Datasets:
mnsm92
/
article_summarization

Dataset card Data Studio Files
xet
 Community
1
text
listlengths
2
2
[ { "content": "one of the long - standing experimental and theoretical challenges within nuclear physics is the determination of the nucleus available quantum levels and the decay properties of these levels in the excitation - energy region between the ground state and up to the particle threshold(s ) . in this ...
[ { "content": "hawking set out early on to outline an information loss model@xcite , which drew some significant criticism@xcite . \n the full consequences of information loss scenarios are still unknown . \n it is easy for non - unitary theories to lose causality , though energy conservation can still be mainta...
[ { "content": "nearly all digital signal - measuring equipment found in laboratories throughout the world , from the humble voltmeter up to powerful computerized data - logging systems and high - frequency digitizing scopes , operate with an internal master clock that sets the pace for an analog - to - digital c...
[ { "content": "the observational evidence inferred from the spatial variations of the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) temperature suggests that the curvature perturbations that are present prior to decoupling ( but after equality ) must be predominantly adiabatic and gaussian with an ( almost ) scale - invar...
[ { "content": "it is a prediction of the concordance cold - dark - matter cosmological model that galaxies and galaxy clusters are surrounded by a massive dark matter ( dm ) haloes . \n firm evidence for the dm existence is coming from various gravitational effects in astrophysics and cosmology @xcite . \n if th...
[ { "content": "acceleration of energetic particles is important for a wide range of astrophysical environments , from stellar magnetospheres , accretion disk / jet systems , supernova remnants and gamma ray bursts to clusters of galaxies . \n several mechanisms for particle acceleration have been discussed in th...
[ { "content": "nuclei with the equal numbers of neutrons and protons ( @xmath0 ) have become a special ground to investigate neutron - proton ( _ np _ ) correlations . in @xmath0 nuclei , \n neutrons and protons occupy the same shell - model orbits , leading to large spatial overlaps between neutron and proton w...
[ { "content": "our findings offer insight for constructing an `` early warning system '' for financial markets . by providing a simple instrument to identify similarities to previous states during an upcoming crisis \n , one can judge the current situation properly and be prepared to react if the crisis material...
[ { "content": "the components of @xmath22 associated with ( [ higgsn ] ) are ( @xmath67 ) w. nahm , phys . lett . \n b * 93 * ( 1980 ) 42 . \n r. jackiw and c. rebbi , phys . \n d * 13 * ( 1976 ) 3398 . \n a. gonzalez - arroyo and y. a. simonov , nucl . \n b * 460 * ( 1996 ) 429 [ hep - th/950603...
[ { "content": "the theory of @xmath0-hypergeometric systems introduced by gelfand - kapranov - zelevinsky @xcite is a vast generalization of that of classical hypergeometric differential equations . as in the case of hypergeometric equations , the holomorphic solutions to \n their @xmath0-hypergeometric systems ...
[ { "content": "galaxy clusters are ideal probes for studies of large scale structures . \n they have typical masses of order @xmath0 ; within a radius of a few mpc they contain hundreds of galaxies orbiting in a gravitational potential well due primarily to dark matter ( dm ) . \n they are also filled with icm :...
[ { "content": "low surface brightness galaxies ( lsbgs ) are important populations in galaxy field . \n however , their contributions to galaxy population have been underestimated for a long time since they are hard to find owing to their faintness compared with the night sky . \n an initial quantitative study w...
[ { "content": "much attention has been directed by theoretical / computational chemists towards developing reliable and accurate means for solving dynamical quantum mechanics problems i.e . , for obtaining solutions to the time - dependent equation for molecular systems . \n insofar as `` exact '' quantum met...
[ { "content": "the stellar initial mass function ( imf ) , @xmath1 , where @xmath2 is the stellar mass , is the parent distribution function of the masses of stars formed in _ one _ event . here \n , the number of stars in the mass interval @xmath3 is @xmath4 . \n salpeter ( 1955 ) inferred the imf from solar - ...
[ { "content": "results from the wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe ( wmap ) , especially the first - year data @xcite and to some extent the three - year data @xcite , have placed a focus on possible running of the spectral index of density perturbations ( see e.g. lidsey & tavakol 2003 ; kawasaki , yamaguchi...
[ { "content": "this work is concerned with the numerical solution of the time - harmonic maxwell equations discretized by discontinuous galerkin methods on unstructured meshes . \n our motivation for using a discontinuous galerkin method is the enhanced flexibility compared to the conforming edge element method ...
[ { "content": "a graph , @xmath3 , is _ intrinsically knotted _ if every embedding of @xmath3 in @xmath4 contains a nontrivial knot . \n a link @xmath5 is _ splittable _ if there is an embedding of a 2-sphere @xmath6 in @xmath7 such that each component of @xmath8 contains at least one component of @xmath5 . \n i...
[ { "content": "at small layer separations , the ground state of a @xmath0 bilayer quantum hall system exhibits spontaneous interlayer phase coherence . \n interest in this issue has been renewed by intriguing tunneling transport measurements by spielman _ \n _ showing a very pronounced conductance peak at zero b...
[ { "content": "there are about 200 known x - ray binaries in our galaxy . \n these contain either a neutron star or a black hole ( @xcite ) . \n about one third of them are classified as transients ( see @xcite for a review).some of the x - ray transients , most notably be - binary pulsars , erupt on regular int...
[ { "content": "the structural transition from a linear chain of repulsively interacting particles to a planar configuration , in the form of a zigzag structure , has been often discussed in theoretical studies on atomic and condensed matter systems . \n examples include electrons in nanowires @xcite , ultracold...
[ { "content": "the study of very high energy ( vhe , @xmath1 gev ) @xmath0-ray emission from active galactic nuclei ( agn ) is one of the major goals of ground - based @xmath0-ray astronomy . \n the sensitivity of the current imaging air cerenkov telescopes ( iact ) enables phenomenological studies of the physic...
[ { "content": "the gravastar model has been proposed by mazur and mottola ( mm ) as a possible end point of the gravitational collapse of a massive body @xcite . \n as opposed to the classical scenario of the gravitational collapse into a schwarzschild black hole , the gravastar concept avoids the formation of t...
[ { "content": "the unusual and remarkable transport properties of graphene have attracted considerable attention , including : an unconventional quantum hall effect @xcite ; the possibility of testing the klein paradox @xcite ; the aharonov - bohm effect in graphene rings @xcite , as well as mesoscopic effect...
[ { "content": "incoming solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere is an important quantity in many areas of earths systems modeling . \n this physical quantity is needed in areas ranging from low dimensional energy balance models ( e.g. the budyko energy balance model @xcite ) to large global circulation mode...
[ { "content": "closely separated qso pairs and gravitationally lensed qsos provide two or more adjacent lines of sight ( los ) , which allow to sample the size and clustering of the absorbers . \n the ray path separation of gravitationally lensed qsos usually spans subgalactic scales ; studies of these spectra h...
[ { "content": "the phase - ordering dynamics of systems quenched from a high - temperature disordered state into an ordered state is a problem of great relevance in the description of out - of - equilibrium pattern formation @xcite . \n one well established property is the onset of dynamic scaling , where the la...
[ { "content": "we develop a bundle technique to solve nonconvex variational problems arising in contact mechanics and in other applied fields . \n we are specifically interested in the delamination of composite structures with an adhesive bonding under destructive loading , a failure mode which is studied in the...
[ { "content": "the magnetic properties of transition metal compounds with @xmath2 valence electrons have been one of the central research themes in solid - state physics for the past three decades . in view of the interplay between magnetism and high - temperature superconductivity , \n particular attention has ...
[ { "content": "non equilibrium transport between superconductors with a dc voltage bias gives rise to a subgap structure in the current voltage characteristics which can be described in terms of multiple andreev reflections ( mar)@xcite . indeed , it has been understood since the sixties@xcite that when the bias...
[ { "content": "classification of matter into different ordered phases is a central theme in condensed matter physics . \n traditionally , ordered phases have been understood using the ginzburg - landau paradigm,@xcite where spontaneous symmetry breaking gives rise to a finite order parameter , such as a finite m...
[ { "content": "defects usually play a prominent role in various properties of a solid . for this reason , the physics and chemistry of defects have been the subjects of much study for several decades.@xcite many of these works focused mainly at the dilute limit , _ \n i.e. _ , with a small defect concentration ....
[ { "content": "physics developed from attempts to find order in the changes of spatial configurations of natural objects , such as celestial bodies . on the base of the classical mechanics , applicable in everyday situations , a picture emerged within which the relations between objects in space and time are a c...
[ { "content": "quantum coherence is a phenomenon that could have profound impact on technological development . \n usually understood to appear in temperature regimes much lower than those encountered in everyday practice , quantum coherence effects are not directly utilized in the operation of most conventional...
[ { "content": "the acceleration of particles at a decelerating relativistic collisionless shock front constitutes a key building block of the afterglow model of gamma - ray bursts ( grb , mszros & rees 1997 ) . \n the standard phenomenology models the accelerated electron population as powerlaw @xmath1 , which r...
[ { "content": "* context . * the _ diagonal _ of a multivariate power series with coefficients @xmath3 is the univariate power series with coefficients @xmath4 . particularly interesting is the class of diagonals of _ rational _ power series ( ie , taylor expansions of rational functions ) . in particular , di...
[ { "content": "crum s seminal paper of 1955 @xcite has played an essential role in elucidating the structure of one - dimensional quantum mechanical systems in general and exactly solvable ones , in particular . throughout this paper , \n we mean ` exact solvability ' in the schrdinger picture , namely a quantum...
[ { "content": "neutrino physics is living in a `` golden era '' . \n experiments with atmospheric and solar neutrinos have given strong evidence for the existence of flavor oscillations , or ( less likely ) some other form of ` new physics ' beyond the standard model @xcite . \n the study of the @xmath2 flavor t...
[ { "content": "in this article we consider interaction of electromagnetic field with quasi - periodic media which we define as media obtained by some smooth deformation of perfect periodic structures . \n mathematically , the term smooth deformation means the biunivocal smooth mapping of the medium under consi...
[ { "content": "spatially entangled biphotons , such as those generated by spontaneous parametric downconversion ( spdc ) , exhibit strong einstein - podolsky - rosen ( epr ) type correlations @xcite in the transverse position and transverse momentum degrees of freedom @xcite . \n because these variables are cont...
[ { "content": "the short range energy transfer phenomena find applications in wide areas of physics and chemistry from mesoscopic to molecular systems , @xcite and is critical to our understanding of physical , chemical and biological processes at the molecular level . \n @xcite understanding the physics of an ...
[ { "content": "this paper treats the problem of screening a @xmath3-variate sample for strongly and multiply connected vertices in the partial correlation graph associated with the the partial correlation matrix of the sample . \n this problem , called hub screening , is important in many applications ranging fr...
[ { "content": "a proper quantification of the joint distribution allowing for the time - varying dependence between assets is critical for asset pricing , portfolio allocation and risk reduction . for a number of years \n , finance literature has been studying the risk reduction benefit from international divers...
[ { "content": "in the present paper , we consider the following semilinear stochastic partial differential equation driven by a finite - dimensional wiener process : @xmath0{\\mathrm{d}}t+\\sigma(u)\\,{\\mathrm{d}}w,\\quad x\\in{\\mathbb{t}}^n,\\;t\\in(0,t),\\\\ u(0)&=u_0 , \\end{split}\\ ] ] where @xmath1 is a ...
[ { "content": "control of fluid flow has been an important area of research and has many practical applications . \n the question about controllability of fluid flows has attracted the attention of many researchers , more for incompressible flow but much less for compressible flow . in this paper \n we are inter...
[ { "content": "after the discovery of a @xmath0 higgs boson , phenomenological high - energy physics has entered a new era . \n the new particle fits the expectation of the minimal standard model ( sm ) . \n this model is thus established as an effective field theory ( eft ) that correctly describes all current ...
[ { "content": "spin qubits are promising candidates for quantum information processing due to their long decoherence and relaxation time.@xcite some schemes , such as solid state spin qbuits , further enjoy the potential scalability via the integration with nanotechnology.@xcite however , spin qubits are not tot...
[ { "content": "when the temperature @xmath5 is high compared with the typical momentum scale but well below the planck scale , all the n - graviton thermal green functions can be computed in the one - loop approximation using the hard thermal loop expansion . \n there have been many investigations where this app...
[ { "content": "topological superconductors are analogous to topological insulators:@xcite both combine an excitation gap in the bulk with gapless states at the surface , without localization by disorder as long as time - reversal symmetry is preserved . however , the nature of the surface excitations is entirely...
[ { "content": "decays of @xmath1 mesons into @xmath20 and @xmath21 final states offer valuable information about strong interactions , weak interactions and possible new - physics ( np ) effects . in a series of recent papers @xcite \n , we developed a strategy to address these aspects in a systematic manner . \...
[ { "content": "_ preference aggregation theory _ is concerned with aggregating individual preferences into a ( collective ) social preference , which is then maximized to yield a set of best alternatives . \n the theory investigates the extent to which social preferences inherit desirable properties from individ...
[ { "content": "the existence of dark matter was discovered in galaxy clusters where the velocity dispersions are nearly an order of magnitude higher than expected from the gravitational binding provided by the stellar masses of their visible galaxies ( @xcite ) . \n clusters are gravitationally bound , quasi - e...
[ { "content": "the main objective of our observations was to obtain physical parameters for a selection of metal - rich globular clusters in m31 . \n these parameters are usually straight - forward to derive from color - magnitude diagrams ( cmds ) , however , we have found the effects of crowding to be particul...
[ { "content": "low - dimensional or frustrated quantum magnets were revealed to exhibit exotic ground states , magnetic excitations , and quantum phase transitions ( qpts).@xcite for a particular case of the spin - gapped antiferromagnets , the external magnetic field can close the gap in the spectrum , which re...
[ { "content": "atoms and molecules interacting with a strong laser field may be ionized by absorbing more photons than necessary . \n this highly nonlinear phenomenon is called above - threshold ionization ( ati ) and has attracted increasing attention since its 1979 discovery by agostini and co - workers @xcite...
[ { "content": "recent advances in fabrication techniques involving molecular beam epitaxy and lithography have now made it possible to make narrow gaas - based quasi - one dimensional ( 1d ) electronic systems with lateral dimensions of the order of the bohr radius @xcite . in these so - called quantum wire stru...
[ { "content": "in the standard model ( sm ) , only one higgs doublet is introduced and one neutral higgs boson remains after electroweak symmetry breaking . in the minimal supersymmetric standard model ( mssm ) \n @xcite , two higgs doublets are required to break the electroweak symmetry . \n the two higgs doubl...
[ { "content": "weakly interacting massive particles ( wimps ) are among the leading candidates for the dark matter ( dm ) component in the universe . \n the framework is elegant and simple : stable wimps can be embedded in most extensions to the standard model of particle physics . in thermal equilibrium in the ...
[ { "content": "transport properties of low - dimensional systems have been subject of intensive research work over the last two decades . \n one of the fundamental discoveries that has driven the field was the observation of conductance quantization in ballistic quantum wires and quantum point contacts . @xcite...
[ { "content": "various types of detectors require algorithms that handle number of datapoints in a plane and reconstruct the parameters of a circle , @xcite,@xcite,@xcite . \n these algorithms need to be robust against noise hits and analyse big amount of data relatively fast . \n finally , the performance of th...
[ { "content": "the ionization of atoms in an external electric field is , as well - known , one of the oldest subjects in quantum physics . as a simple example of the ionization , hydrogen - like atoms in a uniform electrostatic field \n have been extensively considered ( see , e.g. , @xcite ) . here \n the back...
[ { "content": "the observation of the colossal magnetoresistance effect ( cmr ) @xcite in doped manganese oxides with perovskite structure , r@xmath2a@xmath3mno@xmath4 ( r = rare - earth , a = alkaline - earth metal ) , moved these materials into the focus of intense research activity @xcite . \n it turned out...
[ { "content": "the cooling of neutron stars offers a unique diagnostic of the physics of the interior . \n because the emergent spectrum is nearly blackbody , the observed flux can be modeled to estimate the temperature , the intervening column of absorbing material , and the ratio of radius to distance . \n ast...
[ { "content": "entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness , and assumes its maximal value when a system can be in a number of states randomly with equal probability , and is minimally zero when the system is in a given state , with no uncertainty in its description . \n apart from this common feature shared ...
[ { "content": "cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) power spectrum estimation from large datasets such as the wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe ( _ wmap _ ) @xcite presents a considerable computational challenge . with the exception of some specialized methods @xcite , obtaining the power spectrum and error ba...
[ { "content": "glycine ( nh@xmath0ch@xmath0cooh ) , the simplest amino acid , has been identified in cometary @xcite and meteoritic samples @xcite , however it is not yet known whether the species is formed in these solid bodies , in the interstellar medium ( ism ) , or both . indeed , a detection in the ism has...
[ { "content": "the production of an electron - positron pair by a photon in an atomic field is one of the most important processes of qed . because of its importance for various applications , \n see refs . \n @xcite , this process has been investigated in numerous theoretical and experimental papers . \n the cr...
[ { "content": "the decays of @xmath4 lepton provide unique opportunities to search for the effects beyond the standard model ( bsm ) @xcite . \n the large mass of @xmath4 ( @xmath5 mev/@xmath6 @xcite ) , in comparison with that of the electron or muon , allows one to expect an essential enhancement in the sensi...
[ { "content": "soon after the discovery of the compact radio source sagittarius a * ( sgr a * ) at the galactic center ( gc ) @xcite , davies , walsh & booth ( 1976 , hereafter dwb ) carried out observations of sgr a * at 0.408 , 0.96 and 1.66 ghz . \n sgr a * was only detected at the two higher frequencies ....
[ { "content": "sequential decision making problems under uncertainty appear in most modern applications , such as automated experimental design , recommendation systems and optimisation . \n the common structure of these applications that , at each time step @xmath0 , the decision - making agent is faced with a ...
[ { "content": "let @xmath7 be a fixed positive real number , and @xmath6 run over the imaginary parts of the zeros of the riemann zeta - function . \n we are interested in the distribution of the fractional parts @xmath8 . \n rademacher @xcite was the first to consider this problem and he conjectured that , for ...
[ { "content": "the sins meeting was dominated by an interesting and often disconnected mix of observational reports on `` small scale '' structure in various interstellar environments , and theoretical works attempting to explain such observed structures . \n interestingly , there was a wider variety in the kind...
[ { "content": "v1141 aql was suspected for variability by kukarkin \n _ et al . _ ( 1951 ) and confirmed as a variable star by kukarkin _ \n et al . _ ( 1968 ) . \n it was later classified as a dwarf nova by vogt and bateson ( 1982 ) . in subsequent documentation , \n v1141 aql is only referred to as a dwarf nov...
[ { "content": "oh megamasers ( ohms ) trace of some of the most extreme physical conditions in the universe - in particular , the presence of an ohm signals specific stages in the merger process of gas - rich galaxies . \n ohms can thus be used as probes of their environments , both directly and indirectly . \n ...
[ { "content": "it is well known that the vast majority of stars belong to a binary or a multiple system , irrespective of their spectral type . \n recent surveys with improved astrometric accuracy , either from space or from the ground , present clear evidence that the higher the accuracy , the larger the number...
[ { "content": "let us consider a gas of charged particles @xmath0 on the complex plane @xmath1 , confined individually by the external field @xmath2 and experiencing a coulomb pair repulsive interaction . \n this corresponds to the probability distribution on @xmath3 with density proportional to @xmath4 where @x...
[ { "content": "the existence of the knee in the spectra of extensive air showers ( eass ) has been known by now for more than 40 years @xcite . \n first seen in the number of electrons ( the shower size ) observed near sea level it was later also observed in the muon number @xcite , hadron properties @xcite and ...
[ { "content": "recently a very interesting stochastic model with deposition and evaporation processes has been introduced by barma _ et . \n _ @xcite . in this model one \n deposits atoms on to @xmath4 adjacent vacant sites of a @xmath5-dimensional lattice and evaporates atoms from any @xmath4 adjacent occupied ...
[ { "content": "the increasing demands for fast and reliable wireless communications have spurred development of multiple - antenna systems in order to efficiently harvest the capacity gains @xcite . \n recent information - theoretic research indicates that a feedback channel can be further employed to furnish c...
[ { "content": "a neutron star ( ns ) is born as a result of the core collapse supernova explosion if the initial mass of the main sequence star is around 8 to 20 solar mass ( @xmath3 ) . \n various eos , relations between the density and the pressure , are used to describe the interior of neutron stars . \n the ...
[ { "content": "since the observation of large transverse polarization of produced @xmath0 hyperons in the inclusive reactions @xmath2 @xcite and @xmath3 @xcite in the middle of the 1970 s , there have been many experimental and theoretical investigations aimed at understanding this striking polarization phenomen...
[ { "content": "consider a branching random walk ( brw ) on a graph described as follows . \n we are given a graph @xmath0 and a vertex @xmath1 . \n we begin with one particle at @xmath2 at time @xmath3 . for each @xmath4 , each particle alive at time @xmath5 dies and gives birth to an independent random number o...
[ { "content": "multiloop scattering amplitudes in maximally supersymmetric ( @xmath0 ) yang - mills theory have been studied extensively over the years @xcite in connection with for instance the famous ads / cft correspondence and possible finiteness of supergravity theories . \n remarkable results have been unc...
[ { "content": "quantum entanglement is one of the most important phenomenon in quantum theory . \n it exhibit the nature of nonlocal correlation between quantum systems , and plays an essential role in various fields of quantum information processing , such as quantum computation , quantum communication , quantu...
[ { "content": "natural images contain a variety of perceptual information enabling the viewer to infer the three - dimensional shapes of objects and surfaces @xcite . \n @xcite observed that surface geometry mainly has three effects on the appearance of texture in images : foreshortening and scaling of texture e...
[ { "content": "when considering physics beyond the standard model ( sm ) , supersymmetry , in the form of the minimal supersymmetric standard model ( mssm ) is usually considered as one of the most appealing options . however , due to its vast parameter space , a standard procedure is to assume universality cond...
[ { "content": "high - redshift damped lyman-@xmath5 systems ( dlas ) are the highest column density class of qso absorption lines . \n defined by @xmath10 ( wolfe et al . \n 1986 ) , these systems are thought to trace the interstellar medium ( ism ) of high - redshift galaxies . dedicated surveys over the past ...
[ { "content": "the discovery of the higgs boson ( @xmath0 ) , whose mass is 125 gev , at the large hadron collider ( lhc ) run - i @xcite and subsequent measurements of properties of the higgs boson @xcite have established the standard model ( sm ) of particle physics as a low energy effective theory at the el...
[ { "content": "the study of the evolution of small perturbations in black hole backgrounds is a very interesting subject . actually , we know that this evolution , at intermediate times , is dominated by damped single frequency oscillations . \n these characteristic oscillations have been termed quasinormal mode...
[ { "content": "interacting supernovae ( sne ) are stellar explosions that collide with dense circumstellar material ( csm ) produced by the progenitor star . these events are raising critical new questions about the final evolutionary phases of massive stars and the mass - loss episodes that ensue before core co...
[ { "content": "since the experiments revealed the @xmath0-wave symmetry of the order parameter in cuprate superconductors @xcite , the physics of low - energy quasiparticle excitations in disordered two - dimensional ( 2d ) @xmath0-wave superconductors has been a subject of ongoing intensive research @xcite . ...
[ { "content": "the static and dynamic behaviour of sliding charge density waves ( cdws ) is perhaps the most well studied example of a class of problems involving the transport of an elastic medium through a disordered background . \n the cdw , which behaves like an elastic medium , is pinned by impurities distr...
[ { "content": "the main purpose of this paper is to establish that there are no square @xmath0-flat sequences of polynomials of the type @xmath3 where for each @xmath4 and @xmath5 @xmath6 is the circle group . \n it follows that there are only finitely many barker sequences . \n we thus get an affirmative answe...
[ { "content": "ru@xmath9o@xmath10 for fields @xmath5 applied with an angle @xmath11 versus the @xmath12-plane . \n the surface represents first - order transitions separating a region with low ( spin ) polarization from a region with high polarization . \n the thick black line connecting @xmath13 and @xmath14 is...
[ { "content": "recently , in several studies@xcite of heavy - ion - induced nuclear multifragmentation it was concluded that certain characteristics of the intermediate - mass fragment ( imf ) data are suggestive of statistical independence of multiple imf production.@xcite concepts of a binomial or a poissonian...
[ { "content": "borromean states are most easily found for potentials that can almost bind a two - body system . \n the relative motion in two - body systems is described with the wave function given as a product of radial , @xmath2 , and angular , @xmath3 , parts , where @xmath4 are the polar relative coordinate...
[ { "content": "this work has been partially supported by the brazilian research agencies cnpq and fapesp . \n baxter , `` exactly solved models in statistical mechanics '' . academic press , 1982 , new york c. fan and f.y . \n . 179 ( 1969 ) 560 _ b.u . \n felderhof , _ physica 66 ( 1973 ) 279 , 509 _ s. krinsky...
[ { "content": "the hamiltonian road to quantization has played a key role , over the last century , in the development of quantum mechanics @xcite , quantum field theory in flat spacetime @xcite , including quantum yang - mills @xcite and the particle physics standard model , as well as in the formulation of can...
[ { "content": "irreducible nonsingular @xmath0-matrices are one class of the most important matrices from applications , such as discretized pdes , markov chains abate94,rober90 and electric circuits @xcite , and have been studied extensively in the literature ; see , for instance , ( * ? ? ? \n * chapter 6 ) . ...
[ { "content": "random walks on graphs serve as the basis of algorithms for solving a number of problems , including 2-sat , graph connectivity , and finding satsifying assignments for boolean functions . quantum algorithms \n have shown promise in solving some problems faster than is possible using classical alg...
[ { "content": "there have been a number of investigations of the force exerted on a charged particle by an aharonov - bohm flux line . \n classically , of course , there is no force , so it , like the aharonov - bohm effect itself , is essentially quantum mechanical , vanishing as @xmath2 . \n olariu & popescu (...