Split (1)

train · 180k rows

instruction stringlengths 24 29.9k
As my computer is currently set up, I have 3 AV's: AVG (paid), Malwarebytes, and Spybot S&D. I think that each one of these serves a purpose: AVG gets your real malware - Trojans, Worms, etc. and provides real-time protection, Malwarebytes gets adware (which AVG misses with alarming frequency), and Spybot gets spyware ...
SSL implementations have been discussed a lot lately, due to Chrome's potential of switching off NSS (https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ML11ZyyMpnAr6clIAwWrXD53pQgNR-DppMYwt9XvE6s/preview?pli=1&sle=true#) and OpenSSL with Heartbleed. What are the major factors preventing someone with tons of resources (e.g. Google) ...
I have a web site where users can enter some text into a textbox and that text is immediately rendered in a div using javascript (strictly front end). If a user enders something like this: This is my text<script>alert('test');</script> It will render that content in the div and show the alert. When the user saves th...
I recently looked at my local credit union bank and they said that their site is not vulnerable to heart bleed. However, I have used my credit card in many websites such as grubhub, amazon, some charity organizations, so the credit card data can be exploited. I want to have some expert opinion before I act? PS: I looke...
Are intruders in a local network able to mask their local IP in any way? Could they 'hijack' another local IP and perform scans and exploits from there?
Related to, of course, the heartbleed vulnerability, I've been reading the news about the worst case scenario for this attack being the extraction of the SSL private key, because, of course, this would allow the attacker to decrypt all traffic to and from the compromised server, including [probably, depending on forwar...
I just got a software update openssl-1.0.1e-37. I believe it is a patch for HeartBleed. Given that it was widely reported that versions up to 1.0.1f are vulnerable, how can I verify this patch on my server without resorting to an external checker?
I was wondering if there currently exists a Content Management System that supports PKI and client certificates for website authentication instead of username/passwords. If not, what's a good place to start on developing a site that uses this authentication scheme? Is it possible with Python and Django?
From what I understand, all it takes to enable PFS on a webserver is adding ephemeral cipher suites (ones that use DHE and ECDHE for the key exchange) to the list of cipher suites used in SSL/TLS handshake. I'm aware that some older web services and crypto libraries do not support these cipher suites. But besides that,...
I am trying to write an application is rails. Which is more like a api application so that when a user gets redirected from his application into mine I would like to authorize him and start a session for his own. This session must be open till he leaves my application. How can I do this?
the lastpass.com/heartbleed tool states that my server is most likely vulnerable and that users should wait untill my cert has been replaced. It seems that they check for certificate creation date, but i re-keyed my certs which means that they are newly created with a new key but still have the old information like the...
Everywhere I go, people tell me the private keys need to be kept away, possibly even locked into a safe. Then how come Firefox and other keystores expect you to give them a private key? Firefox is a client, it shouldn't need this right?
More and more evidence seems to be surfacing that the Heartbleed vulnerability leaks the private key portion of the SSL certificate in use. As such this can actually mean that if an attacker was also able to passively monitor SSL traffic, when they get hold of this key, they could decrypt an unlimited log of SSL data, ...
We have two severs sitting under one load balancer. We run PCI scans on those two servers. Now, when we started, we only had 2 websites running from these two server. But the business is growing and we have around 10 more sites on these two servers. Do I have to get the PCI scans of all these websites separately, or ...
(1) As it is possible to extract the secret key from a SmartCard using laboratory equipment, I wonder if there is any (new) way to protect against this sort of security breach? Does it affect all kinds of SmartCard? (2) Do eToken/ crypto-token resist such key-extraction attacks? Would the PIN lengh make any difference?...
I have started Firefox in an Ubuntu terminal, and now I see these messages during browsing: "No permission to use the keyboard API for http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net" I mean... WTF? Why does Google Ads or DoubleClick need to have access to my keyboard?
Basically, I'm testing a local network, on which I'm able to use ARP spoofing. I now want to try and infect one of the Windows boxes on the network with a backdoor. I could inject an iframe into their HTTP traffic, or a JavaScript redirect, or something to that effect, to get the file to download. However, I'm wonderin...
In hearing about the Heartbleed vulnerability, I went to https://www.openssl.org/source/ to download the latest patch, but was quite surprised to find that the security certificate for that site has not been refreshed since the exploit was discovered ("not valid before" date is Tuesday, August 30, 2011 5:30:50 AM CT). ...
According to articles such as the following, it's apparently possible to check logs for heartbeat requests matching the payloads described in the Heartbleed exploit. Is this something that any server operator can check for in their own logs (at the server level, any standard Linux distribution)? If so, which logs shoul...
I admit that while I'm a programmer, my crypto/security knowledge is fairly basic. I understand that the potential of leaking private SSL keys is cited as one of the most serious effects of the Heartbleed bug. My question is, how can an attacker actually use the private key? Heartbleed.com states that: These are the c...
It's been a while since I studied key distribution, so I may have some fundamental misunderstanding.. From what I remember, man in the middle attacks can't occur during cert distribution because the cert being distributed is protected by a higher level cert's key. The root keys are distributed on cd with the OS making ...
The OpenPGP specification (RFC 4880) describes, page 34, the different capabilities that an OpenPGP key may have; including: 0x20 - This key may be used for authentication. In GnuPG, one of the most popular implementations of OpenPGP, it is possible to generate [sub]keys with the authenticate capability (using the --...
Pretty sure that browsers are compromised most often through their plugins, at least, that's what I keep reading. So, then, does that mean the browser itself has vulnerabilities, and the plugins are just the vector to get at the browser's vulnerabilities?
What Causes an Operating Systems ISO image to become Corrupted? I found an ISO image of windows 7 off the internet and now when I use windows 7, its extremely slow. What causes this? I cannot boot up the computer anymore from a CD disk. I want to remove the windows 7 from the computer and replace it with a clean copy o...
I want to develop an Android app that may contain sensitive personally identifying information (national ID number, phone number, etc.) among other data that will be stored in an Android phone. Let's say that this data will be kept on the phone, which is offline most of the time, and has a very small and not so frequen...
I'm running Ubuntu x86_64, and want to upgrade to OpenSSL 1.0.1.f. wget <openssl latest> tar -xzvf openssl.tar.gz cd <openssl dir> ./configure --prefix=/usr make In the console output, I get the following error: collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
Does HTTPS retrieval, among its other effects, sign a document? I'm asking in hopes of understanding in more specific details what TLS accomplishes. I will try to elaborate my question, as follows. Suppose Bob retrieves a document message.txt from Alice using HTTPS. In the course of this retrieval, Bob also stores into...
I have a number of apps on my smartphone that store the passwords - facebook, mail, etc. So say the phone is lost or stolen and the finder decides he wants my passwords - what can he do to get them, and how safe is my data on the phone? Is is doable to bruteforce the password given that the password is not super comple...
A friend of mine recently got her Gmail account "hacked" because of a weak password (the same as her login..). While sanitizing her account, I removed the forwarding of her emails to one email address (let's say booba123@outlook.fr). I typed the scammer's email in a search engine, and I found one domain name which seem...
I realize that this may be more of an opinion type question, but I see a lot of questions on ethics in this forum so I hope mine fits in. I was reading a BBC article about Heartbleed, and in the article it references couple of sites that can test other websites for presence of Heartbleed vulnerability. The sites' state...
After I learned last week that the login data of some of my accounts was leaked, I had to change my passwords for more than 30 sites. That was tedious! As luck would have it, some days later we learned about Heartbleed. Oh great, now I’ll have to do all this again (and for even more sites now). Then I read the question...
I want to protect my passwords for free and store them on a machine that might get stolen but have the passwords very securely backed-up in the cloud, again for free, and minimize the total lifetime inconvenience of password management system changes and minimize the risk of transcription errors that might result from ...
According to this heartbleed mass test, Stack Overflow is vulnerable whereas google is not. I use my Google ID to logon to Stack Overflow (and some other sites). Do I need to change my password? In other words, is it the account that determines safety, or the service used?
How can I implement a cryptographic hash function using the block cipher? I was wondering whether I can use AES in cipher block chaining mode to achieve this.
This may be a unwise question, but I'll ask anyhow. I have been analysis relatively a bit about the Heart Bleed vulnerability, and I'm curious as to whether it only affects web applications or could affect any routers?
Our old computer is getting replaced, and I want to secure the new computer right from the get go. So I figured if I install something like VirtualBox first thing, I could then create one very powerful VM for my family to use. My old computer was plagued with viruses and trojans and rootkits that i couldn't pull out o...
In a discussion about the recent OpenSSL information disclosure vulnerability, the subject of OpenSSH being vulnerable came up. While OpenSSH is not vulnerable due to the problem lying in the TLS handshake, it opened discussion for the security of OpenSSH on FreeBSD. Theo de Raadt had this to say: ... as long as you ...
In the comments to this question it is mentioned that even after a backup recovery malware still can persist. Do I understand that correctly? How is this possible? If Acronis True Image is used to make a backup of a disk would restoring a clean backup guarantee the removal of any malware? For example when recovering is...
I would like to use Gladman's algorithm to create AES encrypted data in JavaScript. I use the Crypto-JS library, but its performance is horrible. PBKDF2 is terribly slow, so I switched to another library (SJCL) which seems to be over a lot faster. Crypto-JS has a special Gladman mode to give the same result as Gladman'...
I had generated the CSR with OpenSSL. Do I need to regenerate a new CSR with no vulnerability due to OpenSSL in order to obtain a new certificate from a CA?
in the hybris of leaked ssl-private-key everybody cries for new certs and new keys. my question: how would one generate a new and valid ssl-cert with the private key from my website? our certs are usually domain-validated, meaning that ssladmin@domain.com usually gets a ntoficiation on issued cert-requests p.s. i'm not...
I'm considering moving to a password-management strategy based on supergenpass or something similar. This is an alternative to other password managers where instead of having a database of passwords encrypted on your master key, your password for any individual site is a hash of your master key + the site's domain name...
If I understand correctly the hearbleed vulnerability, only the heap of the OpenSSL process can be retrieved by an attacker (or part of depending on the memory allocation type that is used). Then, how comes the OpenSSL process keeps in memory what it has encrypted/decrypted previously ? It seems obvious that given the ...
I am working on a vein pattern recognition project based on SURF algorithm and euclidean distance. I have completed my program to find the maximum and minimum distance between vein features and find a match exactly when there is an identical image. i.e max and min distance between two images is zero. In this case, how ...
I analyzed the TLS (1.2) handshake and I didn't manage to understand the message after the Change Chipher Spec Here it is: It is called "Encrypted Handshake Message" by Wireshark and it is sent by the server to the client and vice-versa. What is the content of this message? It should be the Finished message but what ...
"The fix for this bug is simple: check that the length of the message actually matches the length of the incoming request." Why do we even have the client report the length at all? If we can know the length of the incoming request, can't we just infer the length of the message from that? (This is a programming and prot...
I wanted to use sharable plugins for an application. However, the plugins were extremely time critical, so I wanted to distribute them as C libraries. Now, these are not guaranteed to be safe (the programmer could user system calls or cause segfaults). Then I had this idea: The application puts its source code through ...
In my opinion, it should be possible to forge DNS reply so it doesn't include DS/RRSIG/... parts for any request, thus bypassing DNSSEC validation of resolved domain. Is DNSSEC system immune to this kind of attack? Does Unbound with locally stored DLV and ROOT anchor files make any difference?
I use Linux, and even though I'm not pretending my system is virus-free, it's generally accepted that even an aggressive firewall is not a requirement. I want to install Windows 7 on a machine which I will use strictly for playing games. Browsing on it may even be discarded, if necessary. So, for the two to three hours...
Read about the vulnerability and decided to check out the site. Receiving a response from the php code was surprised. Look at the screenshot. Perl-script: http://pastebin.com/rL0XkewP Hackers have already got down to business?
I was reading some blog posts about the Heartbleed vulnerability (who's not nowadays) and was thinking about the following. Situation A If I would use a regular SSL/TLS connection the handshake will determine a key to be used for the session which is exchanged over the Internet, and is encrypted with the private key o...
What are major DNS services offered that aren't state-controlled. Better yet, why can't we take Bitcoin's model and create a truly decentralized system with P2P DNS? I see potential reasons behind P2P DNS: Logistical nightmare Endless domain registration Much like shift from ipv4 to ipv6
I found the file /WEB-INF/web.xml on a domain I'm associated with. The XML file contains: <database> <jndi-name>jdbc/mysql</jndi-name> <driver> <type>com.mysql.jdbc.jdbc2.optional.MysqlConnectionPoolDataSource</type> <url>jdbc:mysql://127.0.0.1:3306/[domainWasHere]</url> <user>[userWas...
So we now know who wrote the bad code (Robin Seggelmann). And we have an idea of why it is needed: Why does TLS need an explicit heartbeat protocol? We can also understand why the client supplies the length: Heartbleed: Why does the client supply the length of the message at all? But who proposed the form of the ssl h...
In the past month I've seen a better grade growth in sites that have clickjacking scripts that make you like the webpage or the Facebook site's Page when you click anywhere on the page. I have even seen sites that have this for "on Page close". I am curious if there is a way to protect myself from such scams. Turning J...
Today when I visited drive.google.com, I was auto-directed to http://drive.googe.com/router.php After clicking on "Exit Now" on that page I was redirected to http://globalreward-zone.sweepclam.eu/home.html Is this some kind of scam? How to avoid this? I'm running Firefox on Win7.
I'm employed as a consultant at a big tech consultancy. I recently noticed a major flaw in their website, they send my login credentials in plain text over HTTP. I verified this by doing a outbound packet capture and lo and behold there were my credentials plain in view for anyone to see. What's worse the credentials w...
I am planning on creating a text file to store my passwords, so I only need to remember 1 password (at the moment, I have about 20 long/complex passwords in my mind, and am worried that I might forget 1 or more of them). If I create a text file, store the passwords in that text file, move that text file to a usb stick,...
It is fairly easy to detect the heartbleed exploit if it all happens over cleartext, which it seems most things are doing for the time being. However, I believe that there are some heartbleed exploits occurring after encryption because the RFC allows (and suggests) that heartbeat requests be sent encrypted. From RFC...
I've heard that ISPs provide some kind of protection; using NAT and firewalls, to prevent hackers from using tools such as nmap to attack customers from over the Internet. What other technologies are being used by ISPs to secure their customers and what are the limitations of this security?
How can I encrypt my bash shell script on Linux server The shell script contain credentials of other servers for remote access. The problem is I do not want others with same level of access to view the shell script, modify it or get credentials. Is there any way to encrypt my shell script? My Initial research let me in...
A VPN is a Virtual Network that is used to hide IP address of the attacker. A Hotspot Shield is also used to change IP address which hides the origin IP. What is the difference between VPN and Hotspot Shield? What is more secure to use?
Received: by 10.182.241.38 with HTTP; Sat, 15 Mar 2014 14:09:36 -0700 (PDT) In-Reply-To: <294B46790F860A4B9790B42606DFA3E4E4E5AE@MAHEXMB02.thrivehosted.local> References: <294B46790F860A4B9790B42606DFA3E4E4E5AE@MAHEXMB02.thrivehosted.local> Date: Sat, 15 Mar 2014 14:09:36 -0700 Delivered-To: stevedunn2@gmail.com M...
Is a DOCSIS modem only authenticated by the CMTS by a MAC address or are there any other AAA techniques? In that case, how do I prevent other customers from spoofing my modem's MAC address? Cable Modem Initialization Wallchart published by Cisco in 2005:
Watching at TLS 1.2 traffic using Wireshark, I figured out that in the Application Data record, the 64-bit sequence number in some connessions is sent and in others not. Does it depend on the Cipher Suite?
My team currently uses ASP.NET with MS SQL Server for our software. Security has only become important since I started, in which there is injection vulnerabilities everywhere. Due to current integration with Oracle and MS SQL the business decision was never to use parameterized queries. This of course has been an issue...
RSA (the company) devises and publishes the public key cryptography standards. In those standards, PKCS #7 is a standard which defines how to encrypt and sign messages using PKI. PKCS#7 defines a format to store the public key certificates alone whereas PKCS#12 defines a format to store both public and private key pai...
I hope this is a good place for this, but I am looking to be safe while sharing my ASP MVC project. If a page was designed with a membership provider is is possible to share this project with out leaking information about your membership provider? From my understanding it would be very difficult for another developer t...
A file is encrypted and placed on a secure FTP server. An MD5 hash is taken of the file and also placed on the FTP server. A userlogs in to the server and downloads both files, however, the hash fails to match the archive. In this case, what basic goal of a cryptosystem has failed? I have been trying to answer this que...
Currently working on verifying and signing a file via GNUPG, given that I've already signed a file, given the clients the .sig and public key, is there a way for a client to verify the file without downloading any additional software? Currently using Cryptophane from GNUPG http://www.gnupg.org/related_software/frontend...
I'm developing a REST application using the Spring Framework, as as part of the requirements, we have to secure the different functions of the system to different user roles (pretty standard stuff). My current method of determining the roles for the currently logged in user is that every time they call a REST url from ...
On a Linux system, is it at all possible to detect unknown keyloggers? Keyloggers which are new and haven't made it to any detection software's database?
I always hear that one time pad'ing something is so great because you won't know if you've successfully decrypted the data. I understand the idea that you can XOR any bits just the same as any other bits and you won't inherently be "alerted" to the fact that you used the right bits, but is this not true of any other en...
Say my home router uses an OpenSSL version that is vulnerable to Heartbleed and I have the admin page enabled and accessible from the outside (even though I never use it). What can a hacker do? Could he for example read any traffic on my router or could he maybe get access to the admin page? As I understand now, it ca...
Below is a screenshot from the paper "Prudent Engineering Practice for Cryptographic Protocols" by Martin Abadi and Roger Needham. I can't see what's wrong with the protocol and what the fix achieves. Help please? It's driving me crazy.
We are using 'crypto.js' in our application. Since 'crypto.js' uses open SSL ,are we vulnerable to heartbleeding attack? If yes, what can we do to prevent it?
Is there a way to DDOS my web app through jMeter? Can anyone DDOS with a simple PC? I couldn't find any answer here. I would appreciate if anyone could help me out.
I know forwarding ports can add some security risk, but if I forward a port to a computer, say running linux, would it add a security risk to all computers on my network or just the one?
The facts: A friend put his phone number (and possibly the IMEI) for his android device into some kind of hacking PC software that promised to (and actually did) extend his Whatsapp account that was about to expire. We all know Whatsapp uses your number as user-name and the device IMEI (reversed and md5-hashed) as pass...
Are there any programming languages that are designed to be robust against hacking? In other words, an application can be hacked due to a broken implementation, even though the design is perfect. I'm looking to reduce the risk of a developer incorrectly implementing a specification. For example Heartbleed would not ...
So, I know rolling your own security is ill-advised, but for simplistic things like communicating with a home server, say, updating a grocery list, is a custom protocol fine? It won't be doing anything that needs to be secured, so it seems fine in that sense, but I guess someone could reverse engineer packets and sen...
Whilst testing a server I discovered a botnet. I have the executable downloaded to the server and decompiled the file to get the strings from it. My question is what would the next logical step be and how best to further decompile the evil httpd file? Also what would be the right thing to do (I.e. take over the botnet ...
As you already know, due to the heartbleed bug, we need to perform re-keying on our web servers (>10), before I do that, I want to check if my proposed strategy is a proper way or not a. Generate a new CSR, submit to Godaddy to re-issue the cert b. Install the cert and key on web server, and restart as fast as possible...
Some firewalls (like the first figure in 13.1.4 in http://doc.m0n0.ch/handbook/examples.html) allow user to specify source port in a firewall rules. But in a TCP connection, the source port is randomly selected from 1024 - MAX. So my question is, why we need to have a source port field in a firewall rule? And we can se...
Would an encrypted connection be able to bypass a firewall? A firewall is working on layer 1-4 of OSI model, the encryption and decryption is done in presentation layer (layer 7 of the OSI model). Can encryption may bypass a few rules?
Is it possible to use running SSH agent to decrypt some data (supplied as a string or read from file)?
I have been in a discussion lately with our security team, and I want to get an answer from this group. Currently our security policy states that domain accounts will lock out after 5 failed attempts. This goes for all domain accounts, including service accounts. To be clear, I refer to a service account as an acco...
I'm trying to understand the file format of the secring.gpg file. I couldn't really find any official documentation of the file format so I decided to create a new key-pair and use the S2K (string-to-key) function simple S2K, which basically means that the entered passphrase is only hashed once with the specified messa...
I've been developing a small CRUDish Ruby on Rails application on my free time for a non-profit organization. The app is already running in a small scale in Heroku. Lately I've been thinking about open sourcing the application. There are many pros for this, eg. I already know a couple of possible contributors, and even...
I've seen a number of articles on the heartbleed vulnerability that suggest testing your site to see if it was affecting using Filippo Valsorda's testing page which can be found here: https://filippo.io/Heartbleed/ When I put the URL to my site into here it says everything is good. Is this sufficient for determining i...
I'm only taking about security against bruteforce attacks. I assume that most crackers start at a and go up to zzzzzzz for as long as instructed (so it could be zzzzzzzzzzz if told so in the programming), as randomly guessing, storing the list of guesses, generating a new random guess, checking it against the list of o...
I want to develop an extension which will stop an user from proceeding to any banking site (configurable by user) if a proxy like paros is seating in between sending fake certificate to user. My extension will compare the certificate presented from an external different source (XHR) with the one presented by browser an...
There are many fields on a certificate revocation list (CRL) like Algorithm, Parameters, Issuer Name, This update date, Next update date, user certificate serial #, etc. While I understand the purpose of most of the fields, of what purpose is the field "next update date on a certificate revocation List?
Let's assume a service-oriented architecture (SOA) with hundreds of services. The services are completely isolated – what is behind their APIs is an implementation detail. Different services can have different security policies – i.e. who can access the service. For example, a service can be fully public, accessible to...
I have snort configured to log unified2 in my snort.conf file and am using barnyard2 to parse the unified2 results. It works, except I can seem to figure out to pull the event reference (xref) out of the data. I have my reference.config file with the different URLs and the sid-msg.map file has all the signature ids a...
I'm working on a website that allows a current user to invite another individual to be friends by typing in the non-user's email address. The non-user would then receive a custom registration url by email which would, when used, automatically connect the two users, giving each access to the other's private information....
How do I avoid nginx processing a request with an undefined server name using the https protocol. The following configuration makes this work for normal http requests. It resets the connection for requests with empty host headers which equals to server_namein the nginx configuration: server { listen 80; se...
Is it possible for a site to host malware such that if a certain page is accessed, Firefox is made to send additional GET requests? I'm seeing traffic for attacks coming from me that I haven't done. --- clarification "I" am sending SQL injection strings, when really I am not; ajax can do this?
Not really computer related, but I hope someone has the answer. How do people decode messages from an Enigma machine? I understand that if you knew the rotors, rotor positions, and plugboard the message was encrypted with, you could decrypt it, but how did other Nazis know those settings? They must have had to have a s...
I have a SMTP server where all the users (for an unrelated reason) will have public keys tied to their username and registered with the server. I want to add a non-standard extension that uses these existing keys for authentication. My understanding of the SSH key based auth is that the server encrypts a random number ...

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.