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Often you get a call from a non-business number and your phone's filter app doesn't know who it might be. You might Google it, and find a thousand sites promising to tell you its owner, but they only have placeholders.
This is kind of surprising to me. With the amount of data leaking and unconscionable data sharing wit... |
I've just deployed a barebones Apache server on Digital Ocean, only hosting static files. No PHP et al.
I'm not too bothered to see random exploit attempts, but 99% of the requests are of this similar format and I'd like to know what they are trying to do.
The source IP is always changing, but the GET resource request ... |
I have installed some mod apks on my phone few days ago and i am feared that if they contain any type of spyware then can they access photos of my phone?
|
My friend recently told me that:
Google doesn't have our passwords saved on their database. Instead they put our password when typed on browser, through an algorithm and it'll produce a unique identifier. This identifier goes to database. And it is unable to reverse engineer/decode the password from the identifier.
I... |
I use a device that has access to things like incognito mode. However, it warns me that the device administrator can see what I do even when in incognito. I know that this is true when connected to an administrated WiFi, but, when I’m home and on a private WiFi, can the administrator still see what I do? (No forced VPN... |
I'm given 2 prime numbers, g and n, as well 2 public keys, ga mod n and gb mod n, as part of a leaked Diffie hellman key exchange. I need to derive the shared key gab mod n using the given information. I understand that I have to find a and b which are the private keys first but have no idea how to solve it since it st... |
What approaches are there for cracking user passwords for website/e-mail accounts? can only think of three strategies, but what else?
Algorithmically: Combinatorially attempting different sequences of alpha-numeric-special characters
Internally: Client database information is leaked, but actually, companies rarely sto... |
I see this code in a bug bounty program
The code:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
...
</html>
<script>
if(window.location.pathname === '/' || window.location.pathname.includes('.html')){
window.location='/not_here';
}
else {
console.log("how can i be here?")
}
</script>
The page has no "index.php"
How can I get... |
Let's say Alice sends a message to Bob in their P2P chat app asking him to complete some work. Bob is lazy, so he deletes the message off his machine, does not complete the work, and just claims that he never received the message in the first place. Their boss needs to fire someone, but is unsure who is telling the tru... |
I've read a lot of documentations about encryption in the last weeks and I think I now have a good idea of what system I will use for my project (standard hybrid cryptosystem using RSA/AES). However, there is still an unanswered question and I really need advice on this one.
The project have to manage sensitive health ... |
I have an all-core MediaWiki website; no addons, no forms besides a login form (not even a contact us form); the MediaWiki installation is continuously upgraded and everything is quite minimal and secured.
Say my domain is example.com and I bought an email address such as info@example.com from my domain registrar and I... |
I'm trying to breach a dummy MariaDB database which is vulnerable to SQLI and is storing sensitive data about its users and their passwords. I've collected all the data I could collect, but now how am I supposed to connect to this database and tamper with it? I downloaded MySQL (MariaDB) and I was trying to connect to ... |
Some people want to know what is the "best antivirus", I am a little disappointed and it's difficult for me to answer this question. I think Windows Defender is good but I can't give arguments. How can I answer this?
|
Their 2FA to log in to their web interface requires two things:
something you know (PIN);
something you have (OTP, generated by app for example).
After that, you need to log in by:
input email address;
input PIN, in password field;
input generated OTP right after PIN, in password field.
I have never seen such a 2FA... |
Can an attacker intercept my mobile traffic exploiting the ss7 vulnerability even if encrypted?
|
There is an existing user database that has the following columns:
userId (v4 uuid)
created timestamp
bcrypt password hash
email
I must add a password reset functionality and I cannot add any new column to the table. So my plan is to implement the following flow:
user triggers password reset
the server emails a JWT ... |
I am using a socks4 public proxy for more speed/bandwidth. I am currently using it for downloading files. Now I want to use it for social media or daily day usage. I know that they will get all my traffic. I use DNS over HTTPS in Firefox. So, I think that they won't be able to redirect a phishing site or something like... |
Plenty of "passwords in memory" and "keepass" related (old) topics in here, but most of them are about how to harden key protection ; plus it seems protection mechanisms by Keepass have evolved for the last couple of years.
In 2021, as KeePass is running and unlocked, I understand the master key is stored in the RAM (o... |
When I'm using the authorization code flow with PKCE do I still need state and nonce?
For state (that prevents login-csrf), if an attacker sends me a malicious Authorization Response, the client may accept the response, but in the end no token can be retrieved, as the code_verifier would not match the one for the code ... |
I got questioned about the security of using public computers and sending data with them. I am using HTTPS which is based on SSL, while SSL uses PKI which is hard to hack. Thus, there is nothing to worry about while using a public computer. Is it right? (I don't take into account cases with computer-based viruses like ... |
I really need some help. I have an annoying housemate who seems to have downloaded some app that blocks my wifi with a flick of a switch.
Can anyone tell me how I can bypass this, as it's really getting annoying him keep blocking my wifi just as easy as that.
|
Reading from here: https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Forgot_Password_Cheat_Sheet.html
It mentioned that password reset link should be single use and expire after appropriate period. I don't understand why should it be single use?
Also found this: https://www.troyhunt.com/everything-you-ever-wanted-to-know/... |
I am developing a Multi-tenant application to allow tenants to open an e-commerce shop (similar to Shopify). We are hosted on AWS.
At this point there will be under 20,000 transactions in the first year but I am a bit confused regarding PCI Compliance in this case.
I (and my tenants) will use a payment provider that al... |
First off: I know that encrypt-then-authenticate is better, however I want to understand the following for authenticate-then-encrypt. The underlying cipher is AES-CTR or AES-CBC for this consideration.
When using encrypt-then-authenticate, the authenticity of the of the cipher text can be proven, because both parties h... |
I recently came across following article
https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/researcher-hacks-over-35-tech-firms-in-novel-supply-chain-attack/
it describe about an exploit which exploit design flaws of different package managers ex: package manager preferring higher version numbers, public packages over priv... |
I am a student in networking, we learn cybersecurity, but we don't learn buffer overflow vulnerabilities in depth, I understand how it works, but I don't understand how an hacker can detect this vulnerability. Is that very difficult or can be done easily with some techniques ?
|
While monitoring SIEM alerts, I saw that there was more than 200 failed logon for a user to several hosts in the domain. Obviously, it was triggered as a brute-force attempt.
Assuming it was not an attack. What are the non-malicious root causes that could trigger such alerts? Considering that a user will not try 200 wr... |
There is a lot of malware that can detect whether it is running inside a VM or sandboxed environment and if such environment is detected it can conceal it self and not execute. So why not make everything a VM? Now all systems are safe!
I know not all malware does this but considering that there are many cloud services ... |
I am struggling to implement JWT refresh tokens with the Double Submit Cookies method.
My current set up for a browser based webapp without refresh tokens looks like this:
Upon successful login, API server returns JWT with expiry in a httponly cookie
Client server intercepts this and creates httponly cookie copying t... |
I am running Zap version 2.10.0 and was hoping to gain more control of logins with users.authenticate_as_user, link
It is, however, unavailable as when I list attributes of a users object in python I only get (besides dunder methods):
'get_authentication_credentials', 'get_authentication_credentials_config_params', 'ge... |
Excuse me if this is obvious, but while encrypting one of my disks, I got bored and read the text on the window.
And the question came to me, how the heck can I move a mouse in a way that a computer couldn't reproduce?
To be more specific, what information does me moving my mouse provide that VeraCrypt couldn't make i... |
I'm learning about X509 certs used in client-cert authentication to https endpoints. If I have an OCSP checker (Python script that creates, submits, decodes OCSP responses), do I need to check the not-valid-after date on a client cert?
Example:
Client makes request to my https endpoint
I check the client's certificate... |
If a template is provided to Perl's Template Toolkit, can you ensure that the code generation inside Template Toolkit is sufficiently subsetted to be safe?
|
the purpose of adding trusted timestamps to signatures is so that they can be considered valid long beyond the validity of the signing certificate.
However, this is not so easy, since TSA's signing certificate has an expiration date too or may be revoked and already issued timestamps may become invalid.
My question thu... |
I'm wondering if the following system would be a secure way to store frequently duplicated files.
Hash the source file, deterministically derive a key from it.
The source file(s) are likely to be high entropy (PDFs, archives of multiple files etc)
Use that key to encrypt the source file.
Upload that encrypted file ... |
I was thinking of the following scenario :
a network is behind a router (performing NAT) and firewall
this firewall denies all unsollicited incoming packet
a user on a computer of the network opens a browser, types in “http://www.company1.com”. He therefore opens a port to establish a communication with a socket on co... |
I am aware that MS Word documents can be potentially dangerous due to the executable macros contained within them.
But for a particular document, I have opened the macros and can see there are none. Can I be sure, therefore, that this document is not malicious?
|
I wonder if the chat content's are encrypted in local storage on mobile devices (iOS, Android).
I hardly found any reliable information about this topic.
My thought is about somebody stealing my device and plugging it's hard drive into an external device.
This is not about how to decrypt the storage. It's just about if... |
I'm working on app that uses MySQL database on XAMPP Control Panel on Windows.
I am concerned about security part.
I received advice about connecting to MySQL through VPN so it won't be accessible so easily.
As far as I understand it, VPN helps with blocking unwanted traffic to database.
I was thinking about whitelisti... |
If the following data is known:
URL of web site X,
Exact time and dates when the visit to web site X occurred,
Anonymized IP address of web site visitors (without the last digit, e.g. 125.251.101.x),
can ISP still determine/identify users who used its network to visit the web site X in given dates and times only base... |
I know how Buffer Overflows work but in order to do them do you have to be on the same WIFI as your victim. You need to send a packet to a specific device on a specific port. Therefore, unless port forwarding was enabled on that specific port for that specific device, how would you exploit a buffer overflow vulnerabili... |
I have added a root ca in my debian machine by using the following commands:
mkdir /usr/local/share/ca-certificates/custom/
mv myserver.crt /usr/local/share/ca-certificates/custom/
update-ca-certificates
This works as intended, the cacert file in /etc/ssl/certs/java/cacerts (linked from the java installation folder) ... |
I'm learning about X509 certs used in client-cert authentication to https endpoints. I have a nice Python script that checks many facets of the client-cert.
Is there any validation that can be performed from a reverse DNS lookup on the client IP?
Example:
Client makes request to my https endpoint
I grab the IP address... |
When you plug a smartphone into a USB port on a Windows 7-10 computer, often a small message box pops up on the Windows device indicating that drivers are being installed. This happens automatically without any user intervention.
As opposed to a similar question I apparently asked over 4 years ago (oh dear), for this ... |
I'm running a docker container in Kubernetes cluster running in aws, I exposed the container through LoadBalancer service and limited access to it just to my ip address using aws security groups, but I still getting GET/POST requests that seems brute forcing the endpoints of the application.
Illustration:
My question ... |
If I have a file that I encrypted with PGP and I'd like to allow other people to view the file after I performed the original encryption can I simply add them to the PGP payload? Since PGP creates a symmetric encryption key that is used to encrypt the file's content, and encrypts that symmetric key with each user's pu... |
Let's say I had a ca bundle with many certificates in it on my server. I accidentally gave this to a team of programmers I have hired. Could they theoretically use this to somehow ssh into my server or mysql db?
|
I know that the access token can be of any format(it is up to the authorization server), but I noticed that most of the times the access token is not a JWT whereas the id token is a JWT. Why is that so? If it is to check the authenticity of id token over non-ssl connections, wouldn't the same be needed on the access to... |
I have a zip file (.zip created by 7zip v15.10) that I remember the password to (~12 characters long), but it seems I've typed the password wrong while zipping it and now it doesn't open.
What are the best tools to recover the password based on the permutations of what the password should have been?
Some paid zip crack... |
I have a python-script being run regularly on my Linux system by means of a cron daemon process - every weekday 18:00 scraping stockmarket data.
This scraping script is placed in cgi-bin folder so that it can be run on a remote client.
Port 80 is open on the default gateway
Webbserver: Apache2
No domainname is bound to... |
Let's say I have the following url: https://secure.sub.domain.com/?continue=https://sub.domain.com
I found out that I can put anything I want before sub.domain.com in the continue parameter as long as sub.domain.com is present in that parameter, for example: ?continue=https://google.com-sub.domain.com.
I tried to bypas... |
Recently a utility provider has started to attach a zip file including my bill inside, however, they have secured the zip file using my online web account password.
I am not too concerned about somebody getting my bill, however, it concerns me in two other ways...
First, would this now allow for easier dictionary attac... |
Facebook tends to "recommend" your account based on IP and collected data. How do I keep it hidden from people that are geographically related to me? I want to create a pseudo-anonymous account that isn't linked to my real identity in any way.
|
To me, security is most important topic for messaging or video conference applications.
I am searching if end to end encryption is possible for group chat or group video conference.
There so some methods like TLS and SRTP (with AES encryption specification ) to encrypt media and signalling data for end to end communica... |
I recently discovered that on one of my PCs the SolarWinds software was installed.
I didn't install this software on my machine.
I also saw that SolarWinds was cracked by Russian hackers and also companies like Microsoft have a lot of data leaks.
Is it possible that I'm a victim of a hacker attack?
And what I can do no... |
Just out of curiosity, could you provide (old) real world X.509 v2 certificate examples that include the deprecated (in some version of X.509) and forbidden (in RFC 5280) issuerUniqueIdentifier or subjectUniqueIdentifier fields?.
A bonus point would be pointing at any application, library or whatever capable of generat... |
I want to collect certain data from my application using the driver and transfer it to the server to check its integrity. And I want to sign these packages using TPM to avoid forgery. However, a user can trick my program by writing a similar driver and intercepting, for example, messages to and from the server, replaci... |
I looked at a certificate of (e.g. stackoverflow) a website and the fingerprint in chrome was different then microsoft edge, so I was wondering how it that possible?
chrome: f67e91c916ce8f5f8aee8abdf99328613dd298a3
edge: 3D:BB:0B:22:63:21:01:3B:1B:6A:2D:9A:FF:5A:84:5B:25:C0:D3:17:49:B9:15:42:EC:50:3A:D7:1A:67:7F:2F
... |
I came across a very interesting case:
The user uploads a file
The file contains <script>alert(2)</script>
The web app shows the file's content to the user -> the XSS payload is executed
The file is not stored in any way, shape or form (forget about Stored XSS)
There's no anti-CSRF token on the file upload
XSS via Fi... |
I clicked on a phishing website. I was surprised to find that this website looked exactly like google and had my information displayed. The information displayed were my email and my profile picture. I quickly left the website without knowing what to do. Can someone access my google account even if I changed the passwo... |
I know servers have something to block you from just sending them an HTTP request that is actually some malware or a webpage that is malicious, because it would be so easy to just spam HTTP requests with malware. Code red used something more advanced than that by spamming an HTTP request with Ns. Also, I wonder if some... |
I'm definitely understanding something wrong with the TLS process, and am hoping one of you fine folks will point out the flaw in my thinking.
So from what I've read on TLS, the client (and therefore any man in the middle (MITM)) knows or receives a web server's certificate, which amongst other things contains the publ... |
I'm trying to consume a payment processor API (not developed by my), but (being honest) I don't know anything about security, I don't understand API keys and authentication, I have multiple questions about API's that I couldn't resolve no matter how much research I did, the questions are:
What could happen if someone ... |
I was testing Burp Suite Crawl on some old php sites I made and it found Sleepy User-Agent
SQL injection vulnerability
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64)
AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.100
Safari/537.36 '+(select*from(select(sleep(20)))a)+'
And I am wondering how this can b... |
I'm currently working on a library with secure authentication process. I wanted to support ppk file loading for ed25519 private keys. I used the original source code of putty to determine how the decoding of password protected files worked. I generated a demo file with a password protected and a non password protected ... |
In my test setup I have a root CA only. I also have a node cert (joe0.lab.local.pem). I did the following:
openssl verify -CAfile ca.pem joe0.lab.local.pem
joe0.lab.local.pem: CN = joe0.lab.local
error 20 at 0 depth lookup:unable to get local issuer certificate
The node cert was NOT signed by ca.pem. Is this the e... |
I'm trying to generate all possible variation of a password.
The base word is like "PleaseSub!" and I need all possible version of it with uppercase, lowercase, etc.. I know there is something like 2^10 options but I can't figure out how to generate it with crunch or any other tool.
Any idea?
|
We are setting up an authentication system using Cognito and Amplify. We noticed that Amplify suggests Secure Remote Password as the default.
I can understand the benefits of SRP for protecting against man-in-the-middle and such attacks. But it seems there is a downside too: for example, the server is unable to perform... |
I need to block all the Internet connections that don't go through a VPN server before they even get the chance to happen. How can I achieve this on Mac OS Big Sur? Mac OS doesn't seem to have any embedded tools that would allow me to do so (unlike Android, for example). Maybe there's a router firmware that would allow... |
What is the best place to store certificates and keys which are confidential and sensitive?
As I understand LUKS is fine and kernel transparently handles encryption/decryption. Also, the LUKS volume could contain anything and everything like a normal file system.
On the other hand, I came across softhsm from OpenDNSSec... |
I am working at a university where we are creating a Website that allows students to apply for scholarships. Rather than print the application form, sign it then scan it then return it back, the website allows student to digitally sign the application forms (aka e-signature).
Since there are multiple documents which th... |
I am testing this application which sends JWT and CSRF token in cookies, I created a PoC file to test for CSRF, but only CSRF token is being sent in the PoC request and not JWT.
I was under the impression that cookies are always sent in all requests regardless of the domain sending those requests, this is the reason CS... |
I'm trying to implement the putty file format in one of my dart packages. Implementing the actual key loading was ok, but I'm struggeling with the mac validation. I'm not shure what I'm doing wrong here
The putty code is quite clear about how to check it, but something is still wrong here. The putty code generates the ... |
As stated in title - I am wondering if connecting my printer to ISP-provided router could expose all of my printed data to his eyes?
Cheers!
|
I have REST APIs which are behind a webserver, then there is a custom single page application frontend hosted on it (React).
It goes like that:
The user logs to the index page, if the session cookie is not present they gets redirected towards the login page
The user logs and gets redirected to the index: all the reque... |
I recently set up a local server on my home network to host some files and personal webapps. In an attempt to improve security, I bought a pfsense-based firewall. I know some basics of networking but I'm not particularly advanced, so I tried to do some general reading about firewalls as I was setting things up.
There w... |
I have an exam next week. I need help.
This is my lab:
attacker machine (kali) : 192.168.1.81
1st hacked machine (Windows 10) : 10.10.10.130
target (Windows 7) : 10.10.10.135 (have an MS17-010 exploit)
Steps I follow:
I hacked the Windows 10 machine I got a reverse shell via netcat on net then ... |
So today I switched from Lastpass (chrome extension and iOS app) to bitwarden.
So far so good, it was really easy to export my lastpass data and import it in bitwarden however what I am wondering is how LastPass knew I used the same passphrase with bitwarden !
Let's say my lastpass passphrase was "CorrectHorseBatterySt... |
Say I make a social-media website and forget to include the htmlspecialchars() function.
If the website uses infinite scrolling (that will eventually show every post on the website if you scroll down far enough), and somebody exploits the XSS, does everyone visiting the site get the XSS attack?
|
I understand this might be a usual question but I thought it'd be interesting to get people's feedback regardless as this relates to security.
In games, in particular I am thinking about Minecraft, there is this functionality called resource packs. In addition there are also shader packs but I will get to those later. ... |
Coming from Windows to macOS, I was surprised that the firewall was off by default. I immediately turned this feature on. Would this be necessary? Are there some cons to having the firewall on that I am not aware of hence why Apple turned it off?
|
Websites release statistics on their user base all the time and it’s not considered a breach of privacy because their user bases are so large that it’s impossible to pick apart who thinks or watches what. Additionally when nations or states or counties release election results it is impossible to figure out who voted f... |
We have done vulnerability analysis with third party security team. They have mentioned one point as critical findings but i don't understand risk associated with it and suggested remedial action also bit confusing.
Finding : Same web application can be access by two different URLS.
Ex: http://1.1.1.1/abc, http://examp... |
I have a website that uses ManageEngine Service Plus and it has a SQL injection vulnerability
the linksays that with the help of the following url we would be able to inject postgresql commands to get the complete control of the system:
/reports/CreateReportTable.jsp?site=0 AND
3133=(SELECT 3133 FROM PG_SLEEP(1))
I do... |
I exposed my browser cookie of my request header in a web forum.
After I realized what I have done - I logged out, cleared my browser and logged in again.
Am I safe now? Can someone still use that browser cookie to impersonate me?
|
I have enabled DMARC settings in my domain (drkotzi.org). Now when I send emails from my email address (sales@drkotzi.org) to email lists or email groups, I can see that the email's from address and to address become identical. can someone please tell me why this is happening? because of this sometimes my emails are no... |
I wrote an openssh-key-v1 Protocol reader and extracted all fields according to the format definition:
"openssh-key-v1"0x00 # NULL-terminated "Auth Magic" string
32-bit length, "none" # ciphername length and string
32-bit length, "none" # kdfname length and string
32-bit length, nil # kdf (0 length, no ... |
We have an application which have purchased from a 3rd party and host in our own environment. The application consists of its own UI and back-end, and is included in our own application through an iframe.
During a recent scan by our security vendor, they have identified a few high risk vulnerabilities within the 3rd pa... |
I'm working on an Android application with few millions of users. The app has some financial|payment features. We have some public APIs and some authenticated ones (OAuth2). As a part of enhancing our security, we are currently using "Certificate Pinning".
The problem is, our app gets repackaged by some people to disab... |
I have a little project for authentication and I need to store an encryption key on website B which I get from the server on website A, but the server from website B should not be able to read it.
Is this possible without a browser extension? How would something like this be implemented?
I guess the broader question is... |
Is it possible to decrypt a RSA message if the characters of the message are individually encrypted?
The info you have is the message, the public key and the n which is too big to be factorizable.
|
I am working on the auto-routing functionality of Codeigniter 4 and I'd like to test it by sending some nasty exploit-type HTTPS requests to make sure it properly resists mischief. E.g., request a uri with .. in the path to see if we might execute some arbitrary PHP file on the server. I've tried a url like https://exa... |
Suppose I have the following 3 files with content:
file1.txt:
This is file1.txt. It is labeled red.
file2.txt:
This is file2.txt. It is labeled green.
file3.txt:
This is file3.txt. It is labeled blue.
Suppose these 3 files are stored on my linux file system at:
/home/shared
Finally, suppose I have 3 users who ... |
I couldn't find any deep dive info about PIN management in Bitwarden.
And I'm not able to read their code, not qualified enough.
Are there people around here who can explain how PIN protection works with Bitwarden browsers extensions?
When the vault is locked and you use your master key to unlock, I am confident no key... |
Say there is a SQL database that stores certain records in encrypted. A person wants deletion of a record in a way that even hard drive recovery services cannot recover it without breaking the hard drive.
Is it possible to delete records this way?
|
Consider a use-case in which a single page application using an OAuth identity flow has to use one of many possible identity providers, as determined by what user is logged in. More specifically, I log in using my credentials for Company A, and the app directs the client app to use Okta, and if I log out and log in aga... |
Alice bought 1 Bitcoin and encrypted her wallet.dat in Bitcoin Core.
Samantha, Alice's friend, notices the Bitcoin price skyrocketing and, while Alice is in the bathroom, steals Alice's wallet.dat as well as important.txt and goes home.
There she discovers that it's passphrase-protected, so she cannot transfer the coin... |
I have two sha256 hashes as hex strings
HASH1=b5bb9d8014a0f9b1d61e21e796d78dccdf1352f23cd32812f4850b878ae4944c
HASH2=7d865e959b2466918c9863afca942d0fb89d7c9ac0c99bafc3749504ded97730
now I want to create a new SHA256 that depends on these two hashes (for a merkle-tree structure). Any two hex representations of the same... |
I am trying to encrypt one of my primary Linux partition (5GB) by following this example to encrypt.
I want to confirm some of my understandings:
Salt is automatically generated by cyrptsetup with luks?
--iter-time and --hash only affects the time to "open" the encrypted partition? Such that it doesn't affect read la... |
I was sending a voice note to a friend and when I listened to it, the first ~6 seconds were completely normal and then something weird happened. A radio transmission from some radio station (I don't know which one) cut in after a weird sound.
Does anyone know what could have happened? Is it possible some radio transmis... |
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