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Wondering if there was a possible attack vector still around for LFI attacks that remove the file extension. Obviously the null byte was fixed in previous PHP versions and no longer works, along with file truncation. To clarify, is there a method of reading /etc/passwd with this code in PHP 5.4.4+ assuming worst case ...
I've a ssh host key login setup in a remote server, for some reason, the DNS of that host is mapped to another server. So assume the mistaken host cannot be trusted, should I change my key?
I am trying to generate RSA 1024 key pair (public/private) using the following command openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 1024 In the server.key file, only RSA private block is there, so where does the public key go ?
My computer won't let me log into my account. On the Windows sign in screen it has my account name, but when I put in my password, it always says my password is wrong. No Caps Lock. This happened just after I configured MadMACs to "Run on Startup" and rebooted Windows! Can MadMACs change/corrupt Windows' login passwor...
Disclaimer: I know I should use bcrypt to securely store user's passwords. Please, keep reading. I want to store credentials for several email services for each user. So if I log in with my username and password (which is properly hashed), then I can access several emails, including 2 @hotmail, 1 @gmail, my university ...
I am a staff member of a large fanfic site, but not the head administrator with control over the site itself. Recently, we had a security breach and the databases were copied, which included the users' usernames, emails, and password hashes. We put a notice on the front page telling people that we were hacked and that ...
I have just received an email from a close friend, which had "Pionee Red" as the subject, and the following body: you've a new private message from your friend Click To View The Full Message As I hovered over the link, the following address appeared: http://107.183.127.168/l/?gapaxobi=xayimasodo&batipikumemajojipo=&id...
I have been asked to compare "officially" some pentest certifications, namely: GIAC CEH OPST OSCP ...and if you have some more, they're welcome! Now, I have my points of view and I don't want to be biased by them, hence I would like to ask you if you have some references to benchmarks or comments around the netwo...
I am using the following iptables rules for port knocking. Everything works well, but it open the port for just a second and then close it. So how to improve this script to accept connection for a 30 seconds for example ? #!/bin/sh iptables -F iptables -X iptables -Z iptables -N STATE0 iptables -A STATE0 -p udp --dpo...
I'm learning that much of the security advice I come across under the "hardening" heading simply does not apply to a single-user home desktop box sitting in a private wireless IPv4 LAN behind a Comcast cable modem. Furthermore, FWIW, this system is Unix-based, and sudo is used whenever superuser privileges are needed....
I am to reinstall an old Windows XP installation. Before I format the drive, I have to backup some data (~200GB) like .doc files, pdfs, photos to an external hard drive. My concern is that this installation might be infected. My presumption, or rather fear, is that if it is infected, the infection might live on in the ...
I'm working on a small web service that provides some functionality that can be embedded in a web page with an iframe. As this is a subscription-based service, I'd like to be able to manage who can and cannot access the functionality in question via API keys. My understanding is that one popular approach is to embed a...
One of my friends rents a VPS on which he runs around 20 websites, some of them for small businesses. He has been having some security issues and has asked me to help assess the vulnerability of his box (I'm just an undergraduate interested in infosec). I have managed to gain root on the MariaDB database, and am now at...
The fact that carriers deploy the latest security updates to Android devices much later than Google does to Google Play Edition and Nexus devices, should we avoid using those devices altogether?
Someone sent me a Starbucks gift card. The email contained a redemption link, and that redemption link ended in a long secure hash, much like those on github secret gists. Clicking the redemption link took me to a page with a single form field, asking me to enter the email address the link was sent to. After entering...
The recent news item Chinese Star N9500 Android smartphone contains factory-installed Trojan, says security firm has prompted me to think about firmware security. The news mentions the spyware is part of the device's firmware. This makes me worry: How can I detect when firmware is stealing my information? What can I d...
We all can read news about "Hardware trojans" (it has grown in the recent few years..). But my question is: Besides the network card, could there be any HW trojan that can cause any real damage? If I would need to put a HW trojan in a server/computer, then I would put it in the NIC, since I can only reach the machine...
I'm quite new to this, so don't be too hard on me. I'm currently using the CipherMail MTA to generate e-mail encryption certificates. I created an own CA and public and private keys for our contact mail adress. I want to post the public key and the certificate on our website so that clients may encrypt mails toward us...
It seems that WordPress retrieves all the crypto constants remotely (via HTTPS): // setup-config.php $secret_keys = wp_remote_get( 'https://api.wordpress.org/secret-key/1.1/salt/' ); Are there any benefits to doing this instead of generating the keys locally? Is this completely unnecessary? Will it only provide anoth...
I have a peculiar case to work on. We are using a proprietary product which supports LDAP integration. However, it can be configured to use only one LDAP service. (most of the products are shipped that way). Now, our customers want to login to this product with their own authentication authority. So, the question is, ...
I was challenged by a friend to decrypt a piece of text that was somehow encrypted. The encrypted text is the following: LY3IoH5HWSnp9-efCfOH3jqmoGaXdURF4YAKgIh2KotjHLyFbLBgXr0uzPu1-K0sEGUogoTduKF1_eklAVzOlEfziqIvqtlhZeJPF8H2ER0jLc25jPC8_AOPlAvTHKdA8BVPFPwu1Ldaul4IPBVWJSJc5fhTGJAjfSL2Rum-pW8VCSJwnB3LZR1ACVR0KN0HCv7hIKJ...
I have a problem. I'm not sure, but I think that somebody found out a password to my Facebook account and sometimes logs in. Is there a way to find out whether it is true? There must be something like Facebook connects log but I'm not sure if it would be helpful in my situation.
I'm currently working on an Android app in which I want to authenticate someone against an REST API. I want to do this as secure as is (cost-)effective/possible/user friendly. I've been looking around and found that 2FA (two factor authentication) seems the most viable solution (after initiating the sign up process I'l...
In presence of 'trust certificates' & other attributes .. how important is this? Does OpenSSL implement it now & If not why does OpenSSL not implement? This is between non browser client & server.
Are there any tools for sandboxing Iceweasel (Firefox) on Debian systems? I'm mostly interested in tools distributed by Debian. (An equally trustworthy source would be second best.) (I suppose that installing VirtualBox and running Iceweasel (or Firefox) within it would effectively sandbox the browser, but VirtualBox...
How long would it take to crack passwords up to 10 letters long if you knew the hashes were MD5 with a salt (that you know)?
What protocols get encrypted and go through the VPN? Is it just port 80 and DNS traffic that does not go through the VPN? Does this impose any security risks by running a split tunnel? Making the assumption that maybe we connected to a rogue AP by mistake because it looked exactly like a public wifi spot. I know that r...
There are many programs available (like NSIS) that generate installers from a collection of files. One thing that I have noticed is, the installers produced by these programs have some kind of integrity checking built into them. For a moment I thought that this was perhaps meant not as a security measure, but only to p...
I am buying a new Thinkpad with an in-built GPS/Cellular modem. I am thinking what are the best practices for making the notebook secure in case of theft. I am planning to do full disk encryption and use ESET NOD anti-theft tracking option when somebody logs in to Windows in case of theft(don't know how useful that wil...
I have a server that communicates with clients over a .NET socket. I want the server to authenticate the connection in an SSO kind of style by checking that the current user is in a certain group. The naive way is to send System.Environment.UserName to the server and let it determine the user permissions in this way. H...
If ca's act in the interests of an eavesdropper, what is the worst they cold do? I guess they can decrypt traffic not using perfect forward secrecy and impersonate the server. Is this the case?
I use someone's wifi network. Is there anyway to stop him by getting my browsing information or can I somehow hide my browsing history from him?
I understand the utility in having one application remember a bunch of long, randomized passwords, but all you'd need is one well-placed phishing scam or a keylogger and they get all the keys to the kingdom. Has there been any progress in this area? I want to consider using a password manager but feel incredibly uncomf...
Is is the same as a public key in RSA, except they made it more suitable for self-signed hosts? What happens behind the scenes when our ssh client presents it to us?
I have a web service (PHP & MySQL on Ubuntu 12.04) running in a corporate intranet. I have also connected it to internet through a firewall letting incoming connections on HTTPs only (port 443). I'm considering now to add VPN over it to add additional security level, to open VPN ports and close HTTPs. That seems to be ...
I keep reading about situations where a hacker could "easily" brute force a password (most recent example) but I'm confused about when some has an opportunity to do this kind of thing. If it is a website/web service, aren't attempts like this rate limited? I.e. I can't try my Amazon password 50 million times per second...
Is there any reason why an -sS scan (or most others) would not report an open port that doesn't have a service attached to it? For example, in a regular -sS scan, the following port will be missing, but when I scan that port specifically, it appears as open. PORT STATE SERVICE 2509/tcp open unknown
From what I read, scrypt is (on paper) more secure than bcrypt, but it's pretty new so it's better to let it get time-tested and scrutinized first. However, is there any good, compelling reason to assume that it won't stand up to scrutiny?
My company uses a private PKI to handle such scenarios such as Mutual auth (TLS) to a website using client certificates SSL web server certificates on an Intranet (once a VPN session is established.) S/MIME secure email. Activesync authentication When upgrading Android to Kitkat the presence of a non-default root ce...
We all know that we're supposed to take a fairly slow hashing algorithm, salt the password, and run the hash for many iterations. Let's say that I'm following almost everything except for one rule, and I have a static salt. Something like this: password = 'yaypuppies' + some_static_salt 1000.times do password = am...
I've just acquired a new CentOS server, which will be hosting a Ruby on rails application, it is public facing. What should I do to secure this server?
Assume, I have an executable which hooks the API CreateFileW located in Kernel32.dll which is shared globally across the system for all other processes. From hooking I mean, that I have overwritten the prologue of CreateFileW jmp Hook_CreateFileW nop // ...rest of original CreateFileW code... My Doubt:: From what I kn...
I am trying to understand same origin policy better. From what I understand same origin policy restricts code from one "origin" not access data from another "origin". What I am trying to understand is the context of this code. I can see that code across two tabs (example1.com and example2.com) cannot access data in eac...
I've been asked to implement digital signatures for documents at work. I really need to read up more on the matter but several searches didn't make an obvious approach stand out. Main features I would like to see represented in a solution are: Insert a scanned image of the user's real paper-and-ink signature into an O...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface#Security_Risk Ubuntu Linux founder Mark Shuttleworth has likened ACPI to Trojan horses.[28] He has described proprietary firmware (firmware ACPI or any other firmware) as a security risk, saying that "firmware on your device is the NSA's bes...
I have a question regarding one step of protection more than salt/hash. I work on an application that is distributed to many clients and then deployed on their networks. If I set a password on one instance of the application and then look up the generated salt and hash in the database, what mechanism can stop me from...
Network scanning tools such as nmap have the capability to infer operating system version based upon lower-level system details. EG: TCP/IP stack behavior, etc. Are there any known methods to trick these tools to either report the wrong OS or to confuse them so they cannot correctly detect an OS?
I'm currently trying to improve our API to be more restful, therfore avoid any state on the server. I want to accomplish this with a hmac token, appended on every request. The hmac will be made with the following data-part: host, request-method, request-uri, timestamp(to avoid replays) and in case of POST/PUT also the ...
When submitting HTML that contains entities to the OWASP HTMLSanitzer, entities are converted. For example: BEFORE: <p>blah blah blah &diams;</p> The resulting HTML ends up looking like this: AFTER: <p>blah blah blah ?</p> The entity is converted back to it's original unicode character. Why does OWASP do that? Ar...
I've just taken over administering a lab of Apple computers on a university campus. We have about 15 computers and I've discovered that they all have public IPs and domain names. Even our printer is accessible from the Internet, which is probably the most terrifying. I tried running a port scan on the computers in my ...
I want to audit the HTTP and HTTPS activity of apps downloaded onto my mobile device. What is the best way to do this? I own the device, can add a root certificate, and can connect the running device using USB to a computer and run diagnostic tools. I can also run in whatever developer mode exists to see the network I...
I am sort of new to SSL. During a SSL connection establishment, I see that the server is sending multiple certificates. Can someone help me to understand why the server is sending multiple certificates? And how can I do the same with openssl, apache or gnutls server? Thanks in advance. ** Update ** Thank you for all t...
I just opened a new bank account which comes with internet banking. Unlike the others I have used so far, this one requires a personal certificate (a .p12 file stored on my computer) + password for authentication instead of standard username + password. This method is rather inconvenient... I have to store the certific...
Why is it that some security advisers recommend using an 8 character password with upper, lower, digits, and symbols while banks only use a 4 digit number pin for debit and 3 digit pin for credit card? Isn't it a risk for security using a short non-random password like that?
How can I technically verify* that the e-mail I'm sending from Gmail to Yahoo is encrypted all the way from Gmail's servers to Yahoo's servers? I know that it's advised to have encryption between the mail service provider and the client's desktop, e.g. using IMAPS or SMTPS, and when using a web interface, HTTPS. But if...
I'm interested in protecting email messages from NSA-style snooping, but don't want to incur additional legal risk in doing so. In other words, does SMIME encryption and/or signing cause a given email message to have more legal "power" than a message sent over TLS, PGP, DMARC, or similar technology such as an encrypted...
I'm writing up documentation and want to ensure that I'm using proper terminology. 1) What is the proper technical term for the SMTP tunnel encryption standard that typically starts on TCP/25, involves checking ESMTP capabilities for 250-STARTTLS and issuing the STARTTLS command (followed by negotiation, public cert e...
say there are three players: A, B, C where A is local machine, B is ssh server, C is the final destination. through ssh local port forwarding, A can connect to C via B. So then data will be following the path A--B--C in order to communicate each other. Let say C was originally designed to only allow connection from B b...
Is possible (and practical) for two users to create their own self-signed SSL certificates, exchange these certificates (perhaps in a face-to-face meeting), and then communicate with each other securely (e.g. S/MIME)? No CA involved here.
I'm writting a ebook and I'm gonna to sell it soon. I'd sell it at Google Play Store, but here in Brazil they don't accept PayPal as payment (and many brazilian don't have a credit card), so I think that the best option is to sell it by myself. I could sell it also at Amazon, but the Kindle format just sucks when you w...
I have a web interface to a hardware that is primarily used to reboot the hardware. Reboot can be done only by authenticated user.The web interface is written in CGI/shellscript. It does not use any session/cookies. It is one time authentication through lighttpd ldap authentication. No cookies are transferred on browse...
I've been reading over the logs on my honeypot and discovered the following messages that seem to be either gibberish or a cypher message: kernel: v0 neigfradn tt kernel: [2108296.63083] devc nt nee rmcosmd kernel: [2110073.035288] host 192.168.122.184/if4 ignores redirects or 12181214t 9.6.2.8.r1ve0 neigfradn tt kerne...
I work at government organization. We would like to become Intermediate CA so that we can provide SSL certificates to our branch organizations. We must be able to do code signing, green address bar etc,. I heard that we can be intermediate CA provided that we prove our identity because we are governmental organization....
Is there a way to deterministically create an RSA private-key for an X.509 certificate, ideally through a library which has been vetted already? i.e. user enters some phrase like "this is my private group", and that seed value is used to generate a private RSA key which I can then use as a certificate authority. But in...
I am new to this kind of stuff (HTTPS etc.) and pretty much confused on how to go ahead with this. An LDAP server (ApacheDS) at the back-end stores the user details. To add new users, the user creation form can be provided as web service over HTTPS. As per this mail chain, LDIF files should better have userPassword as ...
I can imagine that for sensitive systems logging to a central logging server it can be handy to be able to verify the integrity of the logs. Each line can either be signed or a shared secret may be used (HMAC) to add an additional field before sending it off to a central logging server. I was wondering what is generall...
How can we solve CryptAcquireCertificatePrivateKey fails with 0x8009200B when adding certificate from smartcard to local user store? In an enrollment system where users generate smartcard certificate request online to a CA, the certificate is loaded 'offline' in the smartcard, for example several days after the request...
My ESET Smart Security 7 detected incoming connection from an external computer, since Rundll32 can be run by any programs on my computer and I don't know which program is doing this, so I am concerned. Is there a way to check which program waiting and accepting this external connection from the Internet?
I am new at using and programming web applications, so I wanted to ask a question. Is it safe to execute os commands like copy and mv and delete from a web app that is running on an apache, or does it bring up security issues?More specific I am using django, and I want a view of mine when it is executed to be able to r...
Is it possible to white list an IP address in mod_security? I found white ist whole domain name in mod_security. But I want to white list only the administrator IP. OS: CentOS 6 Server: Apache httpd 2.15 Mod Security: Version 2.7
In fcrackzip man they say : the more files you provide, the better. I want to know why. What's the method it uses to retrieve the password?
Several clarifying questions: Is it possible to disable the SSH encryption using options at the OpenSSH server/client or some appropriate hack? Is it possible to do this at the time of the transmission, of course with full control over the server? Are there known servers/clients (except OpenSSH), which allow you to do...
This question is mainly aimed at OpenID Connect, when it is fully realized. I understand the aversion to signing in with a social networking site, but from what I understand about OIDC, its supposed to finally allow developers to simply implement OIDC once and have it work with every provider. Once this happens and peo...
Today there are news on Bruce Schneier's blog and ArsTechnica about how NY City released information about Cab/Taxi drivers, their trips, and so on. Basically, sensitive information was simply MD5 hashed. Since the input was limited (3 numbers, 3 letters, at most), it was easy to make some brute-force attack: generate ...
I'm on WordPress trying to keep spambots from grabbing email addresses that may be in The Content. WordPress has a nifty little function simply called antispambot() which will convert the email address into HTML Entities. no-reply@domain.com converts to: n&#111;-r&#101;&#112;&#108;&#121;&#64;d&#111;m&#97;&#105;n&#46;&...
I have a specific IP that has been iterating through the directories on my site testing for something. Here is an example of what it keeps trying to hit: http://<site>/<path>/change._change<br> http://<site>/<path>/beforeactivate._change<br> http://<site>/<path>/click._change<br> http://<site>/<path>/propertychange._ch...
Working with a developer to update a login system through a web-UI: Currently, we use: Enter login ID Goes through Challenge/Step-up Based on results: Challenge/Step-up User is presented the password page to login They are wanting to change the flow to: Enter login ID User is immediately presented the password page ...
Bruce Schneier's blog drew my attention to algorithm substitution attacks which may leak symmetric keys through IV or padding or other covert channels, encrypted with escrow keys. The major premise is that cryptolibraries (or HSMs, or encryption chips) have been subverted by a "benevolent government agency". Does this ...
I'm going every year at big IT conferences (3k->4k people). Everyone is connected to the internet with wifi on laptops. This wifi is open, everyone can read the traffic and analyse it... The risk is nearly the same on wifi in hotel, hotspot etc.. except you have a concentration of interesting informations and hacking c...
I've been inspired by a question over on Code Review, which boils down to: What is the proper way to authenticate a user without a database? Would it be the exact same process if you stored credentials in an array, or an XML file, or even just a plain ol' text file? For example, let's examine the following PHP code: $c...
I am nearing a point where I will deploy my Django application to the hostile environment otherwise known as "the internet" and I'm trying to better understand the ramifications of the Django SECRET_KEY. One of the standard procedures it seems is to secure the secret key in the settings.py. Fair enough. The docs go so ...
How can I view the Credentials stored in Windows? Is there any possible way to view the stored password? I can just export them..
I want to set up a password management system on a home machine running Debian, and for this I'm considering only non-proprietary, open source password-managers available through Debian1. I'd like to make the master password, or rather, passphrase, to the password-managing application very long2. In fact, I want to ma...
I have been given the task of defining a process for assigning administrative access. One of the requirements for this processs is that if a subject wishes to gain adminstrative access, only the subject's manager can make the request for the client. Both the VPs of IT and Security must approve the request. How does thi...
I am familiar with the basic workings of HTTP Auth, but how does it keep track of authentication between page views? I see there is no cookie created when the initial authentication takes place.
Why doesn't software automatically detect password-cracking attacks, and thwart them? Long version: Suppose that someone tries a brute-force password-cracking attack on some program XYZ that requires password authentication. My understanding is that such an attack would consist of iterating over the set of "all possib...
Rather than adopting a universal standard, many websites develop their own guidelines for how passwords should be constructed. When you consider the number of passwords the average person today has to create and track, this creates problems for those who have a method for constructing and remembering passwords. For in...
I am working on making a log file for a small application. If an error occurs in the application then I have to send a mail to a person. I've figured out the code to send a mail to a person, but I don't want to hard code the password as a string. Instead I want to encrypt it and then de-crypt it in my python code. alte...
I was recently reading about buffer overflows and dangling pointers. I read "Smashing the stack for fun and Profit " by Aleph1 and that paper was really clear and concise in explaination. On the contrary when I search for dangling pointers, I get some resources on what they are. I also found a BlackHat presentation abo...
Right now, we might do something like password varchar(72), when defining a password column, with for example BCrypt. But there's a lot of folks that don't do this very effectively. Maybe they just put the plaintext, or a single unsalted md5 hash, or some other terrible strategy. But virtually all these offenders still...
I read the RFC document, it mentioned that there are some kinds of client certificate type. So I don't understand what does this type mean. For a instance, one type named rsa_fixed_ecdh, it said, the certificate must be signed with RSA. What is the ECDH used for, for the key exchange? How does it work?
I was in the middle of implementing a CSRF protection mechanism for my server when I realized that this attack only really affects web browsers. It got me wondering: why should I bother generating/validating CSRF tokens for non-browser clients? Not only would removing such checks simplify the implementation of REST cli...
In REF to http://threatpost.com/ipmi-protocol-bmc-vulnerabilities-expose-thousands-of-servers-to-attack and the hacks of several companies and web hosts have been hit and had their servers wiped from remote management hacking. What can one do to protect their web based remote management ports? So far I've begun isola...
I'm trying to help my friend understand this because he believes that since a site is very popular, that it's less likely to infect its viewers because of its security! Is a popular site less likely to infect its viewers? Please answer this question as detailed as possible so I can direct him to this site.
Consider following 2 disk wipe procedures, using only vanilla Windows installation: First do a quick-format to make the disk appear empty, then do one of these: Just do full format of the disk. Bitlocker-encrypt the entire drive (all space) using a strong key which is then thrown away, leaving disk unusable until form...
If I download something, such as a TV series from a filesharing site via the Tor browser - saving the file to my PC - then put it on a flash drive, will my IT department see that I am downloading this?
I have a dispute with my father about the following ... I want to make a website (with MySql database) and use the root/index - page for BOTH the log in entry for normal visitors AND log in for admins. My father does not agree as he said the following ... You should NEVER use the same page for both visitors and admins ...
I've been confused about how it is possible to compromise a Facebook user's account simply if that user clicks a link. Recently a friend of mine on Facebook posted a series of links to what appeared to be some kind of Phishing scam. "99% of people couldn't watch this for more that 1 minute!!!" etc etc. We've all seen i...
Can someone know my IP address through Thunderbird email attachments? Can a cunning attacker manage to find my IP address through attachment 'images' in emails that I unsuspectingly open?
When an average person sees an email, he can see only part of an information enclosed in the mail. To see full information one can look at the source of an email, which shows more. Example of an email source looks like this: Received: via dmail-2008.19 for +INBOX; Tue, 3 Feb 2009 19:29:12 -0600 (CST) Received: ...