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I would like to hash user password with Argon2id, then use this hash as ECDSA private key. I made some tests with Python and passlib.hash and found following parameters: memory: 32 MB iterations: 100 hash length: 32 bytes (the same as ECDSA private key length) parallelism: 1 (I want to make it slow on purpose and the ...
I have a web application where user can upload and view files. The user has a link next to the file (s)he has uploaded. Clicking on the link will open the file in the browser (if possible) or show the download dialog (of the browser). Meaning that, if the user upload an html/pdf/txt file it will be rendered in the brow...
Can files outside database which are not part of any tables in database be read via union based SQL injection? For eg http://xyz.com/fetch?id=3 Consider id parameter is used at server side by cursor library to execute mysql query and no sanitisation is being done. Would something like 3' union select '../../x.py' -- b...
I wanted to wipe free disk space of my PC, as I had accidentally deleted confidential data permanently without securely deleting them. So wiping the entire free disk seems to be the only option now. I know that generally 1 overwrite is enough and no better than the 35 overwrites proposed by Peter Gutman. However, becau...
Is there a reason for not copying certificate signing request's (CSR) extensions over to certificate when creating a root CA the following way? openssl req -config openssl.cnf -new -key ca.key.pem -out ca.csr.pem -addext 'basicConstraints=critical,CA:true' -addext 'keyUsage=critical,keyCertSign' openssl x509 -req -in ...
Hey guys this is my first question in this kind of platform. I made a pentest a vulnerable machine this is like a web page video content there are not much target vectors. In my attack a detect only two possible attack vectors an admin panel (http://vulnerabletarge.com/login) and GET parameter(this seems sanitized) in ...
I recently downloaded one apk from a custom apkstore from my country. You can download the app for free but you need to pay to use some functionalities. I cracked the app jumping over all the activation mechanism just changing a boolean 'isActivated' flag which is used in an 'if'. I did this just for curiosity because ...
Can the user get the private key from the encrypted and the plaintext data or does it make it easier for an attacker?
To what extent can cryptography help protect against relay attacks (on vehicles)?
I have some confusion in understanding the security groups itself i guess. The login attempts are being made to different ports , here are the logs Jan 08 00:00:13 ip-172-31-10-252 sshd[6067]: Disconnecting invalid user test2 75.121.129.252 port 49340: Too many authent Jan 08 00:00:19 ip-172-31-10-252 sshd[6070]: Inval...
We are designing a Python application and we need to "load" encryption secret key in "memory" at the application boot. It can be also an admin pin code. Anyway, just some data. Our application will run under docker container. What is the most secure process to do it ? Can we trust the OS from any memory dump ? Can we u...
I was fiddling around with an OAuth2.0 request on burpsuite and I found that it validated the account even after I deleted the state parameter completely and forwarded the request through burpsuite. I would like to report this as a bug so I want to know if this has any attack vectors.
During a credit card payment to site X , it asks me to login to my ebanking account through a frame in a site that handles that transaction in order to implement a more secure authentication (3d secure). My question is : Should i trust such a process when i just see a frame that looks like a login page from my ebanking...
I do not quite understand why it is common practice to require a difficult to remember password with alphanumeric and special character requirements, while also having an upper limit of 32 characters. Wouldn't it be easier for everyone to remember the password if the lower character requirement was 32 and there was no ...
I'm implementing a service that makes signs and sends transactions at the end of the day, this acts as a crypto exchange. The service creates for every new user a key pair (Private key with its public key). The user can deposit his funds to his respective public key (this is a hot wallet and he has no access to the pri...
In "Framework Executable Formats" in msfvenom i see some options (psh,psh-cmd,psh-net,psh-reflection) in this article https://docs.rapid7.com/metasploit/the-payload-generator/ I see some explanation on the differences between psh and psh-cmd but what is it is psh-reflection and where I can find an explanation on the r...
From what I gathered, Windows 10 built-in encryption decrypts file/folder when a specific user logs into Windows. In a PC that only has one user, I want to keep the files encrypted until the user is prompted with a password and only then the files are decrypted. If I understood correctly file encryption does not do thi...
First off, I'm not even sure if this question belongs on this site, but I am a programmer and I usually just ask stack overflow questions like this, and I know for a fact this one doesn't belong there. But basically, my question is if I get a flash drive, and only ever attach it to say a Raspberry pi 0 (the one without...
Some VPN providers offer to encrypt mobile data. This goes beyond the typical Wifi hotspot mitigation paradigm. So what exactly are the benefits of VPN over mobile data? What threat models can this mitigate? Does this depend on the protocol? (I assume yes based on first research stating for instance that 2G signal can ...
Suppose a student takes an exam at home. Since home-exams are prone to cheating, the student wants to be able to prove that he/she did not cheat. So the student puts cameras in the room, which videotape the room during the entire exam. Now, if the student is blamed for cheating (e.g. because his/her exam is similar to ...
If I use the same machine (my PC) but with a different IP address and a different browser that I have never used to visit a site, will that site still be able to identify me? I don't understand the browser fingerprinting thing that well. To clarify, suppose I have visited a website with Chrome but later I visit that sa...
I am on a Windows 10 machine using Chrome (latest updates). I took a screenshot of Instagram, because I was having problems logging in, and then using Paint 3D applied a black rectangle to hide my username on the screenshot: My worry is that someone might be able to peel back the black rectangle to reveal my username ...
I am working on implementing an Android App (client) which will be connected to Raspberry Pi (server) via Bluetooth Classic. To make data transfer securely, I want to implement SSL encryption between client and server. I have created the Bluetooth socket and connected to the server successfully. To establish a secure c...
The company I work at uses a program on their Windows workstations that runs as the logged-in user but some tasks require elevated privileges. The user must be able to run these without having admin permissions himself. The current approach is that at the installation of said program a Windows Service is installed with...
I'm developing application with react and all the main logic is on the client side. I want to force users to use the application only if they paid for the app subscription. Are there any methods to prevent(or harden the ability to remove certain restrictions/api calls etc) users to access the app without paying? I was ...
I have 2 hashes which I don't remember which type of encryption I used or if i used a secret key. can you help me identify these I will just give all details but not paste the whole hash here. hash1 start: qe$weroodjf end:ejosfkgowieorjwr length: 71 bytes hash2 start: bHQ4VNwAbe3b end: TagEhBhrpZXVPqr6jQ== length: ...
WhatsApp team updates their policy and it will be from Feb 8. I accidentally agreed with the policy. Later I realized the policy is not good. How can I revert my agreement with the WhatsApp team? We have alternatives like Signal and telegram but I like to use WhatsApp. I am thinking if most of us not agree with WhatsAp...
Given 3 factors of authentication: Type 1: something you know Type 2: something you have Type 3: something you are Which factor of authentication would be an X.509 certificate, assuming this certificate is stored in the filesystem of the device I use? For example, let's place it in the context of TLS mutual authentic...
Are there any ways to get information on who is sending certain emails from an anonymous email address? Besides the obvious IP solution, would there be any alternative such as embedding some kind of script or something that reads some phone information (such as phone name, carrier, etc...) when the receiver opens the e...
As you can see, all fields that I send only the attributes < > are coded, so they are not executing in the browser. Is there any way to bypass this XSS filter? In my case, only these attributes are encoded. payload = <script>alert(1)</script> response = <h1 class="StoreTitle__StyledStoreTitle-qk8d4w-0 dRnViH">&lt;scrip...
I have Kali Linux on an external flash drive that is 128GB. I would like to build a PC with my friend but I don't know which operating system to put on it. I want to be able to play games and I know that the parts I've searched for are pretty fast and I also know that Windows is the best for it. But I am also aware tha...
I have an Ubuntu VPS running at a remote host. The disk is not encrypted but I have a specific directory that is encrypted for which I must provide a password via an SSH session (not stored anywhere on the VPS) to "unlock" it so that the services can run on this VPS and serve the content decrypted. Assuming the bad adm...
I have a VPS hosted at a remote location. Obviously the host can login directly (without SSH or any keys) on this box and I want to make brute force password guessing as hard as possible for a bad admin.This leads to the question: What is the maximum password length for user accounts in Ubuntu? While questions like "wh...
I am learning TLS Session Resumption. What I got is session resumption can reduce 1 RTT for TLS 1.2 by reusing MasterSecret. Both the client and server needn't to run key exchange algorithm. My questions are: Whether session resumption reuses symmetric encryption keys (to encrypt TLS records). What factors affect whet...
I am preparing for an exam in Computer Security and doing a past-exam without soluions, so I wanted to check if my reasoning holds on a question about stack overflow. Below is the C code in question. The goal is to make the function do_something() execute, no matter if pwd is "abcd" or "1234". My thought is to overflow...
Let's say I am a developer/maintainer of an open-source-webapplication distributed via docker. Any server-admin can install (using docker) and host this webapplication on his server with his own domain. So the webserver itself is "included" in the docker-image, the user can simply run a container and use the webapplica...
There are many tools designed to brute force directories and files in webservers, for example: https://tools.kali.org/web-applications/dirbuster https://github.com/maurosoria/dirsearch https://github.com/pyno/dirfy https://github.com/OJ/gobuster Which are the features to consider when selecting the one to use?
As you can see from my previous question, How can I escape Google?, I am not overly keen on sharing my personal data. I just got yet another new Android phone, after yet another died. Because I do not want Google having access to my data, I was going to post to post to Software Recommendations asking for an alternative...
TL:DR; What are good learning resources for security testing a software which runs with Docker on Ubuntu. I am in junior position at this company, and they figured it would be good if I just test their software from security perspective. I already learned a bit about hacking, but it was mainly webservers, CTFs, Tryhack...
I'm looking to install a virtual machine and since Hyper-V is not available for my Windows 10 production version I'm forced to decide between VirtualBox and VMWare. VMWare looks much more modern and new while Virtual Box has a very old and 'sketchy' looking website. I was always under the impression that VirtualBox is ...
I own a custom domain that I use for e-mail. The mail server is configured with a catch-all that redirects messages to any user to my inbox. For the first time this afternoon, I received a benign "auto-reply" to a message ("I'm driving and will get back to you later") that was "sent by" accnt966.wellsfargobanking.onlin...
If someone is having a Remote Code Execution, that means, one can run the commands on the server, then why does he need to get the Reverse Shell? Even though I can run system commands, then why do I go for Reverse Shell? I am finding the primary reason behind it.
So my friend sent me a IP grabbing link. I copied and pasted into playstation messages and sent it to my cousin. I’m wondering if my friend got my IP because I copied and pasted. I didn’t open the link nor click it so am I safe?
I wrote a one-liner shell script for rustscan which runs gobuster if port 80 is open. I have added the script to /home/$USER/.rustscan_scripts directory. The script looks like: #!/bin/bash #tags=["first","second"] #developer=[ "example","http://sdf.com" ] #trigger_port= "80" #call_format = "bash {{script}} {{ip}} {{por...
Let's consider the following code in a hypothetical C library. uint8_t size; uint8_t buf[128]; read(untrusted_fd, &size, 1); read(untrusted_fd, buf, size); In the early 2000s, it would be a serious buffer overflow vulnerability that enables arbitrary code execution, a CVSS score would be high (definitely C:P/I:P/A:P)....
Assume that it is an android 10+ and that it is encrypted. Assume that it is protected by a 6-digit pseudo-random pin code. Assume that the data can be erased remotely using google's "Find My Device" service. If the thief shuts the phone down, they'll have to contend with the disk encryption (it will wipe itself afte...
Let's assume an ecommerce site works over HTTP, rather than HTTPS. What are the practical dangers here? How could an attacker exploit this? Whenever I read about dangers of unencrypted traffic, it is somehow magically assumed that the attacker has managed to somehow slip into a point between me and the endpoint (establ...
A small DC motor working and moving a disc. When device/motor is powered off, a hacker with a strong magnet came and rotated the motor; without touching the motor, just moving the magnet near the motor is sufficient to cause the motor-nucleus to rotate, and hence the shaft rotated and the disc. A friend told me this ha...
If so, how would one go about that, and realistically, how long would it take? Is there something we can do proactively to make this more difficult? This seems more relevant than ever since we would not want anyone to gain access to our phone number and any associated accounts, and more and more services, even financ...
Here is an extract from a CSP report [csp-report] => Array ( [blocked-uri] => chrome-extension [column-number] => 27329 [document-uri] => https://www.mysite.com/mypage/ [line-number] => 3 [referrer] => https://www.google.com/ [source-file] => https://www.mysite.com/wp...
Have a look here: https://letsencrypt.org/2018/08/06/trusted-by-all-major-root-programs.html First paragraph says: "As of the end of July 2018, the Let’s Encrypt root, ISRG Root X1, is directly trusted by Microsoft products." I have just checked my Windows 10 20H2 certificate store, and ISRG Root X1 is nowhere to be fo...
Does the yarn package manager cryptographically validate its payload's authentication and integrity for all packages after downloading them and before installing them? I see a lot of guides providing installation instructions with steps asking the user to install Node.js dependencies with yarn add .... I usually don't ...
N.B. Asking this here instead of Movies.SE because I'm wanting to know about the cipher itself and any history, which this site is more suitable for. In S01E05 of The Wire, at around 45:00, it's revealed that: the gang that the cops are after encrypt their phone numbers by using a substitution cipher based on the lay...
I am trying a bbp program, and they allow requests only with some custom headers. So I was wondering if it is possible to add custom headers to nmap requests. Things I tried: I tried using burp proxy. I thought of adding headers using burp filters. I used this command nmap -p10000 127.0.0.1 --proxy http://127.0.0.1:808...
I'm working on a resource-constraint product and asked to enable support for MFA/2FA for all maintenance services. Given that MFA/2FA is about using two elements out of three(something you have, know, are). Our maintenance application is a desktop windows-forms application running over HTTPS protocol to interact with t...
I have AWS resources (e.g. EC2s, RDS instances) that I would like to isolate from each other so that if one is compromised, the potential damage is limited. I am most concerned about data leakage / exfiltration. I can group these resources into logical "areas". Some of the resources need access to the public internet. ...
There is something I don't understand about whatsapp's privacy policy. Your Messages. We do not retain your messages in the ordinary course of providing our Services to you. Once your messages (including your chats, photos, videos, voice messages, files, and share location information) are delivered, they are deleted ...
So im doing some pentesting in a TryHackme box (Chill Hack) and I've come to some trouble. In this box I have available an input in a website where I can inject commands to the vulnerable system. This input has filters so I cannot use bash nor netcat without escaping the command characters. Messing around I tried getti...
Microsoft released CVE-2020-1045 in September 2020. A security feature bypass vulnerability exists in the way Microsoft ASP.NET Core parses encoded cookie names. The ASP.NET Core cookie parser decodes entire cookie strings which could allow a malicious attacker to set a second cookie with the name being percent encode...
I was looking for ways to make Wi-Fi that uses WPA2-Personal/WPA-PSK secure, and I stumbled in this answer (the second one, from Terrence Koeman): WPA2-PSK (aka WPA2 Personal) basically does the same thing as WPA2-Enterprise from the clients perspective: The client associates to the access point, authenticates to the ...
Tried looking for it but didn't find solution. So basically every once in a while we are getting from our kindergarten an USB pendrive with photos. I am trying to find a way to safely copy the files from there as this pendrive can be used by all parents from our group. Thought about installing some Linux instance (dual...
I have come across many security keys from different manufacturers such as solokeys, yubico etc.., for the purposes of 2FA/MFA. Products vary basically w.r.t features such as USB-A, USB-C, Apple connector or NFC. But, I could not still figure out the reason for having a push button in couple of products whereas the nan...
Generally speaking, are certificates always non-sensitive? In the form of x509 certs, it's really just a public key and some metadata right? I see some things that call "certificates" the combination of the x509 public key certificate and the private key. But that's not really a certificate at that point (PKCS#12) righ...
I already know how to use password_verify and password_hash functions, but I don't really understand how they work. When I use them I do something like that: $save_hash = password_hash( $password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT ); $check = password_verify( $password, $hash ); How password_verify can know the algorithm used, the salt...
I've been doing some reading on simjacking lately, mainly around how one may be compromised. One common tidbit I read is that you can access your email and your other financial services if you have 2FA for those services. E.g.: here is one quote: Once the swap is complete, messages containing codes for those two-fac...
I wanted to know if there is a way to check if a torrent file has malware or not, before actually downloading it via uTorrent f.e. I only know VirusTotal site. Is this one reliable? Because each time I past a link in it, it says that the link/file is safe. So I don't know if every single link/file I paste on virustotal...
How can I test if/how STIR/SHAKEN is working on my incoming calls? Both for detecting spoofed caller ID AND calls from disreputable (NON-'A' attestation) service providers/carriers/sources. I'm looking for something vaguely like https://www.internetbadguys.com/ , https://dnsleak.com , OpenDNS/Cisco Umbrella list ... ...
I am Algerian. Why when I want to reset my Facebook password I receive a SMS from an Algerian phone number (00 213 ...), and not from Facebook? And why sometimes the SMS contain spelling errors? The six-digit code received by SMS works anyway.
Suppose that I have a password that is n-digits long. Each digit can take m values. So the number of permutations will be m^n. I wanted to know how much time it would take a quantum computer to crack this password. Is there a specific algorithm to this? If quantum computers are actually commercialized, am I (or literal...
I have tried many different tools to avoid being detected by an AV while using meterpreter exploit. Here is a list of tools I have tried: Shellter, Posh C2, Hack the World, Veil, Fat Rat, and many more. But they keep getting detected. I have read on the web, that the best way to evade AVs is to program and build your o...
Let's assume one has created an encrypted partition, e. g. with the LUKS standard. Then one creates a (virtual) disk image, e. g. for use by a virtual machine, containing an encrypted partition created by the same method and using the same encryption password. The disk image is stored inside the outer encrypted partiti...
My client did a pentest and he gave us feedback about root detection. So I used RootBeer android lib to fix root detection. In their readme, they highlighted that root detection is a "game of cat and mouse". Once we have delivered the new release with root detection our client gave us feedback that he could break root ...
Recently I've had two nonprofit organizations ask me to email them a photo of my driver's license. No money is changing hands, and both of these are legitimate and well-known nonprofits. Organization A wanted me to sign a document with a notary, but they also wanted me to email them a photo of my driver's license. This...
Edit #2: It seems the answer to Q#1 is "No" (which suggests I would need to look for some other solution, which is something I can do on my own, please don't spend time making suggestions for that) and that makes Q#2 the thing I'm still seeking information about. The functionality in question seems sufficiently useful,...
Trying to understand assymetric encryption. To my knowledge, it deals with the key management problem by having each user have their own private key and public key. But when is this private and public key pair generated for the user? Does each user have a unique and persistent private and public key? Also, why are hack...
Buffer overflow Attack: Sample Authorization void A( ) { int authorized; char name [128]; authorized = check credentials (...); /* the attacker is not authorized, so returns 0 */ printf ("What is your name?\n"); gets (name); if (authorized != 0) { printf ("Welcome %s, here is all our secret data\n", n...
I really just need an encrypted support ticket system essentially. The user who writes the ticket doesn't need to be able to view it afterward but a handful of staff need to be able to decrypt the data and view it. My backend is Firebase (using Firebase Authentication as well) and the users will be submitting informati...
I'm managing an AWS account for a specific purpose for a company of 120 people. Another supplier of this company of around 5 people also has an AWS account. To protect resources in an AWS account from malicious deletion, it is recommended to synchronise disk snapshots to a secondary account. The other supplier has appr...
I'm curious about what data actually gets signed when I sign a git commit or tag? Is it simply the commit message and metadata? How could I manually duplicate the signature, use gpg instead of git?
I am trying to understand an encryption process on a website (Instagram). As far as I know, a public key is sent from the server to the client. Then the password is encrypted with AES_GCM_256 and packed together with the AES key in an array and then in a sealed box with the public key from the Server. Is a sealed box t...
Are there any recommendations for the physical security of COVID-19 vaccine? I recently watched this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uoqMA9vAOrQ on covid-19 vaccine distribution. At the 0:40 mark, someone enters a code to access a locked freezer. From a security point of view, was it a good idea or a bad idea to...
How to prevent Chrome to connect addresses from LAN to prevent CSRF attacks like this? <img src="http://192.168.0.1/some_action"> Info for other browsers is welcome here too.
For a pendrive like Kingston IronKey, how can the pendrive block multiple password guessing attempts? Couldn't the person just disassemble the pendrive, make 1:1 copies and try again and again to access the data? I'm thinking on a scenario like Lost Passwords Lock Millionaires Out of Their Bitcoin Fortunes, where the b...
I have a requirement to add security between service to API communication. The current implementation is client certificates. The client gets a certificate and just sends it in a cookie to the API. API does zero verification of the certificate. It pretty much is "just there" in the cookie. The reason is they are concer...
Similar to another question about keeping an account locked, is it preferable to allow a user to reset their password while the account is locked out due to the wrong password being used too many times? For example, their account gets locked for 30 mins if the wrong password is used 6 times in a row. While the account ...
I have accidentally clicked on a link in a spam mail (sent to my gmail, wasn't sent to junk folder) and it opened the link in a new firefox tab. hxxps://hm_vqh3bo6.storage.googleapis.com/24476060.html which brought me to the google search home page. What do I need to do now? Do I need to change my password immediately?...
I wanted to ask how to deal with a new remote code execution vulnerability that has the same origin as an already found Denial of Service vulnerability? Can I apply for a new CVE ID for this? This is because the original vulnerability focuses on a Denial of Service and does not contain any remote code execution instruc...
I've noticed that an unknown cmd opens up exactly every 10 minutes and disappears almost instantly. To try and figure out what's doing this i downloaded an application called focus.exe which prints out the pid and application that stole the focus. The log shows this: 23228:C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe | Fri Jan 15 17:16...
I have noticed lately that instead of having an email address and password entry box on the same page/screen, a lot of websites and apps will instead ask for your email address first, then it will ask for your password in a separate step. As I use a password manager, this means I cannot just fill in the email address a...
I have this very simple script to run a rpcbomb script from auxiliary/dos/rpc/rpcbomb for a DOS attack. use auxiliary/dos/rpc/rpcbomb set RHOSTS Victim_IP_Address set RPORT 111 exploit -j -z I want to run the script about 10 times but I cant find any method to do so
When I run: openssl genrsa -aes-256-gcm -out rootca.key 4096 Then I get the following output: $ openssl genrsa -aes-256-gcm -out rootca.key 4096 Generating RSA private key, 8192 bit long modulus (2 primes) ..........................................................+++ ......................................................
If we have a private network connected to the Internet with NAT, how can an attacker estimate the number of host computers in network using port scanning? For both possible modes, the attacker inside and outside the private network.
I'm helping a non-profit and they have had malware on their WordPress site. I installed Sucuri and it quickly finds some strangely named HTML files in the base directory. I removed those files. Because of the malware found, the non-profit was blacklisted on 3 different spam sites (mxlookup search). I had updated all of...
I used the below command to open a certificate of a website that I downloaded from Firefox. What part of the downloaded certificate indicates that it is a CA's certificate? openssl x509 -in ca.crt -text -noout
I understand how this exploits work on the theoretical level, but I can't find detailed worked tutorials that show for example how to overwrite the return adress in the stack when overflowing a given buffer in a given function etc. Is there a database of such shared exploits ?
I have a Windows 10 computer with 3 hard drives: Samsung SSD 850 EVO 1TB (SSD, system drive where Windows 10 is installed, not encrypted yet) First 3 TB HDD already protected by BitLocker Second 3 TB HDD already protected by BitLocker Whenever I boot into Windows, I need to type in long passwords to unlock the second...
TLDR: Trying to execute commands on site thats got a LFI vuln. So I am making my post request to my vulnerable site and import requests header = { 'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; rv:2.2) Gecko/20110201', 'Accept-Language':'en-US;', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, def...
I want to create a web server that does redirects HTTP to HTTPS. What is the simplest method to do this but also secure? Should the DNS handle this? (For example, Route53) I used to do this with my app built from Node/Express but now that I am using a compiled language, I want to be able to do this by hand instead of r...
Pick any dictionary word. Think of a number over 10 and below 20. Repeat the word as many times as the number, and end off with the same number (for example, "12"). Example: bananabananabananabananabananabananabananabananabananabananabananabanana12. All you need to remember is: "banana" and "12". No human is ever go...
I have a hierarchical key system designed for my project. In this system a block of data is encrypted using a Data Encryption Key (DEK). This DEK is encrypted using a Key Encryption Key (KEK) which is encrypted using a Master Key (MK). The KEK is used to encrypt multiple DEKs. Figure 1. The key hierarchy Now, when I h...