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[ { "content": "[ [ historical - perspective - the - fourth - missing - element ] ] historical perspective : the fourth missing element + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + in 1971 l. o. chua predicted existence of a passive circuit element that li...
[ { "content": "recently we reported on new investigations of the mg@xmath0 uv - absorption spectrum @xcite . \n major motivation of the experimental efforts was a reliable characterization of the cold collision properties of ground state atoms by the molecular ground state , which were derived from the long rang...
[ { "content": "experimental realizations of analogue black holes @xcite and their associated effects have drawn a lot of attention in the past few years @xcite . \n probably the most discussed results have been the first observation of the classical analogue of hawking radiation in an open channel flow @xcite...
[ { "content": "besides uranium and plutonium , thorium is also one kind of important nuclear materials . \n metal thorium and its compounds have been widely investigated both experimentally and theoretically since metal thorium was found in 1828 . among thorium compounds , thorium dioxide tho@xmath0 , which is a...
[ { "content": "progress in the next decade ( and most probably even longer ) in high energy physics will be totally overshadowed by the results expected from the large hadron collider ( lhc ) at cern ( geneva ) where high energy protons will collide at an unprecedented center of mass energy of 14 tev , any time ...
[ { "content": "decoherence is that interference among different quantum states disappear because of dissipation - fluctuation from environments[1,2 ] . \n it is said that decoherence makes a quantum system classical . \n because when interference vanishes , an object can not go to other quantum states . \n it me...
[ { "content": "over the past two decades , our understanding of neutron stars has been revolutionized due to discoveries of several new classes of objects ( see * ? ? ? * for a review ) . \n an extreme class is magnetars , which typically have high spin - down - inferred magnetic fields - field can be estimated ...
[ { "content": "orbital resonances exist everywhere in the solar system , and play an essential role in the dynamics of small bodies . \n the synergy of fast and slow orbital angles produces a great assortment of resonant phenomena @xcite . over the years \n numerous methods and models have been developed to inte...
[ { "content": "recent claims of successful syntheses of superheavy elements 115 and 113 @xcite have aroused new enthusiasm about studies of superheavy nuclei in the nuclear physics community ( see refs . @xcite and references therein ) . for a review of recent experimental progress of this subject , we refer the...
[ { "content": "photons are ideal carriers of quantum information @xcite \n . they can propagate large distances in optical fibers before being absorbed , and their polarization has been used for quantum communication and quantum information applications . \n however , photons barely interact , and thus it is dif...
[ { "content": "diffraction by a point scatters light or matter waves into all directions . \n a two - dimensional grating produces a few diffraction orders at those angles where the scatter from all of the grating adds coherently . \n bragg diffraction by an infinite three - dimensional lattice can produce a sin...
[ { "content": "the quantum dots are zero - dimensional structures ( so called artificial atoms ) that are possible to be experimentally obtained and investigated individually , for some years now . \n an incoming electron may tunnel through a quantum dot only if its energy matches a dot energy level , so we have...
[ { "content": "the photon production rate is thought to be a quantity of phenomenological interest in heavy ions collisions , possibly enabling one to detect the formation of a quark - gluon plasma . \n part of the interest in this electromagnetic observable comes from the fact that photons are relatively weakly...
[ { "content": "gravitational interactions play a fundamental role in galaxy evolution , from their assembly at high-@xmath25 @xcite to much of their subsequent chemical and luminosity evolution @xcite . detailed studies of local interacting galaxies can provide important insights into these processes , particula...
[ { "content": "processes with multiple production at high energies are intensively studied both experimentally and theoretically . at that time behavior of multiple processes at low energies \n @xmath13 gev is known much less . \n multiple processes at low energies are dominated by contributions of non vacuum r...
[ { "content": "standard cosmological models predict that structure formation in the universe is dominated by a collisionless , gravitationally interacting , cold dark matter ( cdm ) component . \n this theory has been very successfull in explaining the observed large - scale structures which might not be very su...
[ { "content": "deterministic diffusion plays an important rle in a variety of physical phenomena and applications , e.g. particle confinement in magnetic fields @xcite , conductivity in metals @xcite , etc . \n a general theory of diffusion for systems with continuous time is presented in @xcite . in systems wit...
[ { "content": "one of the interesting problems in statistical mechanics concerns the understanding of the origin of macroscopic dissipation and the approach to thermal equilibrium from microscopical point of view . \n conventionally , given a statistical system in the thermodynamic or hydrodynamic limit , we ima...
[ { "content": "consider the classical linear forward model @xmath3 , which relates a parameter vector @xmath4 to an observation vector @xmath5 through a linear transformation ( henceforth referred to as a _ dictionary _ ) @xmath6 . \n this forward model , despite its apparent simplicity , provides a reasonable m...
[ { "content": "in the inflationary scenario @xcite , the primordial curvature perturbation , @xmath2 , is generated via the vacuum fluctuations of one or more light scalar fields @xcite . \n it is the only relevant perturbation in the simplest class of single - field models . \n more generally , however , @xmath...
[ { "content": "to accommodate the ever increasing traffic in wireless spectrum , fcc has legalized the unlicensed access of a part of the licensed spectrum band- which is known as _ \n secondary access_. however , secondary access will only proliferate when it is rendered profitable to license holders ( primarie...
[ { "content": "[ [ section ] ] a configuration space of @xmath0 ordered , distinct particles on a variety @xmath1 is @xmath2 over the past decade , there has been an increased interest in the configuration space of @xmath0 labeled particles on the projective line . the focus is on a quotient of this space by ...
[ { "content": "what are the limits to technological achievement ? that question has always been implicit in discussions for the search for extraterrestrial intelligence ( seti ) . as far as we can tell \n , the universe as a whole is pristine and natural . if it s easy for technological societies to engineer who...
[ { "content": "a quantum computer comprising many two - level systems qubits , exhibits coherent superpositions and entanglement . quantum computing , which is based on these features , enables some computational problems to be solved faster than would ever be possible with a classical computer @xcite , and ex...
[ { "content": "let @xmath1 be a smooth complex variety . \n the category of bundles with integrable connections on @xmath1 is the full subcategory of the category of coherent @xmath2-modules which are @xmath3-coherent as well . \n it is a @xmath4-linear abelian rigid category . if @xmath1 is projective or if we ...
[ { "content": "a droplet of ink falling into water deforms from a sphere to a toroidal shape due to the formation of a vortex ring @xcite . \n an air bubble rising in water exhibits complicated dynamics such as zigzag and spiral motion @xcite . \n such phenomena are caused by the interaction between the drople...
[ { "content": "visceral leishmaniasis ( vl ) is a neglected vector - borne infectious disease that is transmitted to humans by infected sandflies and is the second - largest parasitic killer in the world after malaria @xcite . \n if left untreated , most cases result in death within two to three years of clinica...
[ { "content": "clustering of arrival directions of the cosmic rays with energies exceeding @xmath0 ev , evidence to which was originally found @xcite on the basis of the early agasa data , was subject to numerous tests and reanalises both with the updated agasa event list and with the event sets of other exper...
[ { "content": "a _ surface link _ is the image of a smooth embedding of a closed surface into euclidean space @xmath1 . \n two surface links are _ equivalent _ if there is an orientation - preserving self - diffeomorphism of @xmath1 carrying one to the other . in this paper , we assume that surface links are ori...
[ { "content": "this work was supported by the nrf grant funded by the korean government ( 2007 - 0056343 ) , the international cooperation program ( nrf-2013k2a1a2054518 ) , the basic science research program ( nrf-2013r1a1a2061898 ) , the edison project ( 2012m3c1a6035358 ) , and the micinn project ctq2012 - 36...
[ { "content": "in this talk i will discuss the weak nucleon - nucleon ( nn ) interaction : the experiments that have been done , the strategies theorists have developed to interpret measurements , and the puzzles that remain to be resolved . \n while the weak interaction can be observed in flavor - changing hadr...
[ { "content": "the sorgenfrey line is the real line with topology whose base consists of all half - open intervals of the form @xmath4 where @xmath5 we study questions of the following form : + _ let @xmath6 be a class of continuous maps and suppose @xmath7 is a map from the sorgenfrey line onto a metrizable spa...
[ { "content": "study of compact objects like star takes much attention to the astrophysicists for the last few decades . \n it plays the crucial role like a bridge among astrophysics , nuclear physics and particle physics . \n one of the possible existing compact objects in our universe is neutron star ( or stra...
[ { "content": "let @xmath1 be a compact riemann surface of genus @xmath2 and @xmath3 a holomorphic involution with two fixed points @xmath4 and @xmath5 \n . then the linear equivalence @xmath6 is solvable by a divisor @xmath7 of degree @xmath8 if and only if @xmath4 and @xmath5 are the only fixed points of @xmat...
[ { "content": "in this article , we consider the _ sparse optimal control _ , also known as the _ maximum hands - off control _ @xcite . a sparse control is defined as a control that has a much shorter support than the horizon length . \n a sparse optimal control is a control witch has the minimum support among...
[ { "content": "any physical system with some initial state , some final state , and some interaction in between is a candidate for processing information . \n one only needs to construct a suitable map between physical properties of the system and abstract mathematical variables . \n most of the development in...
[ { "content": "traditionally , in astronomy the availability of online digital information is excellent with respect to scientific publications ( nasa s _ astrophysics data system _ , _ arxiv.org _ preprint server ) and raw observational data . with the development of the _ astrocat _ software \n we intend to fi...
[ { "content": "the comparison of open heavy - flavour hadron production in proton - proton , proton - pb and pb pb collisions at the lhc offers the opportunity to investigate the properties of the high - density colour - deconfined state of strongly - interacting matter ( quark gluon plasma , qgp ) that is expe...
[ { "content": "models taking account of the effects of rotation for massive stars can reproduce the observed surface enrichments ( @xcite @xcite ; @xcite @xcite ) , they can explain the great number of red supergiants observed in the smc @xcite . in both cases , non rotating models fail to fit these observed fe...
[ { "content": "gravitational modification is one of the main directions one can follow in order to describe the late - time universe acceleration and/or the early - time inflationary stage ( see for instance @xcite ) , which has the potential advantage of avoiding introducing exotic fields and the concept of dar...
[ { "content": "let @xmath0 be a finitely generated commutative semigroup with zero element such that it is reduced ( i.e. @xmath1 ) . \n we suppose that @xmath2 is cancellative , that is to say , if @xmath3 with @xmath4 then @xmath5 with these conditions , we may assume that @xmath2 is a subsemigroup of a non ne...
[ { "content": "the environment of a spiral galaxy can influence its evolution in many ways . \n close interactions with nearby galaxies have been shown to trigger inspire star formation , and thus alter the interstellar medium ( ism ) of the galaxy . \n properties of the ism could also be affected by direct infa...
[ { "content": "the process of subdiffusion can occur in media in which particles movement is strongly hindered due to the internal structure of a medium . \n subdiffusion is usually defined as a random walk process in which @xmath4 , where @xmath5 is a mean square displacement of a random walker , @xmath6 is a s...
[ { "content": "the standard models of particle physics and cosmology do not yet fully describe the neutrino sector , with open questions related to the mass - generation mechanism of the neutrinos , any sterile neutrino partners of the active neutrinos , and their potential relation to the number of relativistic...
[ { "content": "feynman s path integrals @xcite represent a compact and rich formalism for dealing with quantum theories . \n they have proved to be powerful tools for investigating symmetries , deriving non - perturbative results , delineating connections between different theories and different sectors of theor...
[ { "content": "representing collections of social relations as networks has become a standard practice not only in sociology but also in the study of complex systems . a social network @xmath0 is defined by the set of @xmath1 nodes , @xmath2 , which correspond to individuals , and by the set of edges ( or links ...
[ { "content": "many quantum - gravity theories predict scenarios in which lorentz symmetry is ( spontaneously ) broken @xcite . \n this breakdown of lorentz symmetry is often studied in the context of the standard - model extension ( sme ) @xcite . \n the sme is an effective field theory containing all possible ...
[ { "content": "here we demonstrate several of numerous examples of analogy between high energy physics and superfluid @xmath1he . \n we consider 3 types of topologically stable linear defects in @xmath1he - a , which exhibit the properties of different types of cosmic strings . \n the `` gravity '' and the axial...
[ { "content": "data security in wireless systems has been dominated in the past by encryption methods like data encryption standard ( des ) and advanced encryption standard ( aes ) which have played very important roles in the security aspects of data transmission . \n however , these encryption algorithms suffe...
[ { "content": "there has been a renewed interest in perturbative quantum gravity in part due to recent developments illuminating a relationship between gravity and gauge theory amplitudes @xcite and also because of its relevance in high energy , small angle scattering @xcite . \n the long distance regime of this...
[ { "content": "+ the standard model(sm)provides an excellent effective field theory description of almost all particle physics experiments . \n but in the sm the higgs boson mass suffers from an instability under radiative corrections . \n the naturalness argument suggests that the cutoff scale of the sm is not ...
[ { "content": "in recent years , a large number of studies has been devoted to explore the general properties of disordered systems through the investigation of the optical response and transport properties of semiconductor nanostructures . \n an important topic in the physics of disordered systems is to underst...
[ { "content": "the discovery of the @xmath0 baryon by leps collaboration at spring-8 @xcite and subsequent confirmation in the other experiments @xcite have spurred a lot of works in the field of exotic hadrons . \n so far , not much is known about the properties of the @xmath0 except its mass , which is about ...
[ { "content": "perhaps the most dramatic discovery in modern cosmology is the observational fact that the present universe undergoes an accelerating phase . during the last ten years or \n so a remarkable progress in technology has allowed us to witness extraordinary precision measurements in cosmology . \n a pl...
[ { "content": "one of the important missions of the large hadron collider ( lhc ) is to search for new physics beyond the standard model . \n the identification of new physics signals usually requires precise understanding of standard - model background , whose contributions mainly arise from quantum chromodynam...
[ { "content": "scanning tunneling microscopy ( stm ) was introduced to image surface structures in real space @xcite , and is nowadays used to obtain more complete information on the local electronic properties with the scanning tunneling spectroscopy ( sts ) technique . \n its operation is based on the measure...
[ { "content": "many gamma ray bursts ( grb s ) emit photons with very high observed energies ( @xmath1 1 mev ) . \n if the expansions of the bursts were non - relativistic , then the optical depth to the high energy photons would be so large that these photons could not be observed . \n this is the `` compactnes...
[ { "content": "the long - standing question of whether planets can form and then persist in binary star systems appears to have been answered observationally . \n planets have been detected about 55 @xmath8 cancri , @xmath9 bootis and 16 cygni b , all of which have companion stars ( butler et al . \n 1997 ; co...
[ { "content": "with hindsight , astronomers knew that galaxies interact before understanding what galaxies are . \n the famous depiction of the whirlpool galaxy m51 and its companion by the earl of rosse , from 1845 , marks not only the clear discovery of spiral structure in galaxies , but indicates a connection...
[ { "content": "the initiation of the radiation - dominated era of the universe is believed to result from the decay of coherent oscillations of a scalar field whose energy dominated the universe before decay . \n the decay of the coherent oscillations of the scalar field and the subsequent thermalization of the ...
[ { "content": "over twenty years ago montroll and shlesinger wrote that _ in the world of investigation of complex phenomena that requires statistical modeling and interpretation , several competing styles have been emerging _ , each with its own champions @xcite . lately a large amount of efforts with a flood ...
[ { "content": "40 j. bielcikova ( star collaboration ) , j. phys . * \n g74 * , s929 ( 2007 ) ; l. molnar ( star collaboration ) , j. phys . * \n g74 * , s592 ( 2007 ) ; b. abelev ( star collaboration ) , arxiv:0705.3371 ; c. nattrass ( star collaboration ) , proceedings of quark matter conference , jai...
[ { "content": "ak sco is a spectroscopic f5+f5 binary in the upper centaurus lupus ( ucl ) association with an estimated age of @xmath11020 myr ( e.g. * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n its distance is relatively uncertain , with the original hipparcos catalogue @xcite giving a value of 145@xmath2 pc while the newer @...
[ { "content": "cataclysmic variables ( cvs ) are a class of interacting binaries in which a donor star transfers mass onto a white dwarf ( wd ) accretor ( see warner 1995 for a comprehensive review ) . \n the characteristics of the accretion flow depend mostly on the rate of accretion onto the wd and on the wd m...
[ { "content": "the kinetics of submonolayer nucleation and island growth during the initial stage of epitaxial thin film growth has been studied intensively both experimentally and theoretically for more than three decades ( for reviews , see refs . , and references therein ) . \n important aspects of the growt...
[ { "content": "a positional numeration system is given by a base and by a set of digits . \n the base @xmath0 is a real or complex number such that @xmath1 , and the digit set @xmath4 is a finite alphabet of real or complex digits . \n the most studied numeration systems are of course the usual ones , where the ...
[ { "content": "a series of measurements using neutrinos from different sources _ \n viz_. solar @xcite , atmospheric , @xcite reactor @xcite , and accelerator @xcite , have established the phenomenon of neutrino oscillations . \n the discovery of neutrino oscillations represents today one of the main experimenta...
[ { "content": "despite the accumulating knowledges of neutrino masses and the lepton flavor mixing by the atmospheric @xcite , the solar @xcite , and the accelerator @xcite neutrino experiments , the ( 1 - 3 ) sector of the maki - nakagawa - sakata ( mns ) matrix @xcite is still in the dark . at the moment , we ...
[ { "content": "spectroscopic signatures of flares on m dwarfs have been sporadically explored , mostly at optical wavelengths , since the pioneering observations of uv ceti by joy & humason ( 1949 ) . \n principal features observed during flares include strong continuum radiation rising toward the blue and near ...
[ { "content": "( color online ) coexistence of phases . \n @xmath4 stm image of a ag(111 ) sample exposed to @xmath5 torr atomic oxygen for 40 min at 500 k sample temperature ( -0.44 na , \n -55.8 mv).,width=325 ] the oxidation of the ag(111 ) surface is a fascinating example of how a seemingly simple syst...
[ { "content": "general relativity ( gr ) is the prevailing theory for gravity . for hundred years \n has been tested in various astrophysical scenarios and its agreement with experiments and observations is remarkable . \n still , most of gr s tests have been performed in the weak - field regime , e.g. in our so...
[ { "content": "the electronic properties of one - dimensional ( 1d ) metals have attracted considerable attention for fifty years by now . starting with the work of tomonaga in 1950 @xcite and later by luttinger @xcite , \n it has become clear that the electron - electron interaction destroys the sharp fermi sur...
[ { "content": "particle - based numerical methods are routinely used in plasma physics calculations @xcite . in many cases these methods are more efficient and simpler to implement than the corresponding continuum eulerian methods . however , particle methods face the well known statistical sampling limitation o...
[ { "content": "the hess cerenkov telescope alerted the astronomical community on july 27 , 2006 about an increase of activity of the blazar pks @xmath0 ( z=0.116 ) in the tev energy range @xcite . \n the same night the blazar displayed flares up to 17 crab ( e > 200 gev ) on time scales of 5 minutes @xcite . \n ...
[ { "content": "one of the outstanding problems in molecular processes in living systems has been how they achieve reliable action under the influence of overwhelming thermal and/or statistical fluctuations . in the case of muscle contraction , \n huxley@xcite has already noticed , in his original work , that col...
[ { "content": "compact groups ( cgs ) are small systems of a few galaxies which are in close proximity one another . \n their are excellent laboratories for studying galaxy interactions and , in particular , merging processes . given their high galaxy density ( equivalent to those at the centers of rich clusters...
[ { "content": "photoionization cross sections of many atoms and ions were studied in detail with resonance structures for ground and many excited states under the opacity project ( op , @xcite ) . \n the close coupling ( cc ) r - matrix method , as employed under the op , accurately considers the numerous autoio...
[ { "content": "optics of nanoscale materials has attracted considerable attention in the past several years @xcite due to various important applications @xcite . \n exploring electrodynamics of near - fields associated with subwavelength systems , researchers are now truly dwelling into nanoscale @xcite . owing ...
[ { "content": "the authors acknowledge some financial support from the spanish project dgicyt - fis2009 - 13364-c02 - 01 . \n also thanks to the consejera de economa , comercio e innovacin of the junta de extremadura ( spain ) for financial support , project ref . gru09011 .", "role": "user" }, { "co...
[ { "content": "the surface diffusion of single adatoms has been intensively studied over the last decades , @xcite due to its importance in thin film and crystal growth . \n @xcite once individual atoms are adsorbed on a surface they can meet , thus forming larger clusters . \n however , the diffusion of even t...
[ { "content": "ngc 4631 ( fig . \n [ fig : mom0_optical ] , table [ tab : galaxy_params ] ) is an edge - on . ] \n galaxy that is known for a spectacular multi - phase halo kpc . ] . \n this galaxy is one of the targets of the james clerk maxwell telescope ( jcmt ) nearby galaxies legacy survey ( ngls ) @xcite...
[ { "content": "let @xmath1 be a number field , let @xmath2 denote the ring of integers of @xmath1 . \n let @xmath3 denote a smooth , projective , geometrically irreducible curve of genus @xmath4 , let @xmath5 be a proper regular model of @xmath6 and let @xmath7 denote the relative dualizing sheaf on @xmath8 over...
[ { "content": "binary population synthesis is a useful tool for studying the statistical properties of stars , including the compact objects ( e.g. , pols & marinus 1994 ; bethe & brown 1998 ; portegies - zwart & yungelson 1998 ; bloom , sigurdsson , & pols 1999 ; belczynski & bulik 1999 ) \n . compact objects a...
[ { "content": "we greatly thank y. tanaka , p. burset , and r. s. deacon for fruitful discussions . \n this work was partially supported by grant - in - aid for young scientific research ( a ) ( no . \n jp15h05407 ) , grant - in - aid for scientific research ( a ) ( no . \n jp16h02204 ) , grant - in - aid for sc...
[ { "content": "researchers often represent interactions between components in social and biological systems with networks of nodes and links , and use community - detection algorithms to better understand their large - scale structure . depending on the system under study and the particular research question , t...
[ { "content": "the anomalous x - ray pulsars ( axps ) are a small group of young , energetic neutron stars , whose luminosity is thought to be powered by the decay of a super - strong magnetic field : _ magnetars _ ( thompson & duncan , 1996 ) . since the discovery of the first optical counterpart to an axp ( hu...
[ { "content": "one of the great scientific expectations when the rossi x - ray timing explorer ( _ rxte _ ) was launched in 1995 was the discovery of coherent pulsations from low - mass x - ray binaries ( lmxbs ) . at present , only five accreting millisecond pulsars in lmxbs are known . \n all five are faint tr...
[ { "content": "_ multi - label learning _ \n has drawn much attention in recent years , where each data example can be assigned with multiple labels simultaneously . \n multi - label learning has a wide range of real - world applications . \n for example , in text categorization , one text document can belong to...
[ { "content": "for a long time there has been a desire at bnl to recover the beam beam parameter and with it the tune spreads from btf of beams undergoing the beam beam effect . \n recently this desire has been intensified by the construction and installation of the electron lens @xcite . \n normally the mach...
[ { "content": "the quantitative description of both nuclear structure and reactions on the same footing is a major challenge of contemporary nuclear theory . with new experimental facilities such as frib and fair at the horizon , the task to find improved approaches for nuclear reactions has become very urgent ....
[ { "content": "due to many recent technological advances in neuroscience , researchers ability to collect neural data has increased dramatically . with this \n comes a need for new methods to process and understand this data . \n one major question faced by researchers is to determine how the brain encodes spati...
[ { "content": "waves and oscillations manifesting in the immediate vicinity of sunspots have been known for over @xmath0 years @xcite \n . early work on oscillatory phenomena in sunspot structures helped validate the detection of long - period oscillations , which are generated by the response of the umbral pho...
[ { "content": "the direct calculation of hadron structure functions by current overlap techniques is based on the simulation of the euclidean hadronic matrix elements @xmath1 | h({\\bf 0 } ) \\rangle $ ] , where @xmath2 is the full electromagnetic current and @xmath3 are the @xmath4 , @xmath5 quark flavor curren...
[ { "content": "we always write @xmath20 instead of @xmath21 , and also @xmath22 . \n the same convention applies to a @xmath15dimensional case , @xmath23 . \n the current work is a continuation of @xcite , but it is completely independent from the cited papers ( including all classification theorems ) , apart fr...
[ { "content": "the discovery of `` hidden '' broad - line regions ( blrs ) in several seyfert 2 galaxies @xcite has generated much interest in unified theories , in which the viewing orientation explains many of the observed differences between type 1 and 2 seyfert galaxies ( antonucci 1993 and references therei...
[ { "content": "the collision of two identical bosons in the low energy near - threshold limit can be described in a scattering matrix treatment by a single @xmath2-wave scattering matrix element , @xmath116 , where @xmath19 is the relative momentum of the collision pair and @xmath117 is the scattering phase shif...
[ { "content": "mathematical modeling of many applied problems of science and engineering results in the numerical solution of inverse problems @xcite . \n inverse problems often belong to the class of ill - posed ( conditionally correct ) problems , and therefore various regularization algorithms are employed to...
[ { "content": "the parton distribution functions ( pdfs ) which contribute to the lhc processes , and the pdfs fitted at hera and fixed target experiments are defined at somewhat different @xmath2 ranges ( see , for example , fig . \n [ lhckin ] taken from @xcite ) . \n therefore , a direct application of the mo...
[ { "content": "many phylogenetic trees published in the literature or included in phylogenetic databases are actually alternative phylogenies for the same sets of organisms , obtained from different datasets or using different evolutionary models or different phylogenetic reconstruction algorithms @xcite . \n th...
[ { "content": "the kapitza - dirac proposal @xcite provides a beautiful demonstration of the diffraction of massive particles by standing light waves . \n the proposal has been realized experimentally for atoms and electrons @xcite . \n more recently , it has been suggested that additional effects could be prese...