faut pas se flatter, mais ne croire qu’à ce que l’on tient : il y a encore la liquidation générale, dont on a paru s’occuper.
Quant aux autres Cantons, les nouveaux et les anciens aristocratiques auront une base rapprochée de la nôtre et de leurs anciennes formes ; les démocratiques seront rendus à leur démocraties : au moins jusques à présent, il paraît que c’est à quoi l’on s’est résumé.
Cependant, comme la chose peut encore changer pour eux comme pour nous, ce que je vous dis restera entre nous et quelques amis ; je vous prierai d’en faire aussi part à ma sœur : d’ailleurs, en général parlons peu et laissons parler. On m’a souvent écrit pour me faire des reproches, de ce que nous ne donnions pas des nouvelles ; je crois en effet que beaucoup de gens ont cru que nous étions venus ici pour faire des gazettes ; mais on ne les aime guère dans ce pays, et nous n’aurions qu’à en publier, pour passer pour des imbéciles, etc. Au surplus, mon cher concitoyen, ne vous laissez pas aller à tous ces bruits de réunion, de complots, de retour à l’ancien régime, à tous ces sots commérages de nos petites villes.
D’abord soyez sûr que, quand il y aurait eu quelque idée de réunion, comme je vous le disais, elle ne peut se réaliser aujourd’hui ; et que toutes ces vues rétrécies de quelques-uns de nos honnêtes villageois ne fassent pas, je vous en prie, la politique de nos hommes sensés, et par là même l’opinion publique. Apprenons un peu à voir en grand, à voir au-delà du
moment présent, et à ne pas nous livrer à l'exagération des passions, qui détruisent et n'édifient pas. Nous devons chercher à ramener; il n'en résulte pas, qu'il faille se livrer en aveugles; mais aussi ne faut-il pas se livrer à toutes les suggestions, et tout en conservant une sage défiance, ne doit-on pas la montrer à tout propos. L'exagération n'est pas la vigueur et la fermeté; c'est au contraire souvent faiblesse, aussi voit-on toujours les femmes plus exagérées que les hommes. Je sais très bien qu'on me reproche d'être trop confiant: je puis cependant assurer qu'il n'y a qu'un homme, deux au plus, sur lesquels je me sois trompé dans tout le cours de la Révolution: mais il est telle personne qu'il valait mieux laisser dans telle place; avec laquelle il valait mieux soutenir des relations que de les rompre; et cela d'autant plus, que je ne conçois pas quel'on puisse se brouiller pour des différences d'opinion. J'avais eu l'avis de la menace du général Ney; j'en parlai, on me demanda une note; je l'ai donnée en témoignant que ce procédé était bien dur envers des hommes, qui aimaient à voir dans les Français des protecteurs, non des maîtres: qu'au surplus je laissais à la personne à qui je remettais cette note de juger l'usage qu'elle pourrait en faire; que je croyais seulement devoir lui observer que si on passait à l'exécution, je me croirais en droit de réclamer avec force contre l'injustice: je fus hier chez la personne, je ne la trouvai point.
Ces derniers jours, nous avons été fort occupés à faire la division provisoire de notre Canton en soixante cercles: n'ayant rien sur la population de chaque lieu, nous n'avons pu agir qu'en aveugles; n'imaginant pas que nous eussions de tels ouvrages à faire, je n'avais pas pris ces tables, et il n'y avait pas moyen de les faire venir. Il est enfin plus que probable, que tout au moins les premiers jours de février, nous serons de retour. Je n'imaginais guère en partant que nous resterions aussi longtemps: si ce que nous rapporterons ramène la paix et le bonheur, nous n'aurons regret ni du temps, ni de l'argent employés. Dites, je vous prie, bien des choses à ma sœur, et agréez mes sincères et cordiales salutations.
Rappelez-moi au souvenir de vos voisins M. et B.; la lettre du premier ne demandant aucune réponse, j'ai
cru d'autant plus inutile de lui en faire une, que je suis ici fort en l'air et assez occupé. Mes amitiés au sous-Préfet.
Hi MONOD.
Monsieur J., chez lui.
Paris, 1er février 1803
« Une Commission de dix membres mi-partis avait été nommée pour conférer avec le Premier Consul ; Monod était à la tête des membres patriotes. Ils ont eu une conférence de sept heures avec Bonaparte. Je suis très content du résultat : le Premier Consul a montré beaucoup de considération pour notre Canton. Il a dit aux ci-devants bien des vérités énergiquement exprimées; il a dit un mot en faveur de La-harpe : mais il a fait un éloge complet de la conduite de Monod à l'occasion de la dernière insurrection; Monod a agi en brave homme, comme il l'aurait fait lui-même en pareille occurence; ses proclamations étaient bonnes et très à leur place (tout ceci en présence de nos ci-devants). Bonaparte a encore dit qu'il aurait plutôt recommencé la guerre, quand elle aurait dû n'avoir d'autre sujet que de ne pas permettre que le Pays de Vaud retombât sous la domination Bernoise, etc. Nous aurons une Constitution plus libérale même que celle que nous avions projetée; et nous serons une fois pour toutes séparés de ces Allemands de toutes couleurs, etc.
Les Commissions ont eu hier une conférence avec les Commissaires Français pour la liquidation de notre dette nationale. Nous aurons aux premiers jours une assemblée générale, après laquelle chacun pourra retourner chez soi; les deux Commissions seules resteront encore quelques jours, pour convenir du mode relatif à la mise en activité des Constitutions, etc., etc. »
J'ai pensé, monsieur, que cet extrait de la lettre que j'ai reçue ce matin de mon mari, vous ferait plaisir; veuillez le communiquer; il me semble qu'il renferme une bonne réponse aux libelles, etc.
Votre t. h. s.
Au citoyen J., Morges, Suisse.
MURET-BARON
Paris, samedi, 1 heure 1/2.
Citoyen !
Inquiet, impatient, et chez-moi ce n'est pas miracle, je viens de chez le citoyen sénateur Fouché, à qui les gens de notre bord ont bien des obligations.
1° Les créances de Berne seront partagées entre les cantons de Berne, de Vaud et d'Argovie, en raison de leur population respective;
2° L'on ne nommera point ici les membres du Petit Conseil: nos observations l'emportent sur l'intrigue;
3° Mais l'on nommera deux commissions: l'une pour mettre la constitution en exécution; l'autre pour liquider les créances entre les trois cantons sus-dits, et la dette en général;
4° L'Acte de médiation est fait; il sera présenté au Premier Conseil demain: nous serons convoqués en assemblée générale dans le courant de la semaine prochaine, et nous pourrons partir.
Je tâcherai que ceci parvienne au bureau avant le départ du courrier. Dites, je vous prie, à ma sœur et au citoyen Dautun, que j'ai reçu leurs épîtres. Adieu.
CART.
FIN
Nous souscrits, ayant fait réflexion sur les fâcheux et déplorables accidents qui arrivent souvent par les incendies, qui accablent plusieurs familles et les réduisent à de grandes incommodités, dont pour nous secourir les uns les autres, en de semblables afflictions, de quoi nous prions Dieu nous vouloir très tous garantir par sa bonté, AVONS de notre gré et libre volonté, convenus de faire une petite contribution réciproque pour être distribuée dans la nécessité, ASSAVOIR, qu’étant arrivé incendie à l’un de nous ici signé, les trois plus proches voisins de celui à qui le mal sera échu, n’étant parents devront prendre connaissance de la perte arrivée, et ensuite régler avec entier pouvoir ce que chacun devra donner en proportion du malheur, qui n’excédera pourtant pas la somme de 25 florins chacun, et les trois ci-dessus nommés choisiront celui qui en devra faire la recouvre pour la remettre précisément dans le terme d’un mois, entre les mains de l’incendié, et le présent écrit se remettra toujours entre les mains du dernier incendié, ce à quoi nous nous lions pour tout le temps de notre vie seulement, sans y engager nos héritiers qui resteront en liberté de s’y joindre quand bon leur semblera, ayant
ainsi été convenu entre nous sous l'obligation de nos biens, ce 18me de mai 1683.
Suivent les signatures . . . .
Nous lieutenant, petit et grand conseil de la ville et république de Berne : à tous nos Baillis et nos autres Officiers, Hauts et Subalternes, Ministres, Bourgeois, Sujets, Manants et Habitants de nos Villes, Comtés et Terres de notre obéissance, sans exception de personne ; Salut. Comme notre plus grand soin est de procurer le bien et avantage de tous ceux que la Providence Divine a soumis à Notre Gouvernement ; Nous, pour prévenir que la cherté des blés qui règne dans Nos Etats, ne les réduise par une augmentation excessive, dans une extrême nécessité et disette ; Avons jugé nécessaire pour en arrêter le cours, de faire la présente ordonnance, que Nous voulons que l'on observe ponctuellement dès sa date jusqu'à-près les moissons prochaines, ou jusqu'à ce que Nous y aurons autrement pourvu, selon que les conjectures le pourront réquérir : espérant que chacun s'y conformera, avec toute l'obéissance qui Nous est due, afin d'éviter notre indignation et les peines énoncées dans cette ordonnance dont la teneur s'en suit.
1° Nous voulons, selon la taxe que nous avons trouvé bon de faire, que le meilleur froment ne soit vendu que 18 baches la mesure de Berne ; et que le moindre en qualité soit estimé suivant sa valeur, conformément au tarif transcrit ci-dessous : dans lequel les autres mesures de chaque lieu, se trouvent proportionnée et le prix de chaque espèce de grain réglé en considération même de la voiture qu'on est obligé de faire en certains lieux.
2° Pour éviter toute occasion de fraude, Nous défendons de se servir d'autres mesures que de celles qui sont ordinaires et usitées dans chaque lieu.
3° Nous interdisons aussi le mélange des blés, ou grains
de différentes espèces, dans la vue de les vendre et à l'égard du Mécle qui a été recueilli tel, et qui devra être taxé selon sa qualité à proportion des espèces dont il sera composé. Nous entendons qu'il soit estimé sur un pied bas que trop haut, afin d'empêcher d'autant plus facilement le mélange.
4° Et en cas de contravention à tout ce que dessus, nous voulons que les désobéissants, paient une livre bernoise d'amende pour chaque mesure de grains qu'ils auront vendue à trop haut prix, et que les grains et denrées ou l'argent qui en sera provenu, soient confisqués, et appartiennent, savoir la moitié au dénonciateur, le quart au Bailli, ou le quart sera échu, et l'autre quart au fisc. Et pour les amendes, la moitié en appartiendra à nos Baillis, et l'autre moitié sera délivrée à Notre Chambre, ou Direction des blés qui nous en tiendra compte conformément aux ordres qui lui ont été donnés à ce sujet.
5° De plus, nous déclarons que non-seulement nous ne ferons vendre les grains et blés de nos greniers publics, à un plus haut prix que celui que nous avons réglé par le dit tarif; mais aussi, nous en ferons livrer suffisamment, au même prix, à ceux qui auraient par nécessité vendu les leurs sur les marchés.
6° Afin que les grains et blés ne soient transportés, hors de nos terres, et que les marchés en soient suffisamment pourvus, Nous réitérons très expressément les défenses ci-devant faites: et en augmentant les peines qui y sont déclarées, Voulons que les blés et autres grains que l'on voudra sortir du pays, ou la valeur de ceux qu'on découvrira avoir été sortis, soient confisqués. Et de plus, les transgresseurs seront tenus de payer pour l'amende autant que les blés et les autres grains pourraient valoir: excepté dans les cas extraordinaires, lesquels nous nous réservons pour punir les contrevenants, en corps, honneurs et biens selon l'exigence du fait et la grandeur de la faute, Exhortant pour cet effet un chacun, de témoigner en cette occasion le zèle qu'il a pour notre service et pour le bien du public, en dénonçant en toute liberté et sans crainte, à notre Chambre des blés, ou à quelqu'un de ses membres, ceux qui auront désobéi à cet ordre : sans faire aucune distinction des personnes, non pas même en ce cas, nos Hauts et Bas officiers qui pourraient être coupables.
Promettons aux dénonciateurs sincères notre protection souveraine, et de ne les révéler point, ainsi pour ce sujet expressément recommandé par leurs serments et à tous les membres de notre dite Chambre, de les tenir entièrement à couvert. Laissant aussi aux dits dénonciateurs pour récompense de leur fidélité la confiscation entière, ainsi qu’il a été ci-dessus expliqué.
7° Nous voulons et commandons, que tous nos Baillis, Ministres, Vassaux, Bourgeois et Sujets, déclarent de bonne foi (et ceux qui sont en charge par le devoir et le serment où ils sont engagés) à nos Baillis ou aux Officiers qui seront établis pour ce sujet, la quantité et la qualité des blés et autres grains dont chacun est actuellement pourvu : et ce qu’il lui reste dû en cens, rente ou autrement. Et pour cet effet, chacun fera battre incessamment ce qui lui reste en gerbes. Nous entendons de plus que chacun déclare le nombre des personnes dont sa famille est composée : quelle quantité de grains il lui sera nécessaire pour sa nourriture durant une année, et combien il croira d’en pouvoir vendre. Le tout sous peine de privation de charges pour une demi-année, contre ceux qui en sont revêtus, et d'emprisonnement pendant deux fois vingt-quatre heures et d'un bannissement durant six mois contre les autres. Nous voulons aussi que Nos Baillis envoient le dit dénombrement à Notre dite Chambre, au plus tard dans 15 jours après la réception et la publication de cette Ordonnance.
8° Enfin, pour avoir l'état exact des blés et autres grains qui se trouveront en Nos Pays, et pour découvrir plus facilement les sorties et les autres malversations, nous voulons que tous ceux qui en vendront au marché soient obligés d'en dénoncer la quantité à l'inspecteur, à ce commis qui en tiendra un registre, afin d'en pouvoir rendre compte à Notre Chambre lorsqu'elle l'exigera.
9° Et afin que personne ne puisse ignorer Notre volonté, Nous voulons que les présentes soient lues et publiées en chaire et qu’elles soient affichées aux places publiques et aux marchés : Étant persuadés que Nos Baillis et autres Officiers
tiendront la main et feront toutes les diligences possibles, afin que Notre volonté soit ponctuellement exécutée et dûment observée. De quoi ils en informeront de temps en temps Notre Chambre; comme aussi de tout ce qui pourra se passer d'important sur ce sujet et comme les marchés seront pourvus pour y remédier davantage en cas de besoin. Donné en notre Grand Conseil le lundi vingt et unième de novembre mil-six-cent-nonante-huit (1698).
Chancellerie de Berne.
Quelques couplets du vaudeville de
LA RÉCRÉATION INTERROMPUE, opéra-comique.
Mars et l'Amour en tout lieu,
Savent triompher tous deux,
Voilà la ressemblance;
L'un règne par la fureur
Et l'autre par la douceur,
Voilà la différence.
Le voleur et le tailleur,
Du bien d'autrui font le leur,
Voilà la ressemblance;
L'un gagne en dépouillant
Et l'autre en nous habillant,
Voilà la différence.
Horloge et femme ont besoin,
Pour les régler, d'un grand soin,
Voilà la ressemblance;
L'une s'arrête en chemin,
L'autre va d'un trop grand train,
Voilà la différence.
Hypocrate et le canon,
Nous dépêchent chez Pluton,
Voilà la ressemblance;
L'un le fait gratuitement,
Et l'autre pour notre argent,
Voilà la différence.
Le poète et le guerrier,
Tous deux gagnent le laurier,
Voilà la ressemblance;
Le poète en produisant,
Le guerrier en détruisant,
Voilà la différence.
La cornette et le chapeau
Tous deux couvrent le cerveau,
Voilà la ressemblance;
Sous l'une est l'esprit têtu,
Sous l'autre on l'a biscornu,
Voilà la différence.
Le Haut et le Bas Normand,
Tous deux trompent finement,
Voilà la ressemblance;
On n'a point d'âme vers Caen,
On l'a double vers Rouen,
Voilà la différence.
Un rien détruit une fleur,
Un rien peut flétrir l'honneur,
Voilà la ressemblance;
La fleur peut renaître un jour,
L'honneur se perd sans retour,
Voilà la différence.
Vers de l'auteur de Mahomet, à monsieur de la Noue, comédien, pour le prier de jouer sa comédie.
Mon cher la Noue, illustre père
De l'invincible Mahomet,
Soyez le parrain du cadet
Qui sans vous n'est pas sûr de plaire.
Votre fils est un conquérant,
Le mien a l'honneur d'être apôtre,
Prêtre, fripon, dévot, brigand,
Faites-en l'aumônier du vôtre.
Déclaration de Voltaire à la princesse Ulrich de Prusse.
Souvent un peu de vérité.
Se mêle aux plus grossiers mensonges.
Cette nuit dans l'erreur d'un songe,
Au rang des rois je suis monté;
Je vous aimais alors et j'osais vous le dire:
Les dieux à mon réveil ne m'ont pas tout ôté
Je n'ai perdu que mon empire.
Réponse au songe de Voltaire, qu'on dit être du roi.
On remarque pour l'ordinaire
Qu'un rêve est analogue à notre caractère:
Un héros peut rêver qu'il a passé le Rhin,
Un marchand qu'il a fait fortune,
Un chien qu'il aboie à la lune,
Un voleur qu'il a fait un butin;
Mais que Voltaire en Prusse, à l'aide d'un mensonge,
S'imagine être roi pour faire le faquin,
Ma foi! c'est abuser d'un songe.
Lettre d'un fils à son père pour l'engager à renoncer à l'alchimie.
Paris, le 28 mai 1737.
Monsieur et très cher père!
Je vois par votre chère lettre du 16 avec plaisir que vous commencez à parler convenablement de l'état de votre travail et de l'espérance du succès; cela est raisonnable, et je ne vois
rien de plus contradictoire que de dire que l'on est au fait d'une chose que l'on n'a jamais faite, et surtout de celle-là qui est très difficile, d'autant plus qu'elle paraît presque impossible à tout le monde à cause de la difficulté insurmontable d'entendre les écrits des Philosophes. Il ne faut donc point se flatter, il ne faut point non plus user de ces grands mots; car tout cela est vide de sens et ne signifie pas grand'chose. Permettez-moi, mon cher père, de vous dire que bien loin de vous croire dans la bonne voie, je vous en crois très éloigné, parce que vous travaillez sur des principes qui ne sont point principes, ceux-ci étant choses déterminées par la nature à être ce qu'elles sont et non autre chose, et parce qu'il est sûr que le principe sur lequel on doit travailler ne doit être déterminé à rien, ce doit être un aimant tiré d'un principe universel, qui, travaillé par les voies de la chimie vulgaire, puisse attirer les vertus de l'esprit universel en beaucoup plus grande abondance qu'il ne les possède : il n'y a rien de plus clair que cela dans les Philosophes et surtout dans le Th: vous y trouverez cela en vingt endroits; et par conséquent, mon ami a raison de vous dire qu'il faut que la chimie vulgaire s'en mêle; le Th vous le dit aussi très positivement; ainsi croyez-moi, ne vous flattez plus d'obtenir ce que vous cherchez par les voies dont vous vous servez. Je vous prie de me pardonner si je vous dis si librement mon sentiment; mais personne ne peut vous parler plus franchement que moi, puisque par toutes les conversations que j'ai eues avec mon ami, qui comparé avec ce que j'ai lu, font une conviction chez moi; je croirais vous abuser et vous tromper, si je vous flattais d'une vaine espérance en ne vous disant pas nettement ma pensée. Je dis donc que la chimie vulgaire doit tirer les principes de l'esprit universel, et c'est ce qui forme l'aimant dont la force est d'attirer les vertus d'en haut, ce qui fait dire à H. que ce qui est en haut est comme ce qui est en bas., etc.
Je suis, mon très cher père, avec respect, votre très humble et très obéissant serviteur,
N...
Coppet, ce 5 juin 1754.
Il y a aujourd'hui huit jours que le fameux Rousseau vint me voir ici en bateau, accompagné d'un parent et de l'ami de Luc. Je le reconnus sur-le-champ à l'air de feu son père qui était de mes amis; pour avoir le temps de l'entretenir, je l'ai accompagné jusqu'à Genthoud. La visite était expresse; j'espère de le revoir, lorsque je serai débarrassé de mes fenaisons, moissons, maçons, charpentiers, serruriers, peintres, etc. C'est un homme qui parle peu, mais bien; je voulais l'engager à venir passer ici quelques jours; il me dit que ce lieu lui plaisait fort; mais, monsieur, ajouta-t-il, je ne loge jamais chez autrui; et si j'avais à le faire, ce serait chez vous. J'avoue que sa compagnie me ferait un vrai plaisir, car dans le peu d'entretien que j'eus avec lui, je me suis aperçu que ses idées seraient assez d'accord avec les miennes, surtout pour approfondir la nature de l'homme et bien d'autres choses qui plaisent dans la conversation, lorsqu'on les examine sérieusement....
M . . . .
A Monsieur le major J., à Morges.
Vevey, 1er décembre 1766.
Permettez-moi, mon cher Monsieur, que j'aille l'honneur de vous communiquer une idée que je crois pouvoir être utile au public.
Il est sûr que le lac Léman est sujet à un flux et reflux, non semblable à celui de l'Océan qui est réglé. Celui-ci n'est occasionné que par la pesanteur de l'air plus ou moins perceptible; par exemple, on remarque à Genève, lorsque l'air et le lac sont dans un calme parfait, et qu'il doit régner un vent violent du Sud, que l'eau du port se retire au point que les bâtiments qui sont au port restent plus ou moins à sec; et dans nos bords par ici (côté opposé) l'eau s'élève et vient couvrir les bords. Selon que le terrain est plus plat ou plus escarpé, l'effet est plus ou moins perceptible; et puisque ce flux est occasionné par la pesanteur de l'air je serais porté à croire que l'on pourrait établir un baromètre dans le lac même, que ses eaux feraient mouvoir et qui pourrait être plus utile et plus sûr que le baromètre de mercure, ceux-ci opérant très souvent à faux sous l'influence de la chaleur.
L'épreuve n'en peut pas coûter beaucoup. Je pense qu'un tuyau de fontaine percé, fixé derrière le mur de votre port ou dans la guérite, de manière à ce que l'eau du lac y puisse entrer à six pieds d'eau en profondeur (les vagues n'opèrent pas l'ébranlement du lac à six pieds de profondeur) et sur la dite eau achever de remplir d'huile le dit tuyau, au bout duquel on ajouterait un mince tuyau de verre, dans lequel la dite huile irait opérer, selon que le lac hausserait ou baisserait, par la variation de l'air. Il y a un obstacle, qui est la hausse du lac en été; cela n'empêcherait à rien, sinon de ne pouvoir pas se régler par degrés juste l'année entière.; votre profonde pénétration dans toutes les affaires suppléera à mon peu de lumières. Si je m'avisais d'en vouloir faire l'essai moi-même, et que même l'effet fût réellement utile au public, venant d'un petit garçon sans étude, tout cela ne vaudrait rien et je passerais pour un fou.
Agréez.....
Isaac-Louis Richardet.
Madame J., chez M. d'Erlach, ancien seigneur bailli, à Berne.
Comme tu occupes déjà, ma chère amie, un des premiers emplois dans le régiment des bonnes femmes de Morges, je suis charmé que tu puisses aussi en mériter un dans celui des Grenadières; (à propos d'un violent orage survenu dans l'excursion d'une société sur le Jura). Il est certain que ta valeur mérite des éloges et je voudrais que ma plume soit capable d'en faire l'énumération; soutiens-toi, mon enfant, tu trouveras du beau, du grand, de l'admirable dans ce qui te faisait de la peine, surtout quand tu te retrouveras aussi près de l'orchestre que tu l'as été sur le Mont-Jura. Au reste, je te puis dire que ta lettre nous a tirés d'une grande inquiétude qui nous présentait mille idées funestes; elle nous a fait un vrai plaisir de plusieurs façons, ou pour mieux dire plusieurs grands plaisirs: 1° en apprenant ton heureuse arrivée à ta destination, 2° en ce que tu as trouvé toute l'aimable maison d'E. en bonne santé.
Nos filles sont de très mauvaise humeur sur le retour de leur petit ouvrage qu'on ne leur a point pu vendre à Lausanne; voilà donc leur pot au lait renversé, leurs espérances frustrées. Il est certain qu'elles ont eu bien du guignon de rencontrer autant d'obstacles dans le temps qu'elles étaient à même de jouir. Aussi j'ai cherché à les consoler sur leurs mésaventures, et j'en ai pris occasion de leur faire sentir tout tranquillement à tous, combien l'homme est sujet de se tromper dans le succès de ses projets les mieux concertés, etc.; ce qui leur a fait prendre le parti le plus sage, qui est la patience.
Il faut espérer que Mademoiselle de S. sera plus heureuse dans un objet infiniment plus important. Il est question de son mariage conclu, à ce qu'on m'a assuré, avec Monsieur B.; c'est la nouvelle du jour généralement répandue.
Hier je fus au château prier Monsieur le Bailly d'agréer ma soupe aujourd'hui. Ces messieurs et dames me chargèrent
beaucoup de présenter leurs honneurs à M. et Mme d'E. Sans doute que vos santés ne seront pas oubliées à triple carillon. Ah! que n'ai-je de ce fin Volney ou de cet excellent Côte-rôtie, dont tu me parles, nous doublerions la dose avec bien du plaisir; mais il faudra se contenter de l'intention...... J'ai fait courir le bruit que tu étais allée demander notre divorce: si tu l'obtiens, il serait bon de me le faire savoir, afin que je puisse prendre mes mesures pour te remplacer; tu me dois cette petite attention, pour le moins, en faveur de l'entier dévouement avec lequel je suis, ma très chère amie,
Tout à toi,
X.
Morges, ce 10 août 1763, à 7 heures du matin.
PS. Mille compliments de la maison et du voisinage, ainsi que les respects de nos enfants.
Monsieur J., à M.
Genève, le 16 mars 1763.
Monsieur!
Après un silence de plus de trois mois qui marque assez la petite place que la pauvre Genève tient dans votre cœur, puis-je espérer que la présente vous retracera quelque idée de la personne qui vous écrit? Si votre imagination ne vous peint plus notre physionomie et notre extérieur, ne pourriez-vous pas du moins nous reconnaître à nos sentiments?
Maudite soit la géométrie, si non-contente de fournir à votre esprit des lumières elle veut encore gouverner votre cœur selon ses lois, et si votre affection décroît selon le carré des distances!
Pour nous, pauvres idiots, qui n'avons jamais appris à calculer les sentiments, nous vous aimerions, je vous assure, à
l'autre bout de l'univers. Mais je rétracte d'injustes soupçons; plongé dans l'étude, opprêssé d'affaires, à la veille peut-être de votre départ pour Bâle, est-il surprenant que vous paraissiez nous avoir oubliés? Je m'en étonne d'autant moins qu'une lettre envoyée à l'un de nos amis aurait fait vingt jaloux qu'il aurait fallu aussi contenter; tandis qu'après le parti que vous avez pris de ne pas écrire, personne n'a le droit de se plaindre. Cependant, Monsieur, comme on me regarde comme à la source des nouvelles qui vous concernent, les informations venant chez-moi de toutes parts, vous me pardonnerez sans doute un moyen fort simple que j'ai inventé pour satisfaire les curieux. C'est le bureau des postes du Piémont qui m'en a fourni l'idée. J'ai fait un écriteau, de l'un des côtés duquel j'ai écrit en gros caractères: *Le courrier n'est pas arrivé*; et de l'autre côté qui, Dieu merci n'a pas encore eu lieu de s'user: *Le courrier est arrivé*. J'ai mis l'écriteau hors de ma fenêtre et je m'en suis bien trouvé: quand vous le trouverez bon, à votre loisir cependant, je pourrai tourner la planche.
Mes honneurs et respects.....
Mouchon, min....
Monsieur X., chez M. le ministre B., à Binzen.
J'ai bien reçu, mon cher fils, tes lettres du 12 novembre et 3 décembre, auxquelles j'aurais répondu plus tôt, sans le plan que je m'étais formé de t'envoyer une épée par la première occasion favorable, ne convenant pas de la remettre tout simplement à des charretiers. L'occasion s'est enfin présentée et ton épée est partie hier dans une balle adressée par ton cousin à M. le député L. qui est prié de te la remettre. Comme les chemins sont très mauvais, le char ne pourra arriver à Bâle que mercredi ou jeudi prochain. En la recevant, tu présenteras mes respects à Monsieur et à Madame L., en leur témoignant
que j'aurais été très charmé d'avoir l'honneur de les voir à leur passage dans notre ville.
L'épée est jolie; elle sera peut-être un peu longue pendant les premières années; j'espère que tu en auras soin, et que tu la porteras avec toute la modération et la modestie possibles: il sera bon, à ton loisir, de la nettoyer un peu avec de la peau et quelques bagatelles propres à nettoyer l'argent; il y a un ceinturon tout neuf, des grandes pièces pour raccomoder ton casaquin, et un petit cachet attaché à la poignée..... Je fais mouvoir plusieurs ressorts pour te procurer une place dans une bonne ville de commerce en Allemagne, comme te convenant mieux pour le moment que la France. Il ne te faut pas croire, mon ami, ce qu'on t'a dit sur le service onéreux qu'on y exige des apprentis; je sais de bonne part qu'on en est fort revenu, et que cela est réduit à ce qui est absolument nécessaire pour un comptoir ou un magasin, ainsi qu'on le pratique aussi en France et ailleurs.
La langue allemande étant très utile dans le commerce, il te convient de t'y perfectionner, de te former au style, pour pouvoir écrire une lettre aussi couramment qu'en Français: pour cela il faut donc rester en Allemagne, sinon ce que tu sais serait vite oublié ailleurs. En suite d'un bon apprentissage, tu pourras choisir avec un grand avantage le pays qui te conviendra le mieux. Il serait bien à désirer aussi que tu puisses te rappeler et augmenter le peu d'arithmétique que tu as appris; cela mérite ton attention.
Quand tu pourrais te procurer un bon livre de lettres à la moderne, il faudrait les copier et les souvent étudier à fond. Profite du temps où tu peux avoir du secours, il est précieux. Tu peux compter d'ailleurs que je ferai mon possible pour seconder tes efforts, tes talents, et te procurer un état heureux pour le reste de tes jours. Je te parle et j'agirai en bon père, qui rendra toujours justice à ton mérite; Dieu veuille bénir nos travaux et faire prospérer tes bonnes intentions. Je joins ici un demi-louis d'or pour donner avec modération quelques étrennes à qui tu les croiras dues.......
Ta chère mère me charge de te témoigner qu'elle a été très satisfaite des sentiments que tu lui as manifestés dans ta dernière lettre, et qu'elle aura pour toi toute la tendresse possible d'une bonne mère, tant que tu te conduiras bien.
Morges, ce 16 décembre 1763.
Monsieur J. fils, à M.
A Genève, le 21 juillet 1769.
Monsieur!
Votre petite histoire m'a fort amusé. Les paroles du bailli sont un de ces coups de tocsin que la raison et l'intérêt publics frappent de concert pour réveiller les peuples et dissiper les songes du préjugé; mais tout cela est bien impuissant. Les princes, qui savent que l'ignorance est la base de leur puissance, n'ont garde d'éclairer leurs peuples; ils craignent que la liberté de penser ne les conduise à la liberté d'agir, et il est clair que tout serait perdu pour eux quand on en serait à ce point. Une chose qui m'étonne beaucoup dans les révolutions éternelles des grands et des petits Etats, c'est qu'on les a souvent vus passer, en fait de politique, de l'extrême servitude à l'extrême liberté et que jamais cela n'est arrivé en fait de religion.
L'ébranlement survenu au XVIe siècle dans une partie de l'Europe semblait devoir anéantir toute puissance ecclésiastique; l'intérêt de tous les princes le demandait; et cependant cela n'a été qu'un changement bien faible. Les chaînes, qui étaient de fer, ont été seulement dorées, et elles sont restées aussi pesantes. A présent la dorure s'efface et le fer paraît. C'est le moment d'une révolution: quand est-ce que les peuples mettront pour premier article dans leur symbole qu'il est indifférent à l'Être Suprême, qu'on le serve ici ou ailleurs, qu'on
balbutie quelques paroles, ou que l'on mange quelques croûtes de pain; que la seule manière de le servir c'est de vouloir le bien et de le faire; que tout ce qui tient à l'extérieur de la Religion (ce que l'on a si souvent pris pour l'essentiel) est une chose arbitraire et entièrement soumise aux lois humaines? Quand mettront-ils pour second article que toute puissance humaine pour être légitime, doit dériver du consentement des hommes et que c'est leur volonté seule qui fait la loi? Hélas! mon cher Monsieur, on a pris trop de peine à les garotter, on les a tant serrés, qu'il ne leur reste aucune sensibilité, aucun ressort; à peine sentent-ils qu'ils ont des maîtres dans leurs semblables; et quand ils le sentiraient, ils n'en seraient que plus à plaindre. Les progrès funestes de la science et du luxe ont corrompu et énervé tous les cœurs; l'art terrible de la guerre, ces masses mouvantes d'animaux destinés à boire le sang de leurs semblables tiennent tout le monde en crainte. Les lois mêmes, ces ciseaux qui devaient servir aux paisibles bergers pour tondre les douces brebis, ont été confiées aux loups qui massacrent le troupeau et sont devenues en leurs mains des armes redoutables.
Tout concourt à l'asservissement général; il ne reste à l'homme d'autre ressource que le silence; il faut qu'il détourne les yeux et qu'il se concentre en lui-même. Heureux celui qui a le bonheur de trouver des maîtres qui n'aient pas d'apétit; alors il est tranquille et il goûte, sinon les douceurs de la liberté, au moins celles de l'aisance et de la paix; il jouit de son patrimoine, à titre de précaire, il est vrai, mais cependant il en jouit.
Continuez, mon cher Monsieur, je vous prie, à m'informer de tout ce qui se passe d'intéressant chez-vous; vous êtes assuré de me faire toujours le plus grand plaisir et que j'agirai de même de mon côté. J'ai reçu il y a deux jours la visite de mon frère ainé, absent depuis neuf ans; il vous a connu à Genève et il me charge de vous faire ses compliments......
Mes parents vous remercient de votre politesse; d'après ce que je leur ai dit de vous, Monsieur, ils pensent que vous avez
eu raison de dire si j'avais l'avantage d'en être connu, parce que je ne sache personne qui gagne plus que vous à l'être.
Je vous salue, Monsieur, de tout mon cœur....
J.-A. DU ROVERAY.
Même adresse.
Bâle, ce 11 juillet 1770.
Monsieur !
Un homme de mérite que nous considérons, que nous aimons, pour qui nous avons conservé les sentiments les plus affectueux, nous a gardé lui-même une place dans son cœur, il nous l'assure dans sa lettre : combien cette lettre n'a-t-elle pas dû nous être agréable et intéressante! N'en jugez point, Monsieur, par la lenteur de ma réponse; je ne suis pas toujours maître d'écrire comme je voudrais; mais jugez-en par l'assurance que je vous en donne; et puisque vous avez conservé de nous quelque bonne opinion, qu'elle vous conduise à croire que nous sentons le prix des hommes vraiment estimables et que nous savons les aimer.
C'est la manie des humains de courir après le temps passé, et je suis attaqué de la même maladie. Qu'est devenu cet heureux temps où nous vous possédions, où le cousin venait vous agacer et vous faire rire; où sans compliment, sans façon, nous vous servions pour plat d'entrée les restes du précédent repas, et où vous nous serviez pour dessert les agréments de votre conversation charmante? Oh! vicissitudes humaines! voilà que le sort nous a balayés de ci de là; élève de Newton vous avez quitté le compas pour aller le digeste en main porter vos offrandes à Thémis; après avoir étudié le bel ordre de la
nature, vous avez porté vos regards dans le désordre des sociétés humaines.
Vous vous efforcerez en vain d'y faire régner la justice, comme Pierre Mouchon prêchera en vain aux hommes d'être bons. Mon sort a toujours été de parler à des sourds, et en changeant de métier je n'ai rien gagné dans mes succès; mais vous, Monsieur, quelle brillante carrière vous avez quittée pour marcher à tâtons dans le ténébreux labyrinthe des lois et des intérêts humains souvent si bizarrement compliqués; pardon, je critique votre choix; et qui sait? peut-être le critiquez-vous aussi vous même. En tout cas attribuez-le chez-moi à cette admiration aveugle et générale de tout ce qui tient au temps passé et soyez persuadé surtout que quelle que soit la couleur de votre robe, nous ne vous en aimerons pas moins de tout notre cœur.
La petite Jeannette s'est trouvée très flattée du souvenir d'un magni, dont elle s'était crue totalement oubliée. Hélas! ce magni est bien éloigné, et vous m'avez tout l'air de ne faire jamais mauvais ménage ensemble. Recevez cependant les témoignages de sa reconnaissance, ainsi que ceux de son amitié fondée sur un souvenir très net qu'elle a conservé de toutes vos bontés envers elle.
Pourquoi, Monsieur, pas un mot de Monsieur et de Madame? que vous nous croyez indifférents et ingrats, si vous avez cru nous sauver une lecture inutile à notre cœur! Présentez-leur, s'il vous plaît, les assurances de notre entier dévouement et des vœux que nous faisons pour eux et tout ce qui les concerne. Voyez, je vous prie, c'est tellement à vous et pour vous que j'écris, que j'ai oublié de répondre à l'article de votre lettre qui vous a mis principalement la plume à la main. Oui, j'ai reçu votre boîte, en bon état, en bon port, bien conditionnée: recevez en retour les assurances de l'attachement le plus parfait, le plus inviolable, le mieux conditionné, avec lequel j'ai l'honneur d'être......
MOUCHON.....
Bâle, ce 11 juillet 1770.
Monsieur J., le fils aîné, à Morges.
Eh bien! camarade, je vous ai donné du plantain. Vendredi, vous avez dansé et je n’y suis point allé; peut-être en savez-vous la cause. Il n’est pas qu’on ne vous ai dit, à la maison, la maladie de Madeleine, les inquiétudes de Lise, et l’obligation où j’étais de tenir fidélité à des amis qui se trouvaient dans de si tristes circonstances. Enfin tout commence à se rétablir. Madeleine ne perdra ni la vie ni la tête; Lise, que ce coup imprévu avait mis très bas, commence à se reprendre, et votre ami à respirer.
Nous pensons jouer notre fausse Agnès vendredi; j’aurai besoin pour cela de notre commune casaque, que je vous prierai de remettre à Blanc, en même temps de quoi refaire mon coude, dussiez-vous prendre un morceau de votre….
Mandez-moi, si vous en avez le loisir, quelque chose de récréatif et de gai; j’ai depuis huit jours l’âme un peu noircie, et rien ne serait plus capable de me remonter que le récit de quelque bonne avanture, quelque bonne joie qui vous fût survenue, j’y prendrai part de bien bon cœur.
Si nous jouons heureusement, je vous en dirai quelque chose. Je viens de voir jouer chez de Crousaz, Eugénie. Madame de Crousaz s’est surpassée; Bourgeois, qui jouait le rôle du père a bien fait aussi; de Crousaz bien froidement; tout le reste, nous n’en dirons rien. Ils ont fini par la Dot, petite pièce bien folle et bien risible. Enfin demain l’on jouera au Théâtre de Bony la Vestale ou Ericie: les dames de Sablet, etc., seront actrices; je vous en donnerai des nouvelles.
Adieu, je meurs de sommeil, mais je ne baille pourtant pas, adieu…
Votre
Saussure.
Monsieur J., secrétaire de ville à Morges en Suisse.
Monsieur!
Je vous avais fait tenir l'histoire du Français intrépide qui devait escalader le Mont-Blanc; mais votre lettre du 1er septembre me fait soupçonner que vous n'avez reçu aucune de mes nouvelles. Ainsi je prends la liberté de vous en abréger ce que je vous en avais dit. Le Conseil général, où les guides devaient délibérer de tous les moyens de parvenir sur le Mont-Blanc, n'a pas eu lieu, parce que les essais du Français sur la..... l'avaient déconcerté et presque mis hors d'état de ne plus rien oser.
Il n'a plus été question, que de savoir comment on transporterait cette grosse et large voiture, d'où il concevait à son aise de si hauts projets: on a tant combiné, qu'on a cependant pu le résoudre à être une fois prudent, et d'emballer sa voiture pour en faire le transport plus commodément. Je ne vous dépéins point l'embarras et la gêne d'une pareille charge; il suffit que vous sachiez que je n'ai jamais vu un homme plus consterné et plus exanimé après des essais périlleux que ne l'était ce français après des projets et des voyages combinés dans les plaines de Paris; nous rions tous les jours de lui, et tant que nous imaginerons ses bizarreries, nous rirons.
J'ai remis à l'adresse indiquée deux barils de miel pour vos dames; j'espère qu'elles le trouveront aussi bon, et qu'elles voudront bien se persuader, qu'à votre considération j'ai fait mon possible pour vous faire tenir de la première qualité: en vous avertissant, que si vous me croyez utile à vous en procurer de la même qualité et la quantité que vous voudrez, vous aurez la complaisance de m'en avertir, afin que je puisse prendre mes précautions pour vous servir avec tous les égards possibles, avec lesquels je serai toujours disposé à guider vos
adressés et vous-même lorsque vous entreprendrez une seconde fois le voyage des glaciers . . . .
Votre très humble et très obéissant serviteur et guide.
François Paccard.
Chamounix, 23 septembre 1779
P. S. S'il est permis d'oser mes compliments à messieurs Cambels, Cox, de Saussure et autres que j'ai eu l'honneur de guider
Même adresse.
Monsieur !
Je vous remercie de votre bon souvenir dont vous m'honorez dans votre lettre à François Paccard. Pour profiter des offres obligeanfes que vous y insérez, je vous dirai que je serais charmé d'apprendre les principales observations que vous avez faites sur la guérison de la paralysie par l'électricité. J'ai fait plusieurs voyages depuis votre départ; je suis allé deux fois sur le Brévent avec ma baguette isolée, j'y ai porté une barre de fer que j'ai isolée. La première fois que j'y suis allé, je n'ai aperçu aucune électricité ni positive, ni négative; c'était par un temps clair et serein. La seconde fois par un temps nébuleux j'ai eu de faibles signes d'électricité positive. J'ai aussi entrepris d'y monter le 18 courant à la nuit tombante, lorsqu'une aurore boréale s'y faisait apercevoir, j'y ai porté mes instruments électriques, mais je suis arrivé quelque temps après la disparition du phénomène; le chemin difficile et l'obscurité m'ont empêché d'y arriver aussitôt que je le croyais; j'apercevais pourtant encore au N.-E. quelques vestiges de colonnes ignées; j'aurais désiré de faire plus que la description de ce phénomène curieux. Le 9 il est tombé de la neige sur les Alpes; elle est presque toute
fondue aujourd'hui que j'ai observé un phénomène que je vais vous rapporter : un vent du S.-O. élevait continuellement un brouillard sur le Mont-Blanc, ce brouillard s'est répandu sur une petite partie de la vallée, il formait une nue si peu condensée qu'on apercevait facilement les objets à l'opposée, elle était au bord composée de demi-cercles enchâssés les uns dans les autres ; ailleurs elle représentait de grandes arborisations telles que celles qu'on observe sur les vitres en hiver, soit des dendrites ; il y en avait qui bordaient le soleil ayant toutes les couleurs de l'arc-en-ciel. Serait-ce le feu électrique ? Je suis occupé maintenant à rédiger ma collection d'histoire naturelle en ordre systématique, et à rassembler mes observations pour pouvoir en porter une liste à Paris, où j'irai dans le courant du mois prochain. Ainsi si vous voulez bien m'honorer d'une réponse, je vous prierai de le faire avant ce temps, ou d'attendre que je sois à Paris. Si vous souhaitez que je fasse quelques observations, ou que je vous envoie de celles que j'ai faites, je vous prie de me commander, ainsi qu'en tout ce qui vous ferait plaisir et dont je serai capable . . . .
Michel Gabriel Paccard, med.
Chamonix, le 22 septembre 1779.
Je certifie que le 8 août 1786 environ 6 heures 3/4 du soir, étant à Chamounix et revenant du Montanvert, on me dit que deux habitants de l'endroit, monsieur le docteur Paccard et Marie Balmat devaient être allés sur le Mont-Blanc pour chercher à monter au sommet. Là-dessus étant sortis de l'auberge avec M. le baron d'Hernsdorf, je vis très distinctement au moyen de la lunette d'approche deux personnes montant sur la sommité du Mont-Blanc; nous les suivimes avec cette même lunette, tant M. le baron de Hernsdorf que plusieurs habitants de l'endroit et moi, jusqu'à ce qu'ils fussent parvenus sur la plus haute pointe, où nous les découvrimes très bien pendant près d'une demi-heure, au bout de laquelle nous les vimes redescendre par le même chemin. De plus, le lendemain matin ayant su qu’ils étaient arrivés chez eux à la pointe du jour, et ayant désiré les voir avant mon départ, j’appris qu’ils étaient couchés et tellement fatigués qu’on ne pouvait pas leur parler. En foi de quoi, je me suis signé à Morges.
Le 12 septembre 1786.
Serge de Lanskoy,
Officier de S. M. I. de toutes les Russies.
Lyon, 20 Janvier 1784.
Je t’écrivis, mon cher, vendredi dernier, au moment où j’allais voir l’expérience du ballon. Elle fut manquée dès le commencement: comme il avait plu dans la nuit du jeudi au vendredi, la toile avait été mouillée et gelée: un instant après que l’on eût commencé à l’échauffer, la calotte prit feu et tout fut fini pour ce jour là. Depuis lors on a travaillé sans cesse à réparer le ballon, et hier matin on recommença une nouvelle épreuve. On fit le premier feu à midi; demi-heure après, on le vit dans tout son lustre; les manœuvres pour le départ durèrent à peu près 25 à 30 minutes. Enfin les cordes furent coupées, et après avoir hésité une ou deux minutes, ce fameux ballon s’éleva majestueusement dans les airs, portant sept ou huit voyageurs qui firent et reçurent les adieux de tout le monde, au son des instruments et des timbales. Je m’étais formé une idée exacte de ce que je devais voir: malgré cela je ne saurais t’exprimer tout ce qui s’est passé dans mon être à mesure que je voyais ce globe s’élever dans la voûte céleste. Je fus saisi d’admiration, j’ai vais les larmes aux yeux et je vis que je n’étais pas le seul, plus sieursmilliers d’âmes étaient émues. Le ballon prit la direction du Rhône et fut suspendu près de deux minutes au dessus de ce
fleuve; ensuite il chemina horizontalement du côté du levant, se trouvant de 150 à 180 toises de hauteur et conservant toujours une position verticale, de manière que les spectateurs savourèrent le vrai plaisir de l'admirer pendant cinq à six minutes. Alors on s'aperçut qu'il commençait à descendre assez lentement, mais la chute devenait toujours plus précipitée en s'approchant de terre. Enfin il vint tomber à 200 toises de l'enceinte d'où il était parti. Le peuple se jeta en foule de ce côté-là.
J'ai appris depuis lors qu'il s'était formé un trou dans le corps du ballon, qui s'agrandissait à vue d'œil et qui obligea les voyageurs aériens à changer d'élément plus tôt qu'ils ne l'auraient désiré; le temps était justement très-clair et propice pour voguer dans les airs. Le moment le plus critique pour eux fut celui d'éviter de se trouver enveloppés sous les toiles; ils se précipitèrent un peu à la hâte de la galerie, mais ils s'en sont tirés assez heureusement. Le ballon a surtout souffert à l'instant de la chute tant par les déchirures que par le feu; on croit cependant qu'après quelques réparations, il sera en état de servir. La galerie n'ayant pas un espace assez considérable, les voyageurs se trouvaient trop près du foyer où il fallait entretenir un grand feu, par conséquent ils n'auraient pas pu résister plus longtemps à cette grande chaleur: de plus ils ne devaient être que quatre dans le panier, et malgré les précautions que l'on avait prises et les sollicitations pressantes des principaux physiciens, il y eut trois personnes de plus... les voyageurs sont: Messieurs J. Montgolfier, Pilâtre du Rozier, le comte de Dompierre, officier aux gardes françaises, et d'Anglefort, officier de marine. A ceux-ci se sont joints le prince de Ligne fils ainé, le comte de Laurencin et un Monsieur Fontaine; ces trois derniers devaient rester sur terre: néanmoins ils ont partagé avec les premiers les suffrages et les applaudissements du public qui leur furent prodigués à leur rentrée en ville et au spectacle où ils se trouvèrent hier au soir, réunis dans la loge de l'intendance: là on leur distribua des couronnes de laurier, et ils reçurent l'accolade des dames de la première distinction.
Couplets chantés à l'anniversaire de Monsieur le colonel de Crousaz
(les quatre premiers sont de Madame de Montolieu).
Avoir su plaire en sa jeunesse
Par son esprit, par ses talents,
Conserver près de la vieillesse
Encore les mêmes agréments,
Egayer cette triste vie,
Et malgré la noirceur du temps
Faire, tant, tant, tant, tant
Qu'il n'est plus de mélancolie ;
C'est bien le cas de s'écrier :
C'est un sorcier, c'est un sorcier.
Célébrons ton jour de naissance ;
Mais au défaut d'autres plaisirs
Ayons du moins la jouissance
De vivre dans nos souvenirs ;
Ranimons le soir de la vie
En nous retrançant le bon temps
Tu faisais tant, tant, tant, tant
Amour, jeux, succès, comédies
Partout on pouvait s'écrier :
C'est un sorcier, c'est un sorcier.
Te souviens-tu de ce théâtre
Et des beaux jours de Montrepos
Où tout un public idolâtre
T'étourdissait de ses bravos ?
C'était Melpomène et Thalie,
Le dieu du goût, le dieu du chant,
C'était tant, tant, tant, tant
Qu'on devait croire à la magie
Et de tous côtés s'écrier :
C'est un sorcier, c'est un sorcier.
Te souviens-tu de tes conquêtes?
Mais chut... j'aurais trop à conter,
Ils sont passés ces jours de fête
Et tu n'as rien à regretter ;
L'amitié, la philosophie
Ont remplacé ces doux instants
Et feront tant, tant, tant
Qu'elles prolongeront ta vie ;
Dans vingt ans l'on pourra chanter :
C'est un sorcier, c'est un sorcier.
Jette un coup d'œil sur ces deux dames,
Dont le cœur est tout occupé
Des vœux qu'elles forment dans l'âme
Pour ton bonheur et ta santé ;
Tes voisins joindront leurs prières,
Ton médecin tous ses talents,
Tous feront tant, tant, tant,
Qu'un nouveau siècle plus prospère
Du passé feront oublier
Tous les sorciers, tous les sorciers,
Il est encore des jours de fête
Pour les amis, pour les voisins ;
S'aimer, se plaire est la conquête
Que le cœur fait sur les destins,
Avoir pour soi nièce charmante
Et belle-fille au cœur aimant
Et qui sait tant, tant, tant
Malgré les ans, l'esprit de trente
En amusant, intéresser,
C'est un sorcier, c'est un sorcier.
Ordonnance pour les gardes de nuit en 1797.
Les guets doivent :
1° Crier les heures dès le 15 novembre au 15 février jusqu'à 5 heures du matin ; dès le 15 février au 15 mars jusqu'à 4 heures ; dès le 15 mars au 1er de mai jusqu'à 3 heures ; dès le 1er mai au 1er août jusqu'à 2 heures, dès le 1er août au 1er octobre jusqu'à 3 heures et dès le 1er octobre au 15 novembre jusqu'à 4 heures.
2° Faire leurs tournées dans les cabarets à 8 heures en hiver et à 9 heures en été.
3° Veiller avec soin sur le feu, les voleurs, et ceux qui commettent des désordres et scandales dans les rues.
4° Faire leurs tournées sur le port avec exactitude.
Monsieur J., Lausanne.
Mon cher Monsieur!
J'ai trop bien appris à connaître l'excellence de votre cœur, pour n'être pas convaincu que vous ne m'en voudrez pas de recevoir de moi une lettre intéressée. J'ai eu, tout à la fois, mille circonstances ruinantes : un changement d'appartement, dans lequel j'en ai pris un beaucoup trop cher ; mais une demeure agréable est une jouissance de tous les jours, et je ne regrette pas le sacrifice que la mienne me coûte. Ma femme sans consulter mon petit coffre faible, a fait un assez grand nombre de meubles neufs, parmi lesquels je trouve un joli petit garçon, que je regarde plutôt comme un immeuble inaliénable; en un mot on a fait tout ce qu'il fallait faire pour ruiner un pauvre diable, qui pouvait l'être trop facilement ; je cherche maintenant à faire revenir l'eau à nos moulins par toutes les petites sources dont je peux disposer.
Le compte que j'ai à vous envoyer sera bien facile.
Un appareil 36 livres de France.
Opération. . . . . . . . as you like it.
J'abandonne bien vite un sujet, qui est de tous les sujets au monde celui qui m'est le plus cordialement désagréable : tous les jours je maudis l'or, tout en me dépitant de ne pouvoir faire un pas dans la vie sans ce détestable métal; mais me
voilà père de quatre enfants; ma tâche n'est pas petite, et pour eux je dois mettre de côté toutes les petites considérations qui pourraient blesser mon amour-propre.
Genève, 30 septembre 1800.
M. r.
Couplets bien connus sur l'Acte de médiation.
Les Suisses en dix-huit-cent-deux
Se prirent tous aux cheveux
Ah! c'était un rude temps,
Souvenez-vous en (bis)
Un chaos, un vrai gâchis
Quand j'y pense, je frémis.
En vendanges nous étions,
Hélas nous nous amusions,
Lorsque vingt-mille Allemands
Souvenez-vous en (bis)
Plus avides que des loups,
Vinrent pour nous gruger tous.
Nous fûmes bien mal conduits
Et peut-être un peu trahis:
Bref, on vit nos combattants,
Souvenez-vous en (bis)
S'écrier pleins de frayeur,
Tout est perdu fort l'honneur.
Rapp devint notre soutien
Et notre ange gardien;
Il dit à ces garnements
Souvenez-vous en (bis)
Je crois que vous êtes fous,
Allons! retournez chez vous!
Là dessus on s'en alla,
Et chaque ville envoya
A Paris bien promptement
Souvenez-vous en (bis)
De beaux et bons députés,
Pour y être consultés.
La Suisse, dit Napoléon,
Est une brave nation,
Et je veux sans compliment
Souvenez-vous en (bis)
Etre son Médiateur ;
Je veux faire son bonheur.
Les grands et petits cantons
D'abord nous établissons ;
Mais je veux absolument,
Souvenez-vous en (bis)
Qu'avec ceux qui sont trop gros
On en fasse des nouveaux.
Il y en aura dix et neuf
Treize vieux et six bien neufs ;
Soyez amis et contents
Souvenez-vous en (bis)
Du reste comme il pourra,
Chacun se gouvernera.
Là-dessus nos députés
Se sont tous bien embrassés :
On vit alors clairement
Souvenez-vous en (bis)
Que pour toujours les Bernois
Seraient amis des Vaudois.
C'est le dix-neuf février,
Il faut bien s'en rappeler,
Qu'eut lieu cet embrassemment
Souvenez-vous en (bis)
On signa en cette occasion
L'Acte de Médiation.
Divers prix de denrées, journées, etc.
1746
Un pain de sucre pesant 3 1/2 livres à 7 batz 2 kreutzer la livre.
3 livres café des îles à 12 batz la livre. 1 livre café fin du Levant 25 batz.
1749.
Un souper de cinq messieurs.
| Item | Price |
|-------------------------------------------|-------|
| Un plat de poissons | 12 batz |
| Un chapon rôti | 16 batz |
| Une salade | 2 batz |
| Une poularde aux truffes | 12 batz |
| Une friture | 4 batz |
| Dessert | 6 batz |
| Vin de trois années cinq bouteilles | 12 batz 1/2 |
| Pain | 3 batz |
| Pipes | 2 batz |
Batz 69 1/2 = 10,07 c. monnaie 1882.
Un lièvre rôti et piqué 15 batz
1787
Une journée pour les vendanges 6 batz.
1788. Mars, avril etc.
Une journée 7 batz 1/2.
1788.
Crin livre de 18 onces 9 batz 1/2.
1781.
Tuiles 16 batz le cent. Carrons même prix.
1782.
Tuiles 15 batz le cent. Crénaux 1 batz pièce.
1783.
Bouteilles doubles pour champagne 14 fr. le 100.
1784.
Café à 8 batz la livre.
Sucre en pain 8 batz.
Sucre pilé 6 batz.
Rite fine 6 batz.
Riz 2 batz 1/4
Café Moka fin 20 batz.
1785.
Une bouteille vin d’Arbois 14 batz.
Une bouteille vin de Bourgogne fin 20 batz.
» » » Lunel 16 batz.
» » liqueurs fines 28 batz.
Douze citrons 1 fr. 11 batz.
Une orange douce 4 batz 1/2.
Une bouteille de rhum 25 à 30 batz.
1787.
Sucre rompu 7 batz la livre.
Riz deux batz la livre.
Café 10 batz la livre
Huile d’olive fine 1 batz 1/2 la livre.
Ritte 5 batz la livre.
Café Bourbon 11 batz la livre.
Savon 4 batz 1/2.
1800. Sujets d’intérêt public à étudier pour le canton de Vaud : Banque Cantonale dans le but de réduire l’intérêt de l’argent. Société pour le commerce des Vins.
Quelques pièces tirées des papiers d’un officier vaudois au service de Louis XV.
Le sieur Benjamin Philippe de Praye, capitaine, commandant dans Jenner.
A Versailles, le 19 octobre 1759.
Le Roy ayant bien voulu, Monsieur, sur le compte qui luy a été rendu de vos services, et pour vous témoigner la satisfaction qu'il en a, vous accorde une place de Chevalier dans l'Ordre du Mérite Militaire. Je vous en donne avis avec plaisir et suis, Monsieur, votre très humble et très obéissant serviteur:
Crémille.
Commission au sieur Benjamin Philippe de Praye capitaine dans le régiment Suisse de Jenner pour tenir rang de Lieutenant-Colonel.
Louis, par la grâce de Dieu Roy de France et de Navarre, à notre cher et bien-aimé le Sieur Benjamin Philippe de Praye, capitaine dans le régiment Suisse de Jenner, salut. Mettant en considération les services que vous nous avez rendu dans toutes les occasions qui s'en sont présentées, et voulant vous en témoigner notre satisfaction. A ces causes et autres, à ce Nous Mouvans, Nous avons Commis, Ordonné et Etabli, Commettons, Ordonnons et Etablissons par ces présentes signées de Notre main pour prendre et tenir rang de Lieutenant-Colonel dans nos troupes Suisses du jour et date de ces présentes, et ce, sous Notre autorité et sous celle de notre cher et bien-amé cousin le Cte d'Eu, Colonel-Général des Suisses et Grisons étant à notre solde.
La Part et ainsi qu'il vous sera par Nous ou Nós Lieutenants Généraux commandé et ordonné pour Notre service; de ce faire vous donnons pouvoir, commission, autorité, et mandement spécial, Mandons au Sr de Jenner, colonnel du dit Régiment et en son absence à celui qu'il commande de vous recevoir et faire reconnaître en la dite qualité et à tous qu'il appartiendra qu'à vous en ce faisant vous soit obéi: car tel est notre plaisir.
Donné à Versailles, le vingt-sixième jour d'août l'an de grâce 1759 et de Notre Règne le quarante-quatrième.
LOUIS.
Par le Roy,
BOYER.
(Brevet joint au précédent.)
Attache à la Commission qui donne rang de Lieutenant-Colonel au Sr Benjamin Philippe de Praye, capitaine dans le Régiment Suisse de Jenner.
Louis Charles de Bourbon, Comte d'Eu, par la grâce de Dieu Prince Souverain de Dombes, Duc d'Aumale, Comte d'Argentan, Commandeur des Ordres du Roy, Colonel-Général des Suisses et Grisons, Gouverneur et Lieutenant-Général pour S. M. dans ses Provinces du haut et bas Languedoc. A tous ceux qui ces présentes lettres verront, Salut. Savoir faisons que vu par Nous les lettres patentes de S. M. en forme de commission, donné à Versailles le 26 août 1759, signées Louis, et plus bas par le Roy, Boyer et scellées du grand-sceau de cire jaune sur simple queue, par lesquelles S. M. mettant en considérations les services qui lui ont été rendus dans toutes les occasions qui s'en sont présentées, par le Sr Benjamin Philippe de Praye, capitaine dans le régiment Suisse de Jenner et voulant lui en témoigner sa satisfaction, l'aurait commis, ordonné et établi pour prendre et tenir le rang de Lieutenant-Colonel dans le dit Régiment, et dans ses autres troupes Suisses et Grisonnes, sous l'autorité du Roy et la Nôtre ainsi qu'il est exprimé aux dites lettres ci-attachées sous Notre contre-sel ; en conséquence desquelles, et en vertu du pouvoir à Nous donné par le Roy, à cause de Notre dite charge de Colonel-Général des
Suisses et Grisons, Nous avons, conformément à l'intention de S. M. portée par les dites lettres, installé et installons le dit Sr Benjamin Philippe de Praye au dit rang de Lieutenant-Colonel dans le dit Régiment et dans les dites troupes Suisses et Grisonnes, ainsi qu'il est dit ci-dessus; pour raison de quoi Mandons au Sr Jenner, Colonel du dit régiment, ou en son absence à celui qui le commande, de le recevoir et faire reconnaître en la dite qualité de tous ceux et ainsi qu'il appartiendra.
En témoin de quoi, Nous avons fait, expédié et signé la présente icelle, fait sceller du sceau de nos armes et contre-signer par le secrétaire-général des Suisses et Grisons. A Versailles, le 27 août mil-sept-cent-cinquante-neuf.
Louis-Charles de Bourbon.
Par son Altesse sérénissime.
Malezieu.
A Monsieur de Praye, capitaine au régiment de Jenner avec rang de Lieutenant-Colonel et Chevalier de l'institution du Mérite militaire.
Monsieur de Praye!
La satisfaction que j'ai des services des Srs Villars-Chandieu, Maréchal-de-camp en mes Armées, et Sennebier, ancien commandant de bataillon au régiment Suisse de Diesbach, m'ayant engagé à les associer à l'institution du Mérite militaire, je vous ai choisi et commis pour, en mon nom les recevoir et admettre à la qualité de Chevaliers de la dite institution et je vous écris cette lettre pour vous dire que mon intention est que, conformément à l'instruction cy-jointe, vous ayez à procéder à leurs réceptions. Et la présente n'étant pour autre
fin, je prie Dieu qu'il vous ait, Monsieur de Praye, en sa sainte garde.
Ecrit à Versailles, le trente juin mille-sept-cent-soixante.
LOUIS.
BOYER.
A Versailles, le trente juin mille-sept-cent-soixante.
Le Roy vous ayant commis, Monsieur, pour recevoir en son nom Chevaliers du Mérite militaire, Messieurs Villars de Chandieu, Maréchal-de-camp et de Sennebier, ancien commandant de Bataillon au régiment de Diesbach, je joins ici la lettre que S. M. vous écrit à cet effet et les croix destinées à ses officiers. J'ai l'honneur d'être très parfaitement, Monsieur, votre très humble et très obéissant serviteur.
CRÉMILLE.
Instruction pour recevoir des Chevaliers de l'Institution du Mérite Militaire:
Lorsque les officiers que Monsieur de Praye au régiment de Jenner avec rang de Lieutenant-Colonel et Chevalier de l'Institution du Mérite Militaire, doit recevoir Chevaliers de cette Institution, se seront rendus près de lui pour être reçus conformément aux Ordres du Roy, il les fera mettre à genoux et découverts, ayant les mains jointes et lui, debout et couvert fera lire à haute voix le serment qui suit:
Vous jurez et promettez à Dieu que vous serez fidèles au
Roy, et ne vous départirez jamais de l'obéissance qui lui est dûe, et à ceux qui commandent sous ses Ordres.
Que vous garderez et défendrez de tout votre pouvoir, l'honneur, l'autorité et les droits de S. M., et ceux de sa Couronne.
Que vous ne quitterez jamais son service pour en prendre aucun chez les Princes étrangers, sans l'agrément par écrit de S. M.
Que vous lui révélerez tout ce qui viendra à votre connaissance contre sa Personne et contre son Etat.
Et que vous vous comporterez en tout, comme le doivent de vertueux et vaillants Chevaliers, ainsi que vous le jurez et promettez.
Le dit serment lu, et les Chevaliers ayant promis de garder et observer ce qu'il contient, Monsieur de Praye tirera son épée du fourreau, et leur en donnera un coup du plat sur chaque épaule; et les embrassant ensuite, leur dira ces mots: Au nom de S. M., et suivant le pouvoir qu'Elle m'en a donné, je vous fais Chevaliers; et à l'instant il leur remettra à chacun une Croix de la dite Institution, avec le ruban couleur de bleu foncé non-moiré, pour être les dites Croix attachées et portées dorénavant par les dits Chevaliers sur l'estomac, comme font et sont obligés de faire les autres Chevaliers de la dite Institution; ensuite de quoi ils se retireront et Monsieur de Praye informera S. M. de ce qu'il aura fait en exécution de la Présente, et marquera le jour qu'il aura procédé à la réception des dits Chevaliers.
Fait à Versailles le trente juin mille-sept-cent-soixante.
CRÉMILLE.
Monsieur de Praye, capitaine dans le régiment Suisse d'Erlach à Metz.
À Paris, le 10 juillet.
Monsieur !
Sans avoir l'honneur de vous connaître particulièrement Monsieur, je sais tout ce que vous valez, et la façon dont vous avez servi, et je me serais fait un vrai plaisir de pouvoir vous être utile dans ce moment-ci : mais le moyen de vous servir, lorsque Berne se refuse aux bontés du Roy et aux efforts de Monsieur le Duc de Choiseul pour faire à la nation beaucoup plus de bien que naturellement on ne devait s'attendre. Je crois que Monsieur Ernst vous aura dit aussi ce que je lui ai mandé au sujet des comptes qu'on a rendus à notre Général, des propos que votre régiment tenait et même des lettres qu'il écrivait à Berne, qui n'ont pas peu contribué à ce qu'on lui a ajouté, à la conduite singulière de ce Canton, vous sentez assez, sans vous l'articuler, dans quelles dispositions, Monsieur de Choiseul est sur ce qui vous regarde, et de quelle façon il recevrait les sollicitations qu'on pourrait lui faire. Ce n'est pas le tout que d'être brave et de bien servir ; dans le métier que nous faisons il faut encore apporter un esprit de subordination et de réserve d'autant mieux placé, que les propos que vous pourrez tenir ne changeront rien à l'arrangement qu'on projette, et ne servent qu'à indisposer contre vous avec raison et à vous nuire dans l'occasion : quoiqu'on soit né républicain, il y a une certaine réserve qui convient dans les discours et les démarches, dont tout homme sage ne s'écarte jamais, car il faut faire une grande différence entre la licence et la liberté. Vous me direz peut-être que mes reproches ne vous regardent point, ne pouvant être cité pour rien dans tout ceci ; je ne taxe personne, je parle en général, et par l'intérêt
que je prends à ce qui regarde votre Régiment qui aurait peut-être lieu de s'en repentir, si il ne changeait de conduite.
Quoique Monsieur le duc de Choiseul, je ne vous le cache pas, ne soit point dans ce moment-ci dans des dispositions favorables pour le Régiment d'Erlach, cependant il est juste avant tout, et comme tel, il a reçu favorablement les représentations que je lui ai faites : premièrement, son intention n'est point que l'on vous retienne la paie de guerre pour l'année mille-sept-cent-soixante-deux, cette paie vous étant adjugée jusqu'au premier janvier mille-sept-cent-soixante-trois ; mais comme on vous a prolongé mal à propos ce traitement jusqu'au premier Mars dernier, et que vous l'avez reçu dans la bonne foi, j'espère qu'on ne vous le retiendra pas. Voulez-vous bien communiquer ce que j'ai l'honneur de vous mander à ce sujet, à vos camarades.
J'ai l'honneur d'être, Monsieur, avec tous les sentiments possibles, votre très humble et très obéissant serviteur.
Le Baron de Besenval.
A Monsieur de Praye, Officier dans le Régiment Suisse d'Erlach, à Longwy.
Paris, le 6 janvier 1764.
Monsieur!
J'ai reçu, Monsieur, la lettre que vous m'avez fait l'honneur de m'écrire du 30 décembre dernier. Ne doutez pas de mon empressement à remettre sous les yeux de Monsieur le Duc de Choiseul la distinction de vos services, et toutes les raisons que vous avez pour prétendre à la compagnie de Malvieux. Assurément il ne dépendra pas de moi qu'il ne se décide en
Monsieur le Capitaine et Colonel Praye, à Lausanne,
Des Plaines rière Le Lieu, ce 22 Février 1767.
Monsieur le Capitaine !
En réponse à la lettre que j'ai reçue par Monsieur le Sergent Dubiez qui me marque d'aller le satisfaire au plus vite du restant de ce que je lui avais promis; or comme j'ai été malade jusqu'à présent et que j'ai depuis tardé à répondre; c'est pourquoi, Monsieur le Capitaine, je m'humilie et je me jette à vos pieds, pour me recommander à vos bontés, à cet égard qui me touche de si près, vu que j'avais fait un pas qui n'était point à sa place, et que j'en suis tenu assez de près de mon père et mère; mais au reste, je veux faire mon possible pour en sortir, en me recommandant à vos dignes bontés que j'espère m'être favorables, et je vous demande la grâce de surseoir entre cy et Pâques, que aidant Dieu, j'irai à Lausanne avec de la marchandise, et j'aurai l'honneur de vous aller trouver et finir avec vous; c'est tout ce que j'ai à vous dire pour le présent, en espérance de votre bonté d'un bon succès, enfin je me recommande et suis, Monsieur le Capitaine, votre très humble et très obéissant serviteur.
D. R.
Monsieur de Praye, Lieutenant-Colonel d'Infanterie, capitaine au Régiment Suisse d'Erlach, à Condé, en Hainaut.
Mardi 17 septembre 1771.
Je n'userai, mon cher Colonel, du secret (intention de quitter le service) que vous voulez bien me confier que pour
vous rendre tous les petits services qui dépendront de mon zèle : mais nous sommes dans des circonstances qui ne permettront pas à Monsieur d'Erlach de demander ce que vous désirez. Tout le monde affirme que Monsieur le Duc de Choiseul a donné sa démission ; il faut donc attendre que son successeur soit déclaré, l'on présume que ce sera Monsieur le Comte de Provence ; en ce cas Monsieur le Comte d'Affry aura de l'influence dans les affaires de la nation. Comme qu'il tourne je veillerai ici à vos intérêts, et je solliciterai avec chaleur pour que vous soyez traité le plus avantageusement que les entraves de la capitulation pourront le permettre. Je crains que la retraite de Monsieur Gaudard ne fasse planche dans cette occasion. Je serai vraisemblablement instruit avant le travail et je me hâterai de vous informer, mon cher Colonel, de toutes les découvertes que mon attachement pour vous me fera faire : attendez l'issue avec tranquillité et tâchez que l'on garde le plus soigneusement le mystère de vos conventions avec M. Rendez-moi la justice de croire, que j'ai votre satisfaction très vivement à cœur., et que vous n'auriez rien à désirer si elle dépendait de mes soins, recevez-en les assurances avec celle de l'inviolable attachement avec lequel j'ai l'honneur d'être, mon cher camarade, votre très-humble et très-obéissant serviteur.
ERNEST.
Signatures de l'association au sujet des incendies.
Lausanne.
Messieurs J. R. Louis Demides, le 1er février 1685.
M. F. Seigneux, le 8 février 1685.
M. Ferdinand de Loys, le 7 février 1685.
M. de Loys-Devillardin, du 11 août 1688.
M. David de Crousaz, le 18 août 1688.
M. Benjamin Loys de Correvon, le 25 septembre 1688.
M. J. L. Seigneux, le fils, le 3 septembre 1692.
M. J. L. Desaussure-Bercher, 1er février 1692.
M. Bergier de Pont, le 20 mars 1694.
M. J. P. Pollier de Bottens, le 18 juillet 1694.
M. Albert Crousaz.
M. Charrière de Bournens, tant à son nom que de son frère; Indivis; le 3 février 1695.
M. Paul de Chandieu, le 8 février 1696.
M. de Crousaz, châtelain de Glerolles, le 28 avril 1696.
M. Isaac de Loys, le 8 février 1696.
M. Jean-Louys Gaudard, seigneur de Corcelles, le 23 mars 1696.
M. M. de Crousaz, châtelain de Corsier, du 21 avril 1696.
M. Christophe-Samuel Muriset, châtelain de la paroisse de Villette.
M. Crousaz de Lutry, du 27 may 1697.
M. J. L. Dutheil, du 26 juin 1719, tant pour lui que pour son frère Samuel Dutheil, indivis.
M. F. Constant, P. S. Major au service de L. H. P., du 1er mars 1720.
M. J. P. Charrière, Conseiller à Lausanne.
M. J. L. Seigneux, de Lausanne, demeurant à Regnens, le 17 aoust 1721.
M. David Rosset, châtelain de Monterond, le 1er septembre 1721.
M. Moïse Achard, châtelain de Crissier, du 3 septembre 1721.
M. le Lieut. et Conseiller Jean Isaac Gamaliel Duflon, de Cully, du 7 septembre 1723.
M. Desaussure, le 13 juin 1724.
M. de Ruuynes, le 13 juin 1724.
M. Noé Secretan, secretaire du Conseil, le dit jour, 13 juin 1724.
M. David Lemaire, le 21 juin 1724.
M. de Praroman, l'ainé, le 1er juillet 1724.
M. de Crousaz, de Mezery, le dit jour 1er juillet 1724.
M. Claude Murizet, du 2 juin 1697.
M. Abraham Clavel, de Cully, du 15 juillet 1700.
M. J. L. Rosset, de Chandens, le 21 octobre 1703.
M. Etienne Pollier, de Vernand, du 22 octobre 1703.
M. de Gingins Willars, le 3 juillet 1706.
Mme Françoise de Chandieu Chesaux, en qualité de mère tutrice, le 5 aoust 1706.
M. Pollier, ministre et professeur, du 25 juin 1708.
M. Gabriel de Saussure, de Morens, du 30 juin 1708.
Mrs Benjamin et Elie Desaussure, les deux faisant pour Mr Théodore, leur père, du 1er aoust.
M. J. É. Villyamoz.
M. de Loys de Warrens, le 20 février 1714.
M. de Bettens, le 15 jauvier 1716.
M. Rodolphe Charrière, de Senarclens, du 14 mars 1717.
M. le Contrôleur de Crousaz, du 26 juin 1719.
M. F. L. Bergier, 1er juillet 1724.
Paul Loys de Chesaux, ce 24 avril 1749.
Albert Noé Crousaz, de Cressier, ce 25 avril 1749.
Morges.
M. Abraham Charrière, Châtelain de Cossouay, père, du 22 Mars 1684.
M. de Grancy, père, le 14 février 1692.
M. le Général Jean Desacconnay, le 6 novembre 1692.
M. de Wuillerens, le 24 janvier 1692.
M de Dizis, fils, Louys Frédérich Darbonnier, du 6 novembre 1692.
MM. de Pentaz Banderet, A. de Charrière, le 4 juin 1694.
M. de Colombier, le 1er may 1698.
M. des Utins, le 15 mars 1701.
M. Demontricher.
M. le Général de St-Saphorin, le 24 mars 1707.
M. Marc du Gard, le 22 septembre 1700.
M. Loriol des Toy, le 4 mars 1708.
M. F. Bégoz, conseiller d'Aubonne, le 20 juin 1708.
M. Isaac Salomon Forel, docteur, le 20 juin 1708.
M. de Dizis, père scavoir: George-François Darbonnier, du 18 février 1719.
M. François Forel, conseiller à Morges, le 30 juin 1723.
M. de Wufflens Senarclens, du 28 juillet 1723.
M. Henry de Chandieu la Chaux, le 17 novembre 1723.
M. d'Échichens, le 21 juillet 1723.
Mayor de Sullens, le 21 aoust 1724.
De Colombier, ensuite de la signature faite par mon grand'père, le 5 may 1749.
Romainmôtier.
M. le Brigadier de Clépens, le 15 aoust 1706.
Nion.
M. Quisard, de Crans, le 26 may 1703.
Roc-Mondet.
M. R. de Blonnay.
M. Hugonin, Lieut. à la Tour, le 17 avril 1696.
M. A. E. Hugonin, frère du sus. lit, le 19 avril 1696.
M. L. J. Demelet, le 20 avril 1696
M. J. Demelet, le 20 avril 1696.
M. Dufour, juge et assesseur, Baillival de Vevey, du 20 avril 1696.
M. Hugonin, capitaine et conseiller, de Vevey, ce 20 avril 1696.
M. Louys Gabriel de Joffrey, de Belle-Truche, le 20 avril 1696.
M. George Henry Monnier, le 20 novembre 1705.
M. Magny, secrétaire, de Vevey, le 21 avril 1696.
M. Jean Jacques Demelet, le 27 avril 1696.
M. Ferdinand de Rovrèaz, le 25 novembre 1704.
Grandson et Orbe.
M. Jacques François Thomasset, le 22 juillet 1684.
M. Samuel Thomasset du 3 mai 1687.
M. le Colonel Thomasset, du 18 janvier 1700.
M. François Forneret, l'aîné, le 12 novembre 1700.
M. Louys Frédéric Thomasset, le 27 février 1714.
MM. Denis et J. Pierre Jeanneret, frères, du 17 juillet 1714.
M. Jonas Jeanneret, Lieut. Ballival, du 17 juillet 1717.
M. J. Pierre Tomasset. frères
M. David Tomasset, indivis
en février 1719, mort. d'Agiez
M. Georges de Goumoëns, Bailliif d'Eschallens, signé pour M. le colonel de Goumoëns, le 27 mars 1714.
M. George Gamaliel Marel, du 18 fevrier 1719.
MM. Charles François et Antoine Duvoisin, frères indivis le 1er Lieut. de Bonvillard, le 18 février 1719.
M. le Châtelain Mestrezat, d'Eschallens, le 15 novembre 1721.
M. Jacques Mestrezat, capitaine, demeurant à Vevey, du 15 novembre 1721.
M. Jean Batiste de Goumoëns, du 6 novembre 1722.
M. François Rodolphe Nicolas Colomb, ministre du St Evangile, et Jean Louys Collomb, lieut. de Provence, frères indivis, le 15 septembre 1727.
Jonas Jeanneret, Lieut-Ballival de Grandson, le 21 novembre 1731-1749.
Le Chatelain Carrey, conseiller d'Eschallens, ce 23 avril 1749.
Le Châtelain et secrétaire Baillival Mestrezat, du dit Eschallens, ce dernier jour, 23 avril 1749.
Moudon.
M. Desepey, le 1er mai 1690.
M. de Gerjat, de Bressenaz, du 18 mai 1724.
Müller, de Marnand, le 27 avril 1724, mort, et à saphace son fils ainé, du 21 novembre 1749.
Yverdon.
M. de Lignerolles.
M. Dan. Demolin, conseigneur de Montagny, le 23 mars 1696.
M. de Rovréaz, le 21 avril 1696.
M. François de Hennezel, St-Martin, du 16 janvier 2707.
M. Marc de Treitorrens, le 21 juin 1707.
M. Dorat de Demorest, capitaine, le 16 octobre 1768.
M. Jean Rodolphe Duthon, le 9 mars 1717
M. François Louis Duthon fils, conseiller, du 9 mars 1717.
M. François Nicolas Wamey, major, du 25 aoust 1723.
Albert Isaac Roguin, châtelain de Chavornay, du 16 novembre 1726.
G. Roguin, justicier d'Yverdon, le 96 novembre 1726.
La veuve et hoirs de Jacob Duthon, le 30 novembre 726.
De Chamblon, le 30 décembre 1726.
Samuel Wamey, le 16 janvier 1727.
Jean Philippe de Treytorrens, le dit jour.
Charles Elie Christin, le 17 janvier 1727.
Jean Gabriel Versel, le 19 septembre 1729.
Jean Michel Doxat, justicier d'Yverdon, pour Monsieur le Colonel Doxat,
conseigneur de Demoret, le 4 septembre 1730.
Dessert, née de Graffenried, pour ma fille, ce 19 novembre 1730.
D. Russillon, fils de feu le Conseiller, le 22 décembre 1731.
Duplessis d'Ependes, le 17 mars 1749.
Proclamation du comité magistral de la commune
de Morges le 1er février 1798.
Union et Concorde.
Citoyens !
Une force irresistible, indépendante de la volonté individuelle, et même de la volonté humaine, détermine les révolutions.
La grande révolution de la France devait nécessairement produire un effet dans notre pays, qui par le langage, la localité et les mœurs de ses habitants, est si étroitement lié à la France.
Les opinions se sont portées avec énergie vers la réforme des abus; presque toutes les communes du pays ont sollicité l'assemblée de leurs députés pour travailler à cette réforme; la grande Nation la voulait, elle a appuyé ces réclamations.
Berne n'a pas senti cette force des choses; il a voulu par des palliatifs incertains et insignifiants, éluder cette réforme générale devenue indispensable.
La guerre allait s'allumer, elle commençait, elle était à nos portes; il fallait opter, et recevoir les invincibles armées françaises, comme amies ou comme ennemies. Grâces en soient rendues à la Providence, elles sont entrées chez nous comme amies.
Notre sort a été dès ce moment irrévocablement décidé.
Le passage entre l'ancien état de choses et celui qui doit le remplacer, était difficile; il fallait éviter les malheurs affreux de l'anarchie, suite trop ordinaire de la suspension d'un gouvernement quelconque.
Une mesure générale dans tout le pays nous en a sauvés; les conseils de Communes ont choisi quelques-uns de leurs membres auxquels ont été réunis des membres de la bourgeoisie.
sie et des habitants; à ces réunions connues sous le nom de comités, a été remise la gestion des affaires publiques, sous la direction de l'assemblée des députés de toutes les Communes, siégeant à Lausanne sous le nom de Représentation provisoire du Pays.
Citoyens, pères de famille, hommes paisibles, ralliez-vous à cet ordre de choses provisoire, et soutenez-le par tous les moyens de la persuasion contre les malveillants, s'il y en a qui veulent le troubler.
Que craindriez-vous de la part de vos concitoyens, leur autorité est provisoire, elle cessera au moment même où un nouvel état de choses aura été déterminé.
Que craindriez-vous des pouvoirs que momentanément ils exercent? ils le font gratuitement, ils travaillent sous les yeux de leurs concitoyens.
C'est de la conservation des propriétés publiques et particulières qu'ils s'occupent; c'est de la sûreté des personnes, c'est de la conservation même des intérêts de ceux qui retirent des pensions ou des secours légitimes du Gouvernement de Berne.
Bons citoyens, réfléchissez et voyez les maux affreux qu'en-trainerait la suspension, même d'un moment, de cet état de choses provisoire.
Pour être affiché dans les places ordinaires de la part du Comité Magistral de la commune de Morges.
Discours prononcé dans le Temple de la Cité à Lausanne, le 30 mars 1798, par Jules Muret, de Morges, Président de l'Assemblé Electorale du Canton Léman, au sujet de l'installation des nouvelles autorités constituées.
Citoyens!
Courbés depuis deux siècles et demi sous le joug de quelques familles ambitieuses, nous en sommes affranchis: asservis à des lois arbitraires que nous n'avons point consenties, nous n'aurons d'autres lois que celles que nous nous serons faites; retenus dans la classe ignomineuse de sujets, sans que rien bornât le pouvoir de nos maîtres, nous avons maintenant une constitution qui repose sur les principes sacrés de la Liberté et de l'Egalité. En un mot, nous avons passé du néant à l'être, de l'esclavage à la liberté; et à peine quelques semaines se sont écoulées entre cet état de servitude profonde, et celui de notre liberté entière; et nous avons franchi cet espace presque sans secousse et sans malheur; grâces en soient rendues à l'Être suprême!
Aux beaux jours d'Athènes et de Rome libres, avaient succédé des temps de barbarie et d'ignorance, et par conséquent de servitude. Le genre humain croupissait dans l'erreur, dans la superstition, dans l'esclavage. À peine au milieu de ces ténèbres épaisses, voyait-on à des époques éloignées, briller quelques étincelles d'une liberté incomplète.
Des hommes brûlant de l'amour de la liberté, des génies puissants s'élevèrent cependant au-dessus de leur siècle, le devancèrent; de ce nombre fut Guillaume-Tell, le premier héros de la liberté helvétique. Mais avec ces hommes, mourut la liberté; l'ignorance, la superstition, l'esclavage reprinrent leur funeste empire.
Une invention qui dans son origine dut paraître peu influente changea la face de l'univers, c'était l'imprimerie. Par elle les lumières se communiquèrent, par elle l'éducation se perfectionna, par elle la vérité se communiqua d'âge en âge. Il se forma une république de savants, notre siècle fut celui de la Philosophie; au milieu d'erreurs malheureusement trop nombreuses, les principes de la liberté et de l'égalité furent proclamés par les hommes les plus éloquents, les progrès des lumières firent pâlir les tyrans; les apôtres des grands principes furent sans doute persécutés, mais les lumières ne rétrogradèrent plus, et la vérité triompha.
Il était naturel que la nation la plus ingénieuse de l'univers, celle chez qui les lumières étaient le plus généralement répandues, fût la première qui tirât de la spéculation, ces vérités
qui n'étaient connues qu'en théorie, pour les mettre en pratique.
Des lois gothiques, des usages absurdes, des pratiques superstitieuses contrastaient avec les lumières répandues; les désordres d'une cour corrompue hâtèrent le moment où la France devait être libre. La nation française fit la révolution la plus complète dont les fastes de l'histoire fassent mention. Il ne fallut pas moins que les ressources, le génie et le courage de cette grande nation pour vaincre les obstacles qui lui furent opposés; la postérité couvrant du voile de l'oubli, les abus qui accompagnèrent cette grande révolution, prononcera que la nation française a bien mérité de l'univers.
Le peuple vaudois, voisin de la France, parlant la même langue, en relation continue d'intérêts, d'affaires et d'amitié avec les Français, ne pouvait demeurer spectateur indifférent des grands événements qui se développaient sous ses yeux.
Les Vaudois exprimèrent par des fêtes, la joie qu'ils ressentaient des succès de la grande nation. Cette expression d'une joie innocente parut des crimes aux Gouvernants de Berne, exaspérés encore par ces chevaliers fuyards qui auraient volontiers sacrifié le monde entier à la conservation de la moindre de leurs prérogatives. Les Bernois accoutumés aux privilèges exclusifs, voulaient avoir seuls le privilège de se réjouir, mais c'était des défaites des Français; ils virent dans les réjouissances de leurs sujets des attentats à leur Souveraineté. Ils déploient un appareil militaire formidable pour punir les Vaudois du crime atroce d'avoir diné en public; la corruption, les dénonciations, l'espionnage furent organisés; l'ami n'osait plus se confier à son ami, le père à son fils; une odieuse Commission, des inquisiteurs politiques vinrent s'établir parmi nous; des magistrats les plus respectables du pays furent traînés au milieu de leur soldats pour subir l'humiliation d'une amende honorable; des emprisonnements, des proscriptions arbitraires eurent lieu, une sombre terreur courba les têtes, les scélérats osaient seuls la lever. Les insensés! ils forcèrent le peuple par leur conduite, à réfléchir sur ses droits, et à examiner ceux de ses gouvernants; ne savaient-ils pas que cet examen est la mort de la tyrannie.
Cependant les Bernois, pour gagner les habitants de la campagne, leur firent les plus belles promesses; mais ils se réservaient de n'en tenir aucune.
Six années s'écoulèrent dans cet état d'humiliation; enfin la grande nation entendit nos soupirs.
Une réforme générale était fortement voulue dans tout le pays; elle devenait par là même indispensable; mais l'aristocratie ne sut jamais consulter l'opinion publique, Berne eut recours à sa tactique accoutumée, espionner, diviser et promettre; et pour soutenir cette sublime politique, Berne envoya de nouveau au pays une Haute commission.
Ce n'était pas assez: les gouvernants de Berne entreprirent d'intéresser les consciences aux succès de leurs funestes complots; eux qui individuellement violaient chaque jour le serment de leurs charges; eux qui outrageaient manifestement les droits du peuple, qu'ils avaient juré de maintenir, ils osèrent exiger de lui un serment de soumission et de fidélité!
Quelle obligation pouvait imposer à ceux qui l'avaient prêté, un serment arraché par la fraude ou par la terreur?
Cependant le Directoire de France instruit de ces manœuvres, déclara, qu'il prenait sous sa protection immédiate les justes réclamations du peuple vaudois.
Il s'éleva alors de toutes les parties du pays, un cri général pour demander justice; toutes les villes et la plus grande partie des communes de la campagne, adressèrent au Gouvernement de Berne, des requêtes pour obtenir la permission de s'assembler et de conférer sur leurs intérêts communs.
Ces requêtes étaient aussi respectueuses dans leurs formes, que modérées et raisonnables dans leurs objets.
Berne n'accorda rien; il ne répondait point, mais il levait des armées nombreuses; la mort, la dévastation, la guerre civile et la guerre étrangère, c'était là les réponses que Berne préparait.
Ce fut dans ces moments périlleux que les bons patriotes se réunirent et formèrent des sociétés particulières, qui ont si puissamment contribué à notre heureuse révolution; à côté de la Haute commission, se forma le comité central des communes du pays, formé d'abord de quelques députés de Lausanne et
villes environnantes. La liberté se plait à contempler ce contraste entre l'appareil fastueux de la représentation d'une souveraineté expirante et la modeste réunion des amis d'une liberté naissante; ce fut là l'origine de l'Assemblée représentative provisoire du pays de Vaud; ce fut là, on peut le dire, le berceau de la République Helvétique une et indivisible.
Les Bernois continuaient leurs préparatifs de guerre; Weiss, leur général, menaçait, il armait les frères contre les frères, les Allemands étaient à nos portes.
Ce n'était point en vain que la France avait promis de nous protéger, une division de l'invincible armée d'Italie s'approchait de nos frontières, ses chefs voulurent avant d'entrer dans notre pays mettre en œuvre les moyens de conciliation; un adjudant Français fut envoyé comme parlementaire à Weiss, son escorte fut lâchement assassinée. Les Français entrèrent, ils traversèrent notre pays comme amis, ils ne nous donnèrent occasion que d'admirer leur bonne discipline et la sagesse de leurs généraux.
Avant de pénétrer dans le pays allemand, les Français firent encore les offres les plus généreuses; Berne aveuglée voulut la guerre, ses armées malgré une résistance digne d'une meilleure cause, cédèrent à la valeur des Français conduits par Brune et par Schauenbourg; Berne tomba, et avec elle l'odieux système de l'oligarchie: grâces en soient mille fois rendues à la généreuse nation Française!
Reportons nos regards sur les travaux paisibles des députés des communes:
Chaque jour augmentait leur nombre, et chaque jour faisait ainsi connaître les progrès de l'esprit public. Mais en divers lieux, cet esprit était égaré, une agitation sourde se faisait apercevoir; les membres du comité central se portèrent partout où il fallait instruire et pacifier, en un mot partout où leur présence pouvait être utile; ils réussirent à nous sauver dans ces premiers moments des horreurs d'une guerre civile.
La Commission Bernoise était partie, le général Weiss avait quitté Lausanne, tout annonçait que les Bernois ne voulaient rentrer que les armes à la main, dans le Pays de Vaud qu'ils quittaient; cette belle contrée allait devenir le théâtre de la
guerre. Mais le joug d'une domination qui ne pouvait durer que pour le malheur du peuple, devait être secoué ; le vingt-trois janvier, le scellé fut apposé sur les caisses publiques ; la cocarde verte, ce premier signe de la liberté helvétique fut arboré, ce fut là le premier jour de notre Révolution ; jour mémorable, sois à jamais célébré, deviens l'époque et la date de notre régénération politique.
Cette époque doit nous être d'autant plus chère qu'elle ne fut accompagnée d'aucun excès, d'aucun désordre ; les propriétés et les personnes, même de nos ennemis, furent respectées. Peuple bon, peuple honnête, tu mérites d'être libre !
Dès ce moment, les rapports de souveraineté entre Berne et le Pays de Vaud furent irrévocablement brisés ; une autorité devait sur-le-champ remplacer cette souveraineté abusive qui pesait sur nous depuis de si longues années ; un intervalle quelconque eût été un temps d'anarchie, et les suites pouvaient en être funestes. Les députés le sentirent, et le vingt-quatre février ils se constituèrent en représentation provisoire du Pays de Vaud ; mais avec quelle modération, avec quelle retenue, avec quelle sagesse, ils firent cet acte d'autorité ! c'était le bien, le seul bien de la patrie qui les dirigeait ; ils invitèrent les communes à leur retirer leur pouvoir et à les remplacer ; tous ils furent confirmés, tous méritaient de l'être.
Le Pays de Vaud eut donc son Assemblée Nationale, dont le nombre de ses membres s'accrut considérablement : nos frères de la partie Française du canton de Fribourg y députèrent : mais en devenant plus nombreuse, cette Assemblée ne changea pas de système, toujours le même désintéressement, toujours le même respect pour la propriété, toujours le même amour de l'ordre, toujours la même activité pour le bien, toujours la passion de la liberté. Si dans les détails vous commitez quelques fautes, oserait-on vous les reprocher : que ces aristocrates chagrins qu'ine voient que le mal, considèrent ce que vous étiez et ce que vous fîtes, et il seront réduits au silence !
Pris au hasard, pour ainsi dire, dans la masse du peuple, appelés pour la première fois à vous occuper des affaires publiques, vous avez gouverné dans les moments les plus difficiles ; l'ordre et la paix ont régné. Vous avez prévu les troubles, vous
avez évité la guerre, vous avez maintenu l'abondance, vous avez proclamé notre indépendance; en un mot, vous nous avez amenés sans secousse au moment, où libres par une constitution qui faisant de toute l'Helvétie une nation de frères, nous promet le bonheur.
Vous venez, citoyens, de remettre aux autorités constituées par le peuple, les pouvoirs qu'ils vous avaient confiés; vous rentrez dans le sein de l'Égalité, mais vous y rentrez en emportant l'estime et la reconnaissance de vos concitoyens. Citoyens, je le déclare au nom du peuple, vous avez bien mérité de la patrie.
Citoyens, vous avez réuni les suffrages du peuple et obtenu sa confiance, vous mériterez aussi ses bénédictions.
Quelle noble et grande carrière s'ouvre devant vos pas! vous êtes pour un temps les dépositaires de la souveraineté du peuple et de tous ses pouvoirs, il n'est aucun homme qui ne soit au dessous de la grande tâche qui vous est imposée.
Cette considération ne portera cependant point le découragement dans vos cœurs; c'est par la volonté du peuple, que vous êtes devenus ce que vous êtes. Ce sentiment vous soutiendra dans vos pénibles travaux; mais vous employerez toutes vos lumières, tous vos talents, tout votre être, au bien de la patrie; forts de ces intentions, vous pourrez alors résister aux traits que l'envie, la malignité ou l'ignorance pourront lancer contre vous. Je serai ma patrie de tout mon pouvoir, ce sera là votre soutien dans le danger, votre consolation dans l'adversité. Il n'est sans doute aucun de vous qui ait ambitionné la place dont il est honoré, par des motifs d'intérêt ou de vaine gloire, ou par le désir du pouvoir; si cette illusion s'était glissée dans le cœur de quelqu'un, qu'il se détrompe en considérant le tableau des obligations qui lui sont imposées.
Vous, citoyens qui êtes nommés Législateurs, ce nom seul ne vous découvre-t-il pas l'immense étendue de vos devoirs? Vous êtes chargés de faire des lois qui puissent rendre heureuse une nation dont les diverses contrées diffèrent entre elles de moeurs, de langage, de religion; il faut cependant trouver un point d'unité qui leur convienne à tous; c'est le problème que nous avons à résoudre, nous sommes tous insuffisants pour ces
chooses, mais nous y travaillons sans relâche et de toutes nos forces.
Vous citoyens qui êtes chargés de l'administration, votre tâche n'est pas moins difficile; tandis que vos législateurs s'occupent de conceptions générales, vous avez à diriger les détails; en vain la théorie serait-elle sage, si la pratique n'y répond pas, et c'est de cette dernière dont vous êtes chargés; tout est dans le désordre qui accompagne et suit une révolution, et vous avez à rétablir l'ordre, vous avez à organiser la chose publique en ménageant les intérêts particuliers. Je le répète, votre tâche est difficile; mais la joie avec laquelle le peuple entier a appris votre choix nous promet les plus heureux succès.
Juge suprême et vous Juges de canton, vous êtes chargés de faire régner la justice. Quelle est belle, quelle est grande votre vocation! la fortune, la vie, l'honneur de vos concitoyens sont entre vos mains, et vos mains resteront toujours pures; vous apporterez dans l'exercice de vos fonctions cet esprit d'examen, de réflexion, ce travail qui fait discerner le juste de l'injuste; quels que soient les sophismes que ce dernier emploie, vous ne vous écarterez jamais de cette sévère impartialité, sans laquelle celui qui siège au tribunal ne mérite plus le nom de juge; vous serez constamment revêtus de cet esprit de patience et de douceur qui sait adoucir même les refus; vous penserez sans cesse que vos concitoyens sont vos égaux, que le terme de vos travaux arrivé, vous rentrerez dans le sein de la société; votre accueil n'aura rien qui ressemble à cette affabilité affectée de nos ci-devant juges.
Et vous enfin, citoyens nommés suppléants aux différentes places, appelés à les remplir, les mêmes obligations vous sont imposées, vos devoirs sont les mêmes; vous apporterez à vos fonctions la même activité, le même zèle, les mêmes intentions, en un mot, le même dévouement patriotique.
Et vous citoyens électeurs, votre tâche est remplie, vous avez apporté dans vos fonctions des intentions pures; vous n'avez écouté dans vos choix, que votre amour pour la liberté, pour l'égalité, pour la patrie; vos fonctions ont été longues et fastidieuses, mais vous ne vous êtes point rebutés; vous avez enfin dans vos assemblées respecté l'ordre et la décence, vous
allez rentrer dans vos maisons, dans vos familles ; dites à vos commettants ce que vous avez vu, ce que vous avez entendu ; dissipez leurs préjugés ; faites-leur sentir combien sont nécessaires l'union, la concorde, la soumission aux lois, le respect aux autorités constituées ; faites-leur bien comprendre que la liberté n'est pas la licence, et que celui qui mérite le mieux le beau nom d'homme libre, est aussi celui qui est le plus l'esclave de la loi, embrasez leurs cœurs du saint amour de la patrie; que votre conduite leur serve d'exemple.
Divine Providence, répands tes bénédictions sur nos travaux, et accorde aux magistrats du peuple les forces qui leur sont nécessaires pour accomplir l'œuvre qui leur est confiée : donne-leur de contribuer à l'établissement et à l'affermissement de la République Helvétique, ensorte que nous soyons heureux entre les peuples.
Episode des 27 et 28 octobre, 1801.
Le Sénat de la République Helvétique au citoyen Muret, membre du corps législatif.
Berne le 3 novembre 1801.
Citoyens !
La loi du 28 octobre dit à l'article IV :
Aussitôt après s'être réuni en majorité, le Sénat entrera en fonctions et dès ce moment l'autorité du Gouvernement cessera.
Aujourd'hui, citoyen, le Sénat s'est réuni dans la majorité de ses membres et s'est constitué.
Dès ce moment donc, l'autorité et les pouvoirs du Corps Législatif ont pris fin.
Le Sénat remplit un devoir sacré, et cède à un sentiment bien doux en se rendant l'organe de la reconnaissance nationale envers ceux dont le dévouement pour le bien de l'État s'est soutenu au milieu de tant de peines et dans des circonstances si difficiles.
Le Corps législatif régénéré au 7 Août 1800 a bien mérité de la patrie par plusieurs ordonnances sages où les principes se trouvent réunis avec les résultats de l'expérience.
Il a bien mérité encore, lorsque voyant que le vaisseau de l'État ne pouvait être sauvé des vices de sa propre construction et des orages qui de toutes parts venaient l'assaillir, il a préparé la réorganisation constitutionnelle qui fut publiée le 29 mai 1801.
Il a bien mérité surtout, lorsque dans ces derniers temps par l'effort le plus généreux, il a su écarter tous les obstacles par lesquels on s'est efforcé d'entraver la marche de la Nation vers les principes de modération et de justice, vers les vues libérales et sages sur lesquelles cette organisation repose.
La conscience d'avoir coopéré à d'aussi nobles travaux va vous accompagner dans votre retraite ; elle sera votre plus douce récompense.
Le Sénat vous déclare, citoyen, qu'il s'estimera heureux de pouvoir dans toute occasion, vous donner des preuves du cas que les amis de la patrie font de votre personne.
Le Président du Sénat
DOLDER.
Wyss, secrétaire.
De Saussure, secrétaire.
Réponse au citoyen Président Dolder à la lettre ci-dessus.
Berne, 3 novembre 1801
Citoyen !
Ne reconnaissant point la prétendue loi du 28 octobre, je ne me regarde point comme cessant d'être membre du conseil Législatif provisoire, en vertu de cette loi ; mais bien parce que la Diète Nationale a fini ses travaux. Je ne sais aucun gré de la reconnaissance que vous me témoignez au nom de la nation, je doute qu'il vous eût choisi pour en être l'organe. Au reste je ne mérite point l'éloge d'avoir coopéré aux nobles travaux du Conseil Législatif dans les journées du 27 et 28 octobre : heureusement pour ma conscience, je n'y ai pris aucune part; l'opinion se prononce déjà sur ces journées, elle saura distinguer dans tous les temps les véritables amis de la patrie!
Jules MURET.
Liberté. Egalité.
Berne, le 13 novembre 1801.
République Helvétique une et indivisible.
Arrêté.
Le Pouvoir exécutif institué par le décret du 27 octobre 1801 ; Lecture faite d'un message du Sénat en date du 5 novembre 1801 ;
Considérant que le citoyen Jules Muret dans sa lettre au Président du Sénat en date du 3 Novembre, s'est écarté du respect et de l'obéissance dues au Gouvernement et aux lois;
Considérant que cette démarche inconsidérée mérite répréhension;
Arrête:
1° Le Préfet National du Léman fera paraître devant lui le citoyen Jules Muret, et lui témoignera le mécontentement du Gouvernement au sujet de cette lettre.
2° Le Préfet est chargé de mettre le citoyen Muret sous la surveillance spéciale des autorités du lieu où il a fixé son domicile, jusqu'à ce qu'il ait promis obéissance au Gouvernement et à la loi.
3° Le Ministre de la Police est chargé de la prompte notification et exécution du présent arrêté.
Berne, 13 novembre 1801.
Le Président du Pouvoir exécutif.
Signé: DOLDER.
Par le pouvoir exécutif : le secrétaire.
Signé; MOUSSON.
Pour copie conforme à l'original.
Le Ministre ad interim de la Police.
Signé: Am. GROUBER.
Pour expédition certifiée.
Lausanne, le 19 novembre 1891.
Le chef du bureau du préfet du Léman.
F. BALLIF.
Liberté. Egalité.
République Helvétique une et indivisible.
Le Sous-Préfet de Morges.
Morges, 18 novembre 1801, à 8 heures et demie du matin.
Au citoyen Jules Muret :
Citoyen !
Je reçois dans ce moment une lettre du Préfet du Canton du Léman, dont voici les paroles :
« Ensuite des ordres que j'ai reçus du Gouvernement,
« vous enjoindrez sans délai au citoyen Jules Muret, ex-Légis-
« lateur, de se présenter à mon audience demain 18 courant,
« de 3 à 4 heures de l'après-midi, ou après-demain 19 courant
« de 10 à midi, pour entendre ce que j'ai à lui dire de la part
« du Gouvernement. Accusez-moi réception et exécution. »
Je ne crois pas, citoyen, pouvoir exécuter ma commission
d'une manière plus précise qu'en vous expédiant copie littérale.
Salut et considération.
MANDROT.
Lausanne, 19 novembre 1801.
Citoyen Prefet !
Je vous remercie de la copie de l'arrêté que vous avez bien voulu m'envoyer.
J'ai eu l'honneur de vous le manifester de bouche: ma conduite a toujours été celle d'un ami de l'ordre, de la paix et de la tranquillité, ces sentiments sont toujours les miens, et ma conduite sera conforme à ces principes. Cette assurance me paraît suffisante : mais en tous les cas, je n'aurai rien à redouter d'une surveillance qui ne fera connaître que la conduite d'un homme franc et loyal, ennemi de toute intrigue et qui ne sait pas déguiser ses démarches.
Recevez, Citoyen Préfet, mes salutations empressées.
Jules Muret.
Episode des Bourla-Papai.
Récit des événements qui ont eu lieu à Morges dans la nuit des 10 au 11 Mai 1802, relativement à un projet de capitulation, et dont j'ai été le témoin
Citoyen Ministre!
Je n'ai pas besoin de vous dire, que je n'ai eu aucune part aux agitations qui ont troublé le canton; elles étaient trop contraires à mes principes, pour que j'aie besoin de m'en défendre. Dès que quelques symptômes les ont annoncées, j'ai cherché toutes les occasions de convaincre les citoyens qui pouvaient avoir quelque influence sur le peuple, qu'un mouvement populaire pouvait entraîner les plus grands malheurs, depuis que le mouvement a eu lieu je n'ai pas changé de langage; j'ai cherché à m'entremettre, et ma conscience me rend ce doux témoignage, que je puis avoir contribué à calmer quelques esprits. Grâces en soient rendues à la Providence, et aux paroles de paix dont vous avez été l'organe, citoyen ministre, tout est rentré dans l'ordre.
Je sortais de chez vous, citoyen ministre, où je m'étais toujours plus pénétré d'un esprit de paix, lorsque de retour à Morges, j'appris que l'armée des paysans se retirait au delà de la Venoge et approchait de Morges. Bientôt après, environ les cinq heures du soir, une colonne de paysans armés traversa la ville, au nombre de deux à trois cents, et se porta sur la promenade près du château; une autre colonne était sur la hauteur près de la ville. J'appris que ces deux colonnes avaient le projet de s'emparer du Château de Morges, et que le commandant de ces deux colonnes avait donné quatre heures au commandant français, pour rendre le poste commis à sa garde. Les quatre heures étaient écoulées, il était près de 11 heures du soir, je cherchais à goûter un repos bien difficile dans des circonstances pareilles, lorsque je fus appelé de me rendre à la Municipalité: je m'y rendis, je trouvai la Municipalité assemblée, et auprès d'elle, un grand nombre de citoyens de diverses opinions politiques, un pasteur, le Président du district, deux membres de la dernière Diète cantonale, le greffier du district, etc.
On m'apprit que le but de cette assemblée, était de chercher les moyens de garantir la ville des horreurs d'un siège; on me présenta un écrit déjà fait qui invitait le sous-Préfet, de concourir de tout son pouvoir à ces vues; il n'était question d'aucun détail, d'aucune condition de capitulation. Je lus cet écrit à haute voix, la rédaction n'en était pas bonne, mais elle exprimait essentiellement le vœu de voir s'éloigner l'orage, l'effusion de sang et l'incendie.
Les choses en étaient là, lorsque le Président de la Municipalité, le sous-Préfet, le commandant français et celui des deux colonnes de paysans entrèrent. Le Président fit à l'assemblée le rapport des efforts qu'il avait faits au château pour
concilier les différentes prétentions; tous désiraient une capitulation: il y eut une discussion assez longue pour savoir s'il dépendait du commandant français ou du sous-Préfet, d'accorder une capitulation. Le commandant des paysans allait se retirer pour attaquer, lorsqu'une voix dit: «Les paysans se contenteront de quatre pièces de canon et de deux caissons.» Après quelques pourparlers, le commandant français déclara qu'il les accorderait, s'il y était autorisé par le sous-Préfet et par la Municipalité. Il y eut encore quelque discussion à laquelle je ne pris aucune part: enfin on tomba d'accord, on écrivit, le sous-Préfet lui-même prit la plume; je crus la chose finie, je me retirai. Je déclare sur ma parole d'honneur, que pendant tout le temps que je fus à la Municipalité, il n'y eut ni voies de fait, ni violence, ni même des paroles trop animés. Je ne signai rien, je n'ai vu qu'ensuite et seulement hier, l'écrit qui fut rédigé; je n'en approuve point les termes et je ne l'aurais certainement pas signé tel qu'il est; et pourtant je fus inscrit au nombre des présents.
Depuis mon départ, il s'est passé à la Municipalité, des scènes plus au moins animées, et que je n'ai apprises que par le bruit public. Je m'abstiens donc d'en parler, et je prends acte entre vos mains, citoyen Ministre, de l'époque de ma retraite de la Municipalité, en soutenant par tout ce qu'il y a le plus sacré, l'exacte vérité des faits que je viens de rapporter et qui ont eu lieu en ma présence.
Maintenant, quels pourraient être mes torts dans cette affaire?
Serait-ce de m'être rendu à la Municipalité? Je crois qu'il est du devoir d'un bon citoyen de se rendre auprès de l'autorité dans les moments critiques lorsqu'il y est appelé.
Serait-ce d'avoir approuvé la capitulation? j'ai gardé le silence le plus complet: j'ai fait preuve de fermeté dans plus d'une occasion, je sais ce qu'un homme public doit à sa charge, je sais ce que j'aurais fait si j'eusse été ou commandant de place ou sous-Préfet; mais simple habitant j'ai gardé le silence.
Aurais-je dû faire des observations sur le projet de capitulation? et si à la suite de ces observations, la capitulation aurait été rompue, n'aurais-je pas été responsable des maux
qu'un combat à mort livré dans les murs d'une ville, aurait certainement entraînés.
Je me suis tu et je me suis retiré; je n'ai pas cessé dans cette circonstance comme dans toute autre de mériter l'estime du Gouvernement, celle de mes concitoyens et la mienne propre. Je vous prie, citoyen Ministre, de faire connaître ce présent écrit au Gouvernement et au Ministre français, pour mon entière justification.
Recevez, citoyen ministre, mes salutations cordiales et respectueuses.
Jules Muret. | 19be0e9e-ec68-416c-941e-94abdd50908e | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 240,617 |
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- Nulová sadzba 0,00%
- Zvýhodnená sadzba 10,00%
- Základná sadzba 20,00%
Cena bez DPH: 96,77€
DPH: 19,35
Cena s DPH: 116,12€
Celkom k úhrade: 116,12 EUR.
Uhradená záloha: 0,00 EUR.
K úhrade zostáva: 116,12 EUR.
Dátum prevzatia :
Prevzal
Ing. Štefan Šesták - Lonater
Stretava 125, 072 13
prev.špitálska 6
071 01 MICHALOVCE
ČO: 11 957 336 DIČ: 1020665987
Tel: 056/64 31511
Podpis, Pečiatka
Faktúra slúži zároveň aj ako dodací list.
Faktúra: 20160527
Dodávateľ:
Ing. Štefan Šesták - Lonater
Stretava 125, prev.Špitálska 6
07101 Michalovce
IČO: 11 957 336 DIČ: 1020665987
IČ DPH: SK1020665987
Účet: 799 840 552 /0200
IBAN: SK30 0200 0000 0007 9984 0552
SWIFT: SUBASKBX
Variabilný symbol: 20160527
Konštantný symbol: 0008
Objednávka (dňa):
Odberatel':
OBEC SENNÉ
OBECNÝ ÚRAD 230
07213 SENNÉ
IČO: 00325767
DIČ: 2020742548
IČ DPH:
Úhrada: prevodným príkazom
Dátum vystavenia: 21.12.2016
Splatnosť faktúry: 04.01.2017
Dátum daň.povinnosti: 21.12.2016
Platobné podmienky: s danou
Vystavil: Ing.Šesták (kontakt - tel./e-mail: 056/64 315 11, firstname.lastname@example.org)
Register číslo: Živnostenský register č. 807-3616 Obvodný Úrad v Michalovciach
Faktúrujem Vám za odobratý tovar / dodané služby následovne:
| Skladová položka/Označenie dodávky, popis tovaru | Množstvo | Cena | Cena s DPH | Základ | DPH |
|--------------------------------------------------|----------|------|------------|--------|-----|
| 0000 884 1118 RUKAVICE STIHL PRACOVNE | 4,000 p | 3,33€| 4,00 | 13,33 | 20,0%| 2,67|
| 210106 PRACOVNA ODEV | 4,000 KS | 19,31€| 23,17 | 77,24 | 20,0%| 15,45|
| 0000 884 0307 OKULIARE OCHRANNÉ STIHL STANDA | 4,000 KS | 3,33€| 3,99 | 13,30 | 20,0%| 2,66|
| 253228 METLA CESTARSKA S NASADOU 80 CM | 2,000 KS | 6,50€| 7,80 | 13,00 | 20,0%| 2,60|
| 216316 FURIK CARGO BANTAM 60 L FE | 1,000 KS | 37,96€| 45,55 | 37,96 | 20,0%| 7,59|
Rozpis DPH:
- Nulová sadzba: 0,00%
- Zvýhodnená sadzba: 10,00%
- Základná sadzba: 20,00%
Cena bez DPH: 154,83€
DPH: 30,97
Cena s DPH: 185,80€
Celkom k úhrade: 185,80 EUR.
Uhradená záloha: 0,00 EUR.
K úhrade zostáva: 185,80 EUR.
Ing. Štefan Šesták - Lonater
Stretava 125, 072 13
prevadzka Špitálska 6
071 01 Michalovce
IČO: 11957336, IČ DPH: SK1020665987
Tel.: 056/6431511
Dátum prevzatia: 21.12.2016
Prevzal
Faktúra slúži zároveň aj ako dodací list.
Východoslovenská vodárenská spoločnosť, a.s.
Komenského 50, 042 48 Košice
Tel.: 055/795 27 77 · E-mail: email@example.com · www.vodarne.eu
Zapsaná v Obchodnom registri Okresného súdu Košice I., oddiel: Sa, vložka č.: 1243/V
Bankové spojenie:
UniCredit Bank Slovakia, a.s. 6626417016/1111 IBAN: SK36 1111 0000 0066 2641 7016 SWIFT: UNCRSKBX
ČSOB, a.s. 25526893/7500 IBAN: SK95 7500 0000 0000 2552 6893 SWIFT: CEKOSKBX
VÚB, a.s. 2976518951/0200 IBAN: SK92 0200 0000 0029 7651 8951 SWIFT: SUBASKBX
FAKTURA ZA VODNÉ A STOČNÉ
Číslo: 2121860186
(variabilný symbol - uvádzajte vždy pri úhrade)
Kupujúci - Obchodné meno:
Obec Senné
Senné 230, 072 13 Senné
IČO: 00325767 DIČ: 2020742548
IČ DPH:
FAKTÚRA poradové číslo: 2121860186
Dátum vyhotovenia: 19.12.2016
Dátum splatnosti: 09.01.2017
Dátum odoslania: 20.12.2016
Dátum dodania tovaru, služby: 15.12.2016
Zákaznícke číslo: 2000014175
Zmluvný účet číslo: 4490003503
Spôsob úhrady: Poštová poukážka U
Konštantný symbol: 0309
Číslo právnej zmluvy: 40-000029527PO2010
Vážený obchodný partner,
S účinnosťou od 1.3.2012 má VVS, a.s.
k dispozícii tieto bankové účty
na úhradu Vašich faktúr:
ČSOB, a.s.
Číslo účtu: 25526893
Kód banky: 7500
IBAN: SK95 7500 0000 0000 2552 6893
SWIFT: CEKOSKBX
UniCredit Bank Slovakia a.s.
Číslo účtu: 6626417016
Kód banky: 1111
IBAN: SK36 1111 0000 0066 2641 7016
SWIFT: UNCRSKBX
VÚB, a.s.
Číslo účtu: 2976518951
Kód banky: 0200
IBAN: SK92 0200 0000 0029 7651 8951
SWIFT: SUBASKBX
VAŠE VYÚČTOVANIE (mena EUR):
za obdobie: 28.09.2016 - 15.12.2016
| Názov | Základ dane | DPH% | DPH | Suma s DPH |
|---------------------|-------------|------|---------|------------|
| Skutočná spotreba | 3,93 | 20 | 0,79 | 4,72 |
SUMA CELKOM K ÚHRADE
Rekapitulácia DPH
Aktivujte si elektronickú faktúru.
www.zelenaposta.sk
www.vodarne.eu
UID: zosciMFXXNN9N PIN: 5648
Ing. Dana Láčová
Vedúca útvaru služieb zákazníkom
Dakujeme
Upozornenia:
Faktúra je uhradená dňom pripísania peňažných prostriedkov na účet VVS a.s.
1 liter pitnej vody = 0,0016 €
Pozrite si reálne náklady...
Pre účely výpočtu sa použili ceny platné vo VVS a.s.: 1m³ výroby a dodávky pitnej vody = 1,3100 € + 20% DPH = 1,5720 €. 1m³ odvedenia a čistenia odpadovej vody = 0,9000 € + 20% DPH = 1,0800 €. Spolu vodné a stočné = 2,6520 € / m³.
PREHĽAD SPOTREBY:
Odberné miesto: 4000020556 Senné, Senné 228 Kultúrny dom
| Fakturačná položka | Obdobie | *Údaje položky | Číslo meradla | Počiatočný stav | Konečný stav | Množstvo v m3 | Jednotková cena v € | Cena bez DPH v € |
|--------------------|------------------|----------------|---------------|----------------|--------------|---------------|---------------------|------------------|
| Vodné | 28.09.2016-13.11.2016 | VF/b22/c01 | 7479594 | 51 | 53 | 2,000 | | |
| | 14.11.2016-15.12.2016 | F/K000/b01/c01 | 7552383 | 0 | 1 | 1,000 | | |
| | 28.09.2016-15.12.2016 | F | | | | 3,000 | 1,3100 | 3,93 |
| Vodné spolu | 28.09.2016-15.12.2016 | | | | | 3,000 | | 3,93 |
Spolu za odberné miesto 3,93
Plánovaná periodická výmena Vášho meradla č. 7552383 je v mesiaci 10/2022.
Prosíme Vás o zabezpečenie prístupu za účelom výmeny meradla.
*Údaje položky: druh zúčtovania / text položky / dôvod odpočtu / druh odpočtu
Druh zúčtovania:
F = Fakturované
VF = Fakturované - výmena vodomera
Text položky:
K000 = Bežný odpočet
b01 = Periodický odpočet
b22 = Odpočet pri demontáži meradla
c01 = Odpočet
Súhlasím s úhradou
FAKTÚRA číslo: 2121860186
Strana: 2 / 3
| Dodávateľ | Faktúra | Číslo faktúry: | 046/2017 |
|-----------|---------|----------------|----------|
| Okresný výbor, Dobrovoľnej požiarnej ochrany, Michalovce | Konšt. symbol | 0308 |
| IČO: 415 839 DIČO: 2021815345 | Číslo účtu: | SK0409000000000480326180 |
| Odberateľ | Senné | Deň splatnosti | do 14 dní |
|-----------|-------|----------------|-----------|
| Adresát | Senné | Deň vystavenia faktúry | 20. december 2016 |
| | | Forma úhrady | prevodným príkazom |
| Adresa | 072 13 Senné | Deň zdaniteľného plnenia | |
| Por. číslo | Názov | Cena/kus | Množstvo | Spolu |
|------------|-------|----------|----------|-------|
| | Faktúrujeme Vám členský príspevok pre členov DHZ na rok 2017 | 70,00 € |
Vystavil: Z. Matina
Podpis a pečiatka
| Cena celkom bez DPH | 70,00 € |
|---------------------|---------|
| Celková faktúrovaná suma | 70,00 € |
Tlačová zostava bola vytvorená: 28.12.2016.
Tieto údaje majú len informatívny charakter a nie sú použitelné na právne úkony.
Obecný úřad 07213 SENNE
Datum: 20. 12. 2016
Číslo: 177/2016
SÚHLASÍM S ÚHRANOU
ODÁVATEĽ
FURA s.r.o.
SNP 77
Rozhanovce 044 42
IČO: 36211451
DIČ: 2021649575
IČ DPH: SK2021649575
Peň.ústav: PRIMA Banka BIC:KOMASK2X
Čis. účtu: SK2156000000004854074001
Stredisko: 3
ODBERATEĽ:
Obec Senne
obecný urad
Sportova 230
072 13 Senne
IČO: 00325767
DIČ: 2020742548
IČ DPH:
Č. HZ:
Objed:
ADRESÁT:
Obec Senne
obecný urad
Sportova 230
072 13 Senne
Faktúra číslo 16599/16
Var. symbol 1659916
Konšt. symbol 0308
Celkom k úhrade 173.18 €
Dátum dod. služby/tovaru 30.11.2016
Dátum vystavenia 30.11.2016
Dátum splatnosti do 28.12.2016
Dodav. zapisaný v Ob.reg. Okres.sudu Kosice I, vlozka c.12979/V
Fakturujeme Vám za odvoz a likvidáciu odpadu z VKK
za obdobie: NOVEMBER 2016
Kód odpadu: 200307 Hmotnosť odpadu: 1,06 t
| Služba (tovar) | Jednotková cena | Počet (hmotnosť) | Počet obsl. | Sadzba DPH | Bez DPH | DPH | Celkom € |
|----------------|-----------------|------------------|-------------|------------|---------|-----|----------|
| Likvidácia odpadu | 32.00000 | 1.0600 | t | 20.00 | 33.92 | 6.78 | 40.70 |
| Doprava a manipulácia | 90.00000 | 1.0000 | ks | 20.00 | 90.00 | 18.00 | 108.00 |
| Prenájom VKK | 0.50000 | 25.0000 | den | 20.00 | 12.50 | 2.50 | 15.00 |
| Vedenie evidencie odpadu | 3.50000 | 1.0000 | ks | 20.00 | 3.50 | 0.70 | 4.20 |
| Poplatok podľa 17/2004 Z.z. | 4.98000 | 1.0600 | t | 20.00 | 5.28 | | 5.28 |
Rekapitulácia:
Spolu 145.20 €
DPH 27.98 €
Celkom k úhrade 173.18 €
Súhlasím s úhradou
Obecný úrad 072 13 SENNE
Dátum 7.12.2016
Strana: Centrum zákazníkov: tel: 055/ 676 0132 fax: 055/ 676 0433 email:firstname.lastname@example.org
Zákazník: Dispečerské prac.tel: 0903902975 0911902941 email:email@example.com
| Označenie dodávky | Množstvo MJ | Jedn.cena | %DPH | Cena s DPH | Suma bez DPH |
|------------------|-------------|-----------|------|------------|--------------|
| práce plošinou | 4,500 hod | 39,830 | 20% | 47,80 | 179,24 |
**SPOLU BEZ DPH:** 179,24
**DPH:** 35,85
**SUMA NA ÚHRADU: €** 215,09
**Rekapitulácia DPH za zdaniteľné plnenie:**
| Sadzba[%] | Základ dane | DPH | Spolu s DPH |
|-----------|-------------|-----|-------------|
| 20 | 179,24 | 35,85 | 215,09 |
| Spolu | 179,24 | 35,85 | 215,09 |
Cena dohodou
**Vyhotovil:** Dana Rovňáková
**Telefón:** 056/6403824
**Počet príloh :**
---
**TECHNICKÉ A ZÁHRADNÍCKE SLUŽBY**
mesta Michalovce 12
Partizánska 55, 071 01 MICHALOVCE
IČO: 00186490
IČ DPH: SK2020747817
**podpis, pečiatka**
---
**Obecný úrad 072 13 SENNE**
**Druh príjmu:**
13.12.16
208/10/16
**Súhlasím s úhradou**
---
© Softip a.s., Banská Bystrica FAK-S-FAKFAKT-S4
Vytvorené dňa: 15.12.2016 8:24:09
Strana: 1 z
Názov a sídlo účastníka:
Obecný úrad Senné
Senné 123
072 13 Palín
IČ DPH / DIČ: 0000000000
ICO: 00325767
Adresa platiteľa úhrad:
Obecný úrad Senné
Senné 123
072 13 Palín
Údaje potrebné na úhradu
Variabilný symbol: 0008990541
Odporučaný dátum uhrady: 03. 01. 2017
Dátum splatnosti: 06. 01. 2017
Suma na úhradu: 262,88 €
Preplatok z predchádzajúcich obdobi k 18. 12. 2016: -202,02 €
Bankové spojenie:
Tatra banka:
SK29 1100 0000 0026 2800 5850
Sl. spoliteľňa:
SK02 0900 0000 0001 7608 4455
Celková suma na úhradu: 60,86 €
Ďakujeme vám za to,
že ste s nami, a prajeme vám šťastný a úspešný nový rok
| Číslo faktúry | Telefónne číslo | Meno používateľa | Suma s DPH |
|--------------|------------------|----------------------|------------|
| 5380689780 | 0905 234 395 | Saboslaj Peter | 32,00 € |
| 5380686108 | 0905 440 186 | Saboslaj Peter | 65,00 € |
| 5380735337 | 0907 877 268 | Saboslaj Peter | 3,29 € |
| 5380689905 | 0917 741 086 | Saboslaj Peter | 8,99 € |
| 5380745653 | 0918 181 955 | Saboslaj Peter | 0,00 € |
| 5380685747 | 0918 759 091 | Saboslaj Peter | 0,00 € |
**Splátky za zariadenie**
Mesačné splátky spolu
| Suma |
|------|
| 153,60 € |
**Spolu s DPH**
| Suma |
|------|
| 262,88 € |
**Typ služby:**
- Hlasový paušál
- Internet
Využite aj ďalšie možnosti, ako získať viac informácií o Vašich faktúrach a našich ponukách:
- [www.orange.sk/mojorange](http://www.orange.sk/mojorange)
- Zákaznícka linka 905: 0905 905 905 (nonstop, prepojenie na operátora 0,05 €/min.)
- **osobný operátor:** Polomský Stanislav od 8.00 do 16.30 na tel. čísle 0908 005 475 (0,05 €/min.) alebo na fax. čísle 0908 006 475
- **predajné miesta**
---
Orange Slovensko, a. s., Metodova 8, 821 08 Bratislava, Slovenská republika, tel. č. 0905 805 905, fax: +421 2 5851 9851, IČO: 356 97 270, IČ DPH: SK 20 20 31 05 78, DIČ: 20 20 31 05 78, zriadená v Obchodnom registri Okresného súdu Bratislava I oddiel SA, vložka číslo 1142/B, Bankové úsporište: Tatra Banka, SK29 1100 0000 0026 2800 5850, SWIFT / BIC: TATRSKBX
FAKTÚRA
Odberateľ
Obec Senné
Senné 230
072 13 Senné
IČO: 00325767 IČ DPH:
Korešpondenčná adresa
Obec Senné
Senné 230
072 13 Senné
Vaše zákaznícke číslo: 5100307461
Obdobia: 01.11.2016 - 30.11.2016
| Názov položky | Daňový základ | DPH (%) | DPH | Celkom s DPH |
|---------------|--------------|---------|-----|--------------|
| Elektrina | 161,49 | 20 % | 32,30 | 193,79 |
Súhlasím s úhranou
Obecný úrad 072 13 SENNE
Došlo dňu: 13. 11. 2016
Dátum: 27/01/2016
Šk. získ. lehotr.: 1
Dajúci: Ukáladací znak: Poh. int
Rozpis predavkových platieb na nasledujúce obdobie
| Splatnosť | EUR |
|-----------|-----|
| | 200 |
Upozornenie pre odberateľa:
- Faktúra je uhradená dňom pripisania peňažných prostriedkov na účet VSE a.s.
- V prípade vyúčtovania úroku z omeškania, zaslania zmluvnej pokuty, alebo poskytnutia služby bude Vaša nasledujúca platba započítaná v takomto poradí:
1. neuhradené úroky z omeškania
2. neuhradené zmluvné pokuty,
3. neuhradené Poplatky,
4. zúčtovacia faktúra,
5. zálohová platba.
Vyučtovanie neuhradených úrokov z omeškania a zoznam neuhradených Poplatkov tvorí prílohu faktúry.
Variabilný symbol 2290109390
Poradové číslo faktúry 7294005721
Dátum splatnosti 23.12.2016
Dátum dodania 30.11.2016
Dátum vyhotovenia 09.12.2016
Spôsob úhrady Prikaz na úhradu SEPA
Mena EUR
Fakturované celkom 193,79
Uhradené platby 0,00
K ÚHRADE 193,79
Ing. Stanislav Kundrát
Vedúci úseku Korporatívni zákazníci
Východoslovenská energetika a.s.
ZAPLAŤTE SVOJU FAKTÚRU POHODLNEJŠIE
OTVORTE MOBILNÝ BANKING
NAČÍTAJTE KÓD PAY
PREDVYPLNÍ SA PLATOBNÝ PRÍKAZ
Platbu neuhrádzajte, ak platíte cez bankové inkaso.
Strana 1 z 2
Tlačový doklad: 1 101 846 140
Dodávateľ
Východoslovenská energetika a.s., Mlynská 31, 042 91 Košice
Obchodný register Okresného súdu Košice I., oddiel Sa, voľka 1628/V
IČO: 44483767 DIČ: 2022730457 IČ DPH: SK2022730457
Bankové spojenie: ING Bank N.V. pobočka zahraničnej banky
IBAN: SK30 7300 0000 0090 0004 0409
BIC: INGB SKBX
č. účtu: 9000040409/7300
Linka VSE 0850 123 333
firstname.lastname@example.org
www.vse.sk
| Dodávateľ | IČO: 46530622 |
|-----------|---------------|
| wbx, s. r. o. | |
| Ostrovského 2 | |
| 040 01 Košice-Juh | |
| Prevadzka: | |
| Peňažný ústav: Tatra Banka, a. s. | |
| Číslo účtu/kód: 2920911551/1100 | |
| IBAN: SK43 1100 0000 0029 2091 1551 | |
| DIČ: 2023432455 | |
| IČ DPH: SK2023432455 | |
| SWIFT: TATRSKBX | |
| Obchodný register Okresného súdu Košice I | |
| vložka 29272/V | |
| Odberatel' | IČO: 00325767 |
|------------|---------------|
| Obec Senné | |
| Senné 230 | |
| 072 13 Senné | |
| DIČ: 2020742548 | |
| IČ DPH: | |
| Objednávka č./dátum: / | |
| Dodací list č.: | |
| Spôsob dopravy: | |
| Forma úhrady: p.p. | |
| Fakturujeme Vám | MJ | Počet MJ | Cena MJ | Zľava | Celkom |
|-----------------|----|----------|---------|--------|--------|
| Predmetná platba za doménu, webhosting a zálohу webové stránky www.obecsenne.sk na obdobie 01.01.2017-31.12.2017 | 1,000 | 144,00 | 144,00 |
| Celkom | 144,00 EUR |
| Žákujeme Vám za Vašu objednávku. |
| Ako variabilný symbol uvádzajte, prosím, číslo faktúry. |
| Kontakt: 055/644 25 35 |
Vystavil: Juhászová
Prijal
YPFSEMX1400053, 7.60.890, (C) MRP - Company, s.r.o., P.O.BOX 94, 977 01 Brezno
| Dodávateľ | IČO 46530622 |
|-----------|--------------|
| wbx, s. r. o. | |
| Ostrovského 2 | |
| 040 01 Košice-Juh | |
| Prevadzka: | |
| Peniažný ústav: Tatra Banka, a. s. | |
| Cislo účtu/kód: 2920911551/1100 | |
| IBAN: SK43 1100 0000 0029 2091 1551 | |
| DIČ: 2023432455 Stredisko: S0012 | |
| IČ DPH: SK2023432455 SWIFT: TATRSKBX | |
| Obchodny register Okresného súdu Košice I vložka 29272/V | |
| Odberatel: | IČO: 00325767 |
|------------|---------------|
| Obec Senné | |
| Senné 230 | |
| 072 13 Senné | |
| DIČ: 2020742548 | |
| IČ DPH: | |
| Objednávka č./dátum: / | |
|------------------------|-----------------|
| Dodaci list č.: 16720 | |
| Predfaktúra č. 16zf381 | |
| Spôsob dopravy: | |
| Forma úhrady: p.p. | |
| Fakturujeme Vám | MJ | Počet MJ | Cena MJ | %DPH | Celkom |
|------------------|----|----------|---------|------|--------|
| Predmetná platba za doménu, webhosting a zálohу webstránky www.obecsenne.sk na obdobie 01.01.2017-31.12.2017 | 1,000 | 120,00 | 20,00 | 144,00 |
| Základ | DPH | Celkom |
|--------|-----|--------|
| 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| 120,00 | 24,00 | 144,00 |
| 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| 120,00 | 24,00 | 144,00 EUR |
| 144,00 EUR | |
| 0,00 EUR | |
UHRADENÉ PREDFAKTÚROU, NEUHRÁDZAŤ!!!
Ďakujeme.
Kontakt: 055/644 25 35
Vystavil: Juhászová
Obecný úrad 07213 SENNÉ
14.12.2016
Súhlasíť S. ĎARADZU
| Dodávateľ | IČO 46694447 |
|-----------|--------------|
| EDISON SK s.r.o. |
| Sidlo - miesto podnikania |
| Prešovská 537 |
| 093 03 Vranov nad Topľou |
| DIČ 2023523051 |
| IČ DPH SK2023523051 |
| 2 Číslo dokladu | 2016209 |
|-----------------|---------|
| Dodávka | Zmluva-objednávka |
| Adresa | Obec Senné |
|--------|------------|
| 072 13 | Senné |
| 3 Odberateľ | Obec Senné |
|-------------|------------|
| IČO | 00325767 |
| DIČ | 202742548 |
| 4 Príjemca | Konečný príjemca |
| 5 Dodacie a platobné podmienky |
|---------------------------------|
| Forma úhrady | PREV.PRÍK. |
| ČBÚ | 5029247560/0900 |
| Slovenská sporiteľňa a.s. |
| IBAN: SK11 0900 0000 0050 2924 7560, BIC: GIBASKBX |
| Variabilný symbol | 2016209 |
| Konšt. symbol 8 |
| Spôsob dodania | Miesto určenia |
|----------------|----------------|
| Stredisko | Správa - rézia |
| Dátum vzniku daň. povinnosti | 07.12.2016 |
| Dátum vystavenia faktúry | 12.12.2016 |
| Dátum dodania dodávky/služby/prijatia platby | 07.12.2016 |
| Dátum splatnosti | 22.12.2016 |
| Označenie dodávky | DPH [%] | Množstvo MJ | Jedn.cena | Celkom bez DPH |
|-------------------|---------|-------------|-----------|----------------|
| montáž vianočného osvetlenia /materiál a montaž.práce vid' podklad k FA/ | 20 | 1.000 | 280.000000 | 280.00 |
| Rekapitulácia | Sadzba | Cena bez DPH | DPH | Spolu s DPH |
|---------------|--------|--------------|-----|-------------|
| DPH výstup 20% [EUR] | 20 | 280.00 | 56.00 | 336.00 |
| Celkom za doklad | 280.00 | 56.00 | 336.00 |
| Čiastka k úhrade [EUR] | 336.00 |
Vyhodnotil: Ing. Ján Blaho
telefón: 057/4461139
Obecný úrad 07213 SENNE
Doklad: 13.11.2016
Faktúra: 271/1010
Súhlasím s úhradou
Edison SK s.r.o., Prešovská 537
093 03 Vranov nad Topľou
IČO: 46694447 DIČ: 2023523051
Zapisané v registri Obchodný register OS v Prešove
Číslo zápisu vložka číslo 26058/P
Program basic sk verzia 2.12.09 © SofCom s.r.o., Liptovský Mikuláš, www.sofcom.sk - licencia 1220091
FAKTÚRA
Dodávateľ IČO 00186490 IČ DPH SK2020747817
DIČ 2020747817
Technické a záhradnicke služby mesta Michalovce
Partizánska č.55
071 01 Michalovce
Bankové spojenie: Prima banka, a.s., Michalovce
Účet: 4240287002/5600
IBAN SK75 5600 0000 0042 4028 7002
SWIFT: KOMASK2X
Príjemca
Obec
072 13 Senné
Odberateľ IČO 00325767 IČ DPH
DIČ 00325767
Obec
072 13 Senné
Účet: SK4756000000004281448001
Dátum vystavenia 08.12.2016
Dátum splatnosti 22.12.2016
Dátum vz.dan.pov. 08.12.2016
Fakturujeme Vám za zrezanie stromu
| Označenie dodávky | Množstvo MJ | Jedn.cena | %DPH | Cena s DPH | Suma bez DPH |
|-------------------------|-------------|-----------|------|------------|--------------|
| práce plošinou | 5,500 hod | 59,830 | 20% | 71,80 | 329,06 |
| presun-jazda | 1,000 hod | 39,830 | 20% | 47,80 | 39,83 |
| práca pilčikov | 8,000 hod | 12,000 | 20% | 14,40 | 96,00 |
SPOLU BEZ DPH: 464,90
DPH: 92,98
SUMA NA ÚHRADU: € 557,88
Rekapitulácia DPH za zdaniteľné plnenie:
| Sadzba [%] | Základ dane | DPH | Spolu s DPH |
|------------|-------------|-----|-------------|
| 20 | 464,90 | 92,98 | 557,88 |
| Spolu | 464,90 | 92,98 | 557,88 |
Cena dohodou.
Vyhotovil: Dana Rovňáková
Telefón: 056/6403824
Počet priloh:
podpis, pečiatka
TECHNICKÉ A ZÁHRADNÍCKE SLUŽBY
mesta Michalovce
Partizánska 55, 071 01 MICHALOVCE
IČO: 00186490
IČ DPH: SK2020747817
**Faktúra číslo:** 2016071
| Objednávka číslo | Dodací list číslo |
|------------------|-------------------|
**Poštová adresa:**
Obec Senné
Senné 230
072 13 Senné
| Dátum vyhotovenia | Dodanie tovaru/služby | Dátum splatnosti |
|-------------------|-----------------------|------------------|
| 15.12.2016 | 15.12.2016 | 22.12.2016 |
**Forma úhrady:** Prevodný prikaz
**Spôsob dopravy:**
**Konštantný symbol:** 0308
**Dod. a plat. podmienky:**
---
**Fakturujeme Vám za:**
| P.č. | Kód položky | Popis | DPH % | Množstvo | MJ | Cena za jednotku | Spolu |
|------|-------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|-------|----------|------|------------------|-------|
| 1 | | Vypracovanie dokumentu Smernica pre verejné obstarávanie vrátane prílohy v počte 10. | | 1,00 | JV | 320,00 | 320,00|
**Dodávateľ nie je platiteľom DPH.**
| Celková suma | 320,00 |
|--------------|--------|
**Celková fakturovaná suma: EUR**
| 320,00 |
**Odpočet preddavku:** 160,00
**K úhrade:** 160,00
---
**Podpis a pečiatka:**
MOAD s.r.o.
Jesenná 6, 040 01 Košice
IČO: 48 189 308
DIČ: 2120083559
---
Omega - účtovníctvo, sklad a fakturácia. Výrobca programu: KROS a.s., A. Rudnaya 21, 010 01 Žilina, tel.: 041/707 10 11, e-mail: email@example.com, http://www.kros.sk
| Dodávateľ: | Faktúra číslo: 20160973 |
| --- | --- |
| LIM PO, s.r.o. Jesenná 1, 080 05 Prešov | Variabilný symbol: 20160973 |
| IČO: 364 98 980 DIČ: 2021 919 801 | Konštantný symbol: 0308 |
| IČDPH: SK 2021919801 | |
| Banka: Sberbank Slovensko - Prešov | |
| IBAN: SK1231000000004340053406 | |
| Účet: 4 340 053 406/3100 | |
| BIC: LUBASKBX | |
| Okr. súd PO, Oddiel s.r.o. VI.č. 15497/P | |
| Príjemca: | Odberateľ: |
| --- | --- |
| DTTO | OBEC Senné |
| Konečný príjemca: | Športová 230 |
| DTTO | 072 13 SENNÉ |
| Doprava: | IČO: 325 767 |
| | DIČ: 2020742548 |
| Označenie dodávky | Množstvo | JC s DPH | Cena s DPH |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| stolové kalendáre poštovné | 25ks | 2,50 € | 62,50 € |
| | | | 4,80 € |
| Cena celkom s DPH | 67,30 € |
| Cena celkom bez DPH | 56,08 € |
| Celkom DPH 20% | 11,22 € |
Celková fakturovaná suma
Faktúra slúži zároveň ako dodací list.
LIM PO, s.r.o. Jesenná 1, 080 05 PREŠOV
IČO: 364 98 980
DIČ: 2021 919 801
Faktúra číslo: 01578/2016
Objednávka číslo:
Dodací list číslo:
Poštová adresa:
OBEC SENNE
Športová 230
072 13 Stretavka
| Dátum vyhotovenia | Dodanie tovaru/služby | Dátum splatnosti |
|-------------------|-----------------------|------------------|
| 15.12.2016 | 15.12.2016 | 25.12.2016 |
Forma úhrady: Prevodný prikaz
Spôsob dopravy: Poštová zásielka
Číslo účtu: 28655578/0900
IBAN: SK90 0900 0000 0000 2865 5578
Suma k úhrade: 437,60
Variabilný symbol: 01578/2016
Konštantný symbol: 0308
Špecifický symbol:
Dod. a plat. podmienky:
Fakturujeme Vám za:
| P.č. | Kód položky | Popis | DPH % | Množstvo | MJ | Cena za j. bez DPH | Spolu bez DPH |
|------|-------------|--------------------------------------------|-------|----------|------|--------------------|---------------|
| 2 | | MANAGERSKY DIAR+GRAVIROVANIE | 20 | 12,00 | ks | 6,67 | 80,04 |
| 3 | | PERO KOVOVE /GRAVIROVANE/ | 20 | 12,00 | ks | 2,00 | 24,00 |
| 4 | | PERO+GRAVIR+JSB | 20 | 5,00 | ks | 12,50 | 62,50 |
| 5 | | KRAVATA S ERBOM/VYSIVANA/ | 20 | 4,00 | ks | 22,32 | 89,28 |
| 6 | | VYSIVACI PROGRAM NA KRAVATY/JEDNORAZOVY POPLATOK/ | 20 | 1,00 | ks | 13,95 | 13,95 |
| 7 | | MENOVKA NA DVERE | 20 | 3,00 | ks | 25,00 | 75,00 |
| 8 | | GRAFICKE PRIPRAVY A SABLONY | 20 | 1,00 | ks | 10,00 | 10,00 |
| 9 | | DOPRAVNÉ | 20 | 1,00 | | 9,90 | 9,90 |
Základ pre DPH 20 %: 364,67
DPH 20 %: 72,93
Celková suma s DPH: 437,60
Celková fakturovaná suma k úhrade: EUR 437,60
ZMLUVNÁ CENA PREVZATÍM TOVARU SA ODBERATEĽ ZAVAZUJE PRI NEDODRŽANÍ TERMÍNU SPLATNOSTI UHRADIT PENÁLE ŽA KAŽDY DEN OMEŠKANIA 0,05% Z DLŽNEJ SUMY. FAKTURA SLUŽI ZAROVEN AKO DODACÍ LIST. DODRŽUJTE PROSIM DATUM SPLATNOSTI!
Obecný úrad 072 13 SENNE
Súhlasí s úhradou
Omega - účtovníctvo, sklad a fakturácia. Výrobca programu KROS a.s., A. Rudnaya 21, 010 01 Žilina, tel. 041/707 10 11, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org, http: www.kros.sk
ODBERATEĽ / IDENTIFIKAČNÉ ÚDAJE MAJITEĽA ÚČTU CP
Obec Senné
Obecný úrad
072 13 Senné
IČO/RČ: 0000325767
IČ DPH:
Miesto podnikania odbereťa (ak nie je totožné so sídlom resp. trvalým pobytom):
FAKTÚRA č. OPS/2415/2016
Na základe Zmluvy o zriadení a vedení účtu majiteľa cenných papierov čl. 9, bod 9.4 bolo vykonané inkaso z Vášho bankového účtu vedeného v Prima banka Slovensko, a.s.
| Názov služby: | Suma bez DPH | Sadzba DPH |
|---------------|--------------|------------|
| Poplatok Prima banky Slovensko, a.s. za ročné vedenie účtu majiteľa cenných papierov – rok 2016 | 33,30 EUR | 20% |
| Poplatok CDCP za ročné vedenie účtu majiteľa cenných papierov – rok 2016 | 7,79 EUR | 20% |
NEUHRÁDZAŤ! Úhrada realizovaná inkasom z účtu klienta: 4281448001/ 5600
Faktúra uhradená dňa: 20.12.2016
| Základ dane pre DPH | 41,09 EUR |
|---------------------|------------|
| DPH celkom | 8,22 EUR |
| Celková suma s DPH | 49,31 EUR |
V Žiline, dňa ** 21.12.2016
Ing. Peter Margen Mgr. Adriana Korčeková
Pečiatka, podpis zamestnanca Prima banky
Prima banka Slovensko, a.s.
01/29
** - deň vyhotovenia daňového dokladu je totožný s dňom uskutočnenia zdaniteľného plnenia
| Faktúra číslo | 0008 |
|--------------|------|
| Konštantný symbol | |
| Kupujúci | O |
|----------|---|
| IČO | IČ DPH |
| 31363091 | 2020302020 |
| Konečný príjemca | Platobné podmienky |
|------------------|--------------------|
| | Prevodným prikazom |
| Forma úhrady | 1.12.2016 |
|--------------|-----------|
| Dátum vyhotovenia faktúry | 8.12.2016 |
|--------------------------|-----------|
| Dátum dodania | Dátum splatnosti |
|---------------|------------------|
Na základe Vašej obiednávky faktúrujeme Vám za OBEČNÉ NOVINY rok 2017 od cisla 1 po cislo 52. Pocet vytlačkov 1 týždenne
| 1 ks | 52 ks |
|------|-------|
| Cena obstarania | 56,33 |
| Sadzba dane 20% | 11,27 |
| Predajná cena s DPH | 67,60 |
K uhrade spolu: 67,60 EUR
Na prikaze na uhradu prosím uvedte:
IBAN: SK52 1100 0000 0026 2884 4195
V prospech úctu: 2628844195/1100
Variabilny symbol: 32233711
Konštantrny symbol: 0008
Registrované v obchodnom registri 6178/B
Dagmar Dóková 0905-599120
02-44631199
INPROST s.r.o., Smrečianska 20
811 05 Bratislava
Počet príloh: 1
Pečiatka a podpis
5.12.2016
300/2016
SCHLÁŠŤ S VÁRHODOSťAFAJÍM Tropelk
Na základe Vašej obiednávky faktúrujeme Vám za OBECNÉ NOVINY rok 2017 od čísla 1 po číslo 52. Počet vytlačkov 1 týždenné
| Cena obstarania | 1 ks | 52 ks |
|-----------------|------|-------|
| Sadzba dane 20% | | |
| Predajná cena s DPH | 1,30 | 67,60 |
K úhrade spolu: 67,60 EUR
Na prikaze na úhradu prosím uveďte:
IBAN: SK52 1100 0000 0026 2884 4195
V prospech účtu: 2628844195/1100
Variabilný symbol: 32233711
Konštantný symbol: 0008
Registrované v obchodnom registri 6178/8
Dačmar Dáková 0905-599120
02-44631199
INPROST s.r.o.
Smrečianska 29
811 05 Bratislava I.
Počet príloh:
Faktúra za služby pevnej siete
Slovak Telekom a.s., Bajkalská 28, 817 62 Bratislava. Obchodný register vedený pri Okr. súde Bratislava I., odd. Sa, vložka č. 2081/B, IČO: 35 763 469
DIC: 2020273893, IČ DPH: SK 2020273893. Tatra banka, a.s., číslo účtu IBAN: SK28 1100 0000 0026 2874 0740, BIC: TATRSKBX
Údaje potrebné na úhradu faktúry:
SUMA NA ÚHRADU: 59,92 €
DÁTUM SPLATNOSTI: 19.12.2016
VARIABILNÝ SYMBOL: 7791214672
Fakturačné údaje:
Dátum dodania služby: 30.11.2016
Dátum vyhotovenia: 02.12.2016
Číslo faktúry: 7791214672
IČO: 00325767
Vaše identifikačné údaje:
Adresát: Obecný úrad Senné, Senné neudané, Senné 072 13 Palin
Účastník: Obec Senné, Senné 13
Číslo adresátu: 1007038801
Faktúru môžete uhradiť platobným príkazom vo Vašej banke na jeden z uvedených účtov alebo v hotovosti bankovou zloženkou.
Užitočné informácie
Vážený zákazník, na bezplatnom čísle 0800/123500 Vám poskytneme všetky informácie k Vašim faktúram, ako aj k produktom a službám Telekomu. K dispozícii sme Vám počas pracovných dní, od 8:00 do 21:00 hod.
Faktúru s podrobným vysvetlením nájdete na www.telekom.sk/faktura
Prehľad Vašich poplatkov 01.11.2016 - 30.11.2016:
Identifikácia Vašich služieb: Internet-ivnxezzy97, TV-IEAX6RR1B, Volania-0566497205
| Pravidelné poplatky | Obdobie | Počet | Cena bez DPH | Spolu bez DPH |
|---------------------|-----------------------|-------|--------------|---------------|
| Magio Internet XL | 01.12.2016 - 31.12.2016 | 1 | 45,82 € | 45,82 € |
| Magio Televízia L. Biznis linka 200 so zľavou | 01.12.2016 - 31.12.2016 | 1 | -8,34 € | -8,34 € |
| Balíčková zľava | 01.12.2016 - 31.12.2016 | 1 | 0,00 € | 0,00 € |
| TV Balíček Česky - Orion TV zľavaný | 01.12.2016 - 31.12.2016 | 1 | 0,00 € | 0,00 € |
| Extra číslo zľavané | 01.12.2016 - 31.12.2016 | 1 | 4,17 € | 4,17 € |
| Magio Box s HDD nájom | 01.12.2016 - 31.12.2016 | 1 | 2,46 € | 2,46 € |
| Prednostné spojenie používanie | 01.11.2016 - 30.11.2016 | 1 | 2,50 € | 2,50 € |
| Prednostné spojenie používanie | 01.11.2015 - 30.11.2016 | 1 | 2,50 € | 2,50 € |
| TV Balíček - Nemecky | 01.12.2016 - 31.12.2016 | 1 | 0,00 € | 0,00 € |
Pravidelné poplatky spolu: 49,11 €
Poplatky za prevádzku 056/6497205
| Medzimestské - Silná | Volné a bezplatné minuty | Spoplatnené minuty | Minúty spolu | Spolu bez DPH |
|----------------------|---------------------------|--------------------|--------------|---------------|
| 0:06:52 | 0:00:00 | 0:06:52 | 0,0000 € |
| Miestne volania - Silná | 0:39:32 | 0:00:00 | 0:39:32 | 0,0000 € |
| Volania na 0800 - Silná | 0:12:50 | 0:00:00 | 0:12:50 | 0,0000 € |
| Volania na 0850 - Silná | 0:00:00 | 0:12:57 | 0:12:57 | 0,8200 € |
| Volania na Q2 - Silná | 0:12:14 | 0:00:00 | 0:12:14 | 0,0000 € |
| Volania na Orange - Silná | 0:24:49 | 0:00:00 | 0:24:49 | 0,0000 € |
| Volania na ms T - Silná | 0:06:38 | 0:00:00 | 0:06:38 | 0,0000 € |
Poplatky za prevádzku ivnxezzv97
Poplatky za prevádzku spolu: 0,82 €
Poplatky za prevádzku 056/6884192
| Miestne volania - Silná | Volné a bezplatné minuty | Spoplatnené minuty | Minúty spolu | Spolu bez DPH |
|-------------------------|---------------------------|--------------------|--------------|---------------|
| Volania na Q2 - Silná | 0:38:51 | 0:00:00 | 0:38:51 | 0,0000 € |
| Volania na Orange - Silná | 1:37:07 | 0:00:00 | 1:37:07 | 0,0000 € |
Spolu: 49,93 €
DPH
Na všetky poplatky sa vzťahuje jednotná sadzba DPH 20 %
Základ dane: 49,93 €
DPH: 9,99 €
Celková suma na úhradu: 59,92 €
Ďakujeme.
Pre uhradenie faktúry kliknite na logo Vašej banky:
VUB e PLATBY
Vážený zákazník, túto faktúru môžete uhradiť v hctovosti vo vybraných predajniach COOP Jednota Slovensko. Stačí keď si ju vyťačíte a predložíte pri pokladni pristušenej predajne.
Od 1.10.2015 je zmenou obch. podmienok (poskytovateľa služby) zhotovávania faktúry povinný sa pri platbe na pobočkách Slovenskej pošty/Poštové banky použiť platný OP.
Zákaznícke číslo: 5100001068
Faktúra za opakovanú dodávku zemného plynu č.: 7273680428
Vaše pripadné otázky zodpovie:
Biznis linka SPP 0850 111 565
v pracovných dňoch od 7.00 do 20.00 hod.
V Bratislave dňa 01.12.2016
Vážený zákazník,
na základe harmonogramu budúcich platieb za opakované dodávky Vám zasielame faktúru za odber zemného plynu za obdobie 01.12.2016 - 31.12.2016.
Uvedenú čiastku prosíme uhradiť v lehote splatnosti na náš bankový účet SK90 0200 0000 0010 0101 8151/SUBASKBX s variabilným symbolom 7273680428.
| Dodaný tovar | Základ dane (EUR) | sadzba DPH | DPH (EUR) | Celkom (EUR) |
|--------------------|-------------------|------------|-----------|--------------|
| Zemný plyn | 190,00 | 20% | 38,00 | 228,00 |
V prípade nejasností súvisiacich s dodávkou zemného plynu, nás môžete kontaktovať v pracovných dňoch od 7.00 do 20.00 hod. na telefónnom čísle Biznis linky SPP 0850 111 565.
S pozdravom
[Signature]
[Handwritten note]
1.12.2016
SÚHlasíM S ÚHRANOU
[Handwritten note]
1.12.2016
207/2016
Adresa pre písomný styk: Slovenský plynárenský priemysel, a.s., Mlynské Nivy 44/a, 825 11 Bratislava
Tel.: 0850 111 565
Fax: 02/58 69 90 10
E-mail: email@example.com
Internet: www.spp.sk
IBAN: SK90 0200 0000 0010 0101 8151
BIC: SUBASKBX
Slovenský plynárenský priemysel, a.s., Mlynské nivy 44/a, 825 11 Bratislava
Tel.: 0850 111 565
Fax: 02/58 69 90 10
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Internet: www.spp.sk
IBAN: SK90 0200 0000 0010 0101 8151
BIC: SUBASKBX
Vážený zákazník,
na základe harmonogramu budúcich platieb za opakované dodávky Vám zasielame faktúru za odber zemného plynu za obdobie 01.12.2016 - 31.12.2016.
Uvedenú čiastku prosíme uhradiť v lehote splatnosti na naš bankový účet SK90 0200 0000 0010 0101 8151/SUBASKBX s variabilným symbolom 7273680454.
| Dodaný tovar | Základ dane (EUR) | sadzba DPH | DPH (EUR) | Celkom (EUR) |
|--------------|------------------|------------|-----------|--------------|
| Zemný plyn | 246,67 | 20% | 49,33 | 296,00 |
V prípade nejasnosti súvisiacich s dodávkou zemného plynu, nás môžete kontaktovať v pracovných dňoch od 7.00 do 20.00 hod. na telefónnom čísle Biznis linky SPP 0850 111 565.
S pozdravom
[Signature]
Adresa pre písomný styk: Slovenský plynárenský priemysel, a.s., Mlynské nivy 44/a, 825 11 Bratislava
Slovenský plynárenský priemysel, a.s., Mlynské nivy 44/a, 825 11 Bratislava
Tel.: 0850 111 565
Fax: 02/58 69 90 10
E-mail: email@example.com
internet: www.spp.sk
IBAN: SK90 0200 0000 0010 0101 8151
BIC: SUBASKBX
BIF402
Zákaznícke číslo: 5100001068
Faktúra za opakovanú dodávku zemného plynu č.: 7273680455
Vaše prípadné otázky zodpovie:
Biznis linka SPP 0850 111 565
v pracovných dňoch od 7.00 do 20.00 hod.
V Bratislave dňa 01.12.2016
Vážený zákazník,
na základe harmonogramu budúcich platieb za opakované dodávky Vám zasielame faktúru za odber zemného plynu za obdobie 01.12.2016 - 31.12.2016.
Uvedenú čiastku prosíme uhradiť v lehote splatnosti na náš bankový účet SK90 0200 0000 0010 0101 8151/SUBASKBX s variabilným symbolom 7273680455.
| Dodaný tovar | Základ dane (EUR) | sadzba DPH | DPH (EUR) | Celkom (EUR) |
|--------------|------------------|------------|-----------|--------------|
| Zemný plyn | 360,83 | 20% | 72,17 | 433,00 |
Na úhradu
V prípade nejasností súvisiacich s dodávkou zemného plynu, nás môžete kontaktovať v pracovných dňoch od 7.00 do 20.00 hod. na telefónnom čísle Biznis linky SPP 0850 111 565.
S pozdravom
Obecný úrad 07213 SENNÉ
Dňo/rok: 1.12.2016
Súhlasí s úhradou
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Tel.: 0850 111 565
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BIF402
**DODÁVATEĽ:**
FURA s.r.o.
SNP 77
Rozhanovce 044 42
IČO: 36211451
DIČ: 2021649575
IČ DPH: SK2021649575
Peň.ústav: OTP Banka BIC:OTPVSKBX
Čis. účtu: SK7052000000000014968709
Stredisko: 4
**ADRESÁT:**
Obec Senne
obecný urad
Sportova 230
072 13 Senne
**ODBERATEĽ:**
Obec Senne
obecný urad
Sportova 230
072 13 Senne
IČO: 00325767
DIČ: 2020742548
IČ DPH:
Č. HZ:
Objed:
cost centr.:
**Faktúra číslo:** 15836/16
**Var. symbol:** 1583616
**Konšt. symbol:** 0308
**K úhrade celkom:** 404.92 €
**Dátum dod. služby/tovaru:** 30.11.2016
**Dátum vystavenia:** 30.11.2016
**Dátum splatnosti do:** 16.12.2016
---
**Fakturujeme Vám za služby podľa rozpisu za obdobie NOVEMBER 2016**
**Kód odpadu:** 200301 Zmesový komunálny odpad
| Miesto | Nádoby typ | počet | Cena za obs | Poč. obs. | Cena bez DPH | Cena s DPH | Hmotnosť /t/: |
|-----------------|------------|-------|-------------|-----------|--------------|------------|---------------|
| Senne - kuka | 110 | 150.00| 1.06000 | 2.0000 | 318.00 | 381.60 | 3.84 |
**Rekapitulácia:**
| Spolu | : | 318.00 € |
|------------------|-----------|----------|
| DPH | 20 % | 63.60 € |
| Poplatok podľa 17/2004 Z.z. | 4.9800 €/t | 19.12 € |
| DPH | 0 % | 0.00 € |
| Vedenie evidencie odpadu | 3.5000 € | 3.50 € |
| DPH | 20 % | 0.70 € |
**Celkom k úhrade:** 404.92 €
---
**Ďakujeme za prejavenu dôveru.**
---
**Obecný úrad 072-13 SENNE**
**FURA s.r.o. (4)**
SNP 77
044 42 ROZHANOVCE
---
**Strana:** 1
**Centrum zákazníkov:** tel: 055/ 676 0132
fax: 055/ 676 0433
email:email@example.com
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Preddavková faktúra
**Dodávateľ:**
MOAD s.r.o.
Jesenná 6
040 01 Košice
SLOVENSKÁ REPUBLIKA
IČO: 48189308
DIČ: 2120083559
IČ DPH: neplatca DPH
Obchodný register OS Košice 1
odd. Sro, vložka 37460/V
Banka: Slovenská sporiteľňa, a.s.
SWIFT: GIBASKBX
Číslo účtu: 5072969147/0900
Tel.: 0902682836
Doklad vyhotovil: Jurčo Jaroslav
**Odberateľ:**
Obec Senné
Senné 230
072 13 Senné
IČO: 00325767
DIČ: 2020742548
Konečný príjemca:
Miesto určenia:
**Preddavková faktúra číslo:** 16018
Objednávka číslo: :
Dodací list číslo: :
**Poštová adresa:**
Obec Senné
Senné 230
072 13 Senné
| Dátum vyhotovenia: | 05.12.2016 |
|---------------------|-------------|
| Dátum splatnosti: | 12.12.2016 |
| Forma úhrady: | Prevodný príkaz |
| Spôsob dopravy: | |
| Číslo účtu: | 5072969147/0900 |
| IBAN: | SK81 0900 0000 0050 7296 9147 |
| Suma k úhrade: | 160,00 |
| Variabilný symbol | Konštantný symbol | Špecifický symbol |
|-------------------|-------------------|------------------|
| 16018 | 0308 | |
**Fakturujeme Vám za:**
| P.č. | Kód položky | Popis | Množstvo | MJ | Cena za jednotku | Spolu |
|------|--------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|----|-----------------|-------|
| 1 | | Vypracovanie dokumentu Smerenica pre verejně obstarávanie vrátane prílohy v počte 10 - záloha 50% | 1,00 | JV | 160,00 | 160,00|
**Celková suma:** EUR 160,00
**Podpis a pečiatka:**
MOAD s.r.o.
Jesenná 6, 040 01 Košice
IČO: 48 189 308
DIČ: 2120083559
Faktúra F2016100030
STAVENA, stavebno-obchodná spoločnosť, spol. s r.o.
Masarykova 57
07101 Michalovce
SK
IČO: 36574899 DIČ 2021316220 IČ DPH: SK2021316220
O.D.R.Okr.súdu Košice I, Oddiel : s r.o. Vložka č. 14434/ V
Tel.: 056/6888593 E-mail: email@example.com
Fax: 056/6888593 WWW
Účet: SK69 5200 0000 0000 1400 7457 VS: 2016100030
IBAN:
Banka: OTP Banka Slovensko SWIFT
Odberatel: IČO: 00325767 DIČ 2020742548 IČ DPH:
Tel.:
Fax:
E-mail:
Obec Senné
Športová 230
07213 Senné
Dátum dodania/pzp: 01.12.2016 Spôsob dopravy: osobne
Dátum vyhotovenia: 01.12.2016 Spôsob úhrady: platobný príkaz
Dátum splatnosti: 31.12.2016 Objednávka:
Zákazka:
Číslo dod. listu: Stredisko: 1
Fakturujeme Vám za vykonané stavebné práce v zmysle ZoD č. 01/11/2016 a podľa priloženého súpisu vykonaných prác.
| p.č. | Názov | Počet | Cena bez DPH | DPH | Orientačná cena s DPH Zľava |
|------|-------|-------|--------------|-----|-----------------------------|
| | | mj | za mj | spolu | [%] | za mj | spolu | [%] |
| 1. | | 1,000 | 7 417,76 | 7 417,76 | 20 | 8 901,31 | 8 901,31 |
| Bez DPH | DPH | S DPH |
|---------|-----|-------|
| 7 417,76 | 1 483,55 | 8 901,31 |
DPH 20%
DPH 0%
K úhrade 8 901,31 EUR
Slovom: OsemtisícDeväťstojeden 31/100 EUR
Súhlasím s faktúrou
Faktúru a práce prevzal (podpis a dátum):
Tovar prevzal (podpis a dátum):
Pečiatka a podpis
Faktúra
DODÁVATEĽ: Ing. Anna Mamajová AUDEP
audítor - Licencia ev.č. 779
Sninská 18
066 01 HUMENNÉ
IČO: 33 671 451
DIČ: 1031296508
IČ pre DPH: SK1031296508
Peňažný ústav: OTP Banka
Bankové spojenie: 1795896/5200
IBAN: SK9852000000000001795896
Vystavené dňa: 22.11.2016
Dátum splatnosti: 22.12.2016
Dátum dodania služby: 22.11.2016
Forma úhrady: PP
Konštantný symbol: 0 308
ODBERATEĽ: OBEC SENNÉ
072 13 SENNÉ
Vaše číslo : 00 325 767
IČO: 202742548
Označenie položky Množstvo MJ Suma bez DPH Cena spolu bez DPH
Fakturujem Vám za poskytnuté audítorske služby pri overení účtovnej závierky za rok 2015, spracovanie audítorskej správy a overenie Výročnej správy v celkovej výške 600,00 EUR
Suma bez DPH: 600,00 EUR
DPH 20%: 120,00 EUR
Suma spolu s DPH: 720,00 EUR
Faktúru vystavil: Ing. Mamajová
ING. ANNA MAMAJOVÁ
audítor
066 01 HUMENNÉ
Audítor je zapísaný v SKAU Bratislava Licencia ev.č.779
| Dajvateľ: | Faktúra číslo: 20160973 |
| --- | --- |
| LIM PO, s.r.o. Jesenná 1, 080 05 Prešov | Variabilný symbol: 20160973 |
| IČO: 364 98 980 DIČ: 2021 919 801 | Konštantný symbol: 0308 |
| IČDPH: SK 2021919801 | |
| Banka: Sberbank Slovensko - Prešov | |
| IBAN: SK1231000000004340053406 | |
| Účet: 4 340 053 406/3100 | |
| BIC: LUBASKBX | |
| Okr. súd PO, Oddiel s.r.o. VI.č. 15497/P | |
| Prijemca: | Odberatel: |
| --- | --- |
| DTTO | OBEC Senné |
| Konečný prijemca: | Športová 230 |
| DTTO | 072 13 SENNÉ |
| Doprava: | IČO: 325 767 |
| | DIČ: 2020742548 |
| | Dátum splatnosti: 7.12.2016 |
| | Dátum vystavenia: 30.12.2016 |
| | Dátum dodania: 30.12.2016 |
| | Úhrada: pp |
| Označenie dodávky | Množstvo | JC s DPH | Cena s DPH |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| stolové kalendáre | 25ks | 2,50 € | 62,50 € |
| poštovné | | | 4,80 € |
**SÚHRASÍ S UŽROU**
| Cena celkom s DPH | 67,30 € |
| --- | --- |
| Cena celkom bez DPH | 56,08 € |
| Celkom DPH 20% | 11,22 € |
**Celková fakturovaná suma**
Faktúra slúži zároveň ako dodací list.
67,30 € | <urn:uuid:49fe7b8d-ce04-43b5-957f-d139d29e5d20> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/slk_Latn/train | finepdfs | slk_Latn | 45,958 |
26-27 Ιουνίου 2023, Βρυξέλλες
Καλως ΗΡΘΑΤΕ!
#EUChildParticipation
1
Πίνακας περιεχομένων
Υπόμνημα
Τα παιδιά έχουν το δικαίωμα να εκφράζουν τις απόψεις τους και να λαμβάνονται σοβαρά υπόψη.
Ποια είναι η βασική ιδέα;
Άρθρο 12 της Σύμβασης των Ηνωμένων Εθνών για τα Δικαιώματα του Παιδιού και άρθρο 24 του Χάρτη των Θεμελιωδών Δικαιωμάτων της ΕΕ
Γνωρίζεις ότι όλα τα παιδιά, παντού, έχουν το δικαίωμα να εκφράζουν τις απόψεις, τις σκέψεις και τη γνώμη τους για θέματα που τα αφορούν και τα ενδιαφέρουν; Και όχι μόνο. Οι απόψεις και οι ιδέες τους πρέπει να λαμβάνονται σοβαρά υπόψη από τους ενήλικες κατά τη λήψη σημαντικών αποφάσεων. Αυτό αφορά κι εσένα!
Έχεις το δικαίωμα να εκφράζεις τις απόψεις σου, οι οποίες πρέπει να λαμβάνονται υπόψη από τους ενήλικες κατά τη λήψη σημαντικών αποφάσεων.
Η Γενική Συνέλευση σου δίνει την ευκαιρία αυτή. Πρόκειται για την πρώτη εκδήλωση του είδους της στο πλαίσιο της πλατφόρμας της ΕΕ για τη συμμετοχή των παιδιών, η οποία συγκεντρώνει ενήλικες και παιδιά από όλη την Ευρώπη. Στη Γενική Συνέλευση, τα παιδιά και οι ενήλικες θα συζητήσουν για σημαντικά θέματα, θα μάθουν περισσότερα για την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση (για συντομία: ΕΕ) και για τον τρόπο με τον οποίο τα παιδιά μπορούν να αποτελέσουν μέρος της και να συμβάλουν στη διαμόρφωση του μέλλοντος και της κατεύθυνσης της πλατφόρμας της ΕΕ για τη συμμετοχή των παιδιών.
Η Γενική Συνέλευση διοργανώνεται από την πλατφόρμα της ΕΕ για τη συμμετοχή των παιδιών, η οποία δίνει τη δυνατότητα στα παιδιά να είναι ενεργοί πολίτες και ενεργά μέλη δημοκρατικών κοινωνιών. Χαιρόμαστε που είσαι μαζί μας!
Η πλατφόρμα της ΕΕ για τη συμμετοχή των παιδιών δίνει στα παιδιά στην Ευρώπη τη δυνατότητα να παρέχουν συμβουλές και να συμμετέχουν σε διασκεδαστικές δραστηριότητες, όπως η Γενική Συνέλευση.
3
Λοιπόν... πού και πότε;
Η πρώτη Γενική Συνέλευση της πλατφόρμας της ΕΕ για τη συμμετοχή των παιδιών θα διεξαχθεί στις Βρυξέλλες, Βέλγιο, στο συνεδριακό κέντρο Albert Borschette τη Δευτέρα 26 και την Τρίτη 27 Ιουνίου 2023.
Τι θα κάνεις;
Στη Γενική Συνέλευση:
θα γνωρίσεις παιδιά απ' όλη την Ευρώπη και θα κάνεις νέους φίλους·
θα διερευνήσεις θέματα που σε ενδιαφέρουν και θα βελτιώσεις τις δεξιότητές σου όσον αφορά τη δημοκρατική συμμετοχή και την ανταλλαγή απόψεων με διασκεδαστικό τρόπο!
θα συζητήσεις με παιδιά και ενήλικες σχετικά με το πώς να λαμβάνεις σημαντικές αποφάσεις στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση για θέματα που σε ενδιαφέρουν·
Κατά τη διάρκεια της Γενικής Συνέλευσης, θα μπορείς να μοιραστείς τις απόψεις, τις ερωτήσεις και τις ιδέες σου. Θα σε ενημερώσουμε σχετικά με τον τρόπο με τον οποίο οι απόψεις σου ελήφθησαν υπόψη από ενήλικες που εργάζονται στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση και στην πλατφόρμα της ΕΕ για τη συμμετοχή των παιδιών. Στη Γενική Συνέλευση θα μάθεις επίσης νέα πράγματα για την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση και τι σημαίνει να συμμετέχεις ενεργά στη ζωή της ΕΕ.
Κατά την προετοιμασία της εκδήλωσης ζητήσαμε τη βοήθεια της ομάδας παιδιών. Η ομάδα παιδιών αποτελείται από παιδιά που υποστηρίζουν με τις συμβουλές τους το έργο της πλατφόρμας· θα έχεις την ευκαιρία να τα συναντήσεις εδώ στη Γενική Συνέλευση. Μας βοήθησαν να σχεδιάσουμε τη Γενική Συνέλευση. Μας βοήθησαν επίσης να επιλέξουμε τα κύρια θέματα που θα συζητήσουμε.
Γνωρίζουμε ότι έκανες μεγάλο ταξίδι για να παρευρεθείς και σε ευχαριστούμε που είσαι μαζί μας! Χαιρόμαστε πολύ που είσαι εδώ!
Η ασφάλειά σου είναι το παν
Η ευημερία και η ασφάλειά σου είναι πολύ σημαντικές για εμάς. Όλοι οι ενήλικες που συμμετέχουν σ' αυτή την εκδήλωση γνωρίζουν πώς να εξασφαλίσουν την ασφάλεια, την άνεση και τη διασκέδασή σου. Επομένως, αν έχεις ερωτήσεις μπορείς ανά πάσα στιγμή να απευθυνθείς:
στον/στην ενήλικο/-η συνοδό σου —είναι εδώ για σένα·
στους ενήλικες με πορτοκαλί μπλουζάκια —βοηθούν στη διοργάνωση της εκδήλωσης·
στους ενήλικες με κόκκινα μπλουζάκια —είναι εδώ για να διασφαλίζουν ότι όλοι είναι ασφαλείς, ανά πάσα στιγμή.
Μερικές ακόμα πληροφορίες για να εξασφαλίσεις τη δική σου ασφάλεια, αλλά και των φίλων σου (9-10).
4
Ποιοι θα συμμετάσχουν;
Οι κύριοι συμμετέχοντες στην εκδήλωση είναι παιδιά! Υπάρχουν όμως και πολλοί ενήλικες που εργάζονται στο παρασκήνιο μαζί με παιδιά για την διεξαγωγή αυτής της εκδήλωσης.
Την εκδήλωση διοργανώνει η Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή, εκπροσωπούμενη από την ομάδα της Γενικής Διεύθυνσης Δικαιοσύνης και Καταναλωτών. Τα μέλη της φορούν πορτοκαλί μπλουζάκια.
Η ομάδα της πλατφόρμας της ΕΕ για τη συμμετοχή των παιδιών συμβάλλει στη διοργάνωση της εκδήλωσης. Τα μέλη της φορούν επίσης πορτοκαλί μπλουζάκια.
Οι ειδικοί σε θέματα ασφάλειας είναι εκεί για να σε βοηθήσουν και να βεβαιωθούν ότι αισθάνεσαι άνετα και ασφαλής, και ότι διασκεδάζεις! Φορούν κόκκινα μπλουζάκια. Μπορείς να τους μιλήσεις απευθείας, να τηλεφωνήσεις ή να στείλεις γραπτό μήνυμα στον αριθμό: +33611194582.
Οι ενήλικες που συνοδεύουν παιδιά φορούν λευκά μπλουζάκια.
Οι ενήλικες που εργάζονται στην ΕΕ και σε άλλες οργανώσεις για τα δικαιώματα του παιδιού έρχονται από ολόκληρη την Ευρώπη για να ακούσουν και να μάθουν από τα παιδιά. Φορούν μπλε μπλουζάκια.
Η ομάδα παιδιών, η οποία αποτελείται από παιδιά από 12 ευρωπαϊκές χώρες, υποστηρίζει με τις συμβουλές της την ομάδα της πλατφόρμας και συνέβαλε στη δημιουργία της Γενικής Συνέλευσης. Τα μέλη της φορούν πράσινα μπλουζάκια. Όπως κι εσύ!
Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή,
εκπροσωπούμενη από την
ομάδα της Γενικής Διεύθυνσης
Δικαιοσύνης και Καταναλωτών
Οι ειδικοί σε
θέματα ασφάλειας
Οι ενήλικες που
συνοδεύουν παιδιά
Οι ενήλικες που εργάζονται στην
ΕΕ και σε άλλες οργανώσεις για τα
δικαιώματα του παιδιού
Oμάδα παιδιών
Oμάδα της πλατφόρμας της ΕΕ για
τη συμμετοχή των παιδιών
Τι θα κάνουμε;
Η Γενική Συνέλευση θα οργανωθεί σύμφωνα με τις τρεις βασικές προτεραιότητες που αποφασίστηκαν από την ομάδα παιδιών:
Γνωριμία και συνεργασία με άλλα παιδιά
Θα μπορείς να γνωρίσεις παιδιά από ολόκληρη την Ευρώπη και να κάνεις φίλους μέσα από ομαδικά παιχνίδια και δραστηριότητες γνωριμίας.
Καινούργιες δεξιότητες και γνώσεις
Θα έχεις την ευκαιρία να μάθεις περισσότερα για τα δικαιώματα των παιδιών και τη δημοκρατική συμμετοχή στην ΕΕ.
Αλλαγή
Θα έχεις την ευκαιρία να μοιραστείς τις σκέψεις και τις ιδέες σου σχετικά με την πλατφόρμα της ΕΕ για τη συμμετοχή των παιδιών, ιδίως σχετικά με το πρόγραμμα δραστηριοτήτων της, και να συμβάλεις στην μελλοντική της πορεία.
SURVEY
Ανυπομονούμε να σε συναντήσουμε!
Ενδιαφέρεσαι να μάθεις περισσότερα;
Μπορείς να διαβάσεις περισσότερα σχετικά με την πλατφόρμα της ΕΕ για τη συμμετοχή των παιδιών εδώ.
Μπορείς να διαβάσεις περισσότερα για τα δικαιώματα των παιδιών εδώ.
Παιδιά
ενήλικες συνοδοί
εκπρόσωποι κρατών μελών
Άλλοι ενήλικες συμμετέχοντες
θεματικοί εμπειρογνώμονες
ΔΙΆΡΚΕΙΑ
ΣΥΝΕΔΡΊΑ
* Για τις συνεδρίες για τις οποίες αναγράφεται μόνο ο όροφος, θα βρείτε σαφείς πινακίδες που θα υποδεικνύουν τις αίθουσες. ** ο πρωινό και το δείπνο θα λαμβάνουν χώρα κυρίως στο ξενοδοχείο ή σε άλλες τοποθεσίες. Θα σας ενημερώσουμε σχετικά όταν φτάσετε. We will let you know about that when you arrive.
ΑΊΘΟΥΣΑ
ΣΥΜΜΕΤΈΧΟ11.30 - 13.00
Θεματικά εργαστήρια:
1. Τα δικαιώματα των παιδιών - Αυτό το θέμα αφορά τα δικαιώματα των παιδιών γενικά και ποιο είναι το σχέδιο της ΕΕ για τα δικαιώματα των παιδιών. Θα μιλήσουμε για την ευημερία και την ψυχική υγεία των παιδιών, την πρόσβαση σε υπηρεσίες φροντίδας, όπως υπηρεσίες μετά το σχολείο, παιχνίδι, αναψυχή και υγιεινή διατροφή. Θα ακούσετε για τη δημιουργία περιβάλλοντος που επιτρέπει σε όλα τα παιδιά να μαθαίνουν, να αναπτύσσονται, να επιτυγχάνουν και να απολαμβάνουν τα δικαιώματά τους.
2. Παιδιά για μια πιο δίκαιη και πράσινη Ευρώπη - Θα γνωρίσετε διαφορετικούς τρόπους ένταξης των παιδιών στις διαδικασίες λήψης αποφάσεων για να κάνουμε την Ευρώπη πιο πράσινη. Αυτό το εργαστήριο αφορά τον τρόπο με τον οποίο μπορούμε να κάνουμε τη ζωή μας πιο πράσινη με την υιοθέτηση πιο υγιεινών και βιώσιμων συμπεριφορών.
3. Προστασία από τη βία - Αυτό το θέμα αφορά το δικαίωμα της ασφάλειας. Θα μάθετε τι κάνει η ΕΕ για την καταπολέμηση της βίας κατά των παιδιών στο διαδίκτυο και εκτός διαδικτύου, ποιοι είναι οι κανόνες για την προστασία των παιδιών που φτάνουν μόνα τους και με τους γονείς τους στην ΕΕ, πώς η φωνή των παιδιών είναι σημαντική για την πρόληψη της βίας και την υποστήριξη των παιδιών που έχουν πέσει θύματα βίας.
4. Παιδική φτώχεια - Αυτό το θέμα περιλαμβάνει την παιδική φτώχεια και ένα έγγραφο της ΕΕ που ονομάζεται «Εγγύηση για τα Παιδιά» ως μέσο για να σπάσει ο κύκλος της φτώχειας. Θα μάθετε πώς να βοηθάτε τα παιδιά που βρίσκονται σε δύσκολες καταστάσεις και να φροντίζετε για την προστασία των δικαιωμάτων τους και για την ένταξή τους στις κοινωνίες.
5. Από κοινού δημιουργία διαβουλεύσεων - Σε αυτήν την ομάδα, θα μάθετε πώς να δημιουργείτε δραστηριότητες για παιδιά που βοηθούν εσάς και άλλα παιδιά να μοιραστείτε ιδέες για θέματα που είναι σημαντικά για εσάς και για αυτά. Μπορείτε να μας βοηθήσετε να σκεφτούμε και να βρούμε τρόπους να ακούμε τις ιδέες των παιδιών.
ΣΥΝΕΔΡΊΑ ΛΉΞΗΣ
Θα συγκεντρωθούμε όλοι μαζί για να ακούσουμε τις ιδέες που αποφασίσατε να παρουσιάσετε από την προηγούμενη συνεδρία, με τη συμβολή του Πάνελ για τη Συμμετοχή των Παιδιών και των ενηλίκων που εργάζονται στην ΕΕ:
16.00 - 17.00
Didier Reynders
(Ευρωπαίος Επίτροπος Δικαιοσύνης),
δικαιώματα των παιδιών),
Ewa Kopacz
(Αντιπρόεδρος και Συντονίστρια του Ευρωπαϊκού Κοινοβουλίου για τα
Minna Ljunggren, Υφυπουργός Κοινωνικών Υπηρεσιών, Υπουργείο Υγείας και Κοινωνικών Υποθέσεων, Σουηδία
Ana Gallego
(Γενική Διευθύντρια Δικαιοσύνης στην Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή).
Αίθουσα 0D,
ισόγειο
ος
3
όροφος
Κώδικας δεοντολογίας
Για να διασφαλίσουμε ότι όλες και όλοι απολαμβάνουν τη Γενική Συνέλευση και αισθάνονται ασφαλείς, όλα τα παιδιά και οι ενήλικες πρέπει να τηρούν τους ακόλουθους κανόνες:
Να συμπεριφέρεσαι στους άλλους όπως θα ήθελες να σου συμπεριφέρονται.
Να βεβαιωθείς ότι μιλάς με σεβασμό και ευγένεια..
Να ακούς και να αφήνεις περιθώριο για την ισότιμη συμμετοχή όλων.
Όλες και όλοι θα πρέπει να αισθάνονται ευπρόσδεκτοι και να εισπράττουν σεβασμό, ανεξάρτητα από τις απόψεις, τις ιδέες και το υπόβαθρό τους.
Να μιλάς αργά και καθαρά ώστε να καταλαβαίνουν όλοι.
Μην ξεχνάς ότι στη Γενική Συνέλευση συμμετέχουν άτομα από διαφορετικές χώρες και μιλούν διαφορετικές γλώσσες. Δεν πειράζει αν χρειαστεί να επαναλάβεις σημαντικές πληροφορίες.
Να φορέσεις κατάλληλα και άνετα ρούχα.
Να βεβαιωθείς ότι ο/η κηδεμόνας σου γνωρίζει πάντα πού βρίσκεσαι.
Είναι υπεύθυνος/-η για εσένα και για την ασφάλειά σου.
Να προστατεύσεις το περιβάλλον και διατηρείς τον χώρο γύρω σου καθαρό.
Μην αφήνεις σκουπίδια· να σέβεσαι τον χώρο διεξαγωγής της εκδήλωσης, το ξενοδοχείο και άλλους χώρους που ενδέχεται να επισκεφτείς.
Να προσέχεις τι αναρτάς στα μέσα κοινωνικής δικτύωσης.
Ό,τι αναρτάται στο διαδίκτυο, μένει εκεί για πάντα. Απαγορεύεται να φωτογραφίσεις ή να ηχογραφήσεις άλλα άτομα χωρίς την άδειά τους.
Το αλκοόλ και άλλες παράνομες ουσίες απαγορεύονται.
Μη διστάζεις να κάνεις ερωτήσεις.
Να είσαι ο εαυτός σου! Να διασκεδάσεις! Να κάνεις φίλους!
Τι μπορώ να κάνω για να διασφαλίσω την τήρηση αυτών των κανόνων;
Εάν παρατηρήσεις ότι κάποιος χρειάζεται τη βοήθειά μας, ενημέρωσε έναν ενήλικα με πορτοκαλί ή κόκκινο μπλουζάκι.
Πώς μπορώ να ξέρω αν ακολουθώ τους κανόνες αυτούς;
Εάν έχεις αμφιβολίες για το ποια είναι η σωστή ενέργεια ή συμπεριφορά, ρώτα πρώτα τον εαυτό σου αν η συμπεριφορά σου (ή κάποιου άλλου) επιδεικνύει σεβασμό προς τους άλλους. Αν εξακολουθείς να μην είσαι σίγουρος/-η, μπορείς να μιλήσεις με τον/ την κηδεμόνα σου ή έναν ενήλικα με πορτοκαλί ή κόκκινο μπλουζάκι. Οι ενήλικες με κόκκινα μπλουζάκια είναι ειδικοί σε θέματα ασφάλειας και είναι εκεί για να σε βοηθήσουν και να βεβαιωθούν ότι αισθάνεσαι άνετα και ασφαλής και ότι διασκεδάζεις! Μπορείς να τους μιλήσεις απευθείας, να τηλεφωνήσεις ή να στείλεις γραπτό μήνυμα στον αριθμό:
(WhatsApp) +33 611 19 45 82
Μια ασφαλής γενική συνέλευση για όλες και όλους!
Προκειμένου η Γενική Συνέλευση να είναι μια ευχάριστη εμπειρία που θα σε κάνει να αισθανθείς ασφάλεια, άνεση και ικανοποίηση, διάβασε τις ακόλουθες πληροφορίες.
Η Γενική Συνέλευση διοργανώνεται από την πλατφόρμα της ΕΕ για τη συμμετοχή των παιδιών, η οποία δίνει τη δυνατότητα στα παιδιά να είναι ενεργοί πολίτες και ενεργά μέλη δημοκρατικών κοινωνιών. Χαιρόμαστε που είσαι μαζί μας!
Όλες και όλοι στη Γενική Συνέλευση αντιλαμβανόμαστε ότι όλα τα παιδιά έχουν δικαίωμα λόγου και θα το εφαρμόσουμε στην πράξη.
Η ομάδα παιδιών που αποτελείται από παιδιά τα οποία, με τις συμβουλές τους, υποστηρίζουν το έργο της πλατφόρμας, μας βοήθησε να σχεδιάσουμε τις δραστηριότητες της Γενικής Συνέλευσης και θα μας βοηθήσει στη διεξαγωγή διαφόρων συνεδριών, συζητήσεων και εργαστηρίων στα οποία θα συμμετάσχουν όλες και όλοι. Με τον τρόπο αυτό διασφαλίζεται ότι τα παιδιά τίθενται επικεφαλής της εκδήλωσης, και όχι οι ενήλικες. Είμαστε εδώ για να σε βοηθήσουμε, να σε στηρίξουμε και να ακούσουμε τη γνώμη σου!
Να θυμάσαι, έχεις το δικαίωμα να εκφράσεις την άποψή σου. Αυτό σημαίνει ότι κατά τη διάρκεια της Γενικής Συνέλευσης μπορείς να μοιραστείς ελεύθερα τις σκέψεις, τις ιδέες και τις ερωτήσεις σου. Να θυμάσαι, δεν υπάρχουν κακές ιδέες ούτε λάθος ερωτήσεις!
Να θυμάσαι, πάντα υπάρχει επιλογή. Αυτό σημαίνει ότι κατά τη διάρκεια της Γενικής Συνέλευσης μπορείς να επιλέξεις:
σε ποιες συνεδρίες θέλεις να συμμετάσχεις
πότε να μιλήσεις και πότε όχι
σε ποιον να απευθυνθείς
τι να πεις
Να θυμάσαι, η γνώμη σου μετράει. Αυτό σημαίνει ότι θα λάβουμε σοβαρά υπόψη τα όσα πεις στη Γενική Συνέλευση. Οι απόψεις σου θα βοηθήσουν την ομάδα της πλατφόρμας να αναπτύξει και να βελτιώσει την πλατφόρμα της ΕΕ για τη συμμετοχή των παιδιών. Θα τις αξιοποιήσουμε για να καταρτίσουμε ένα σχέδιο δραστηριοτήτων που θα οργανώσει η πλατφόρμα για τα παιδιά σαν κι εσένα σε ολόκληρη την Ευρώπη. Μετά τη Γενική Συνέλευση, θα θέλαμε να μας πεις τι σου άρεσε, τι θα άλλαζες και ποιες βελτιώσεις θα πρότεινες για την επόμενη φορά.
Όλοι οι ενήλικες που παρίστανται στη Γενική Συνέλευση και βοηθούν στη διοργάνωση της εκδήλωσης φορούν κίτρινο ή κόκκινο μπλουζάκι. Οι ενήλικες με κόκκινα μπλουζάκια είναι ειδικοί σε θέματα ασφάλειας και είναι εκεί για να σε βοηθήσουν και να βεβαιωθούν ότι αισθάνεσαι άνετα και ασφαλής και ότι διασκεδάζεις!
Η ασφάλειά σου είναι πολύ σημαντική για εμάς. Αν έχεις ερωτήσεις ή ανησυχίες, μπορείς να μιλήσεις με τον/την κηδεμόνα σου ή έναν ενήλικα με κίτρινο ή κόκκινο μπλουζάκι. Μπορείς επίσης να τηλεφωνήσεις ή να στείλεις γραπτό μήνυμα στον ειδικό ασφάλειας της Γενικής Συνέλευσης στον αριθμό: +33 611 19 45 82
Όλοι οι ενήλικες θα διασφαλίσουν ότι η συμμετοχή σου και η συμμετοχή όλων των παριστάμενων παιδιών είναι:
Χωρίς αποκλεισμούς — θα φροντίσουμε ώστε εσύ και όλα τα παιδιά να αισθάνεστε ότι συμμετέχετε σε όλες τις συζητήσεις.
Ουσιαστική — θα ακούσουμε τις απόψεις σου και όλων των παιδιών και θα τις λάβουμε σοβαρά υπόψη.
Ασφαλής — θα διασφαλίσουμε ότι εσύ και όλα τα παιδιά έχετε έναν ασφαλή χώρο, σε κάθε συνεδρία, στον οποίο μπορείτε να μιλάτε ελεύθερα. | <urn:uuid:925af923-75d6-4a9f-b03a-c963fd4c7be5> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ell_Grek/train | finepdfs | ell_Grek | 14,906 |
BEAUSSANT LEFÈVRE
Commissaires-Priseurs
PARIS - DROUOT - VENDREDI 9 OCTOBRE 2020
DESSINS et TABLEAUX
CÉRAMIQUE
OBJETS d’ART et de BEL AMEUBLEMENT
TAPISSERIES et TAPIS
VENTE AUX ENCHÈRES PUBLIQUES
Le vendredi 9 octobre 2020
à 14 h
Par le ministère de :
M°s Eric BEAUSSANT et Pierre-Yves LEFÈVRE
Commissaires-Priseurs
assistés de Michel IMBAULT,
BEAUSSANT LEFÈVRE
Société de ventes volontaires
Siren n° 443 080 338 - Agrément n° 2002-108
32, rue Drouot – 75009 PARIS
Tél. : 01 47 70 40 00 - Fax : 01 47 70 62 40
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firstname.lastname@example.org
PARIS - DROUOT RICHELIEU - Salle n° 1
9, rue Drouot, 75009 Paris - Tél. : 01 48 00 20 00 - Fax : 01 48 00 20 33
EXPOSITIONS PUBLIQUES À L'HÔTEL DROUOT :
Mercredi 7 octobre 2020 de 11 h à 19 h
Jeudi 8 octobre 2020 de 11 h à 20 h
Téléphone pendant l'exposition et la vente : 01 48 00 20 01
En couverture, reproduction d'un détail du n°43
Afin de garantir votre sécurité, l’accès du public à l’Hôtel Drouot est régulé, en respect des normes sanitaires prescrites par les pouvoirs publics, selon des mesures de distanciation définies pour l’ensemble de l’établissement et pour chaque salle.
Le port d’un masque est obligatoire pour toute personne se déplaçant au sein de l’Hôtel Drouot.
**EXPERTS**
**DESSINS et TABLEAUX**
Gérard AUGUIER Srls
Via Durini, 27 – 20122 MILANO
Tél. : 00 39 335 14 04 157
email@example.com
*a décrit les lots n° 2 à 42*
**CÉRAMIQUE**
Michel VANDERMEERSCH
8, rue de Courty,
75007 PARIS
Tél. : 01 42 61 23 10
firstname.lastname@example.org
*a décrit les lots n°s 44 à 54*
**MEUBLES et OBJETS d’ART**
Jacques BACOT
et Hughes de LENCQUESAING
*Membres du SFEP*
15, quai de Bourbon,
75004 PARIS
Tél. : 01 46 33 54 10
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*ont décrit les lots n° 55 à 187*
1. **ENSEMBLE DE QUATRE ÉPREUVES** en noir.
Les morceaux de réception des graveurs à l’Académie royale de peinture et sculpture.
Portraits de E. Bourchardon, L. Galloche, F. Boucher et J. Sarrasin. 150 / 200 €
2. **Adriaen Van OSTADE (1610-1685)**
*Scène de cabaret, fumeur et joueurs*
Pierre noire, plume, lavis, mis au carreau.
Diamètre : 26,2 cm 3 000 / 5 000 €
Sur le montage :
- Cachet de la collection W.A. Freund (1833-1917) en bas à gauche (L. 954).
- Cachet de la collection non dans Lugt en bas à gauche.
*Provenance* : Vente Freund, Amsterdam, 19-21 février 1906.
*Œuvre en rapport* : le tableau de même sujet, vente, Vienne, 2 octobre 2002.
3. ÉCOLE FRANÇAISE du XVIIe siècle
Portrait d'enfant
Pierre noire, estompe.
(Usures).
41 x 33 cm
2 000 / 2 500 €
Provenance : collection Madame veuve Halain,
vente, Paris, 25 avril 1912.
4. Attribué à Henri GASCARD
(1634/35-1701)
Jeune femme assise devant une balustrade
couronnée de fleurs par des angelots
Gouache sur vélin.
18,4 x 22,2 cm ovale
Cadre ancien redoré.
800 / 1 000 €
5. ÉCOLE VÉNITIENNE du
XVIIIe siècle
Rebecca au puits
La rencontre de David et
Abigail
Deux huiles sur toile, formant
pendant.
46,3 x 32 cm
1 200 / 1 500 €
6. ÉCOLE ITALIENNE
de la fin du XVIIIe siècle
*Le pont Rotto à Rome*
Pierre noire, aquarelle.
52 x 75,5 cm 1 400 / 1 800 €
Ancienne attribution à A.L.R. Ducros,
montage ancien annoté « Vue du pont palatin et de l’isle du Tibre. »
7. ÉCOLE ITALIENNE
de la fin du XVIIIe siècle
*Caprice architectural, animé de personnages*
Gouache.
50 x 75 cm
Cadre baguette à décor Bérain du XVIIIe siècle. 1 400 / 1 800 €
8. Peter TILLEMANS (1684-1734)
*Caprice architectural antique animée de personnages*
Gouache signée en bas à droite.
33,2 x 24,6 cm 800 / 1 200 €
9. D’après REMBRANDT
*Portrait d’homme*
Reproduction
Cadre octogonal en bois noirci à guillochis.
49,5 x 40,5 cm 100 / 200 €
10. ÉCOLE FRANÇAISE du XVIIIe siècle
*Paysage animé d’oiseaux*
Gouache.
41,5 x 26 cm
On y joint une aquarelle
*Paysage animé*
26,6 x 37,2 cm
200 / 400 €
11. ÉCOLE FRANÇAISE du XVIIe siècle
*Le repos pendant la Fuite en Égypte*
Gouache.
19,7 x 26,7 cm
300 / 400 €
12. ÉCOLE FRANÇAISE du début du XIXe siècle
*Étude de pavots*
Pierre noire, craie blanche sur papier bleu.
53,4 x 33,7 cm
200 / 300 €
13. ÉCOLE HOLLANDAISE du XIXe siècle
*La halte chez le maréchal-ferrand*
Huile sur panneau. (Accidents).
20 x 27 cm
14. Antoine-Paul VINCENT (actif de 1790-1810)
*Portrait présumé de Georges Cuvier, de profil*
Huile sur papier, marouflé sur carton.
Diamètre : 9 cm
400 / 500 €
15. ÉCOLE FRANÇAISE du début du XIXe siècle
*Jeune fille et vieille femme avec l’Amour s’enfuyant*
Mine de plomb.
Diamètre : 38,8 cm
800 / 1 200 €
16. Jaroslav CZERMAK (1831-1878)
*Paysan hongrois tenant un bœuf par les naseaux*
Gouache signée située et datée « Paris 1856 » en bas à gauche.
(Usures).
32,3 x 25,8 cm
300 / 500 €
17. ÉCOLE ITALIENNE du XIXe siècle
*Vue du lac de Nemi*
Gouache annotée à droite « Nemi 1869 ».
18 x 30,5 cm ovale
200 / 300 €
18. ÉCOLE FRANÇAISE du début du XIXe siècle
*Paysage au pigeonnier*
Huile sur panneau.
21,2 x 31,7 cm
20. ÉCOLE FRANÇAISE du XIXe siècle
*Portrait de femme au bonnet*
Miniature.
Diamètre : 5,6 cm
40 / 60 €
21. ÉCOLE FRANÇAISE fin du XVIIIe siècle
*Portrait de jeune femme*
Miniature sur ivoire, porte une signature et une date : « Urgaty 94 ».
Diamètre : 4,8 cm
On y joint deux petites gravures en couleurs. 50 / 80 €
22. ÉCOLE FRANÇAISE du XVIIIe siècle
*Portrait de militaire portant l’ordre de Saint Louis*
Miniature.
3,4 x 2,8 cm ovale
80 / 100 €
23. COLOMBE
*Portrait de femme au bonnet*
Miniature signée, datée 1807 à droite.
8,9 x 7,2 cm ovale
120 / 150 €
24. ÉCOLE FRANÇAISE de la fin du XVIIIe siècle
*Portrait de jeune homme*
Miniature sur ivoire.
(Fente).
4,2 x 3,5 cm ovale
80 / 120 €
26. ÉCOLE FRANÇAISE du XIXe siècle
*Portrait d’officier*
Miniature sur ivoire.
7 x 5,6 cm ovale
150 / 200 €
27. ÉCOLE FRANÇAISE du XIXe siècle
*Portrait d’officier*
Miniature.
7 x 5,6 cm ovale
80 / 120 €
28. ÉCOLE HOLLANDAISE du XVIIe siècle
*Deux buveurs*
Huile sur panneau.
22,6 x 18,5 cm
29. Willen Van MIERIS (1662-1747)
*Portrait d’un armateur*
Huile sur panneau signée et datée 1690 à droite.
21,8 x 17 cm
30. ÉCOLE ITALIENNE du XVIIe siècle
*Vestale, « Allégorie de l’Hiver »*
Huile sur toile.
70,5 x 96 cm
31. Willem EVERSDYCK (mort en 1671)
*Portrait de Cornelis Frans Eversdyck*
Huile sur panneau signée en bas vers la droite.
34 x 25 cm
32. ÉCOLE FRANÇAISE
du XVIIe siècle
Paysage animé
Huile sur toile, rentoilée.
(Usures, restaurations).
64,5 x 80,5 cm 2 500 / 3 500 €
33. Attribué à Nicolas BERCHEM (1620-1683)
La fermière et son troupeau
Huile sur panneau monogrammée en bas à droite.
25 x 33,3 cm 1 800 / 2 500 €
34. BLATEL ***
Paysage animé
Huile sur toile signée, datée 1823 vers la gauche.
32,2 x 40 cm 500 / 800 €
35. Entourage de Giovanni Paolo CASTELLI,
vers 1700
Nature morte de melon, poires, figues et raisins
Huile sur toile.
(Accidents, restaurations).
58 x 43,2 cm 800 / 1 000 €
36. ÉCOLE FRANÇAISE du XVIIIe siècle
Portraits de Monsieur et Madame de Laubagny de Metz
Deux huiles sur toile, rentoilées.
92 x 72 cm
3 000 / 4 000 €
37. ÉCOLE FRANÇAISE du XIXe siècle
Portrait d’enfant au tablier gris
Huile sur toile.
86 x 67 cm
600 / 800 €
38. ÉCOLE FRANÇAISE du XIXe siècle
Portrait de femme au diadème
Huile sur toile.
(Usures).
23,5 x 18 cm
On y joint le diadème représenté sur le tableau.
39. ÉCOLE PROVENÇALE du XVIIIe siècle
Fête villageoise
Huile sur toile.
(Accidents).
230 x 370 cm
40. Atelier de Jean-Baptiste PIERRE (1714-1789)
Vénus
Huile sur toile.
(Petit accident).
62 x 97 cm
41. ÉCOLE ITALIENNE du début du XIXe siècle
Jeune italienne assise devant un paysage
Huile sur panneau.
33,5 x 26,7 cm
42. ÉCOLE ITALIENNE du XIXe siècle
La Vierge du Magnificat d’après Botticelli
Huile sur toile.
Diamètre : 52,5 cm
43. Baron Karl REILLE (1886-1974)
*Longchamp, 27 juin 1920, au départ du Grand Prix de Paris*
Gouache signée, titrée, située et datée en bas à gauche.
38 x 50 cm
Comrade, au premier plan n°14, remporta le Grand Prix de Paris en 1920, puis l’édition inaugurale du Prix de l’Arc de Triomphe le 3 octobre suivant, il y a donc cent ans.
Il appartenait au comte Evremond de Saint Alary, était entraîné à Newmarket (Clarehaven stables) par Peter Purcell Gilpin et monté par F. Bullock.
44. HOLLANDE
Petit vase globulaire muni d’anses décoré en camaïeu bleu d’un personnage féminin portant une coiffe dans un paysage.
XVIIIe siècle
Hauteur : 10,8 cm
45. ALLEMAGNE, HOESCHST
Petite terrine ovale couverte de forme godronnée munie d’anses, décor polychrome de fleurs de botanique, insectes et de filets et guirlandes or sur les bords. La prise du couvercle est formée d’un bouton de fleur.
XVIIIe siècle
Hauteur : 17 cm
46. MOUSTIERS
Assiette à bord contourné décorée en camaïeu vert de grotesques, animaux fantastiques, oiseau et insectes au centre et de rochers fleuris sur l’aile, filets sur le bord.
XVIIIe siècle.
Diamètre : 25 cm
47. ITALIE, attribué à FAENZA, fabrique de Ferniani
Plat ovale à bord godronné, décor polychrome de petit feu de bouquets de fleurs décentrés, insectes et papillon. Filet pourpre sur le bord.
XVIIIe siècle
Longueur : 34 cm - Hauteur : 27 cm
48. SÈVRES
Tasse trembleuse couverte munie d’une anse et sa soucoupe à décor polychrome de barbeaux et de filets et dents de loup or sur les bords. La prise du couvercle est formée d’un fruit à fond or. Décorée par Pierre Massy.
Année 1782
Hauteur : 12,5 cm
49. ROUEN
Plat ovale à bord contourné, décor polychrome dit « à la double corne » orné de fleurs, oiseau et insectes.
XVIIIe siècle.
Longueur : 38,5 cm - Hauteur : 27,5 cm
200 / 300 €
50. ROUEN
Porte-huile à décor polychrome de fleurs, bandes à fonds de croisillons et filets. Les anses sont en forme de tête de mascarons. (Égrenures).
XVIIIe siècle.
Hauteur : 8 cm
80 / 100 €
51. MOUSTIERS, fabrique de Ferrat
Pichet à décor polychrome d’un chasseur dans un paysage dans un médaillon central cerné d’un filet jaune fleuri et fleurs et insectes sur le corps, peignés et filets pourpres sur les bords.
XVIIIe siècle.
(Éclat au pied et choc à l’anse).
Hauteur : 24 cm
200 / 300 €
52. FAENZA, fabrique de Ferniani
Verseuse couverte à décor polychrome dans le goût chinois de tertres et branchages fleuris et de bandes à fond de croisillons sur les bords. (Égrenures).
Hauteur : 29,5 cm
On y joint deux assiettes de la même fabrique à décor semblable.
Diamètre : 23,5 cm
300 / 400 €
53. ROUEN
Très grand plat décoré en camaïeu bleu d’une double armoiries centrales et de draperies, guirlandes et lambrequins fleuris sur l’aile et la chute.
XVIIIe siècle
(Coup de feu d’origine et choc au centre).
Diamètre : 54,5 cm
400 / 600 €
54. BORDEAUX (attribué à)
Grande fontaine couverte décorée en camaïeu vert d’un Chinois dans un paysage, branchages fleuris et insectes et de larges filets sur les bords. Le déversoir est formé d’une tête de mascaron en relief.
(Éclats et égrenures).
XVIIIe siècle
Hauteur : 61 cm
55. **Triptyque ouvrant à deux volets mouvementés** orné d’un saint Demeter, d’un saint Georges, d’une Annonciation, d’une Transfiguration et de quatre évangelistes.
Crète, XVIIe siècle.
(Accidents).
Hauteur : 30 cm – Largeur dépliée : 50 cm
2 500 / 3 000 €
56. **Élément de retable** légèrement cintré en bois polychrome sculpté en haut relief d’une Résurrection.
Début du XVIIe siècle.
Hauteur : 72 cm – Largeur : 79 cm
1 200 / 1 800 €
57. **Christ janséniste** en ivoire, le périzonium retenu par une cordelette, avec titulus et crane d’Adam, dans un encadrement à fronton en bois doré sculpté de feuilles de chêne.
Début du XVIIIe siècle.
(Petits accidents).
Hauteur totale : 55 cm
Largeur totale : 37 cm
200 / 300 €
58. **Grand pique-cierge** en bronze à patine médaille, fût en balustre, base triangulaire à griffes de lion et agrafes feuillagées.
Italie, style du XVIIe siècle.
Hauteur : 155 cm
59. **TOILE** peinte à pans coupés ornée des armoiries pontificales de Grégoire XVI. C’est ce pape qui a érigé un évêché à Alger en 1838. (Accidents).
Hauteur : 170 cm - Largeur : 149 cm
300 / 500 €
60. **GRANDE GOURDE** à six passants en grès vernissé orné d’armoiries en pastillage. Vers 1600. (Fêlure et enfoncement de cuisson).
Hauteur : 37 cm
100 / 150 €
61. **PLAT** d’offrande en laiton repoussé d’une scène avec Adam et Eve. Flandres, XVIIe siècle. (Très usé).
Diamètre : 34 cm
30 / 50 €
62. **BANC-COFFRE** en chêne mouluré à dossier à panneaux cannelés. XVIe siècle. (Restaurations)
Hauteur : 98 cm - Largeur : 132 cm
Profondeur : 50 cm
500 / 600 €
63. **FAUTEUIL** rustique en bois naturel à dossier ajouré à quatre rangs de colonnettes. Tablette latérale mobile, base à ceinture de colonnettes. XVIIIe siècle.
Carreau double face en tapisserie fine d’Aubusson.
Hauteur : 93 cm - Largeur : 57 cm
Profondeur : 42 cm
200 / 250 €
64. **CATHÈDRE** en chêne et noyer à décor de panneaux sculptés d’animaux fantastiques. Dossier à fronton. Assise à charnières. En partie du XVIe siècle. (Réparations et petits manques).
Carreau double face en tapisserie fine d’Aubusson.
Hauteur : 162 cm - Largeur : 55 cm
Profondeur : 45 cm
400 / 500 €
65. **TABOURET** rectangulaire en palissandre à piétement à entretoise périphérique torsadée. Garni d’une tapisserie verdure (accidentée). Travail portuaire du XVIIe siècle. (Petits accidents)
Hauteur : 54 cm - Largeur : 51 cm
Profondeur : 45 cm
66. **COFFRE** en noyer mouluré à façade sculptée d’un cheval au galop dans un paysage en bas-relief. Poignées latérales mobiles. Piétement à un tiroir et montants torsadés sur une base-socle moulurée.
Fin du XVIIe siècle.
Hauteur : 110 cm - Largeur : 76 cm
Profondeur : 43 cm
67. Meuble à deux corps en placage de ronce de noyer. Partie supérieure à doucine articulée découvrant deux tiroirs et trois casiers surmontant un abattant formant liseuse. Intérieur à nombreux petits tiroirs autour de deux vantaux. Partie basse ouvrant à quatre tiroirs sur trois rangs. Poignées et entrées de serrure en laiton.
Hollande, XVIIIe siècle.
(Accidents et manques au placage).
Hauteur : 155 cm - Largeur : 115 cm
Profondeur : 51 cm
68. **FAUTEUIL** à dossier plat en noyer mouluré et sculpté de fleurettes. Pieds cambrés.
Travail régional d’époque Louis XV.
Garni d’une ancienne tapisserie au point à décor de fruits.
(Usures, accidents et renforts).
Hauteur : 88 cm - Largeur : 66 cm
Profondeur : 56 cm
69. **TABOURET** rectangulaire en noyer à piétement tourné à entretoise en H. Garni d’une tapisserie fine à décor de fleurs.
Époque Louis XIV.
Hauteur : 37 cm - Largeur : 43 cm
Profondeur : 35 cm
70. **TABOURET** rectangulaire en noyer. Pieds tournés à entretoise en X. Garni d’une tapisserie au point orné d’un paysage (usagée).
XIXe siècle.
(Un pied et une entretoise accidentés).
Hauteur : 42 cm - Largeur : 53 cm
Profondeur : 43 cm
71. **PETITE TABLE DE SALON** en noyer, ouvrant à trois tiroirs. Pieds cambrés.
Travail régional du XVIIIe siècle.
(Piqûres et accidents).
Hauteur : 69 cm
Largeur : 42 cm
Profondeur : 31,5 cm
72. **TABLE DE COMMUNAUTÉ** en noyer à épais plateau en noyer. Pieds en crosse à griffes de lion réunis par une entretoise en H.
Ancien travail italien.
(Réparations au plateau)
Hauteur : 85 cm - Longueur : 223 cm
Largeur : 98 cm
5 000 / 7 000 €
73. **Coffret à perruque** à couvercle en doucine en bois laqué vert à décor dans des réserves rocailles de personnages et paysages.
Époque Louis XV.
(Accidents).
200 / 300 €
74. **Petite pendule** en bronze doré ornée d’un Amour debout sur un nuage, les mains prises dans un piège posé sur une fontaine. Base à trophées et couple de pigeons. Cadran d’émail signé Drouot, rue du Roule à Paris. Suspension à fil.
Époque Restauration.
Hauteur : 25 cm - Largeur : 22,5 cm
Profondeur : 7,5 cm
500 / 600 €
75. **Tête d’ange** en bois sculpté et doré.
XVIIIe siècle.
Hauteur : 22 cm
200 / 300 €
76. **Cartel violoné** et sa console d’applique à décor en marqueterie Boulle de laiton sur écaille brune. Riche ornementation de bronzes rocaille : Astrée, une figure de Janus et d’animaux fantastiques sur la porte, console à espagnolettes et coquilles, feuilles d’acanthe et coq aux ailes déployées.
Mouvement signé Antoine Pelletier à Paris.
Époque Louis XV.
Hauteur : 120 cm - Largeur : 42 cm
Profondeur : 22 cm
2 000 / 3 000 €
77. **Console d’applique** en bois mouluré, sculpté et redoré à décor de feuilles d’acanthe et coquilles. Traverses, deux montants sinueux et entretoise ajourée à décor de feuillages. Dessus de marbre rouge veiné.
Époque Louis XV.
Hauteur : 83 cm - Largeur : 103 cm
Profondeur : 49 cm
1 500 / 2 000 €
78. PAIRE DE BOUGEIOIRS en forme de lampe antique à deux becs en bronze patiné et bronze doré, le binet réversible. Base piédouche en éventail sur un socle ovale.
Début du XIXe siècle.
Hauteur : 20,50 cm - Largeur : 24 cm
1 200 / 1 800 €
79. Attribuée à Jean-Pancrace CHASTEL (1726-1793)
Neptune sur une conque portée par des dauphins
Statuette en terre cuite polychrome.
(Petites restaurations, tête recollée).
Dans une vitrine à base en bois doré à décor à la Bérain.
Hauteur : 23 cm
1 500 / 2 000 €
80. COMMODE à façade et côtés galbés en placage de bois de rose dans des encadrements mouvementés en bois de violette. Elle ouvre à quatre tiroirs sur trois rangs. Ornementation de bronzes dorés rocaille postérieurs.
Époque Louis XV. (Remise en état).
Dessus de marbre rouge veiné.
Hauteur : 84,5 cm - Largeur : 130 cm
Profondeur : 65 cm
1 500 / 2 000 €
81. **Trophée de musique** en bois doré, mat et brillant sculpté d’instruments à corde et à vent, branches d’olivier et rubans.
Style du XVIIIe siècle.
Hauteur : 50,5 cm - Largeur : 57 cm
82. **Cadran solaire** de poche octogonal en laiton à trois cercles horaires. Rose des vents de la boussole gravée d’une fleur de lys. Dos gravé des latitudes de dix-huit villes. Gnomon réglable orné d’un oiseau. Signé LeFebvre A Paris. Dans un étui.
Début du XVIIIe siècle.
Largeur : 6,8 cm
Travail caractéristique de Jean II Lefèvre, actif de 1706 à 1740.
83. **Serrure de porte** en fer à trois pattes de fixation en forme de disque. Bouton de verrou de nuit tourné, sous le côté intérieur du palâtre. Ouvrant droit. Palâtre uni décoré d’un disque mouluré.
Seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle.
Hauteur : 11 cm - Largeur : 19,45 cm
84. **Serrure de porte** en fer à palâtre échancré à cinq pattes de fixation en forme de disques. Ouvrant droit. Clé à trèfle à panneton à glissière en losange.
Seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle.
(Avec une clé).
Hauteur : 10,5 cm - Largeur : 20 cm
85. **Serrure de porte** à palâtre échancré uni et sa gâche en fer. Ouvrant droit. Sept pattes de fixation en forme de disques. Ouverture extérieure à clé et passe-partout. Bouton de verrou de nuit sous le côté inférieur du palâtre.
Seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle.
(Avec deux clés)
Hauteur : 14,5 cm - Largeur : 31,5 cm
86. Petite commode ouvrant à trois tiroirs à façade et côtés galbés en placage de bois de rose dans des encadrements mouvementés en bois de violette. Ornementation de bronzes dorés rocaille (rapportés).
Estampillée L. Boudin et poinçon de jurande.
Époque Louis XV.
Hauteur : 85 cm - Largeur : 62 cm
Profondeur : 39 cm
87. **Coiffeuse** en placage de bois de rose dans des encadrements de bois de violette. Plateau en trois parties, une tablette et quatre tiroirs en façade. Pieds galbés.
Estampillée J. Haulthaussen et poinçon de jurande.
Époque Louis XV.
(Accident au placage).
Elle contient trois boîtes cylindriques en porcelaine à décor de barbeaux et deux flacons en verre taillé à bouchon d’argent.
Hauteur : 75,5 cm - Largeur : 91 cm
Profondeur : 51 cm
Jean Holthaussen, reçu maître en 1764.
88. **Commode** à façade et côtés galbés en placage de bois de rose dans des encadrements mouvementés de bois de violette. Elle ouvre à cinq tiroirs sur quatre rangs. Ornementation de bronzes dorés rocaille (rapportés). Dessus de marbre brun veiné.
Estampillée J. LAPIE et COULON et poinçon de jurande. Époque Louis XV.
Jean Lapie, reçu maître en 1734.
Jean-François Coulon, reçu maître en 1732.
1 500 / 2 000 €
89. **Bureau scribe** à façade galbée en placage de noyer ronceux dans des encadrements de larges filets clairs. Abattant découvrant trois petits tiroirs, et trois tiroirs en façade.
Hollande, début du XIXe siècle.
1 500 / 2 000 €
90. **Commode** rectangulaire en placage de bois de rose dans des encadrements de triples filets et damiers et bois de violette. Elle ouvre à trois tiroirs, celui du haut orné de cannelures simulées. Montants colonne et pieds fuselés. Dessus de marbre gris Sainte Anne.
Travail de l’Est de la fin du XVIIIe siècle.
Hauteur : 86 cm - Largeur : 112 cm
Profondeur : 56 cm
800 / 1 200 €
91. **Semainier** en placage de bois de rose dans des encadrements de larges filets à grecques et d’amarante. Montants à pans à cannelures simulées. Ornementation de bronzes dorés. Dessus de marbre gris veiné.
Estampillé D. DELOOSE et poinçon de jurande. Époque Louis XVI.
Hauteur : 149 cm - Largeur : 98 cm
Profondeur : 42 cm
1 500 / 2 000 €
Daniel de Loose ou Deloose, reçu maître en 1767.
92. **Lustre** en bronze doré à huit bras de lumière sinuieux feuillagés. Fût en balustre à cannelures, godrons et quatre cariatides féminines et têtes de bouquetins. Bobèches en cristal.
Style Louis XIV.
Hauteur : 92 cm - Diamètre : 77 cm
1 000 / 1 500 €
93. **Bureau plat** en acajou moucheté ouvrant à trois tiroirs dont deux en caissons. Plateau mouvementé garni d’un maroquin doré aux petits fers à cornière de bronze mouluré. Pieds en gaine à angles cannelés. Riche ornementation de bronzes dorés : frises, feuillages, cornes d’abondance et Bacchus, poignées en feuilles de laurier, encadrement des tiroirs à feuilles d’eau et chutes de piastres.
Style Louis XVI.
Hauteur : 76 cm - Largeur : 130 cm
Profondeur : 70 cm
3 800 / 4 000 €
94. Secrétaire à doucine à côtés légèrement galbés en placage de bois de rose, amarante et sycomore et décor marqueté en bois de bout de branches fleuries. Il ouvre à un large tiroir à ouverture à secret, un abattant découvrant des casiers et six petits tiroirs, et à deux vantaux. Pieds antérieurs cambrés. Ornementation de bronzes ciselés et dorés. Dessus de marbre brèche d’Alep.
Estampillé RVLC et poinçon de jurande.
Époque Transition Louis XV / Louis XVI.
(Remis en état et petits manques au placage).
Hauteur : 145 cm - Largeur : 92 cm
Profondeur : 37 cm
6 000 / 8 000 €
Roger Vandercruse dit Lacroix (1728-1799), reçu maître en 1755, est lié à la plupart des grands ébénistes du Faubourg Saint Antoine. La grande qualité de son œuvre lui acquiert une grande notoriété et rapidement, grâce aux marchands merciers Gilles Joubert et Poirier, il travaille pour la Cour : le duc d’Orléans, Madame Victoire, la comtesse de Provence et la comtesse du Barry.
Un décor identique sur un secrétaire droit estampillé RVLC reproduit in : Salverte, *Les ébénistes du XVIIIe siècle*, De Nobele, 1967, pl. XL.
Un secrétaire identique : Vente, collection Viel, galerie Georges Petit, mai 1932, n°92.
95. **Petite commode** étroite à façade galbée en placage d’acajou, ouvrant à trois tiroirs dont deux sans traverse. Montants cannelés à rudentures en asperges de bronze. Dessus de marbre blanc.
Estampillée Vassou.
Époque Louis XVI.
(Petits accidents et restaurations d’usage).
Hauteur : 85 cm - Largeur : 57 cm
Profondeur : 44 cm
1 000 / 1 500 €
Jean-Baptiste Vassou, reçu maître en 1767.
Tutelle : frais 14,40 % TTC.
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96. **Commode** à façade galbée en placage de bois de rose dans des encadrements de bois de violette, ouvrant à quatre tiroirs sur trois rangs. Dessus de marbre rouge de Belgique. Ornmentation de bronzes dorés (rapportés). Estampillée J.B. Fromageau et poinçon de jurande.
Hauteur : 84 cm – Largeur : 98 cm
Profondeur : 52 cm
1 000 / 1 500 €
Jean-Baptiste Fromageau, reçu Maitre en 1765.
98. PAIRE DE VASES Médicis en bronze doré ciselé à décor de godrons, cannelures, feuilles d’acanthe et lauriers. Bases ornée de feuilles d’eau. Époque Restauration. Hauteur : 37 cm
500 / 700 €
99. PENDULE en bronze doré ornée d’une figure de Diane au bain d’après l’Antique. Mouvement dans la base. Cadran argenté. Suspension à fil. Style Empire, milieu du XIXe siècle. Hauteur : 60 cm - Largeur : 31 cm Profondeur : 15,5 cm
600 / 1 000 €
100. CAVE à liqueur en placage de palissandre à décor marqueté de rinceaux feuillagés en bois clair contenant six flacons et douze verres (et un autre) en cristal taillé. Époque Restauration. Hauteur : 25 cm - Largeur : 30 cm Profondeur : 24 cm
300 / 500 €
101. MIROIR à fronton ajouré en bois sculpté et doré à moulures de perles et billons, draperies, volutes feuillagées, couple de colombes et couronnes de laurier. Ancien travail de style Louis XVI. Hauteur : 113 cm - Largeur : 62 cm
400 / 600 €
102. Vassily Yacovlevitch GRATCHEV (1831-1905)
Le baiser du Cosaque
Statuette en bronze patiné, signée en caractères cyrilliques « Vassily Gratchev » et marquée « Fabl. C. Woerfrel ». Hauteur : 24 cm
2 500 / 3 000 €
105. **Commode** à façade et côtés galbés en placage de palissandre, dans des encadrements d’amarante, ouvrant à cinq tiroirs sur trois rangs. Pieds cambrés. Poignées et entrées de serrures rocaille en bronze doré. Dessus de marbre brèche gris. Début de l’époque Louis XV. (Nombreux accidents et manques au placage). Hauteur : 91,5 cm - Largeur : 97 cm Profondeur : 59,5 cm
106. **Table à écrire** en bois de placage dans des encadrements ouvrant à un tiroir. Pieds cambrés. Époque Louis XV. (Accidents, manques et replacage). Hauteur : 70 cm - Largeur : 79,5 cm Profondeur : 58,5 cm
107. **Secrétaire** en noyer mouluré ouvrant à un abattant garni de cuir découvrant des casiers avec sept tiroirs, et à deux vantaux. Montants en colonnes cannelées rudentées. Pieds fuselés cannelés. Dessus de marbre gris Sainte Anne. Fin du XVIIIe siècle. Hauteur : 142 cm - Largeur : 97 cm Profondeur : 40,5 cm
108. **Chaise** en hêtre relaqué gris mouluré à dossier plat à chapeau. Assise en fer à cheval. Pieds fuselés cannelés, les antérieurs rudentés. Époque Louis XVI. (Accidents et réparations). Hauteur : 84 cm - Largeur : 43 cm Profondeur : 43 cm
109. **Petite bergère** cabriolet cannée à dossier médaillon en hêtre mouluré laqué gris. Pieds fuseles cannelés rudentés. Estampillée P. Pluvinet. Époque Louis XVI. (Bouts de pieds refaits, accidents et manques). Hauteur : 89 cm - Largeur : 59 cm Profondeur : 50 cm
Philippe-Joseph Pluvinet, reçu Maître en 1754.
110. **Petite armoire** simulant un secrétaire en placage de bois de rose dans des encadrements d’amarante ouvrant à deux vantaux. Montants à pans à cannelures simulées. Dessus de marbre rouge veiné des Flandres. Époque Louis XVI. Hauteur : 143 cm - Largeur : 80 cm Profondeur : 36 cm
112. **Deux paires de fauteuils** cannés à dossier plat en hêtre mouluré. Pieds galbés. Époque Louis XV. (Nombreux éléments refaits). Hauteur : 92 cm - Largeur : 84 cm Profondeur : 67 cm
300 / 400 €
113. **Petite commode** demi-lune en placage de bois de rose dans des encadrements d’amarante, ouvrant à deux tiroirs encadrés de deux portes. Ornementation de bronzes dorés (rapportés). Dessus de marbre rouge de Belgique. Fin de l’époque Louis XVI. Hauteur : 85 cm - Largeur : 80,5 cm Profondeur : 42 cm
800 / 1 000 €
114. **Commode** à façade à léger ressaut ouvrant à cinq tiroirs sur trois rangs, celui du haut marqueté de cannelures simulées. Montants à pans. Pieds en gaine. Style Louis XVI. (Petits accidents). Hauteur : 85 cm - Largeur : 129 cm Profondeur : 59 cm
800 / 1 200 €
115. **Suite de quatre fauteuils** à dossier renversé en hêtre mouluré. Supports d’accotoirs en balustre. Pieds antérieurs fuselés.
Époque Directoire.
Hauteur : 88 cm - Largeur : 57 cm
Profondeur : 50 cm
600 / 800 €
116. **Commode** à façade mouvementée en noyer mouluré relaqué blanc, ouvrant à trois tiroirs. Montants arrondis. Ceinture découpée sculptée d’une coquille. Travail régional d’époque Louis XV.
(Restaurations possibles sous la peinture).
Hauteur : 86 cm - Largeur : 140 cm
Profondeur : 85 cm
800 / 1 200 €
117. **Commode** en placage de bois de rose ouvrant à deux tiroirs sans traverse. Montants à ressaut. Dessus de marbre brèche.
Époque Transition Louis XV / Louis XVI.
Hauteur : 87 cm - Largeur : 103 cm
Profondeur : 54 cm
800 / 1 000 €
118. **Commode** à façade légèrement galbée en chêne mouluré, ouvrant à quatre tiroirs sur trois rangs. Montants arrondis feuillagés. Plateau de bois. Pieds à enroulements.
Travail régional du XVIIIe siècle.
Hauteur : 85 cm - Largeur : 118 cm
Profondeur : 60 cm
119. **Commode** pantalonnière ouvrant à deux tiroirs en merisier teinté acajou. Montants en colonne. Pieds fuselés à cannelures rudentées. Poignées et entrées de serrure en bronze doré.
Dessus de marbre gris Sainte Anne.
Époque Louis XVI.
Hauteur : 88 cm - Largeur : 135 cm
Profondeur : 52 cm
600 / 800 €
120. **Paire de fauteuils** à dossier plat en hêtre mouluré et sculpté de feuillages, pieds cambrés.
Époque Louis XV.
(Réparation).
Garniture d'une ancienne tapissérie à décor floral.
1 000 / 1 500 €
121. **Commode** à façade en arbalète en noyer mouluré, ouvrant à quatre tiroirs sur trois rangs. Montants arrondis. Pieds à enroulements. Plateau en bois mouluré.
Travail régional du XVIIIe siècle.
(Accidents et manques)
Hauteur : 99 cm - Largeur : 124 cm
Profondeur : 65 cm
800 / 1 200 €
122. **Buffet** deux corps en acajou mouluré, la partie supérieure à corniche cintrée ouvrant à deux portes et deux vantaux, traverses chantournées.
Sud-Ouest, milieu du XVIIIe siècle.
Hauteur : 280 cm - Largeur : 148 cm
Profondeur : 60 cm
123. **Deux miniatures**, portraits de femmes au bonnet de dentelles.
XIXe siècle.
(Accidents).
11,5 x 8 cm
50 / 60 €
124. David D’ANGERS (1788-1856)
« Hélène David âgée de six mois »
Tirage en plâtre, signé et daté 1836.
Diamètre : 26 cm
200 / 300 €
125. Cyprien François VENOT (1808-1886)
Médaillon en bronze orné d’une tête de femme en relief. Signé Cyp. Venot 1843.
Fonte de Eck et Durand.
Diamètre : 19,5 cm
80 / 100 €
126. Deux médaillons ronds en biscuit ornés des allégories du jour et de la nuit en relief.
Diamètre : 14,5 cm
150 / 200 €
127. Plaque à papiers ornée d’un oiseau mort en bronze patiné. Datée avril 1871, signée André (?).
Hauteur : 4,5 cm - Largeur : 16 cm
Profondeur : 8,5 cm
100 / 150 €
128. Médaillon ovale en bronze patiné orné d’une Amphitrite en relief.
XIXe siècle.
Hauteur : 23 cm - Largeur : 17 cm
80 / 120 €
129. Flambeau en bronze doré, fût cannelé, base ronde à frise de feuilles d’acanthe et perles.
Époque Louis XVI.
Hauteur : 30 cm
200 / 300 €
130. Charles RUCHOT (1871-1932)
Médaillon rond en biscuit orné d’un profil d’enfant. Signé.
Diamètre : 20 cm
30 / 50 €
131. Médaillon ovale en bronze patiné orné du profil présumé de Béatrice d’Este en relief.
XIXe siècle.
Hauteur : 11 cm - Largeur : 9 cm
50 / 80 €
132. **SERVICE À THÉ, CAFÉ et CHOCOLAT** (cinq pièces) en argent de forme balustre à piédouche. Corps et couvercles à décor de feuilles de laurier. Anses feuillagées, base à godrons.
Travail de la Maison PIAULT LINZELER.
(Accident à la base du sucrier).
Et une PINCE À SUCRE, d’époque Restauration.
Poids : 2,730 kg
600 / 800 €
133. **PAIRE DE FLAMBEAUX** en forme de perroquets perchés sur un rocher en faïence polychrome. Monture en bronze doré feuillagé polychrome.
Style Louis XV.
Hauteur : 44 cm
300 / 400 €
134. **PAIRE DE VASES SOLIFLORES** en cristal de forme tulipe sur une monture en bronze et acier ornée d’un perroquet en bronze polychrome.
Fin du XIXe siècle.
Hauteur : 34 cm
200 / 300 €
135. **STATUETTE** de perroquet perché en biscuit.
Hauteur : 30 cm
30 / 50 €
136. **STATUETTE** de héron en bronze doré.
Socle en marbre blanc.
(Choc).
Hauteur totale : 29 cm
100 / 150 €
137. **STATUETTE** de lapin couché en bronze.
Longueur : 9,5 cm
50 / 80 €
138. **PLAQUE** à papier en bronze patiné en forme de bécasse tuée.
Longueur : 19 cm - Largeur : 11 cm
100 / 200 €
139. **STATUETTE** de serviteur maure et **STATUETTE** de serviteur négrillon porte-cartes en bois polychrome. Yeux en sulfure.
Vers 1900.
(Accidents et réparations).
Hauteur : 45 et 48 cm
140. **Trois obélisques** en marbre bleu, vert et quartz violine.
Socles en bronze doré.
Hauteur : 20 cm, 17 cm et 16 cm
60 / 80 €
141. **Statuette caricature** en buis sculpté d’un homme à tête de singe avec son chien, titrée « La récidiviste », Camille. Yeux en verre.
Vers 1900.
Hauteur : 30 cm
200 / 300 €
142. **Écran de feu** en placage de bois de rose et de bois de violette à une tablette rabattante. Piètement ajouré en lyre stylisée à entretoise.
Fin de l’époque Louis XVI.
(Remis en état).
Hauteur : 110 cm - Largeur : 60 cm
400 / 600 €
143. **Colonne** en marbre brèche gris. Couronnement rond mouluré. Base carrée.
XIXe siècle.
Hauteur : 108 cm - Largeur : 31 cm
400 / 600 €
144. **Paravent** à quatre feuilles en bois à décor de treillage en camaïeu vert sur fond doré.
Style du milieu du XVIIIe siècle.
Hauteur : 180 cm - Largeur : 50 cm (par feuille)
400 / 600 €
145. **Paire de tabourets** carrés en velours rouge capitonné et tapisserie au point ornée de fleurs. Pieds en bois sculpté à griffes de lion.
Hauteur : 38 cm - Largeur : 43 cm
146. **Pendulette** en forme d’angelot porte-faix portant un tonneau contenant le mouvement en bronze doré et bronze patiné. Socle rectangulaire à palmettes. Début du XIXe siècle. (Aiguilles manquantes).
Hauteur : 15 cm
Largeur : 12 cm
700 / 900 €
147. **Petit pendule** en marqueterie Boulle de laiton sur écaille surmontée d’une statuette de Mars en bronze. Cadran et ornements en bronze doré. Début du XVIIe siècle. (Accidents, manques et mouvement rapporté).
Hauteur : 32 cm
200 / 300 €
148. **Collection de sept montres de poche**, certaines en argent, et de porte-montres en bois tourné, métal argenté, marbre et bronze. XIXe siècle et XXe siècle. Seront divisées.
149. ÉVENTAIL à seize brins de nacre ajourés lithographié d’une scène de cour dans un parc d’un côté et d’une scène de tir à l’arquebuse de l’autre côté. Dans une boîte cadre.
Époque Napoléon III.
Hauteur : 27 cm
150. ÉCRAN à main de forme mouvementée à décor laqué polychrome et doré d’une scène chinoise. Manche en bois tourné.
Probablement Angleterre, XVIIIe siècle.
Hauteur : 39 cm
151. RÉGULATEUR DE POCHE en métal dans un coffret, marqué Leonie.
On y joint un porte montre en noyer et une montre de poche de la Maison le Roy à Paris.
152. ÉTUI pour Louis d’or gainé de cuir.
XIXe siècle.
153. JUMELLES de théâtre plaquée de nacre, monture laiton et porte lunettes en écaille.
XIXe siècle.
154. BOÎTE en ivoire ornée d’une miniature : « Marine » et un œuf en bois laqué crème aux initiales XB.
155. TROIS SACS DE SOIRÉE en perles de couleurs à décors de scènes de personnages, florales et cabochons.
156. STATUETTE de héron en bronze doré. Socle en marbre blanc.
(Choc).
Hauteur totale : 29 cm
157. TROIS PETITES TASSES en vermeil guilloché monogrammé, dans un écrin rouge.
Fin du XIXe siècle.
Poids : 58 g
158. PETIT ÉVENTAIL en ivoire reperçé orné de fleurs polychromes. Dans un étui marqué « Irlande, magasin de nouveautés, Palais Royal N° 28 à Paris ».
Début du XIXe siècle.
159. **Lustre** à quatre bouquets de trois branches de lumières en métal doré habillé de verre. Il est orné de plaquettes de cristal taillé.
Hauteur : 78 cm - Diamètre : 68 cm
160. **Lampe bouillotte** en bronze doré à trois lumières et plateau cuvette. Abat-jour en tôle.
Style Empire.
(Accident).
Hauteur : 66 cm
161. **Bureau plat** toutes faces en placage d’acajou flammé ouvrant à quatre tiroirs dont trois en caissons et deux tirettes latérales. Dessus de cuir doré aux petits fers. Pieds tournés fuselés à godrons.
Époque Louis-Philippe.
(Accidents au placage)
Hauteur : 75,5 cm - Largeur : 128 cm
Profondeur : 68 cm
162. **Bergère** à dossier plat en hêtre mouluré. Pieds fuselés cannelés, ceux de devant rudentés.
Époque Louis XVI.
(Bouts de pieds refaits).
Hauteur : 90 cm - Largeur : 58 cm
Profondeur : 52 cm
163. **Petite coiffeuse** à plateau ouvrant en marqueterie de trophées de musique ouvrant à un tiroir en façade. Pieds cambrés.
Dans le goût du XVIIIe siècle.
Hauteur : 75 cm - Largeur : 34 cm
Profondeur : 37 cm
164. **Petit bureau plat** en acajou et moulures de laiton, ouvrant à cinq tiroirs dont quatre en caissons et une large tirette arrière. Pieds fuselés cannelés à asperges. Plateau gainé de cuir.
Époque Louis XVI.
(Fentes).
Hauteur : 76 cm - Largeur : 96 cm
Profondeur : 55 cm
165. **Lustre** en verre soufflé translucide de Venise à huit bras de lumière et décor de crosses côtelées et plaquettes de cristal taillé.
Fin de l’époque Art Déco.
(Petits accidents à l’attache de la boule de l’amortissement).
Hauteur : 118 cm - Diamètre : 95 cm
1 000 / 1 200 €
166. Dix **chaises** à galette en acajou et placage d’acajou à dossier ajouré à croisillons. Six chaises à pieds antérieurs en console, quatre à pieds en sabre.
Style Restauration, XIXe siècle.
Hauteur : 87 et 84 cm - Largeur : 45 et 44 cm
Profondeur : 38 cm
400 / 500 €
167. Fauteuil cabriolet en bois relaqué blanc.
Style Louis XV.
Garni de tapisserie fine ornée de fleurs.
Hauteur : 88 cm - Largeur : 62 cm
Profondeur : 58 cm
et
Fauteuil cabriolet en hêtre sculpté de fleurs. Épaulements feuillagés. Accotoirs à manchettes. Pieds cambrés nervurés feuillagés.
Époque Louis XV.
Garni de tapisserie fine (usagée).
Hauteur : 86 cm - Largeur : 65 cm
Profondeur : 59 cm
Ensemble 300 / 500 €
168. Paire de **fauteuils** cabriolet et un fauteuil légèrement différent en merisier à dossier ajouré à barrettes. Accotoirs à crosses. Galette garnie de crin marron.
Époque Restauration.
Hauteur : 81 cm - Largeur : 53 cm
Profondeur : 44 cm
300 / 400 €
169. Fauteuil gondole en merisier. Accotoirs à godrons. Pieds en sabre.
Fin de l’époque Empire.
Hauteur : 86 cm - Largeur : 56,5 cm
Profondeur : 46 cm
150 / 200 €
170. Écran de cheminée rectangulaire en acajou. Feuille en papier peint à décor de draperies et passementeries.
Fin du XVIIIe / début du XIXe siècle.
(Accidents à la feuille)
Hauteur : 107 cm - Largeur : 71,5 cm
171. **Suite de six chaises** en acajou à dossier bandeau. Pieds cambrés.
XIXe siècle.
(Réparations)
Hauteur : 88 cm - Largeur : 50 cm
Profondeur : 48 cm
172. **Suite de six chaises** en acajou à dossier trapézoïdal ajouré de barrettes. Pieds en sabre.
XIXe siècle.
(Accidents).
Hauteur : 87 cm - Largeur : 49 cm
Profondeur : 43 cm
173. **Table de salle à manger** de forme ovale en acajou de Cuba à abattants et allonges. Six pieds en double balustre à roulettes.
Milieu du XIXe siècle.
Hauteur : 70,5 cm - Longueur : 122 cm
(Trois allonges en bois blanc)
Largeur : 127,5 cm
174. **Bibliothèque** en placage d'acajou ouvrant à deux portes vitrées aux deux-tiers et un tiroir en plinthe.
Époque Restauration.
(Manque les deux pieds arrière).
Hauteur : 223 cm - Largeur : 142 cm
Profondeur : 38 cm
175. **Deux sellettes d’atelier de sculpteur** à plateau réglable, l’une marquée **Barzaghi**. (Francesco Barzaghi 1839-1892).
300 / 500 €
176. **Grande maquette** de barque à lattes clouées.
XIXe siècle.
Longueur : 123 cm - Profondeur : 42 cm
300 / 500 €
177. **Table-bureau** en placage de noyer. Piétement à deux montants à godrons sur des patins à volutes. Ornementation de bronzes dorés : mascarons féminins, feuillages, palmettes et graines.
Style néo-Empire, deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle.
(Accidents au placage).
Hauteur : 75 cm - Largeur : 130 cm
Profondeur : 70 cm
300 / 400 €
178. **Paire de canapés** à trois dossiers évasés, recouverts de tissu jaune.
Hauteur : 69 cm - Largeur : 170 cm
Profondeur : 94 cm
179. **Tapisserie** verdure bleue ornée d’un paysage boisé avec deux oiseaux dans une perspective de château. Flandres, début du XVIIIe siècle. (Accidents et réparations). Hauteur : 205 cm - Largeur : 330 cm 1 000 / 1 200 €
180. **Tapisserie** en laine et soie polychrome à décor d’une femme de qualité et sa servante dans un paysage avec cours d’eau. Flandres, XVIIIe siècle. Hauteur : 250 cm - Largeur : 460 cm 2 500 / 3 000 €
181. **Tapisserie** en laine et soie à décor d’échassier au bord d’un cours d’eau dans un paysage boisé. Aubusson, début du XVIIIe siècle. (Galon postérieur). Hauteur : 272 cm - Largeur : 392 cm 1 200 / 1 500 €
182. **Tapisserie** en laine et soie à décor de volatiles dans une clairière sur fond de fabriques. Bordure de fleurs, vases et nœuds de rubans. Aubusson, début du XVIIIe siècle. (Restaurations). Hauteur : 243 cm - Largeur : 337 cm 1 000 / 1 500 €
183. Tapisserie d'entre-deux ornée d'un joueur de flageolet avec son chien dans un paysage. Bordure ornée d'oiseaux et fleurs. Signée M(anufacture) R(oyale) Daubusson MD. Vers 1700. (Réparations). Hauteur : 300 cm - Largeur : 117 cm
1 000 / 1 500 €
184. Tapis du Caucase à décor de trois médaillons cruciformes sur fond bleu nuit. Double bordure à décor de fleurs denteelées, calices et fleurs stylisées. Longueur : 150 cm - Largeur : 108 cm
185. Tapis persan orné de croisillons feuillagés cloisonnant des motifs polylobés sur fond blanc. Bordure de fleurs stylisées entre quatre galons.
Longueur : 378 cm - Largeur : 270 cm
800 / 1 200 €
186. Tapis persan à décor de fleurs et feuilles stylisées à large bordure entre deux galons à motifs géométriques.
Fin du XIXe siècle.
(Usures).
Longueur : 189 cm
Largeur : 126 cm
300 / 400 €
187. Tapis persan en soie à décor floral à médaillon central losangique à fond bleu nuit. Contre-fond rouge et écoinçons à fond beige. Bordure de fleurs stylisées et large galon à course de fleurs sur fond beige.
Longueur : 195 cm
Largeur : 133 cm
800 / 1 200 €
CONDITIONS DE VENTE
Les acquéreurs paieront en sus des enchères, les frais et taxes suivants :
27 % (frais 22,50 % ; T.V.A. 4,50 %)
Important : les frais à la charge des acheteurs sur DROUOT LIVE sont majorés de 1,8 % TTC (frais : 1,5 %, TVA : 0,3 %)
La vente est faite expressément au comptant. En cas de paiement par chèque non certifié, la délivrance des objets pourra être différée jusqu’à l’encaissement.
L’adjudicataire ne pourra se saisir de son lot que contre paiement comptant, soit en espèces (sous conditions), soit par carte bancaire, soit par chèque certifié ou virement bancaire.
Dans les autres cas, la remise de l’acquisition pourra être différée à l’encaissement du chèque.
Les frais et risques du magasinage restant à la charge de l’acheteur.
Les lots confiés par des non résidents, signalés d’un astérisque (*), seront soumis à la T.V.A.
en plus du prix d’adjudication, sauf si l’acheteur est lui-même non-résident
Une exposition préalable permettant aux acquéreurs de se rendre compte de l’état des objets mis en vente, il ne sera admis aucune réclamation une fois l’adjudication prononcée, notamment pour les restaurations d’usage et les petits accidents.
Les dimensions inscrites au catalogue sont données à titre indicatif.
La vente se fera selon l’ordre du catalogue, toutefois le Commissaire-priseur ou l’Expert se réservent le droit de changer l’ordre de présentation selon les nécessités de la vente.
ORDRES D’ACHAT et ENCHÈRES PAR TÉLÉPHONE
Les Commissaires-Priseurs et les Experts se chargent d’exécuter les ordres d’achat qui leur sont confiés, en particulier, par les amateurs ne pouvant assister à la vente.
Les ordres d’achat ne seront pris en considération que confirmés par écrit et accompagnés d’un relevé d’identité bancaire et de la photocopie d’une pièce d’identité, reçus au moins 24 heures avant la vente.
Les personnes souhaitant enchérir par téléphone peuvent utiliser le formulaire d’ordre d’achat accompagné d’un relevé d’identité bancaire et de la photocopie d’une pièce d’identité.
Toutes les conversations téléphoniques sont enregistrées pendant la vente
Beaussant Lefèvre et les experts ne pourront en aucun cas être tenus pour responsables d’une erreur ou d’un incident téléphonique.
RÉSULTATS DES VENTES
Dans la Gazette Drouot, chaque vendredi.
Abonnement, renseignements : 12, boulevard Montmartre, 75009 Paris – 01 47 70 93 00
Ce catalogue a été réalisé pour Mme BEAUSSANT et LEFÈVRE
sur les presses de l'imprimerie ARLYS
12 rue Gustave Eiffel, 95190 Goussainville - Tél. : 01 34 53 62 69
IMPRIM’VERT®
CONCEPTION - MISE EN PAGES :
ARLYS - Tél. : 01 34 53 62 69
PHOTOS :
Philippe SEBERT - Tél. : 01 45 80 57 01
BEAUSSANT LEFÈVRE
32, rue Drouot, 75009 PARIS
Tél. : 00 33 (0)1 47 70 40 00 - Fax : 00 33 (0)1 47 70 62 40
www.beaussant-lefevre.com
E-mail : firstname.lastname@example.org
Société de Ventes Volontaires - Siren n°443 080 338 – Agrément n°2002 – 108
Eric BEAUSSANT et Pierre-Yves LEFÈVRE, Commissaires-Priseurs | cef65dbb-fe54-4174-9b08-92c65ce619ff | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 45,357 |
Schwahn/von Auer
Steinhauer/Steinhauer
HERREN DOPPEL
Sieger Sp 13 gegen Sieger Sp 14
4
2
6
6 | <urn:uuid:8a5d3a66-a677-455f-95a3-45b2a1dc2337> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 99 |
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