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I have this configuration GATEWAY1 <----> ROUTER <---> GATEWAY2 I am on the compromised router, and I want to intercept/block the packets that come from G1,edit them , and forward on Gateway 2,acting as a MiTM. I know that I can edit packets with Scapy, but how I can stop them to reach the original destination? Gatewa...
It was mentioned in this thread that kernel exploits usually use syscalls to trigger undesired behavior: How can you detect kernel exploits? Are there any ways or known examples which do not use syscalls? What about programs beyond the kernel?
I know the best way to prevent SQL-injection is parameterized queries. But this is not possible in the specific use case because the client has to be able to input SQL statements directly. So what my client did was to use a blacklist, which could be easily circumvented (e.g. use 'DEL'+'ETE' instead of DELETE to prevent...
I have experienced an unauthorized login into my Gmail and Facebook account, while I was logging into the accounts and doing school assignments. Suddenly, I got an email from Facebook about "303231123127639 is your Facebook account recovery code". And my Gmail and Facebook passwords are changed. I immediately changed b...
We have an ASP.NET WEB API 2.0 that will be accessed by an MVC Core site. We want to restrict access to the API only to the MVC Core site (both sites will run on our VMs in Azure). Is it sufficient from an authentication and security perspective to pass a simple username and password in plaintext inside each HTTP reque...
To be able to use mobile data (e.g. 4G/ LTE) and mobile telephony (e.g. VoLTE) services on my smartphone, I need to put a SIM card into my smartphone (I know embedded-SIM/ eSIM exists but let's ignore that here). This SIM card is provided to me by a mobile network operator or mobile virtual network operator. Let's assu...
I implemented a simple chat that (tries to) encrypt messages end-to-end. I approached this problem by making both parties generate an ECDH keypair (P-384) and consequently share their public keys. Then, using one's own private key and the other's public key, I derive an AES shared key to encrypt and decrypt my messages...
I am trying to work on cutting down on the amount of spam, phishing, and malicious emails coming through via AmazonSES burners. Has anyone devised a method or certain IOCs to block on?
I bought a pair of USB flash drives made by Huawei and I want to know if there are any tools in existence for verifying that the firmware on these drives is secure. I bought them for researching this exact thing. All of my normal web searches for trying to find this out, come back with the standard warnings not to inse...
Basically if I have exe1 encoded with base64 and I copy that encoded source into a powershell script as a variable. I want to be able to decode it and execute the source exe without writing the exe to disk. is this possible? if so how can it be done.
I'm writing a sci-fi story that includes a malicious app that spreads globally. The developer publishes an app without knowing it's infected, and it spreads because it forces phones to download it. Are there any mechanisms that might make this happen? Of course, it's sci-fi so it can all be theoretical but I'd love to ...
I had to create a self-signed certificate for client-server application but I do not understand what each file and command means and how the client and server work together to do the mutual SSL handshake. I follow those commands: creating csr.conf: [req] default_bits = 4096 prompt = no encrypt_key = yes default_md = sh...
Is there a way to protect IP Address and location from Twitter after having logged in ? All I want Twitter to know is my email and password and nothing else. No IP Address, no location. Is that possible somehow ? What is the best way to do this ? VPN or Tor or something else that works for this purpose ?
What really is the difference between a physical TPM and any implementation of a fTPM? I get that both adhere to the same specification and in my mind should be the same thing, but then, I don't understand why there even are 5 or so different types of TPM - discrete, integrated, firmware, virtual, and, well, software, ...
Discussion under this answer in Space Exploration SE links to items in NAIF; NASA Planetary Data System Navigation Node links for MacIntel_OSX_64bit I'm looking at these two. spy: https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/utilities/MacIntel_OSX_64bit/spy spy.ug: https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/utilities/MacIntel_OSX_64bit...
What are the best practices for supply chain risks reduction for java applications? In my opinion java dependency management has the following downsides: Java applications use 3rd party dependencies and compiled jar files are usually downloaded from artifactory (in compliled form, not like source code); Although jar f...
I use a shared hosting plan which allows me to add multiple websites with one account/purchase. I have one website in the same plan for my work, and one for personal works. I can see both of them in my file manager and they seem to be related (in administration part). I want to know if any random person on the internet...
I understand that 2FA increases security if you are using two different devices, for instance a computer and a mobile phone. I fail to understand how these security measurements help if you are doing everything on your mobile device. Imagine if I login to my bank website with username and password om my mobile phone. I...
Im developing an application and i want this application to connect to my server via ssl (using openssl currently). I want this application to verify my servers certificate. The problem is i dont really know how to do that. Do i store the full certificate chain in the applications binary and then verify the servers cer...
Surveillance software allows employers to monitor all activity on PC and Android devices including screen, voice and chat. All of them, like FlexiSPY and Neatspy (compared here), endlessly list all the things they can do, but never mention how they are installed. How can an employer even access someone's PC or Android ...
This article on forensicfocus.com says the following about Deterministic Read After TRIM (emphasis mine): As a result, the data returned by SSD drives supporting DRAT as opposed to DZAT can be all zeroes or other words of data, or it could be the original pre-trim data stored in that logical page. The sentence makes ...
I have noticed this issue while using Google's Gmail with Thunderbird. When I send an email from Gmail's web front end at https://mail.google.com/ my internal and external IP address are not included in the email header. However, I would like to use Mozilla Thunderbird to send emails from my local machine via Gmail. I ...
First of all,I am new to security as a whole and taking my first formal course on it.So sorry if any major errors are present. I had a scheme for remote file storage as an attempt to use my course topics: I have a few google accounts(say 2 = N) to which seperate firebase storage instances(2 again) are there within eac...
If an application's code contains even minor and subtle inaccuracies, it can open up the entire database to SQL injection. In this example (see section 'Delete All Method'), the entire Users table gets deleted with a trivial SQL injection ("1) OR 1=1--"). This had me wondering, have any white hats / bounty hunters (per...
I was searching for some articles on google using my iphone 11, IOS version 14.4 >> and i find a link inside google search result >> then i click on the link which is from a trusted site >> but after that while the page was loading i got redirected to this link:- https://vpndefence2plus.com/2/10/vml/index.html?clickcos...
I'm trying to implement a simple demo - to better understand XXE and SSRF techniques. I have written these two files below in an attempt to set this up. I currently intercept the AJAX POST request and modify the data (params) by appending: <!DOCTYPE foo [ <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd"> ]> <foo>&xxe;</foo> *...
First, I am a beginner in IT security. I hope my question is not too dumb. I use a program that can show a live feed from a security camera. You can import a project file, that sets up user accounts and settings. After importing, you can log in with a user account and view the live feed (without the need of entering an...
Does it make sense to store the 2FA seeds (i.e: the codes used to generate a time based OTP) in my password manager? If my password manager has a strong password and 2FA using a third-party app, is storing 2FA seeds for the accounts saved in my password manager poor practice? Ultimately I would expect hacking my passwo...
I was learning how antiforgery tokens work behind the scenes and wrote this article on the possible values a token can have. When the byte array is converted to base64, there are four left over bits which have two zeros appended to get a group of 6 bits, which can then be converted to a base64 character. The problem is...
How is the reward amount determined on different bug bounty platforms like Bugcrowd, HackerOne or Synack? As a bug bounty program owner I can maybe define some rules for the rewards. What are the common, established rules and how do the different platforms support them?
A friend of mine called me in panic mode to tell me that "a message told her her computer was infected, and that she should call the phone number". So did she. Apparently, a lady made her install Team Viewer and did stuff on her computer, during something like one hour. My friend is using a mac, but I have no idea whic...
I have a file which is encrypted using AES 128 and I have a key file whose size is 48 bytes. How can I decrypt the file using the key file? The key file has no extension, I opened it in notepad and it has bizarre text. I have IV as 0x496daa1c6914000e408c65cead91fc29. I don't know the cipher used for encryption but my g...
I want to digitally sign messages with strict size limitations. I am looking for digital signature algorithm providing very short signatures. (as short as possible) Which secure algorithms can I choose? The digital signature check will be performed on server-side (JAVA) as well as on client-side (Android, iOS).
I have a certificate for my web service issued with Let's Encrypt. Another service that communicates with my web service requires that my certificate must be signed with theirs, otherwise their client will abort the connection attempt. Questions: is it possible for them to "add" their signature to my certificate? Woul...
I'm about to launch my first ever SaaS product on AWS and am thinking through security. I have my main server, which is obviously public on :80 and :443, and then I have a bunch of other infra that I need access to as a developer (typically on :22) but that I don't want to be fully public. I was thinking I would rent a...
ISP sent a message telling that they've detected some bot network characteristic traffic from a router's IP address. Recommended countermeasures have already been taken, i. e. connected laptop's malware scan, router factory reset, router's admin credentials changed (from default) and router firmware updated. I want to ...
I think one of my students faked the modified date of his word file. He's last modified date was exactly the deadline of 13:00:00 (even the seconds are zero). How do i figure this out?? I want to know if he's lying or not.
We have a very heavy endpoint on our server, that takes a few hours to respond. Of course, this would result in a timeout, so we added an "asynchronous" functionality to it. To summarize, a client will start the request like this: POST https://our.server/api/long-running-query { search: '....', callback: 'http...
This is an observation of SSL/TLS Resumption that maybe someone can help explain why SSL/TLS resumption is NOT shared between static assets and Javascript. Basically, I tested using two pages: pageA and pageB. First visit pageA, which does TLS initial connection as expected for the image. Then clicking pageB, the "img...
In mutual TLS, during client-authentication phase, a client proves its identity to the server by sending its client certificate (Certificate message). Additionally, it signs all previous handshake messages using its private key and sends the resulting hash (CertificateVerify message). Server uses this hash to validate ...
I remember using jtr in metasploit. jtr_crack_fast is no longer available for me along with other jtr commands. Yes i can still get regular jtr stand alone or just git but still. What happen to jtr in metasploit?
An application is running in a customer's environment on a single server and consists of a collection of Windows Services that communicate with each other using (unencrypted) TCP messages. Although these messages can't be viewed across the network, I am conscious that someone could theoretically run a tool like Wiresha...
I'm a bit lost in here and need some direction. According to the EU GDPR, the PII data should never leave the EU. But, Can they be taken out and processed outside? such as in a server that is situated in the US and put the data back again in the EU? Is this something people do or is the process I mentioned above accept...
My target requires the Authorization header with credentials to get into. I have the credentials but the module I'm using (multi/http/mediawiki_thumb) doesn't seem to have an option for Authorization. I've tried setting RHOSTS to user:pass@example.com but that gives the error [-] Exploit failed: One or more options fai...
I am an old fashioned person and have never heard of wifi enabled laundry machines until recently, I don't care for it and have trouble seeing the benefits outweigh unknown risks. I don't know if there's a security risk posed, or if it could eat up my bandwidth, additionally I would hope it wouldn't be reliant on being...
I have a private CA which provides certificates for three types of IoT devices (Type1, Type2 and Type3). On the IoT device certificate's subject DN, which attribute can be used for specifying this type information? Is there any existing use cases similar to this? PS: CN field contains the device identifier. Looking on ...
How can we disable sudo on CentOS 6 to prevent CVE-2021-3156? We cannot remove RPMs or similar. We can only change a configuration. Do we have another fix for CVE-2021-3156 on CentOS 6, except disabling sudo? Will we be able to execute su - after disabling sudo?
All my security senses are tiggling when I wrote the title, but here's the scenario: When a user wants to connect to their account, but can't remember their password, they can use the "Lost password" form, which will send an email that contains a 6 digit code that expires in 15 minutes. The interface, when the user hit...
Am trying to understand the phase where the symmetric key is getting generating. From what I am understanding Diffie-Hellman is used to derive the symmetric key in TLS1.3 I am reading this tls explanation and so many keys are derived Is the shared secret the symmetric key and from it, we can generate the following keys...
My chip and pin Visa debit card was stolen from a gym locker and successfully used to withdraw money from an ATM in 2017 in London, England. The PIN was not recorded anywhere and yet the card was used and the bank has refused a refund because the PIN must have been known to the thief. It is truly perplexing and I would...
I have a service that runs HTTPS and XMPP multiplexed on a single port. The HTTPS part of the service always uses implicit TLS, but the XMPP protocol may use implicit TLS or may negotiate TLS after a handshake with the StartTLS command. I had originally set aside two ports (one for HTTPS/XMPP with implicit TLS and one ...
Is it possible to install Certbot on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) for installing and renewing the SSL certificates on Load Balancers (LB) but with CAs other than Let's Encrypt?
If you were in a Five Eyes country and you wanted to contact someone else anonymously, without this person or the government finding out who you are or your location, how would you do it? The person you are contacting does not know you and you have never spoken before. The only initial contact information you have is a...
I have a question regarding Linuxcontainers. How do you classify the security vulnerability mentioned here, more specifically the ones that ends with 6441,1331,1134,1335 and 10124. I mean are they a guest to the host and the internet to host type of attack or what exactly ?
I am using GnuPG 2.2.20 to create my key pair. I have successfully created a key pair, now I want to create a backup copy in case of HDD failure. Following the instruction here, I have tried gpg --output backupkeys.pgp --armor --export-secret-keys --export-options export-backup MYEMAIL@MYDOMAIN.com but only the private...
Internet service providers (ISP) can choose to have full information on the browsing activity of one of its subscribers. Can an outsider, who is not the ISP, but who simply knows someone's IP address, be able to somehow monitor the browsing activity of that IP address and know every website it is visiting? How much inf...
All the examples of an SQL injections that I've seen have a user controlled string variable that was directly used to construct the SQL query but, I was wondering if it's possible to perform an SQL injection provided that the variable userNumber is a long and is user-controlled in the following query. sqlQuery='SELECT ...
I have a company laptop where I had many of my personal files and pictures. Now, I'm leaving for a new opportunity and I need to give them back the machine. So I used DBAN to wipe the hard drive. I'm a bit paranoid so I wiped the HDD many times with DOD then DOD short. After that Quick and DOD short again and finally P...
A HDD with OSx installed removed from mac and used DBAN to wipe it under a PC. Does all the data is lost even if we put it back on a mac machine ?
Looking for "Barack Obama" in Ubuntu's keyserver return these results For example, take the first search result: pub rsa2048/86678817fca9987e2d9a3d3ea2437f33d4266cc0 2017-07-08T04:17:08Z Hash=40135e3a9da88180a317be949b301708 The first line is the key's fingerprint. I can obtain the fingerprint of my keys using gp...
To keep it short I've recently been learning about hashing and password hash cracking on TryHackMe. I was tasked to crack the following hash: $2y$10$0veO/JSFh4389Lluc4Xya.dfy2MF.bZhz0jVMw.V.d3p12kBtZutm When trying to crack with hashcat I used the following command to attempt to crack the hash: hashcat.exe -a 0 -m 3200...
On a particular page in this application, we have a form which allows for a very select few to input data into it, because at the end of the day (and, well, event loop) we end up wrappping that input in to an eval which we highly sanitize and whitelist. This character however seems to bypass everything yet javascript s...
So I want to do the following Check the RSA public key of a https server Make a GET request to that server Get a response+signature from the server I should be able to check if ANY reponse+signature pair matches the publickey. I was able to get the public key based on another qeustion https://security.stackexchange.c...
I am using Ubuntu 18.04. When making a HTTP request to invalid domains, I get a HTML page with javascript code that redirects me to uniregistry a landing page. More specifically, when trying to load axdv-invalid-domain.com, I get redirected to uniregistry.com/buy-domains/axdv-invalid-domain.com?src=uniregistry-lander T...
I am reading about the Diffie–Hellman key exchange in TLS 1.3. So the first step here is that the two parts Alice and Bob t agree on a large prime p and a nonzero integer g modulo p. Then Alice and Bob make the values of p and g public knowledge. How the values p and g get public as we are before the client and server...
I was recently a victim of the any van data breach and so I started read up on password encryption and security - it is pretty amazing stuff. One thing that confuses me though is, since GPUs can now be used to guess passwords thousands of time per second, even salted password have become vulnerable. So how does a hacke...
What should be the custom response code when WAF blocks a request due to matched rules or policy violation. We should kept the response code as 403 or 200 when WAF returns a response against a blocked request. What is the general security practice and why
I am testing an in-development app locally. Currently I use environment variables to store JWT secrets and database usernames and passwords. I am interested in further securing this, and found out about secret managers (like Conjur). How is this anymore secure than what I currently have? Isn't it just a transition from...
I know a text can be unredacted but can pictures too? I have a picture I would love to unredact can that be done? Please and Thank you.
Consider a scenario, where your AV / EDR software has to exclude paths of database files as suggested by vendors to avoid affecting performance or stability issues. You want to review your database for integrity with the aim to make sure that any malicious code such as shells injected in DB code that trigger when calle...
when I open the burpsuite proxy, it kept hit me with recaptcha , after I click submit, another one pop up, and another, and another, and so on what is wrong?
I have an offline safe at a remote location that I want to give people access to at my discretion. I would like to control who and when they have access, without having to travel to the safe. Example: I would like "Peter" to be able to open the safe, which is at a remote location, tomorrow. In my office, I sign the te...
I would like to send emails from a server, but also make them unable to trace for me as server owner or attackers. I want this for GDPR but also to protect people from abusers. Short info about service: I am a provider of a service as a person, not a company. Emails will be tied to product (invites and service content)...
Please correct me if i'm wrong. As far as i know, when we use vpn service, our datas are only encrypted from us to vpn server. After leaving the server to intended recipient, our data is decrypted and interceptable by any party who is spying us. How to prevent our data from being intercepted or viewed until it reaches ...
I've always read: Put validations in the backend. Frontend validations are for UX, not security. This is because bad actors can trick frontend validation. But I'm having a hard time wrapping my head around how a bad actor could trick it. I never thought about it much, I just thought this meant someone could bypass the ...
I find SSL real confusing, but anyways. For my frontend static website, I host on S3 and distribute using CF. I just use something simple like comodo SSL to generate an SSL cert and then go through the AWS ACM process to import the cert. All good. But I realized all my API requests of course go to a Node.js server runn...
According to the man page, ssh by default sends multiple public keys from files in the ~/.ssh folder, one by one, until authentication success. Does that mean that the server side could know multiple (possibly all of) the client's public keys after a single authentication? If so, website A would easily know a user's us...
I recently started using a VPS hosting service, that offers unmanaged VPS. It allows me to reinstall the VM at any point in time, choosing from a number of OS ISO files (doesn't have to be the same OS as before). You are probably already familiar with this kind of service. When I first created the VM instance I had to ...
I want to know that whether Amazon S3 Pre-Signed URL is protected from brute force attack. For example, if I am the only person who knows the Pre-signed URL, is it extremely unlikely that somebody use brute force attack and access to bucket?
For the moment I implemented a login form asking for a username and a password and returning a session id (SID) that is stored in a cookie, without setting max_age or expires so that it will be deleted when the user closes his browser (if I understood it correctly). It is a good behavior for users who log in via a publ...
Here is the dilemma we're having: we developed proprietary bash scripts that do something, which is meant to be secure and closed source. Our customers however will have to buy separate IOT devices and flash our software (i.e. bash scripts) into them. The IOTs will have a Linux running (alpine or the like). What we wan...
I understand how Diffie-Hellman algorithm can be used to agree on a common key between a client and server. I am struggling to understand the three variations of Diffie_Hellman - Anonymous Diffie-Hellman, Fixed Diffie-Hellman and Ephemeral Diffie-Hellman. Is DHE used along with AES for forward secrecy ? Can someone exp...
Public key is for encryption, and private key is for decryption in PKIs. And digital signature employs the PKIs. How to use a private key for encryption, and using public key for decryption which violate asymmetric cryptography? from geeksforgeeks https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/digital-signatures-certificates/ The step...
Recently, after blocking third-party cookies, I thought that all non-domain cookies will be blocked. But as a surprise Google (google.com) cookies are not removed even if there is no link between the visited domain and google.com, and still, that cookie is present. Does anyone have an idea why Google cookies are treate...
One of applications I use has a password manager feature included in it. I can add logins to the password manager and they get stored in a .ini file (for simpler login purpose, I can select an account to log in with without typing username and password). I'd like to know if it is possible to find the key used to encryp...
I am participating in a program that when I write in the url parameter ' or 1=1;-- it gives me Forbidden 403 and when I write in the parameter ' or 1=2;-- it shows me the page. Is the website and parameter vulnerable? If yes is it a blind SQL? If it is a blind SQL how can I exploit it further?
Shouldn't it just "emulate" the admin privileges like everything else? Why dose it actually require it? And is there any security problems with that?
I created a large backend+frontend project for a client. They recently started a different project, and contracted an other company to develop and host it. Since they need some of the data from my project, they asked me to develop an api, so they can access the required data. I created a rest api, where the client is a...
We all know that if you visit a secure site which uses https, all modern browsers will show a padlock sign if it has a CA certified certificate. My questions are: Suppose there is an image loaded in the page from an insecure site (for example, from a site having self signed certificate). But the original page URL is a...
I want to share AES key using RSA. What is the recommended/widely used format for encrypting the AES key and its attributes with the public key? I know that PKCS#7/CMS enveloped-data allows encrypting any key with its attributes using a certificate. But how can I achieve the same thing without a certificate and only us...
When I look up a site on wayback machine, I click through a couple of links on the site, and then instead of loading the page, it downloads a file called "default.exe". Since I was expecting a page to load, not an .exe to download, it roused suspicions. Is this a common thing, and is there any way to figure out what's ...
I'm trying to implement CSP on my site and after some research I saw that most of the sites don't implement it or the implementation is very weak. I also see that the implementation of the CSP is similar to HSTS and you need to insert some CSP tags for its implementation. So my questions are : Is CSP a minimal require...
I understand that for most users, the Envelope-from address is the most difficult part of an email to spoof because (I assume) it is checked by the receiving MTA i.e. if you attempt to spoof the "MAIL FROM" address the first MTA in the chain (normally your outbound SMTP provider) will reject it. This means the SPF chec...
I noticed that Recon-ng is part of PWK/OSCP syllabus. I decided to give it a try. However, the module google_site_web doesn't seems to work anymore. [recon-ng][default] > modules load recon/domains-hosts/google_site_web [recon-ng][default][google_site_web] > options set SOURCE vulnweb.com SOURCE => vulnweb.com [recon-n...
I just tested a site and it looks like the certificate uses weak ciphers but the certificate is new. Can this issue be related to the Certification Authority that provides the certificate? Or this issue is related to the possibility of older browser usage? As you can see in the attached picture the test also found TLS ...
So the plan is to make a Windows 10 guest, give it lots of vCPUs and memory, perform GPU passthrough to achieve maximal performance, and then load my games onto this guest. The aim of this would be to stream the games over LAN to my PCs, thus providing easy access while also putting all games on a single box that has n...
I'm designing an app (for PC), that is intended to run on users' machines and generate a file with some data. The user will then upload the file to the server, and I want to verify that this file has been produced by my app and hasn't been modified. Can it be done reliably at all? Things that I have considered: genera...
My friends have my ip address and they're all programmers/hackers. They've been interfering with my wifi connection several times today. Asking them to stop or saying "they won't do anything" is not an answer since I've tried to tell them to stop but they carried on. What can I do? Also, I have witnessed them interferi...
Is it possible that after establishing a SIP phone call my conversation partner is able to identify my location? If so what are the prerequisites and how accurate would he be to do so?
GitHub Pages allows to set up a public page under <user>.github.io that can optionally be customized with a personal domain. In order to do so: GitHub must be set up to recognize that an incoming call referred to by a non-GitHub domain should be handled the personal domain must have a pointer to GitHub, via a CNAME in...

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