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What makes the YubiHSM an HSM? Most HSMs I have seen have more memory and are faster, perhaps due to crypto-accelerators. They're generally big and inserted in data center racks, or plugged as PCIe cards. But the YubiHSM is tiny, I was wondering what makes it an HSM?
In the unlikely event that a root CA is breached (eg. Comodo, DigiNotar), how should people and companies respond? (Assume the people responding practice infosec & are aware of the problems of such a compromise) Possible responses: Assume much of the internet is insecure and temporarily stop/minimize using it Continu...
https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/31739 linuxpam-pamunix-security-bypass (31739) reported Jan 23, 2007 Linux-PAM could allow a remote attacker to bypass security restrictions, caused by a vulnerability in pam_unix.so when handling password hashes that consist of two characters. An attacker could e...
During a Forensic investigation, I parsed the sysdiagnose log file /brctl/Brctl-dump.txt and I discovered 50 devices connected to the same iCloud account. Is it possible to retrieve from Apple the connection times and location to iCloud?
I have a reverse shell from an application called openEMR to my kali host. Im trying to enumerate memcached manually however I get an error failed to listen on TCP port 11211: Address already in use any help would be appreciated. Ive tried to use the automated tools like nmap, metasploit, libmemcached-tools however the...
We have to protect a database connection string for a .NET desktop application that has an application-level database user. One option is to encrypt a section of the app.config using asp_regiis. But then every user of the application needs to have the key installed on their PC. If an intranet IIS server has SSL and Mic...
I uploaded my master key's public part to the keys.openpgp.org-keyserver. It has 4 UIDs set up (4 different e-mail addresses) and each of them are correct and valid e-mail addresses. The keyserver sent a confirmation mail to all of the e-mail addresses specified in my UIDs, but I did not receive a confirmation link on ...
Is there a way to view when changes were made to a USB key, such as when the USB key was formatted and/or when some files were transferred? I have seen this previous stackexchange question File system history on USB drives, but it wasnt clear if anywhere on the USB key a log will be available. NB. I only have the USB k...
I've been looking into ways to detect a Man In the Middle attack, when the client has "duped" into trusting third party CA. Examples of this are, anti-virus applications and corporate firewalls who are now installing their own certificate authorities on the client machines with the intention of performing MITM functio...
I'm in the UK. In order to top up a pay-as-you-go SIM card, I had to first ring the mobile network to associate my bank card with the SIM before asking them to credit £10 to it (future top-ups don't require a phone call). The mobile network's technician instructed me to input my debit card's full card number using my p...
If I can change my password with cmd net user example * without needing to confirm my old password, why, when I change my password in the usual way (via settings or control panel), do I need to confirm my old password? If the point of confirming a password is to prevent somebody who finds the PC open from signing in, t...
As I can see some sites were working yesterday and today they are not working so my guess is browsers have a grace period set in them. certificate lifespans limited to 1 year in browsers. Maybe this is based on the Certificate Authority. TLS 39 month certificate limit and Chrome's NET::ERR_CERT_VALIDITY_TOO_LONG error)...
My team is responsible for the creation and management of many passwords (hundreds), which we do almost exclusively programmatically (all generation is random-enough). We leverage a variety of of tools for automating different aspects of our infrastructure, including but not limited to Ansible, Docker, Jenkins, and Te...
I'm making an webapp which have to maintain some user specific data, so authentication is needed. My app is not anything mission critical. As this is the case, I thought of removing the whole sign-up/sign-in as it acts as a big barrier for a visitor. Instead the authentication is based solely on cookies. When they acce...
It seems common practice, when denying access to a user because of an incorrect email / password combination, to not specify which of the username or password was incorrect. This avoids leaking the information that an account does or doesn't exist with that email address. For instance, if I try to log in with my spouse...
I work in an organisation where a TMG server with port forwarding has been used successfully for a number of years to forward all http traffic to https for a particular web application. This meant that http or https would work on URLs for that web application. Recently this was seen as a security risk and http is no lo...
The password manager 1Password has a feature where multiple accounts in a group ("family") can share login information with each other. From my understanding, a password manager is never supposed to know my passwords because they are encrypted with my master password before being sent "to the cloud". How then can I dec...
For the past few weeks, I have frequently been receiving error messages from websites stating that the certificate is invalid. This tends to happen for a while and then resolve itself. Other devices on the same network connection are also experiencing odd behaviour, including a very sporadic internet connection that is...
I'm currently practicing buffer overflows, but there is one thing I don't understand yet. I have read this similar question. I understand that if you don't know the address of ESP you must look for an address that executes JMP ESP to jump to the injected shellcode. But do you really don't know the address of ESP? You d...
I'm trying to understand how OpenSSL parses its configuration file. In the sample configuration file that is installed with OpenSSL v1.1.1g, its seems to be divided into three main sections - the [ ca ] section, the [ req ] section, and the [ tsa ] section (because of the lines that contain ############# ... that sepa...
Is it a bad practice to store my user's ObjectId in a JWT in the sub claim? I could create an alternate UUID field in the user database and use this instead, but I wondered if I should? I use this sub claim in both the refreshToken and accessToken.
Everything is based on phones now. If I have someone's phone I can reset their Salesforce password, access any SAS services etc. Assume this Hacker finds someone's phone number Hacker buys (or works at) a T-Mobile franchise Looks up the IMEI for that phone number at T-Mobile Finds what services they use (eg Salesforce...
Is there a safe way for creating a proxy, tunnel, or VPN that cannot be detected by the datacenter or ISPs? I'm living in an oppressing country, but I've access to a VPS with less regulated access to the Internet. I was hoping to find a secure protocol for tunneling my traffic through that VPS without them knowing? Spe...
Can a Slow Post HTTP attack be done from a single client? The following source cites this line: https://medium.com/fantageek/understanding-socket-and-port-in-tcp-2213dc2e9b0c Ports are 16-bit numbers, therefore the maximum number of connections any given client can have to any given host port is 64K. But since the ma...
Suppose you are implementing a maintenance info banner that is publicly shown on your web application, meaning that even unauthenticated/unauthorised users can access this information easily. Let's assume that this banner won't contain any pieces of information regarding technical implementations, versions of third par...
My email service always logs the I.P. address of the device from which the email account was accessed(or an unsuccessful login attempt was made) for security reasons. While going through the list once, I found that I had quite a few different I.P. addresses on that list, most of which were successful logins. After some...
I setup Cloudflare CDN for my site. I added my site to Cloudflare and it asked me to add Cloudflare nameserver to my domain. I did that in my DNS registrar portal. That's all I did. Now I'm able to access my site with my domain name, and it is served from Cloudflare. The HTTPS padlock is green and good. How is this pos...
Suppose I create an encrypted container using VeraCrypt and want to upload it to Google Drive/One Drive for storage. The container is encrypted with AES-256. I know that no one can extract any meaning from that random data. But I am a very paranoid person! I know that the random data doesn't make any sense, but those p...
I have a large database where passwords are stored as strtolower(hex(md5(pass))) (which is a bad way to store passwords, prone to rainbow tables, cheap to dictionary attack, no salt, etc.), and I'm tasked with switching from md5 to bcrypt, I have to use a bcrypt implementation that silently truncates after 72 bytes, an...
I was using a movie streaming website, (the ones with all the pop-up ads at each click). Usually I just close the ad and nothing happens but recently when the ad pops up a .exe file is downloaded and luckily Chrome stopped it as it was labelled dangerous. I'm just curious as to how a file is automatically downloaded wi...
My question refers to a behavior on a production system with more than 100 million chat users. Some time ago I changed my account password and removed all devices connected to my account. The next day I noticed that during the night I still received all messages addressed to me by push notification on my mobile phone. ...
I am creating a public API that will require API key authentication. When a user wants to register a new API key, they send a request to one of our endpoints with a list of permissions they want. We generate a unique key (uuid4) and send it back to them encrypted by TLS. I am planning to hash the key that was created a...
I am a programmer but I am currently learning about web development in general. I'm creating a server on my local host using nodejs and express. It's available on my local host but I want to test it with a domain I have, so I can access it from any device anywhere. What I decided to do was change my router settings to ...
I found the article to be quite informative that addresses the question "Can Microsoft access my private files?" (Can Microsoft access all private data if a user installs Windows 10?), which includes my OneDrive files, but it didn't specifically mention the special folder called Personal Vault. Does Microsoft have jus...
I am working on Hack the VM (hard machine) for my OSCP preparation There is a web app with two drop down boxes.. Year and month.. both contain numbers and a submit to fetch data from DB based on year and month Now when I change the month value from 2,3,4,5 etc to / I get this as an error "You have an error in your SQL ...
I am building an API and trying to follow the 12 Factor App methodology. Using Docker, the methodology says containers must be disposable. Assuming the API will have high traffic, multiple docker containers will be running with the same app, connecting to the same database. Certain fields in the database are encrypted ...
If when we have a reverse shell and get persistence and we try to access the compromised target from another network different from the one which we created the payload, is that access to the compromised target still possible or only from the network where the payload was created?
Received a message from an unknown individual on WhatsApp messenger. I did not recognize the number (the person is not on my contact list), and there is probably an attachment (4 messages were sent). I deleted the message and the attachment without tapping to open the message (whatsapp asked whether I wanted to delete ...
We would like to limit access to our web servers (and eventually other services on the computer) to individuals that have been authorized access. Of course we don't trust passwords so we think certificates are the right answer. There are hundreds of these servers. Access to any one server should NOT provide access to a...
I am pentesting a website and I was successful in uploading a php backdoor and finding the path of the backdoor. The only issue is that in order to gain access to the uploaded file I need to be logged in with my account. i can do this by adding my session cookies in weevely but how can I add my session cookies in weeve...
I'd like to back up important Windows files for forensic purposes. I am aware of the Event Logs and Anti Virus logs, are there any other logs or files that have personal use information, connections or any other important information that could be backed up aside from that? If so, where is it located?
I am trying to learn John. I've been through the FAQ and this tutorial, but am stuck. I have made a RAR4 password hash. It's super simple. The password is 'test'. I now want to use a tool to crack it. I've saved it to a file "test.txt".It has: Red dead redemption.rar:$RAR3$1de613099dc859cfd000000001601*b52125c28c...
Today I switched ON the "Responsive Design Mode" under the "Web Developer" Section of the Firefox menu, and from the dropdown menu selected "iPhone X/XS iOS 12". So now every webpage I visited was being sent the request that the screen size of my device was "375x812". My question is that, can this method enhance my pro...
nmap smtp open relay test shows (verbose mode): smtp-open-relay: Server is an open relay (2/16 tests) MAIL FROM:<antispam@[xxx.xxx.xx.xx]> -> RCPT TO:<relaytest%nmap.scanme.org@XHS5P> MAIL FROM:<antispam@[xxx.xxx.xx.xx]> -> RCPT TO:<"relaytest@nmap.scanme.org"> MAIL FROM:<antispam@[xxx.xxx.xx.xx]> -> RCPT xxx.x...
I accidentally downloaded a .bin file on my computer, but I didn't click on it or open it. I did use my virus scanner to scan it (result: no threats) and then deleted it. I've read somewhere that .bin files can be extremely dangerous, but is my computer in any danger since all that happened was the file briefly existed...
I recently set up a wireguard server-network configuration with a home server and client devices. I have one main domain that I hope to route everything through via subdomains (in this example, abc.example.com, def.example.com, etc.). I hope to use nginx to do this routing. Is is possible/secure/recommended to register...
I can't understand why SOP (same-origin policy) cannot block Cross-Origin WebSocket Hijacking, I just read this article and I can't understand from where WebSocket requests comes from. From where does WebSocket requests comes from, that SOP cann't block attacks related to it ?
I recently started the Offensive Security AWAE course. On their connectivity guide page, they warn about the hazards of connecting to their labs: you will be exposing your computers' VPN IP to other students taking the course with you. Due to the nature of the course (and its participants!), your computer may be subje...
Is there a way to inject the 00-header to trigger a script that executes a shell upon ssh login. I'm facing a scenario where the 00-header has root privileges and I can modify it. I'm trying to have it spawn a root shell when I ssh into the machine as a regular user. sysadmin@********:/etc/update-motd.d$ echo "/bin/bas...
If I can decrypt or "unprotect" a sheet or a workbook in Excel in a matter of 2-3 minutes (faster then it usually takes to read the linked article!), by a means of simple .zip archive modification then should Office 2007+ files be still treated as secure? To make things even more sad, I can modify contents of such "pro...
So I had a look at the latest DOCSIS 4.0 Security Implementation paper here https://www.cablelabs.com/technologies/docsis-4-0-technology I found that they’re implementing SHA -1 and 3DES for security. I mean, why? Surely SHA-256 and AES would be a better choice and AES would be faster in GCM than 3DES to implement over...
I recently came across an application that was vulnerable to HTML injection on the invite function. When I insert <img src="image.jpg"> the image got rendered on the mail I received. I decided to test for blind ssrf out of band detection, so I gave the payload as <img src=" burp collaborator payload"> and sent the invi...
I am using NordVPN, but I believe this applies to VPNs in general. For some time now, I have been worried about the reliability of my VPN provider, especially because information that shows up when accessing pages do not seem to reflect the country I am supposedly connected to via their server (more times than not). Wh...
I'm tryng to run the following resource file when getting a new agent usemodule privesc/bypassuac "name of the listener" execute y back usemodule persistence/elevated/wmi set Listener "name of the listener" set AtStartup True execute y back usemodule collection/ChromeDump execute y back usemodule collection/FoxDump exe...
We have "web app as a service" offering. And right now each app has its Redis which stores session data. Is it secure if we use one redis cluster for all clients using this app. To be clear not users of a single app, multiple different apps used by multiple users. EDIT: I should not use cluster term here. The basic ide...
As of now, I am using Windows 10 & I want to run kali Linux on Docker. For that, I took the copy from the kali official site Here But after running I found it's just a base OS it doesn't contain all the tools for which kali is famous, it's not a full flash copy. So I want a complete kali image for the docker run where...
Say I have a gateway which provides authorization mechanisms by validating a JWT, behind an api-gateway there are different micro-services but only the gateway port is public. As a software designer you decide to make all micro services unaware of authorization-related operations to remove code duplication and minimize...
Since I cannot receive email directly from my home server, I need an external device to receive messages for me and deliver them to my MTA via another port or via VPN. Instead of renting a VPS just for this, I was thinking about purchasing an unexpensive ARM board and deploying it to one of my friend's house, which has...
I want to use GPG as a master password storage (encrypt and push to online storage). This would require encrypted file being able to be decrypted on multiple machines. Two computers comp1 and comp2 with differing operating systems Comp1 has a file, myfile.txt This file will be stored encrypted on comp1 From my underst...
I designed a Google Form for a website which does not have an SSL Certificate. I have planned to embed it onto a page using an iframe tag. I am currently testing it and have published a test page with the form, but when I fill out any of the fields Google Chrome says that the page is, Not Secure but it is in red unli...
I’m trying to do an ARP poisoning attack in my LAN. I use Ettercap and I place my attacker computer between my routers and target Windows computer. Despite the target ARP table changing, when I use this computer to visit an HTTPS website, the browser (Chrome) stops the connection. Is there a method to make an ARP poiso...
For security and privacy purposes, it's best to keep WebRTC disabled if you aren't using it. Firefox makes this easy by simply setting media.peerconnection.enabled to false. Due to COVID-19, the use of teleconferencing has increased dramatically, which often requires WebRTC. If WebRTC has always been disabled in Fire...
I'd like to use JWTs for user authorization. My intention is use an auth server and an app server to keep them separate. This way my auth server will be the only JWT issuing server and the only server w/login and sign up logic. I've recently run into this issue however - how do I refresh a user's access token if my aut...
By user isolated, I mean that users interact with server and have some personalized data and they can read, update, delete their data but they will never see another user made data (like facebook, stackexcahnge, email). An example for a user isolated app would be a note taking app, todo list app etc. In this case shoul...
Let's imagine a data link layer level MITM attack. Is it possible to fulfill all of the following points? you completely hide your identity by forging your own MAC address you create malformed packets, so the router doesn't even know you are exist you intercept every packet from the victim, and repeat it to the defaul...
I was taught horrible bad practice when I initially "learned" SQL, which baked in user-submitted input with quotes and attempted to "escape" this (in the beginning, I didn't even escape it at all...). I then had to spend many years unlearning this, to instead do things like: SELECT * FROM table WHERE id = $1; And then...
Consider a site for frontend devs/designers to host their portfolio apps - pages with arbitrary JS, each hosted on a user's separate profile. What attack vectors would that enable against the site? Some suggestions and comments: Defacing the site (user's own profile, not interesting) Phishing (by rewriting the UI to a...
When I do online shopping where I use my credit card information to purchase, I clear the browser cache, cookies and only open that single site. After I am done, I again clear the cache, cookies and start with my regular browsing. I do this to ensure any other websites that I open on a new tab do not sneak into my cred...
Hackers usually attack open ports and services, but I want to know how they find security holes in specific ports or services.
I have a backend that I developed on PHP/MySql which will provide some URL endpoints in order to get data or post data. I am using those URL endpoints in my application (WebGL application). Now, the problem is, the URL endpoints are public and anyone can use those URL by simply inspecting the browser. An attacker can g...
I know UDP Scan is very slow and there are a lots of parameters for nmap like, --max-retries etc. But i want to speedly udp port scan. I tried a lots of programs but not speedly. Any alternative nmap for speedly UDP scan technique or program/script?
What is sometimes called Zero Knowledge, sometimes end to end encryption occurs when a server only processes ciphered data (at least for sensitive data) with a result where a compromise of this server does not threat the confidentiality of the data. In this model : the data are deciphered at the client side (web brows...
I just read following statement in a technical guideline about network-accessible mobile devices with medical applications (BSI TR 03161): The application MUST verify the integrity of the back end before accessing it with reference to: The application MUST support certificate pinning, i.e. it SHALL NOT accept certif...
Cloud computing provider Blackbaud reported on https://www.blackbaud.com/securityincident "...the cybercriminal removed a copy of a subset of data from our self-hosted environment. ... we paid the cybercriminal’s demand with confirmation that the copy they removed had been destroyed." How can the company be certain tha...
So family operates a small bar/lounge in Florida and I work for them part time as a bar back / IT technician. For the past couple months we have been trying to become pci compliant. However, we keep running into issues with passing a network vulnerability scan (which I think is being caused by our icrealtime security c...
Is it is a good idea to restrict access to the admin-login-page-url of a website, by making a .htaccess rule that only allows access to the dedicated VPN IP? If so, is it recommended to just buy the dedicated IP from popular VPN providers? My goal is that only people having access to this VPN IP can reach the URL. So f...
I want to enable "Sign-in with apple" in my application. As you can see here App sends Token authorization code to the backend, and then backend needs to talk with Apple ID to verify the user. This is the recommended way from iOS docs, but I noticed when the app calls the "Sign in with Apple" function it gets a JWT wh...
My company's laptop has a VPN installed that connects to the company's network. No other VPN software can be installed. However, I have a VPN router that has ExpressVPN installed so all devices connected to this router has VPN connection. If I am out of state or in another country and set my location to my home state i...
I got a *.openvpn from work and I monitored the traffic on wireshark. On my normal vpn every traffic is routed via the vpn (as expected). But with this work vpn only the traffic that uses the work servers use the openvpn protocol. So I'm wondering how do they detect if certain traffic should be rerouted over the work v...
If I send someone a text, how much information am I giving up? Could they add me to an app like Whatsapp and access my name and profile? Or does their number first have to be saved in my phone contacts for that to happen? What other information could they access just from a text message, assuming I have not added them ...
I am passing value from input filled directly into a script function inside a JSON object. I was thinking, is it possible that this input can escape this object and can lead to XSS or something. <script> ... function doSomething(item) { data = {'content':item} } ... </script> <input id="search" type="text" value="" on...
Context I found out my Linux server was infected. Symptoms were : 100% CPU usage when idle, slow download speed, iptables rules keeps growing. After finding the processes, killing it and all the possible ways it setup to restart again, I'm back with a normal-looking server (no symptoms). I used this blogpost (in chines...
When on any retailer website at the very end we are asked to make a payment. However it is not uncommon to not be taken to an external portal, usually, for example, aliexpress and Amazon will ask to use your credit card details while still on the website. e.g. the url that Aliexpress will ask you to enter your credit c...
This is an old 802.11w issue that has been documented and it's a very big issue as clients can be selectively attacked and enter a deadlock, where only disabling and re-enabling wifi solves the issue (in fact I'm currently experiencing these attacks from an unknown source). So my question is if there's a way to solve t...
In my web app I'm using a good sanitizer which let's me to whitelist some specific html tags. I'd like to allow <iframe> so that users can insert youtube videos and so on. However I'm worried about vulnerabilities that this approach would introduce. So not sure this is a safe idea. Appreciate your hints about this.
Yesterday I started running a cronjob [code below] on my server ('/1 * * *', 'api.cron.sync_with_elastic',['nginx-access-logs']) In the morning I got a message that my website is down. I was unable to even SSH, I switched off the server from dashboard my cloud provider has provided and then restarted it. Below is t...
I'm new to FIDO2 specification. I'm aware that Android and IOS devices support FIDO2 protocols (even Android phones could act as a physical key for FIDO2 authentication). However, Could anyone let me know that, when we use the platform authenticators such as Android fingerprint, where are the credentials (private keys)...
Im considering using this nginx module https://github.com/leev/ngx_http_geoip2_module to get the Information from which Country the IP is. My question is since im compiling the module by myself, how secure is it if i'm not keeping up with the current version. I'm not a specialist here, so if i'm having an outdated modu...
Was viewing this page on cookies and wondering for those under Third party cookies, such as TS, TS01, TSXXXXXXX_d, what does it mean by them being a "security" cookie? Does it mean there is no need to secure such cookies by configuring things like httponly/secure flags? thanks
Imagine you are carrying highly sensitive information with you, maybe on a mission in a war zone. You get in an ambush and quickly need to erase all the files before they fall in the wrong hands. This has to happen within seconds. What devices are used for such operations, are there special hard drives which have a phy...
I'm trying to get the hostnames of devices on my LAN. This network is not a Windows network. Up until now I was able to sniff DHCP requests and extract the hostname from there, but it looks like Android devices starting from Android 10 stopped filling out that particular field. (I've also tried sending a netbios query)...
There is a lawsuit claiming Google tracks users in private browsing mode. How exactly is Google achieving this?
Someone I know was stolen a few hundreds dollars from a savings account. Looking at the history, she saw transactions like Uber rides and video games purchases she did not do. This account is used strictly for investing and is only accessed from her iPad. The only access card is in a drawer in her home and has never be...
Id like to create an application which trusts certificates issued from specific CAs. My ideas is to have a list of thumbprints for CA certificates I trust. Then whenever my app receives a certificate for authentication, it checks its cert chain and makes sure the thumbprint of its issuing certificate is found in my "tr...
Do incident response plans include the playbooks or are the playbooks separate from the incident response plan?
I would like to protect my .bin ( squash fs ) file after compiling process in order to avoid reverse engineering techniques ( i.e. binwalk could simply unsquash my .bin firmware and see all the file system ) Could you recommend any tools for crypting the .bin file or other techniques? Hope my question is clear Thanks
Which vulnerabilites does HTTP/2 prevent? More specifically: Does it prevent HTTP request smuggling? Does it prevent HTTP response splitting / CRLF injection?
In the OWASP Mobile Application Security Checklist there is a requirement MSTG-ARCH-7 which reads: "All security controls have a centralized implementation". Now I'm struggling a bit by what is meant with "centralized implementation" in this respect. Of course, I would imagine that you would want to have one component ...
I'm new to security domain, and recently I have learned about Oauth2.0/OpenID connect and JWT tokens. I have an existing REST based web application where I need to implement security. Server Application A: Spring boot back-end application sever, with some RestEndpoints exposed connected with Mysql database. Front End A...
I want to generate a password for a Keystore in java on Windows platform. I would like to make a HASH out of some hardware information from my computer and some salt. My question is: which hardware or system information i should use for my password generator? I want something that is 100% guaranteed it does not change ...

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