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[ { "content": "dilute low dimensional systems have been the focus of a great deal of recent attention due to their interesting physical properties at low temperature@xcite . \n a number of fascinating phenomena have been reported for low - density electron systems in high mobility silicon inversion layers as a f...
[ { "content": "the soft ( nonperturbative ) odderon @xmath3 is introduced in elastic hadron - hadron scattering as the @xmath4 partner of the pomeron @xmath5 @xcite . in perturbation theory \n the existence of @xmath4 contributions is clear ( 3-gluon exchange ) . \n it is even believed @xcite , that 3-gluon exch...
[ { "content": "cells in connective tissue can glean mechanical information about their surroundings by pulling on the individual biopolymers of the ecm . \n however , on the short length scale of a typical cell , the measured mechanical response is sensitive to the intrinsic structural disorder of the ecm . to i...
[ { "content": "very high redshift ( @xmath3 ) gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) ( e.g. , * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ) provide an excellent probe of both the interstellar ( ism ) and intergalactic medium ( igm ) at the epoch of reionization ( eor ) using absorption spectrum techniques thanks to their si...
[ { "content": "shanon proved existence of maximum data transmission rate , called channel capacity @xcite . since then \n , different capacity - approaching codes have been designed , like turbo codes @xcite and ldpc codes @xcite . \n the first provable capacity - achieving codes , polar codes , were recently in...
[ { "content": "the lattice simulations are presently considered as the only first principle tool to investigate the deconfinement phase transition ( pt ) in quantum chromodynamics ( qcd ) . \n such a pt is also expected in gluodynamics ( gd ) which is a pure non - abelian gauge theory . \n the svetitsky - jaffe ...
[ { "content": "our starting point is the hubbard model @xmath165 we implement a rotation invariant decoupling of the hubbard interaction as follows . \n first , one can write @xmath166 where @xmath167 is the charge density , @xmath168 is the local electron spin operator , and @xmath169 is an _ \n arbitrary unit ...
[ { "content": "uvsipm is a stand - alone portable photon detector instrument designed to measure electromagnetic radiation in the 320900 nm wavelength range . \n it has been developed in the framework of astri ( astrofisica con specchi a tecnologia replicante italiana ) project @xcite a `` flagship project '' fi...
[ { "content": "in this supplemental material , we present several numerical details about the spin-1 chain , @xmath126 . \n \\end{aligned}\\ ] ] for @xmath63 and @xmath127 , from the divergent behavior of the correlation length in fig.1(a ) of the main text , we expect a gaussian transition at @xmath72 . to...
[ { "content": "weyl semimetals ( wsm ) are three dimensional topological electronic systems whose low energy band structure is described by pairs of weyl fermions separated in momentum space . \n they were first proposed to occur in a class of iridate materials@xcite , but it was only recently that they were exp...
[ { "content": "the sn impostor sn 2009ip is an lbv star @xcite that experienced a series of outbursts starting in 2009 ( e.g. , @xcite ) . \n there were two outbursts in 2012 : the 2012a outburst that was similar to the previous outbursts , and the 2012b outburst in september 2012 that was much more energetic t...
[ { "content": "in this contribution we extend the study in ref . \n @xcite of an extension of the standard model in which a real scalar @xmath0 triplet with zero hypercharge is added to the usual scalar @xmath0 doublet . for details \n the scalar potential of the model in terms of the usual standard model higgs ...
[ { "content": "recently properties of systems far from equilibrium have been studied by many people . \n although mean field techniques may give qualitatively correct results for higher dimensions , for low - dimensional systems fluctuations have important roles . \n different methods have been used to study rea...
[ { "content": "the recent use of three - dimensional doppler tomography to investigate the algol binaries u crb and rs vul has unveiled a significant amount of detail regarding the accretion process in these systems . as well as confirming the presence of a number of features seen in two - dimensional tomographi...
[ { "content": "d - branes @xcite have recently emerged as a key ingredient driving the non - perturbative dynamics of string theory . \n these objects provide an exact description of string theory solitons , and have led to remarkable developments towards understanding the nature of stringy black holes @xcite . ...
[ { "content": "let @xmath3 be a smooth manifold of dimension @xmath1 , possibly with a smooth boundary @xmath4 . \n recall that two riemannian metrics @xmath5 and @xmath6 on @xmath3 are _ conformal _ if there exists a smooth function @xmath7 on @xmath3 such that @xmath8 pointwise as quadratic functions on the fi...
[ { "content": "all observed cp violation can be described by the complex parameter @xmath4 , which describes an imaginary contribution to the @xmath8 mixing of the neutral @xmath9 mesons . \n such a mixing implies the existence of an effective hamiltonian @xmath10 where @xmath11 gev , and @xmath12 run over possi...
[ { "content": "expreimental studies of coherent backscattering ( cbs ) of light from disordered media have been completed by many groups during the last decade.@xmath1 cbs measurements are of great interest because they have allowed to test the physics of weak localization , which was first uncovered in electron...
[ { "content": "the interest in millimeter wave communications has been tremendously increased as a viable technology for fifth generation wireless cellular systems . \n this is due to the fact that millimeter wave communications support the very high data rates necessary for broadband and multimedia communicatio...
[ { "content": "the existence of dark matter ( dm ) is confirmed by a lot of astrophysical observations . however , there is no candidate in the standard model ( sm ) particle content . \n one of properties required for dm is a long lifetime which should be longer than the age of our universe . to realize this st...
[ { "content": "the egret _ ( energetic gamma ray experiment telescope ) _ detector on board of the _ compton gamma - ray observatory _ discovered strong mev @xmath0-ray emission from 66 blazars , mainly from flat spectrum radio quasars and unidentified flat spectrum radio sources @xcite . \n ground - based chere...
[ { "content": "observations by fermi and the various tev experiments , and advances in numerical techniques have led to a progress in our understanding of relativistic jets : i ) in m87 , combined vlba and tev data ( acciari et al . \n 2009 ) seem to indicate that the tev emission is produced on horizon scales b...
[ { "content": "the pion scattering length is an important observable characterizing dynamical effects of the strong interaction and its ab initio calculation on the lattice is an important nonperturbative test of qcd . in the literature several attempts to compute the scattering length with wilson fermions @xcit...
[ { "content": "human action detection at real - time has become a topic of increasing interest due to its wide practical use . \n applications like human - machine interaction , surveillance and gaming , all require accurate and low - latency action detection . \n action detection on raw videos is difficult beca...
[ { "content": "in recent years , several experiments under well - controlled laboratory conditions were carried out to explore pedestrian characteristics in bottlenecks . \n most experiments focused on the relationship between bottleneck width and pedestrian flow @xcite . \n the flow was once announced to grow i...
[ { "content": "in einstein - hilbert gravity coupled to various matter fields , the exterior geometry of a 3 + 1 dimensional asymptotically flat black hole ( bh ) spacetime typically approaches a stationary solution at late times . \n non - stationary perturbations decay both by falling across the horizon and di...
[ { "content": "when investigating the equilibrium properties of a complex polyatomic system , it is customary to identify a suitable _ reaction coordinate _ @xmath2 that maps atomic positions @xmath3 onto the points of some manifold @xmath4 , and then to study its equilibrium probability density : @xmath5\\big>,...
[ { "content": "the population of @xmath1-ray binaries is a subclass of the high mass x - ray binary ( hmxb ) population ; they are binary systems comprised of a high mass ( @xmath10 m@xmath11 ) star and a compact object whose spectral energy distribution ( sed ) peaks above 1 mev . \n indeed , they exhibit emiss...
[ { "content": "in recent years several mechanisms generating harmonics of electromagnetic radiation have been discovered . among these harmonics from gases @xcite , harmonics from a laser pulse propagating through underdense plasma @xcite , and harmonics production from the plasma - vacuum boundary when a laser ...
[ { "content": "consider a system of 4-dimensional spins with basis states @xmath191 . \n suppose the hamiltonian is written as @xmath192 where @xmath193 contains only @xmath194 , while @xmath195 contains only @xmath196 . \n both @xmath193 and @xmath195 are gapped with a minimal gap @xmath13 , but the ground stat...
[ { "content": "in models with one universal extra dimension ( ued ) @xcite , all of the standard model particles are promoted to 5 dimensional fields , propagating in a flat extra dimension ( for earlier ideas closely related to ued models see ref . \n @xcite ) . in order to allow for the existence of chiral ze...
[ { "content": "matrix completion is the task to reconstruct low - rank matrices from a subset of its entries and occurs naturally in many practically relevant problems , such as missing feature imputation , multi - task learning @xcite , transductive learning @xcite , or collaborative filtering and link predic...
[ { "content": "the riemann zeta - function @xmath2 is defined by the dirichlet series @xmath3 for @xmath4 , @xmath5 and @xmath6 . \n the functional equation of @xmath2 is given by @xmath7 where @xmath8 this allows us to perform a meromorphic continuation to the whole complex plane except at @xmath9 where @xmath2...
[ { "content": "population studies of x - ray binaries in nearby galaxies have been made possible thanks to the superb spatial resolution and excellent sensitivity of the _ chandra x - ray observatory _ @xcite . \n the x - ray luminosity functions ( xlfs ) of point sources have been obtained for many galaxies , a...
[ { "content": "recently five experiments announced discovery of a narrow , exotic baryonic state called @xmath4 @xcite . \n most probably this state belongs to the positive parity baryon antidecuplet , which naturally emerges in chiral soliton models @xcite . \n early prediction of its mass @xcite obtained in th...
[ { "content": "the main source of a star s energy is the nuclear fusion reactions occurring either in its core or in thin burning shells around the core . \n this energy is transported from the production site to the surface by radiative transfer or convection . \n the first transports energy in the form of phot...
[ { "content": "neutron stars are often thought of as exciting cosmic laboratories . \n this is natural since their description depends on much complex physics @xcite : with a mass of about one and a half times that of the sun compressed inside a radius of ten kilometers or so , they are compact enough to require...
[ { "content": "what drives prices ? \n this question has been studied for centuries with quantitative theories dating back at least to bachelier @xcite , who proposed the random walk hypothesis for price trajectories . as prices in general \n do not become negative , economist later realized that a more realist...
[ { "content": "long - period variable stars ( lpvs ) are cool giant stars showing more or less periodic light variations with amplitudes of several magnitudes in the visual and with periods of several hundred days . depending on their visual amplitudes and on the regularity of their variability cycles , they app...
[ { "content": "we consider ranking and selection of systems based on the average performance of the alternatives . \n the particular set - up used here is motivated by problems from optimization under uncertainty . \n often in operations research as well as in technical applications the performance of solutions ...
[ { "content": "the problem of the quantum dynamics of a small system interacting with its environment has been extensively studied since the origin of quantum mechanics . however , in spite of the noticeable progresses in the theory of open quantum systems , many conceptual difficulties still remain . indeed \n ...
[ { "content": "the ibis / isgri survey ( bird et al . 2004 ) contains 123 high energy emitting objects detected with the unprecedented sensitivity of @xmath01 mcrab in the energy range 20 - 100 kev discovered by mosaicing all core program observations performed in the first year of the mission ; this first catal...
[ { "content": "the interiors of compact stars have been discussed as systems where high - density phases of strongly interacting matter do occur in nature , see @xcite and @xcite . \n the consequences of different phase transition scenarios for the cooling behaviour of compact stars have been reviewed recently @...
[ { "content": "using the wmap - determination of the baryonic density @xcite , one obtains predictions of the abundances of the light element isotopes produced in big bang nucleosynthesis @xcite . while the overall values from theoretical predictions and from the observational determinations of the abundances of...
[ { "content": "loop quantum gravity ( lqg ) proposes a background independent framework for a theory of quantum general relativity @xcite . \n it realizes a canonical quantization of general relativity in 3 + 1 space - time dimensions and defines the hilbert space of quantum states of 3d space geometry and their...
[ { "content": "more than half of all main sequence stars , and an even larger fraction of pre - main sequence stars , are in binary / multiple star systems ( duquennoy and mayor 1991 ; mathieu et al . \n virtually all previous models of planet formation , however , have assumed an isolated single star . of the f...
[ { "content": "at ultralow temperature phase separation of quantum gases has been realized experimentally , in particular in binary mixtures of bose - einstein condensates ( becs ) . for a survey , \n see , e.g. , refs . \n early theoretical studies on trapped multicomponent becs @xcite appeared at the same tim...
[ { "content": "icecube is a kilometer - cube scale cherenkov detector at the geographical south pole , designed to search for muons from high energy neutrino interactions . \n the arrival directions and energy information of these muons can be used to search for point sources of astrophysical neutrinos , one of ...
[ { "content": "this is the first of two lectures on a new technique for calculating the temperature equilibration rate between electrons and ions in a weakly to moderately coupled fully - ionized plasma , exact to leading and next - to - leading order in the plasma number density . \n this calculation was first ...
[ { "content": "the recent cleo experiments related with and supply possibilities to extract the information about the structures of these two pseudoscalar mesons . for example , the cleo collaboration @xcite has reported very large branching ratios for inclusive production @xmath3 and for the exclusive decay @xm...
[ { "content": "cluster algebras have been introduced by fomin and zelevinsky around 2000 and have enjoyed a remarkable success story in recent years . \n they attractively link various areas of mathematics , like combinatorics , algebraic lie theory , representation theory , algebraic geometry and integrable sys...
[ { "content": "the bipolar homunculus nebula surrounding @xmath0 carinae offers an unusually well - constrained laboratory to study a wide array of physical processes in the interstellar medium . \n the distance , size , shape , orientation , and structure of the nebula are all known ( smith 2006 ; davidson et a...
[ { "content": "the ever - increasing amount of information that is produced in the age of big data calls for efficient techniques for storage and processing of a large number of high - dimensional signals . \n compact representations can be obtained with different methods depending whether the particular task re...
[ { "content": "in the paper @xcite soergel gave a combinatorial description of a certain category of harish - chandra bimodules over a simple lie algebra @xmath0 . \n this category was and continues to be of primary interest in the infinite - dimensional representation theory of simple lie algebras . \n soergel...
[ { "content": "scalar - tensor ( st ) gravitational theories are the most firm candidates for extensions of general relativity ( gr ) . \n a great part of their interest comes from the fact that they are induced naturally in the reduction to four dimensions of string and kaluza - klein models@xcite , resulting m...
[ { "content": "a _ hubble space telescope ( hst ) _ wfpc2 h@xmath1 image of the region deml106 \n @xcite in the large magellanic cloud ( lmc ) revealed a pair of bright , compact regions embedded within a large shell nebula @xcite . \n deml106 has been previously cataloged by @xcite as n30 , and the two com...
[ { "content": "currently esa monitors the space debris population in low earth orbit ( leo ) in irregular intervals @xcite . \n this is done in the frame of 24 hour radar beam - park experiments . \n the data from these measurements are taken in order to constrain models of the population evolution of space debr...
[ { "content": "there is great interest in spherically symmetric self - similar solutions to einstein s equations because of their numerous applications in astrophysics and cosmology @xcite . \n indeed there is now considerable evidence for the similarity hypothesis , which postulates that spherically symmetri...
[ { "content": "binary systems with a compact object are among the brightest sources in galaxies , in particular in the x - ray energy range . their bolometric luminosity is powered by accretion onto relativistic objects like neutron star ( ns ) or black hole ( bh ) . \n luminosity of black hole accretors is prod...
[ { "content": "an accurate knowledge of the physical properties of young stellar objects ( like their mass , age and luminosity ) is important to constrain theoretical pre main sequence evolutionary models . the determination of these properties , however , depends critically on the availability of accurate dis...
[ { "content": "stochastic dynamical systems are used as models for various scientific and engineering problems . \n we consider the following class of stochastic dynamical systems @xmath15 where @xmath16 are two real independent wiener processes ( white noises ) and @xmath17 are given deterministic functions . \...
[ { "content": "the method of image charges is a classical technique @xcite for electrostatic problems . \n its most elementary application is the problem of a point charge in a spherical cavity inside a conducting medium ( or the reciprocal problem of a point charge outside a conducting sphere ) . in 1845 , will...
[ { "content": "", "role": "user" }, { "content": "we have used the hartree - fock random phase approximation ( hf - rpa ) to study the interacting electron gas in a quantum wire . \n the spectra of intersubband spin - flip excitations reveal a considerable red shift with respect to single - particle ...
[ { "content": "a two - level system ( 2ls ) interacting with a quantum field electromagnetic field ( emf ) in particular has proven to be a very useful model for a wide range of problems from atomic - optical @xcite and condensed matter @xcite processes to quantum computation @xcite . for the latter applicatio...
[ { "content": "a network is an abstract entity consisting of a certain number of nodes connected by links or edges . \n the number of nodes that can be reached from a reference node @xmath4 in one step is called its degree denoted by @xmath5 . if equal number of nodes can be reached in one step from all the node...
[ { "content": "the work of d.h.e . \n gross @xcite has recently pointed out the attention on the fact that a microcanonical description of systems which may display phase transitions is in general more adequate than the traditional canonical one . \n this is because the canonical description may `` smear out '' ...
[ { "content": "back in the dawn of prehistory , when i was a student , murray gell - mann was an inspiration to me . his work dominated the particle physics landscape that i entered then : strangeness , @xmath0 theory , the eightfold way , quarks , current algebra , the renormalization group , and so much more ,...
[ { "content": "the fusion hindrance that appears in heavy ion reactions has been known for many years . now \n the mechanism of fusion hindrance is gradually understood as to be due to an extra internal barrier between the touching configuration and the compound shape after overcoming the coulomb barrier @xcite ...
[ { "content": "submillimeter - selected galaxies ( smgs ) generally refer to the population detected in the pioneering lensed and blank deep field surveys using the submillimeter common user bolometer array ( scuba ; holland et al . \n 1999 ) instrument on the james clerk maxwell telescope ( jcmt ) ( e.g. , smai...
[ { "content": "star formation theory for decades developed under the assumption that magnetic flux is frozen in highly conducting interstellar gas , unless a process of ambipolar diffusion carries neutrals across the magnetic field lines @xcite . \n the flux freezing is , however , violated in turbulent fluids d...
[ { "content": "the search for higgs bosons plays one of the most important roles at high - energy collider experiments at the tevatron and the lhc . \n the higgs boson is the remnant of electroweak symmetry breaking in the scalar higgs sector of the standard model ( sm ) and its supersymmetric extensions . \n th...
[ { "content": "the telescope array project is a collaboration with 120 scientists from four nations ( japan , usa , korea , and russia ) , with the observatory located in utah , usa @xcite . \n the detectors involved in the telescope array experiment consist of surface detectors ( sds ) arranged in an array and...
[ { "content": "bose - einstein condensation has been observed in magnetically trapped dilute vapors of@xmath6 the alkali elements @xmath7rb @xcite , @xmath8na @xcite , @xmath0li @xcite , and @xmath9h @xcite . at the nanodegree temperatures of these experiments , \n the systems would have frozen solid long a...
[ { "content": "experiments using trapped ions often provide a superior system for making precision measurements in applications such as determining atomic structure parameters[[sherman ] ] , microwave or optimal atomic clocks[[warrington],[itano ] ] , searches for time variations of fundamental constants[[itano]...
[ { "content": "in flares and coronal mass ejections , coronal electrons can be accelerated above 100 kev @xcite , i.e. , more than three orders of magnitudes higher than the ambient coronal temperature of 100 ev . \n the energy is ultimately believed to come from magnetic fields through magnetic reconnection , w...
[ { "content": "-5 mm the positive mass theorem provides a good example of _ `` the unreasonable effectiveness of physics in mathematics''_. the need to define mass in general relativity is motivated directly by the physics imperative to establish a correspondence between general relativity and classical newto...
[ { "content": "the bursting activity from sgr 1900 + 14 is quite diverse . \n the most common bursts observed are the recurrent , short bursts ( e.g. , aptekar et al . \n they usually have durations of a few hundreds of ms and peak luminosities reaching @xmath010@xmath4 erg s@xmath5 ( for an assumed distance ...
[ { "content": "fluctuation relations ( frs ) provide general results about the full work ( or entropy production ) distributions in non - equilibrium systems . however , in many cases the full work is not measurable and only partial work measurements are possible . \n the latter do not fulfill a fr and can not b...
[ { "content": "observations of the hubble deep field , and other surveys of high redshift galaxies described in these proceedings , are contributing to a new picture of how large galaxies such as the milky way were assembled . \n one interpretation of the data so far is that large galaxies collapse out of what a...
[ { "content": "( teuben 1994 ) and are traditional programming environments with which n - body simulations can be setup , run and analyzed . \n nemo also has a number of tools to import and export data in tables , ccd type images , fits files and a large number of other n - body formats . \n nemo is more geared...
[ { "content": "the standard cosmology based on general relativity and inflation has been remarkably successful . \n but there remain deep puzzles left for theorists to resolve what is the cause of the late - time acceleration of the universe ( the dark energy \" problem ) ? \n how is the classical big bang sin...
[ { "content": "the nuclear physics data accumulated up to now indicate that there is an essential difference between spherical and nonspherical nuclei . \n this difference does not reduce merely to nuclear shape effects \" as such , but intimately involves the internal structure of the nucleus . \n the shell os...
[ { "content": "massive star clusters are an important mode of star formation , having an impact on a wide range of galaxy properties . \n however , the earliest stages of these clusters are notoriously challenging to study since the youngest clusters are still enshrouded in remnants of their gaseous and dusty bi...
[ { "content": "1 . see for example b. batlogg in _ high temperature superconductivity_. \n the los alamos symposium - 1989 , edited by k. s. bedell et al . \n ( addison wesley , reading , ma ; 1989 ) . \n 2 . p. w. anderson and z. zhou , phys . \n rev . lett . * 60 * , 2557 ( 1988 ) . \n 3 . g. kotliar and...
[ { "content": "the spin - orbit interaction ( soi ) in low - dimensional structures attracts a great deal of interest since it opens up the possibility to manipulate the electron spin in nonmagnetic structures using electrical means . \n @xcite in this view , semiconductor heterostructures with 2d electrons are ...
[ { "content": "the exchange bias phenomenon is associated with the interfacial exchange coupling between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic spin structures , resulting in an unidirectional magnetic anisotropy that causes a shift of the hysteresis loop to negative field values as one cools the system through the...
[ { "content": "the discovery of high temperature superconductivity in fe - based materials attaining t@xmath6 as large as 109k @xcite , has lead to a huge up surge of research for further discovery of such new materials @xcite . \n seven years after its discovery , while a clear consensus on the mechanism of sup...
[ { "content": "in the preprint @xcite , oliinychenko , bugaev and sorin have considered the role of conservation laws , the values of hard core radii along with the effects of the lorentz contraction of hadron eigen volumes in discussing the weaknesses of thermal models which are utilized in describing the hadro...
[ { "content": "there is a resurgent interest in studying the properties of polyelectrolytes in multivalent salt solutions because such system reveals many fascinating phenomena . \n one vital example is the dna condensation , in which dna , a negatively - charged polyelectrolyte , undergoes a dramatic condensati...
[ { "content": "an ionization process is removal of one or more electrons from a quantum system , such as atom , molecule , quantum heterostructure etc . \n , in any manners . \n if the ionization process is induced by a photon , this process is called photoionization . \n the photoionization of atomic systems pr...
[ { "content": "at high radio frequencies ( @xmath10ghz ) the bright ( @xmath11mjy ) extragalactic radio population is dominated by blazars ( bl lacs and flat - spectrum radio quasars , fsrqs ) , interpreted as sources whose relativistic jets are directed very close to the line - of - sight ( see , e.g. , blandfo...
[ { "content": "it is currently widely accepted that inflationary cosmological scenarios offer most promising explanations for the initial conditions for structure formation in our universe . \n almost all inflationary scenarios predict that the primordial density perturbation spectrum deviates slightly from a po...
[ { "content": "the sunyaev - zeldovich ( sz ) effect has long been recognized as a powerful tool for probing the physics of the intra - cluster medium , large - scale structure formation and the dark energy equation of state @xcite . \n simple but robust analytical arguments @xcite and hydrodynamical simulations...
[ { "content": "many real - world networks show properties of small - world networks as their neighborhood connectivity , generally denoted by the clustering coefficient , is higher than in comparable random networks@xcite . \n the local clustering coefficient for an individual node @xmath2 with @xmath3 neighbors...
[ { "content": "time dilation is a fundamental property of an expanding universe . in fact the increase of timescale by a factor of @xmath0 represents a basic link between redshift and time which is essentially related to the definition of time and is independant of cosmological model parameters . as a consequenc...
[ { "content": "galactic cosmic rays ( gcrs ) are high energy particles that pass through the interstellar space in our milky way galaxy . \n the most abundant components of gcrs are protons and @xmath0 particles . \n these energetic particles can interact with the matters both in the interstellar space and inter...
[ { "content": "the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking ( ewsb ) remains the most pressing puzzle in elementary particle physics . \n experimentally , this question will be addressed at the large hadron collider ( lhc ) . theoretically , several interesting possibilities have been proposed . in this articl...
[ { "content": "the authors thank professors i. a. sanda and a. soni for useful discussions . \n m. a. acknowledges support from the science and technology agency of japan . \n e. k. acknowledges support from the japanese society for the promotion of science . \n 3.0 cm * figure 1 * : non - spectator contribution...
[ { "content": "type ia supernovae ( sne ia ) are currently the most mature cosmological distance indicator which led to the discovery of the acceleration of the universe ( riess et a. 1998 ; perlmutter et al . \n their use as distance indicators relies on the well calibrated light curve characteristics , namely ...
[ { "content": "when a sunlight photon is absorbed by a light - sensitive molecule ( such as chlorophyll or carotenoid ) in a light - harvesting photosynthetic complex ( lhc ) , the photon energy is stored in the molecule in the form of an exciton , an excited electron state of the molecule . \n the exciton then ...