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I am developing an internal web application. I think it would be a good idea to secure the local web server with an https certificate. I read several postings recommending certificates on local servers. This is a large company with its own Certificate Authority, i.e., the Networking group creates the certificates. This... |
I am currently adding single sign-on functionality between my application and an electronic health record (EHR) system. The SSO is done using the OpenID Connect authorization code flow, but unlike a typical OIDC sign-in (i.e. signing in with Google/Facebook/etc), the EHR system initiates the SSO process (IdP-initiated)... |
I have started to work on the Forgotten password feature on my website. Based on OWASP Forgot Password cheatsheet, the user should provide enough information to confirm that it is really them.
The system currently is working as follows:
The user clicks on forgotten password link on the login screen
The user fills in a... |
Looking at a plain system (there are no security controls implemented yet), we need to think about its functions and derive appropriate assets which we'd like to protect in order to ensure the system continues to function as intended (also making sure no intellectual property, private data, etc. are leaked).
My questio... |
I have an CrowdStrike EDR and it seems like the only way to disable this on all OS is to provide maintenance-token or ask CrowdStrike to disable the defences so you can uninstall it. I also have a Carbon Black laptop and this seems to be the case in that you cannot disable it even when loading Services through an admin... |
I've been reading about famous hacking groups targeting law firms, corporations and individuals. They always use remote access backdoors to get into a victim's computer or phone and lock the system with ransomware or steal files and information. This made me wonder if there's a way, no matter how complicated, to close ... |
Let's say you want to "break" all remote access capabilities on your rooted Android phone and your Windows PC. What do you do or delete so remote access is truly broken and can't be used (by a hacker)?
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I have a test certificate chain that I generated and it fails the openssl verify command:
openssl verify -CAfile ca_cert.pem -untrusted intermediate_cert.pem server_cert.pem
The output I get from the command is :
C = US, ST = CA, O = service, CN = service Test Cert
error 20 at 0 depth lookup: unable to get local issue... |
Background
I am trying to achieve a meterpreter session on a test machine (the "victim") that I already have a shell session on. When I run the command sessions -u #, where # corresponds to the number of the shell session, I receive an error because metasploit tries to create and execute a payload on the victim in the ... |
The security branch of my company worries that the use of older versions of OpenSSH (pre-7.4), where the only Key Exchange Algorithm available is SHA-1 is a major security issue. They suggest generating new public/private keypairs for all users in the infrastructure.
As a Linux admin I'm supposed to be making a plan fo... |
How can I list all of the Docker Content Trust root keys on my system?
I am setting up a CI process that will use the debian:stable-latest docker image to build my application's releases in ephemeral cloud instances. I want to make sure that every time my fresh build system does a docker pull debian:stable-latest, it d... |
I was cleaning out my spam folder, when I saw one with a subject line which had a little-used password of mine. 16 hours ago. I'm fairly sure odds of guessing this password are small, so I looked.
The email comes from mediajobboard.com. If I put that in my browser, it redirects to mediajobboard.thejobnetwork.com, and t... |
I am new to backend development and read about Authorization methods such as Basic, Bearer and OAuth 2.0.
I haven't use any of these directly, but used a token based implementation.
User logs in with username and password -> if (correct) then generate token and send token to front end.
The token is a encrypted value of... |
I would like to bid for contracts where ISO27001 certification is a requirement. I build cloud based bespoke software.
Although I take security extremely seriously - I don't have any formal processes at present. I just try and follow best practice.
How feasible is this?
I assume that ISO27001 is all about processes, ch... |
I have recently been introduced to GPG signing as a better way of verifying data than hashing. It was described that if you posted the hash of the file, someone could hack your website, alter the hash and publish a different binary and you'd be non-the-wiser. GPG signing was a way to overcome this. I'm not entirely sur... |
I am trying to grasp some basic principles of security in Linux (I used Centos 8.0 and Kali 2020 in the example below).
I found that providing you have an account in a particular system that is in the /et/sudoers and its entry is ALL=(ALL) you can execute every command with sudo.
Having said that, we can use less with ... |
I'm building up most functions out of opensource projects; honeypots, firewall, ERP, CRM, PBX, physical security, software security, network security, security government, asset policy management, etc.
I'm doing as much as I can in order to minimize risks but in the worst scenario, let's suppose my company gets comprom... |
Intoduction to Cloudflare WARP
I’ve been looking at Cloudflares WARP app for mobile. It claims to be a VPN but without some of the IP hiding anonymity features normal VPNS have: “Under the covers, WARP acts as a VPN. But now in the 1.1.1.1 App, if users decide to enable WARP, instead of just DNS queries being secured a... |
In the verbose output of hping3, what is win=x. For example,
len=46 ip=4.2.2.1 ttl=56 DF id=32841 sport=52 flags=RA seq=2 win=0 rtt=285.4 ms
len=46 ip=4.2.2.1 ttl=56 DF id=32842 sport=52 flags=RA seq=2 win=29200 rtt=245.4 ms
|
I've been trying to optimize my site's speed and noticed that many websites have low "Initial connection" and "SSL" times while mine are generally double of most sites that I've tested (over 110ms and 60ms, respectively). I optimized the delivery of the certificate as much as I could and it still takes the same amount ... |
I saw a refurbished router on sale on Amazon for a good price and wanted to buy it.
How likely is it that someone could buy these routers, install a custom firmware with spyware? I know spyware has gotten advanced enough that it can mimic the router's auto updater, over ride the factory reset button with a fake dialog ... |
For about 20+ years now, Microsoft Office macros have been used to spread malware. Even in recent years those threats have not disappeared and they often resurface in one form or another e.g. World’s most destructive botnet returns with stolen passwords and email in tow and It’s 2016, so why is the world still falling ... |
The Telegram FAQ's state that they are not able to comply with court orders from one country alone because they "split the encryption keys and spread them over multiple jurisdictions".
To protect the data that is not covered by end-to-end encryption, Telegram uses a distributed infrastructure. Cloud chat data is store... |
Regarding the insecure transmission of data over a network.
When it comes to plaintext credit card information and payment details being transferred in this manner over HTTPS. What are the possible methods of attack or vulnerabilities presented to a system administrator over the network API, if any? If so, are they str... |
Suppose A and B want to create TLS secure channel.
But they do not have pre-shared secret, or mutually trust Certificate, How do they do?
|
Question is the title. To give a bit more information, the same key is used for all ciphertexts and I know ciphertexts C1 and C2 and plaintext P1, which corresponds with C1. The incrementing method for each Ei is also known. I want to find P2.
I can't seem to find an answer since the IV is not known. The first step I t... |
I want to create a list of passwords to perform dictionary attack. Please show me how to build a password dictionary file. First, I gather information from users like hobbies, date of birth, favorite animals, etc. What should I do with this information?
|
For testing purposes of a logging solution, I would like to simulate an attack by using Metasploit against a Windows 7 / Windows 2016 server. However, I am struggling to find a reliable exploit that actually spawns a root shell on the victim machine.
Initially, I tried to identify a reliable MSF module to be used durin... |
For my essay im writing about digital signatures. Lets talk about an advanced digital signature which works with PKI (private-public key infrastructure). For example, im using ValidSign or GlobalSign service to digitally sign my document, do they have my private key to sign the document, or is it on my own machine? Im ... |
Lets say I have a site at myapp.com that talks to the api at myapi.com. For that to work I have to turn on CORS. I want to do it like that:
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
and my API authentication is performed via a custom Authorize header (with e.g. Bearer token).
As far as I can see it is safe to do since an attacker... |
Now in order to be familiar with a site's table , I need to dump the last row of a table named "account" . can you please tell me what parameters I can use to dump only the last row of a certain table? Here is the command I'm using for table dump . How should I modify it ?
screen python sqlmap.py -u 'URL' --identify-wa... |
I want to create Password Manager where users can create their accounts and store website passwords.
For the frontend, it will be a mobile app, but I need REST API as the backend data where the data will be stored.
I thought to encrypt and decrypt the data with AES, but then I need to exchange secret key in a secure wh... |
I uploaded my backdoor (made using msfvenom) and executed it on the remote machine. I'm able to connect to it using multi/handler , but after a while I get disconnected and then when I try to exploit again, I see the following behavior:
Multiple sessions keep opening, but they don't fully open (there is no Meterpreter... |
A web server allows to use HTTP methods like DAMN, FUCC, PASTA with the same effect as a GET request: for example executing GET /this.txt brings to the same result as PIZZA /this.txt.
Is authentication bypass the only way to exploit them?
|
After reading an article from a forensics software company. I'm worried about attacks that may be able to recovery the OTFE(on-the-fly encryption) key of VeraCrypt from RAM.
Thereat model:
On Windows, a signed spyware running elevated is able to access RAM or page file.
It tries to locate the OTFE key during or after ... |
I use the RSA SecurID phone app to connect to the VPN at my work. I run the app and type a 4 to 8 digit PIN. Then the app gives me a 6 digit code to connect to the VPN. Does the PIN change the result? What if I type the wrong PIN?
|
I have a file /tmp/urls which has following URLs:
http://127.0.0.1:8081/?id=1
http://127.0.0.1:8081/?id2=1
I am using this command to perform checks on file URLs concurrently:
python3 sqlmap.py --threads=5 -m /tmp/urls --batch
Both of these URLs are vulnerable to SQL injection, but sqlmap stops after it found SQL inj... |
I try to bypass a XSS filter to trigger a XSS in url context.
But the problem this following char is blacklist ' :'
The site allow the user to use some basic html balise like h1, h2, h3, p, a, u, etc ...
The only potential vector attack is to trigger the XSS with this <a href='javascript:alert()'></a>
But the problem ... |
So basically, i was just playing games as always, and I get a voicemail. It reads-"396 (random numbers just incase the numbers are sensitive information), goodbye" It sounds automated but i'm not sure, should I be concerned and do something or just ignore it? FYI, somebody kept trying to break into my account before th... |
I'm specifically concerned with EdDSA being made FIPS compliant, which I realize might take longer with the concerns raised with ECDSA, but I'm curious what the process actually is.
Is it all internal to NIST with just the Public Comment Period being the only transparency we get in the process?
|
I am from Pakistan and Paypal does not work here. I was in contact with a Paypal representative today and he advised me not to access Paypal from Pakistan else they will permanently limit our account.
My business is registered in Dubai but we operate from Pakistan. Accessing our account almost daily is a must and I hav... |
My current project contains multiple heterogeneous TCP servers, but our IT guys have clearly declared that they will give me only one 443 port, which is fair enough.
Two options are on the table now. One is VPN. We can set up a VPN server inside our cooperation and implement the access control. The other one is to i... |
In addition to the authentication techniques that are based on “something you
have”, “something you know” and “something you are”, authentication techniques that consider “somewhere you are” are also used. Why? Does it add further security?
|
I'm currently studying binary heap exploitation (mainly the glibc (ptmalloc2) implementation), for CTF competitions. The problem I'm facing is debugging challenges designed for a certain glibc version. I know there are some differences between (for example) libc 2.27 and libc 2.31 that can make the exploitation of cert... |
Let's consider a stack that grows downwards and a function that has a local variable for a buffer that takes 100 bytes of memory.
So, reading from top to bottom, it would be a 4-byte long return address, a 4-byte long OLD BP and the buffer.
Now, supposing that the user provided a 108-byte long input, there would be a b... |
I've read/watched a lot about Quantum Computers, trying to really get into the physics of it. Seems like the topic is poorly explained. I do understand that it takes a lot of qbits to beat modern encryption, so there's no concern for a while longer.
So while I do see lots of articles/videos claiming Shor's algorithm wi... |
While increasing my communication security as much as possible, I came across OpenPGP & S/MIME and already use an OpenPGP key pair in both of my mail clients (PC & smartphone).
I believe the CSR must be generated based on a truely private key, hence a CA generated one is unacceptable for me. Unfortunately, I struggle w... |
I read about an attack on the TESLA protocol which will be used in Galileo's navigation message authentication (Full article can be found here: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49806-5_1)
Basically, an attacker delays all messages to make the receiver change their time. The receiver believes that he is synchronizing i... |
I am trying to make sqlmap to avoid fetch data from stored session. How do I achieve that? I have performed sqlmap check once on a target and now that target is offline, I want sqlmap to just stop the checks if target is offline and even if target is online it should recheck it not just show the data from stored sessio... |
A student asked me a good question today when I was explaining the concept of certificates chain.
As I said "if a CA is compromised by an attacker he can emit false certificates for the entities the CA is allowed to sign (e.g all the *.fr)",
he asked me : "why not signing each certificate by more than one CA, let's say... |
What the title says: Assume Alphanumeric characters. Some years back I vaguely remember that 8 characters was not really sufficient protection against brute-force, but any more characters it got to a point of reasonable security(?)
If found this answer which states that in 2018 a single GPU could crack an 8-character p... |
In our factory we have a "Big Machine" which runs 24/7 and requires input and monitoring from different operators across various shifts. Every operator needs to be able to stop/start/control all processes (which may have been started by another operator) and this involves seeing status-bars etc. on the GUI provided by ... |
I want to make a mobile app that will act as a Credentials Manager and store all my access information for websites, credit cards, secure notes, and so on on the server encrypted with REST API.
The plan is the following for the client:
The mobile app will be the client.
AES/CBC/PKCS7Padding encryption, master password... |
After learning about buffer overflows: In the 90's finding a buffer overflow nearly always meant you could exploit it.
Nowadays there are a lot of protection mechanisms like address layout space randomization, making memory either executable or writeable, stack cookies, ...
It seems to me that with only 1 protection me... |
By definition evil maid attacks involve altering a device in an undetectable way. So if I lock the BIOS, set the HDD to boot first and put a HDD password will this prevent it?
Access to the computer won't be possible as the HDD would be the first to boot and would ask for a password, so no one could try and brute force... |
Now that everyone is working from home using VPN, if infected by any malware, is lateral movement possible?
|
I'm uneasy that Jitsi Meet (videoconferencing stack) is Chrome-first (bug relating to other browsers are fixed later) and dislike Chrome for privacy reasons. Jitsi has an Electron desktop web-wrapper though which I want to try, but I'm just paranoid that not enough devs are verifying its code, and that a hacker could f... |
We are running a purple team which includes attempting to run a malicious PDF on the target system. The targeted user is well aware of the exercise so there is no concerns about an AV picking the payload up, or about prompts (the user can simply agree to them).
However, they have the latest version of Adobe Reader inst... |
When I started reading about honeypots, I could understand what is honeypot, how it works theoretically, i.e it is a trap-network that may or may not mimics a real network, but because of my limited thinking, what I could not get is, how exactly are they setup technically for any given network.
For example I have an IC... |
Situation
I have a university Gmail email address. I'm trying to migrate away from sending emails with the Gmail web client to one I have more control over like Thunderbird. It's also because Gmail eats up a lot of RAM. I set out to learn about and set up each of TLS, OpenPGP, and S/MIME with respect to email signing a... |
In his presentation, A Monitor Darkly, Ang Cui demonstrates how to manipulate images on the monitor by getting the firmware to execute commands embedded in a pixel contained in an image being displayed.
At first, he mentions that this is being done to a monitor with an firmware implant with the firmware acting asthe co... |
Correct me if I'm wrong, but it seems PIN is merely a password but only allowing numbers (and short max length on some services). That sounds very insecure to me, but many services are using it. Chrome Remote Desktop is one example.
My questions are:
Why PIN exists when we can use a password?
Is PIN insecure?
If any, ... |
I am involved in a project which deals with PCI-DSS compliance. Particularly, there is a requirement to implement FIM (File Integrity Monitoring) for critical devices.
Within these devices, there are unix-based firewall and routers, with specific vendors that are specifically NOT recommending installation of 3rd party ... |
As the title says: Should I consider my Azure tenant ID (GUID) as a secret? Are there any security implications when someone knows about this id?
|
Consider the following scenario:
client sends hello
server send a hello and its certificate
client generates a key and encrypts that with server's public key
server decrypts the key with its private key
So, they shared a key and can talk with each other.
What is the problem with this? Why does SSL require that the cl... |
SCENARIO:
a web application using with ASP.NET. In the home page source code there are links like:
./WebResource.axd?d=[string with 87 characters]
./ScriptResource.axd?d=[string with 172 characters]
where in the case of WebResource the string presents 3 underscores, like aaaaa_bbbb_ccc_ddd, where a's string is long 1... |
I trying to pentest website. I know that there are files named "file1" and "file2". The server is nginx.
So I did this test:
http://example.com/file1..%2ffile2 => 404
http://example.com/file1..%2f..%2ffile2 => 200 and it showed me file2, so it worked!
After this test I assume that the website is vulnerable.
So I di... |
I'm having a debate with a coworker right now about how to design an invitation system. The idea is that the mobile app will be able to send an invitation link to, say, a Whatsapp group, and people from that group will be able to use the link to join our system and be automatically enrolled into a group on our system.... |
Many online services use fingerprinting to track users - storing enough hardware and software details to create a unique record.
But what do emulators do? Can they make you completely anonymous on the internet?
Do Bluestacks or Memu use the physical device settings or do they use something else that will help avoid thi... |
One of my banks authenticate me using username and an one time passcode (8 numbers) generated by a hardware token they gave to me when I opened the account.
On the surface it looks like that as long as no one steals the token from me, then no one can generate those one-time passwords and log in on my behalf. But what i... |
Is it considered a good security practice to prevent users from easily changing the backend URL of a desktop application that connects to a backend server with an SSL protected HTTP API?
One concern is that malicious users could just point the URL to a test server and reverse engineer the protocol.
On the other hand, i... |
I'm new to Node.js and I have Node.js App with Vue. I use AWS S3 to server static JS file like app.XXXX.js manifest.XXXX.js vendor.XXXXX.js
So what is the security implication if a hacker can gain access to my S3 bucket and try to modify my static JS files?
Can they execute code on my main server?
|
I recently filed a bug report with Scapy, and while posting screenshots of Wireshark captures for reference, I decided to blank out my private addresses because I'm just getting into InfoSec, and am trying to be mindful of leaking potentially sensitive information:
In retrospect though, this seems overly paranoid.
I u... |
The VPN is used to establish a secure connection (creating a tunnel) to another network over the Internet. It masks our IP address and geographical location and also when the information enters the private tunnel on a VPN, it is always encrypted before it is sent across on other networks.
This private tunnel on VPN all... |
Nowadays websites start migrating to HTTP/2, but Burpsuite hasn't fully support HTTP/2 yet. I know HTTPCanary is good and support multiple protocols like replaying HTTP2 and even TCP/UDP, but that only available in Android.
Are there any similar tools that provide the same functionality as Burpsuite that already suppor... |
I'm looking at way to generate random numbers for cryptographic purposes. More specifically, I looked at the Linux /dev/urandom function, which is considered a real random number generator. There are others number generators such as the glibc rand() function, but this one is not considered sure for cryptographic purpos... |
For several reasons (I have an external monitor, etc.) when I booted the laptop I typed the FDE (Full Disk Encryption on Linux, LUKS) without looking at the monitor, and I ended up typing the full password and hitting enter before the FDE prompt was available. This means that when I looked at the monitor, I saw somethi... |
I recently made a new Facebook account from my android phone [ver. 6.0.1] and when I checked active sessions, instead of my android device a, Linux desktop was displayed.
Then I checked my Gmail and I found that an unknown Linux device logged in about a week ago in two of my Gmail and then I changed all of my passwords... |
I recently found this document: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-121r2.pdf , Guide to Bluetooth Security from NIST.
Unfortunately, there is nothing described w.r.t.actual protection of the communication other than AES-CCM is used. I am asking myself wether the BLE (v.4.2) communication ... |
I'm curious if there is a way to make user input safe for grep commands. I have a search box that should allow an end user to search a directory recursively for files containing a string.
I could accomplish this solely with PHP but grep should be faster and is therefore preferable so long as it can be made safe.
I will... |
After running cipher.exe on my entire C: drive, I'm still able to recover deleted files using recuva. In fact, doing a before and after, I see no discernible difference in the files that are able to be recovered after using cipher.
According to the docs,
the cipher /w:c:\test command causes all deallocated space on dr... |
I am using HTTP Basic Auth to authenticate the user.
Once authenticated, I set req.session.loggedIn = true on the server-side.
If a user makes requests after being logged in, for security purposes, should I just check the session loggedIn value or send the basic auth header on each request and then verify credentials o... |
I noticed a lot of companies do not have social engineering as in-scope of bug bounties/responsible disclosure guidelines, even though it is often used in real-world attacks. I understand that for popular bug bounty programs the amount of social engineering attempts would probably become problematic, but for small comp... |
I just found out that an e-commerce platform (similar to Shopify) I was planning on using allows me to see my password. I know I can't assume anything and I should (probably) just run away from it, but it got me curious: is there a way to do it securely?
I mean, what if they use the password's hash as an encryption key... |
I have a lengthy HTML form with around 20-26 file uploads required and some of them are even multiple. I am really concerned about how secure it is. I would really like to have some secure solution to it.
I am using phpmailer for my project. And rather then storing the file uploads anywhere I am directly sending them a... |
Needless to I say I have no idea how to do this.
I'm performing a pentest and I found an exploit related the box : https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/44298
In the exploit comments, the author said :
if different kernel adjust CRED offset + check kernel stack size
I see there is a variable for CRED : #define CRED_OFF... |
What is the difference between SRVHOST and LHOST in Metasploit.
I am testing an exploit in my virtual lab of which I had to set both options. LHOST was an option for the payload selected, while SRVHOST was included among the options to be set for the exploit. I believe SRVHOST and LHOST should be the address of my comp... |
My company upgraded to an Extended Validation code signing security certificate, which was delivered via mail on a physical USB key, called a "token." The token contains a private key and the digital certificate, both generated by the Certificate Authority (CA). I was surprised that the CA created the private key. I... |
Since the early days of s3cmd I use it in combination with random generated filenames (uuidgen loop) and a complex passphrase (pwgen -n1 -c 32 -y). On security.stackexchange.com search there is only 1 result for s3cmd.
I use Amazon S3 (Glacier) for offsite backup of my personal files.
I wonder if this in 2020 still the... |
I have a pc with absolute agent (computrace) installed, will it be able to monitor traffic send over a private VPN? I.E. Not a free VPN, or will it still capture history via the browser history on the pc?
|
https://portswigger.net/kb/issues/00700100_cacheable-https-response
Applications should return caching directives instructing browsers not to store local copies of any sensitive data
Which CVSS vector I should assign to a web application which use Cache-Control: private for anything (also sessionID and pages with per... |
Recently I came across this password less login. For authentication, we need to enter an email address and click on a login button. We will receive a link in your email and when we click on that link we will get authenticated.
My question is how much secure it is because when we click on the link it is visible in the n... |
I have a scenario that I want to let people that visit my WordPress website download some PDFs. These PDFs go to my website as products of the Woocommerce plugin, so they are stored on the folder uploads/woocommerce_uploads.
At the moment, I don't want people to go through all the process of buying a free product. If t... |
While VLAN switches can be used to provide security between network segments using VLAN filtering rules. Is there any possibility to have an security issue which is exploited to VLAN switches?
|
The php.net page on the move_uploaded_file() function contains a User Contributed Note which says,
Security tips you must know before use this function:
First: make sure that the file is not empty.
I really cannot see how an empty file could be any more of a problem than a file that has either benign or malicious con... |
X509 is the name of the standard which defines Public Key Infrastructure and the format of SSL/TLS Certificates. My question is: What does x509 mean?
|
I checked my request logs and observed that URLs that seem suspicious are being hit.
Should I increase the security of my application using Cloudflare or block the IP addresses from where I am receiving these hits? Or are these hit by bots?
URLs from my request logs:
https://<my_ip_address>/Telerik.Web.UI.WebResource.a... |
While I was using a VPN, suddenly all websites refused to connect in HTTPS, and Firefox warned me since I enabled HTTPS-only mode. Is there a chance that this was an HTTPS downgrade attack? Should I treat my device as not safe to use right now?
|
Motivation
I want to develop a custom, local Firefox extension and investigate, if its installation has any impact on the browser fingerprint.
Background
Some time (years?) ago, there were articles advising against installing too many browser extensions,
as they would make the browser client more identifiable and track... |
A new Nessus plugin (140735 - HTTP Smuggling Detection) was very recently incorporated into Tenable's PCI template and is now beeing flagged as a "medium" vulnerability and causing scans to fail.
The only info in the scan report is:
A web server was discovered on port 80/443
The below information could make the Web se... |
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