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[ { "content": "the classification of small bodies in the inner solar system as either asteroids or comets has historically been attempted by different scientists using different techniques and employing different criteria . \n observational astronomers classify small bodies having transient , unbound atmospheres...
[ { "content": "super - massive black holes ( smbhs ) of millions to billions of solar masses are believed to exist in the centre of most galaxies . \n the galactic center black hole candidate , sgr a * , is the closest and best studied smbh , making it the perfect source to test our understanding of galactic nuc...
[ { "content": "semidetached binary systems are interacting binaries , in which one of the stars fills its critical surface , resulting in mass exchange between the components of the system . in general , the critical surface has a complicated shape [ 1 ] , and special mathematical models are required to describe...
[ { "content": "a topological phase of matter with a symmetry @xmath0 is an equivalence class of gapped quantum lattice systems with a symmetry @xmath0 . \n one can study either ground states or hamiltonians . for classification purposes , it is the same@xcite . in terms of ground states , \n the equivalence rela...
[ { "content": "99 email : ( smb ) somen@iopb.res.in ( dm ) maren@sissa.it , _ proc . \n natl . acad . \n usa _ , * 94 * , 11935 ( 1997 ) ; t. strunz _ \n _ , _ proc . \n usa _ ; m. rief , h. clausen - schaumann , and h.e . \n gaub , _ nature struct . \n biol . _ * 6 * , 346 ( 1999 ) . , \n _ , * 79 * , 4489 ( ...
[ { "content": "numerous studies have attempted to understand how gas is converted into stars . \n observational data indicate a power - law relation between these two quantities : @xmath6 where @xmath7 and @xmath8 are the star formation rate ( sfr ) and gas surface densities in units of m@xmath9 yr@xmath10 kpc@x...
[ { "content": "in non-@xmath1-wave cooper pairing states , quasiparticle scatterings from system surfaces and nonmagnetic impurities can lead to suppression of the order parameter . \n one typical example of such anisotropic pairing states would be the spin - triplet @xmath2-wave one which is realized in superfl...
[ { "content": "star formation ( sf ) is a fundamental process in the evolution of galaxies . but this process is far from being well understood . \n the sf is usually characterized by the initial mass function ( imf ) and the total sf rate ( sfr ) , which depends on many factors such as the density of the inters...
[ { "content": "in recent years several attempts at controlling turbulence through a number of wall - based forcing methods have been reported @xcite , often aimed at frictional drag reduction ( dr ) . \n a large number of works , exploiting both numerical and experimental approaches , has been devoted to this go...
[ { "content": "this paper deals with moving solitons of the discrete nonlinear schrdinger ( dnls ) equation . \n the earliest applications of the cubic dnls equation were to the self - trapping of electrons in lattices ( the polaron problem ) and energy transfer in biological chains ( davydov solitons ) see the...
[ { "content": "extensive air showers ( eas ) resulting from primary cosmic - ray particles of energies above 1 eev ( @xmath0 ev ) produce an ionization trail which is comparable to that of micro - meteors , which have been detected for many decades using radar methods ( lovell 1948 ; greenhow , 1952 ; hanbury br...
[ { "content": "the atlas detector at cern is one of two large general purpose detectors at the large hadron collider ( lhc ) @xcite , a 7 tev on 7 tev proton accelerator . \n it was designed to have excellent tracking , calorimetry and muon spectroscopy over the entire energy range of the lhc allowing discovery ...
[ { "content": "the macro detector was located in the gran sasso underground laboratory @xcite . \n thanks to its large area , fine tracking granularity and up - down symmetry , it was a proper tool for the study of upward - travelling muons and neutrino interactions in the apparatus . \n the different kinds of ...
[ { "content": "applications of gravitational lens theory was recently expanded when first paczynsky ( 1986 ) predicted the possibility of detecting dark matter in the galactic halo by searching for microlensing effects on millions of stars in the lmc , and , by now , the four collaborations : the macho group ( f...
[ { "content": "let @xmath6 be the algebra of all @xmath7 complex matrices . \n the schur product @xmath8 of two matrices @xmath9 and @xmath10 in @xmath6 is defined by @xmath11 and given @xmath12 , the schur map @xmath13 on @xmath6 is defined by @xmath14 for all @xmath15 . \n although a schur map certainly appear...
[ { "content": "the southern planetary nebula ( pn ) suwt 2 ( pn g311.0 + 02.4 ) is a particularly exotic object . \n it appears as an elliptical ring - like nebula with much fainter bipolar lobes extending perpendicularly to the ring , and with what appears to be an obvious , bright central star . \n the insid...
[ { "content": "the study of quantum effects in nonintertial frames of reference has been thoroughly discussed in the literature . \n the pioneer articles of fulling and unruh @xcite showing the non - equivalence of the quantization of scalar fields in rindler and minkowski coordinates and the thermal character o...
[ { "content": "the amount of texts readily available in the world is growing at an astonishing rate ; classifying these texts through machine learning techniques , promptly and without much human intervention , has thus become an important problem in data mining . \n much research , in the field of supervised le...
[ { "content": "the study of _ universal crossing probabilities _ in the standard random percolation problem at criticality has been the subject of much interest over the last decade ( see ref . \n @xcite for a review ) . at the percolation threshold , @xmath5 , on a rectangular lattice with length @xmath6 and ...
[ { "content": "the poplmark challenge is a set of common programming language problems meant to test the utility of modern proof assistants and techniques for mechanized metatheory . in response to this challenge \n , significant strides have been made in making it easier to mechanize the metatheory of programmi...
[ { "content": "usual approach in the area of quantum games meyerdavid , ewl , multiplayer , du , cheon , flitney , shimamura , iqbal , ichikawa consists of analyzing a quantum system manoeuvred by participating agents , recognized as players , who possess necessary means for their actions on parts of the system ...
[ { "content": "two ubiquitous aspects of large - scale data analysis are that the data often have heavy - tailed properties and that diffusion - based or spectral - based methods are often used to identify and extract structure of interest . in the absence of strong assumptions on the data , popular distribution...
[ { "content": "after the discovery of the higgs boson in july 2012 @xcite , a solution to the hierarchy problem the question why the electroweak scale is so much lower than the planck scale is more urgently needed than ever . among the numerous possibilities to solve the hierarchy problem , \n the most popular...
[ { "content": "now we proof by the method of mathematical induction , that in the `` non - crossing '' approximation the electron green s function , averaged over impurity configurations , has the form of eq . \n ( [ gg ] ) : @xmath167with @xmath168 being independent of @xmath43 and @xmath14 . in the born app...
[ { "content": "observationally , due mostly to the inapplicability of high - precision doppler techniques to stars with spectral types earlier than late - f ( which have large rotational velocities and a small number of spectral lines ) , little was known until recently about the frequency of planets around the ...
[ { "content": "for reactions with two incoming spin 1/2 particles one can define the initial state cross sections @xmath8 where @xmath9 denotes the combined spin of the two particles and @xmath10 its projection . \n the three possible initial spin state contributions @xmath11 , @xmath12 and @xmath13 are related ...
[ { "content": "the work of c.s.k . was supported in part by grant no . \n 2000 - 1 - 11100 - 003 - 1 and src program of the kosef , and in part by the krf grants , project no . \n 2000 - 015-dp0077 . \n the work of s.o . was supported by the krf grants , project no . 2000 - 015-dp0077 and by the bk21 project . \...
[ { "content": "the stability of differentially rotating gas disks depends sensitively upon whether or not a magnetic field is present . \n a weak ( subthermal ) magnetic field undermines the stabilizing influence of coriolis forces ( balbus & hawley 1991 ) , and the resulting turbulence greatly enhances internal...
[ { "content": "throughout all this paper we fix a @xmath0-adically closed field @xmath1 . the reader unfamiliar with this notion may restrict to the special case where @xmath2 or a finite extension of it , and @xmath3 is its @xmath0-adic valuation . \n we let @xmath4 denote the valuation ring of @xmath3 , and @x...
[ { "content": "probabilistic cellular automata ( pca ) are discrete - time markov processes modelling the time evolution of a multicomponent system . \n their main feature is the synchronous update of the states of the components , which take values in a finite set and interact with their neighbours according to...
[ { "content": "in qcd simulations at small lattice spacings @xmath0 , algorithms typically have severe problems in generating transitions between different topological sectors . \n this problem of topology freezing is expected to appear for any lattice discretization of the quark and gluon fields @xcite . for ce...
[ { "content": "in a quantum computer , it will be necessary to perform gates between distant qubits , whereas the strength of interaction tends to reduce with distance , such that it is impractical to interact them directly . \n a typical response is simply to apply a series of swap gates to bring the qubits tog...
[ { "content": "with the advent of grid computing , the classical science of scheduling theory has gained a new sphere of applications . \n methods which were originally developed for decision making around limited resources in manufacturing and service industries have been adopted in the areas of computer scienc...
[ { "content": "single - photon cooling ( spc ) is a general cooling method applicable to most of the periodic table as well as molecules@xcite . \n based on one - way wall of light@xcite , it relies on irreversible optical pumping with one photon scattering to trap atoms inside an optical dipole trap . \n the ir...
[ { "content": "current induced magnetization switching in metallic spin valves and magnetic tunnel junctions ( mtjs ) is an intensive area of research for its possible applications in future spintronic / magnetic devices @xcite . during electronic transport , \n inseparable from the charge current the electrons ...
[ { "content": "the principle of factorization underlies all theoretical predictions for hadronic processes . \n simply put , factorization is the statement that short and long distances contributions to physical processes can be separated , up to corrections suppressed by powers of the relevant large scale in th...
[ { "content": "a great deal of work has been done recently to embed the standard model of particle physics ( sm ) into a brane construction @xcite . \n this research is part of the effort , initiated in @xcite , to build a fully realistic four dimensional vacuum out of string theory . \n while the original model...
[ { "content": "flux emergence is one of the key mechanisms in various solar activities . \n it is widely accepted that the emerging flux has a form of a twisted flux tube so as not to be collapsed by the convective motions during its ascent in the solar interior . \n emerging flux transports magnetic energy and ...
[ { "content": "high temperature superconductivity in the lanthanum @xcite , yttrium @xcite and related copper - oxide compounds remains a subject of intensive investigation and controversy . \n it was suggested that electron - phonon interaction mechanism , which is very successful in understanding of convention...
[ { "content": "with the advent of mesoscopic physics , it has become possible to experimentally investigate quantum phase coherent properties of electrons in solid state conductors in a controlled way . in particular , in ballistic mesoscopic samples at low temperatures , electrons can propagate up to several mi...
[ { "content": "the basic offline problem of energy - efficient packet transmission scheduling @xcite is to assign code rates ( consequently transmission durations ) to a set of packets whose arrival times are known beforehand , so that they are all transmitted within a given time window with minimum total energ...
[ { "content": "the recent achievements of the vhe @xmath1-ray astronomy offer a great number of diverse and fundamental physics results which make further developments in the field highly physically motivated . \n future @xmath1-ray observations will deliver exhaustive knowledge to understanding the origin of th...
[ { "content": "the main goal of the ultra - relativistic nucleus - nucleus ( a - a ) collisions programme is to create in terrestrial laboratories a new state of matter , the quark - gluon plasma ( qgp ) . \n the existence of this phase , where quarks and gluons are deconfined , i.e. can freely move over several...
[ { "content": "the single - electron transistor ( set ) is a highly sensitive electrometer , conventionally based on sequential tunneling of electrons in the coulomb blockade regime . \n @xcite unfortunately , the @xmath7-time due to cable capacitance ( @xmath8 nf ) and device resistance ( @xmath9 ) limits the b...
[ { "content": "the renewed interest in the casimir effect @xcite in the last 15 years has fueled numerous complementary studies on different aspects of this long - range interaction . during the last decade or so various papers \n have focused on the entropy related to the casimir interactions between two solid ...
[ { "content": "sdss j102913.94 + 262317.9 ( sdss j1029 + 2623 ; * ? ? ? \n * ) is one of two examples of strongly lensed quasars produced by massive clusters of galaxies . \n it was discovered in the sloan digital sky survey quasar lens search ( sqls ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ) , a survey to ...
[ { "content": "the work has been supported by the european community - access to research infrastructure action of the improving human potential programme , by the daad exchange programme ( ppp - polen ) , by the polish state committe for scientific research ( grants no . \n 2p03b07123 and pb1060/p03/2004/26 ) a...
[ { "content": "we have carried out extensive simulations of a simple lattice model that can be simulated efficiently . \n the sites form either a one - dimensional , of length @xmath11 , or two - dimensional @xmath12 square array with periodic boundary conditions . as it is the spreading dynamics at long times t...
[ { "content": "it is widely accepted that type ia supernovae ( sne ia ) are thermonuclear explosions of accreting c+o white dwarfs ( wds ) , although the nature of the progenitor binary system and the detail of the explosion mechanism are still under debate . \n sne ia are good distance indicators , and provide ...
[ { "content": "the short wavelength spectrometer ( sws ) on board the infrared space observatory ( iso ) has allowed us , for the first time , to observe the pure rotational spectrum of h@xmath0 and study the otp ratio in warm ( t@xmath1 100 - 1000 k ) regions . \n previous to iso observations , the otp ratio of...
[ { "content": "the interacting one - dimensional electron gas ( 1deg ) has intrigued physicists since the pioneering work of tomonaga@xcite . through the collective effort of many of them , and especially due to the advancement of the bosonization technique@xcite , a large number of its properties have been disc...
[ { "content": "rare earth transition metal oxy - arsenides adopting the zrcusias structure - type ( 1111 materials ) contain square nets of transition metal atoms coordinated by arsenic in an edge - sharing tetrahedral geometry @xcite . \n these materials , and others containing the same transition metal \n arse...
[ { "content": "the coalescence and merging of two compact stars into a single object is a very common end - point of close binary evolution . \n dissipation mechanisms such as friction in common envelopes , tidal dissipation , or the emission of gravitational radiation , are always present and cause the orbits o...
[ { "content": "let @xmath0 be a set of @xmath1 distinct points ( called _ nodes _ or _ sample points _ ) of @xmath2 , and let @xmath3 be a function defined on a domain @xmath4 containing @xmath5 . \n the classical shepard operators ( first introduced in @xcite in the particular case @xmath6 ) are defined by@xmat...
[ { "content": "in the past decade , the study of systems of two - dimensional electron gas ( 2deg ) in semiconductors@xcite has been extended by the application of spatially inhomogeneous magnetic fields . \n the inhomogeneity of the magnetic field can be realized experimentally either by varying the topography ...
[ { "content": "since the discovery of heat engines people were struggling to optimize their performance @xcite \n . one of the first results in the field was due to sadi carnot @xcite and rudolf clausius @xcite . \n they showed that the maximum efficiency attainable by any heat engine operating between the hot r...
[ { "content": "let @xmath1 , @xmath2 , be independent and identically distributed random vectors , and assume that the cumulative distribution function , @xmath0 , of @xmath3 is continuous . \n by sklar s theorem ( sklar @xcite ) , there exists a unique copula , @xmath4 , such that @xmath5 where @xmath6 is the ...
[ { "content": "over the past decade , the physical characteristic of the entanglement of quantum - mechanical states , both pure and mixed , has been recognized as a central resource in various aspects of quantum information processing . \n significant settings include quantum communication @xcite , cryptograph...
[ { "content": "pulsars are effective astrophysical laboratories for quantum theory and gravitation theory . however , how to reproduce the observed radiation theoretically is still one of the most essential challenges in pulsar study . \n it is well known that the polarization observations are very important to ...
[ { "content": "dwarf galaxies play a key role in the enrichment of the icm or igm , not only as far as heavy elements are concerned , but possibly also regarding the magnetisation . \n according to the standard bottom - up scenario of galaxy formation , primeval galaxies must have injected much of their ( enrich...
[ { "content": "the light variability of the short - period contact binary sw lac ( p 0.@xmath032 , v@xmath1=8.@xmath291 ) is very well known and studied by several investigators since its discovery by ( * ? ? ? \n * miss ashall ( 1918 ) ) . \n the first photoelectric ubv light curves of the system were obtaine...
[ { "content": "with the rise of micropattern gas gain devices like gem @xcite , micromegas @xcite , cat @xcite or microcat @xcite the field of application of gas filled detectors has been widened up . \n these structures accept high rates and due to their parallel plate geometry they produce short signals and go...
[ { "content": "the large area telescope ( lat ) @xcite is the primary instrument on glast , and so it is of utmost importance to extract as much information as possible from the response of the lat to incident photons and particles . while the quantities of primary interest for each event are few ( namely the az...
[ { "content": "particles in anharmonic potentials is a well studied example of chaotic system . \n a simple but good model of a system which exhibits parametric transitions from regular to chaos and vice - versa is the quartic oscillator . \n the parameters which control the transitions are the coupling strength...
[ { "content": "observational and theoretical studies of low - luminosity active galactic nuclei ( llagn ; agn with @xmath2 ) suggest that these objects differ substantially from higher - luminosity agn . at the low accretion rates typical of llagn , the inner part of the accretion disk \n is thought to take the ...
[ { "content": "heterogeneous cellular networks with dense deployment of access points ( aps ) are anticipated to be a major component of 5 g networks . \n a challenge with such dense deployments is interference management . \n coordinated radio resource allocation across multiple cells is one approach for mitiga...
[ { "content": "viscous discs can acquire large dimensions under the effect of angular momentum redistribution . \n this is corroborated by the observation of young stellar objects ( yso ) which reveals the emission of wide gaseous discs with an outer radius reaching @xmath6 au ( beckwith et al . \n , 1990 ; pudr...
[ { "content": "recent discovery of luminous quasars at @xmath6 suggests the existence of black holes with mass exceeding @xmath7 when the age of the universe was less than one billon years ( e.g. , * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n the formation process of such supermassive black holes ( smbhs ) is largely unknown , and...
[ { "content": "in simplest terms , spiral galaxy disks can be described as geometrically thin , flat , and circular . we understand that spiral disks are geometrically thin because the gas of which they are composed is cold ( the sound speed of the gas is much smaller than its circular orbital velocity ) ; and t...
[ { "content": "the odderon is the partner of the pomeron carrying negative charge parity quantum number . in high energy scattering \n processes it gives the leading contribution to processes in which negative @xmath3-parity is exchanged in the @xmath4-channel . \n after the concept of the odderon had been propo...
[ { "content": "the simultaneous flow of immiscible fluids through porous media has been studied for a long time @xcite . \n it is a problem that lies at the heart of many important geophysical and industrial processes . \n often , the length scales in the problem span numerous decades ; from the pores measured i...
[ { "content": "work is currently in progress to upgrade the cylindrical ooty radio telescope ( ort ) ) so that it functions as a linear interferometric array the ooty wide field array ( owfa ; prasad & subrahmanya 2011a , b ; ram marthi & chengalur 2014 ) . \n this telescope operates at a nominal frequency of @x...
[ { "content": "superconductivity appears in iron pnictides when the antiferromagnetic phase is suppressed by chemical doping of the parent compound or by applying pressure.@xcite it is now well known that an isovalent chemical dilution ( e.g. , the partial replacement of as by p , or fe by ru)@xcite presents not...
[ { "content": "* characteristic oscillations in the photon number distribution of dynamically displaced number states for @xmath68 , @xmath108 and @xmath109 . in ( a ) and ( b ) the quantum limit , eq . ( [ 8 ] ) , is displayed for different values of @xmath57 . in ( c ) and \n ( d ) the semi - classical limit ,...
[ { "content": "we thank all members of the flavianet kaon working group ( http://www.lnf.infn.it/wg/vus ) for comments , discussion , and suggestions . \n this work is supported in part by eu contract mtrn - ct-2006 - 035482 ( flavianet ) .", "role": "user" }, { "content": "we update the numerical re...
[ { "content": "quantum nonlocality in quantum mechanics ( qm ) manifests when combining quantum entanglement of two or more parties with quantum measurement on one of these parties . in the simplest scenario a quantum measurement \n _ locally _ ( in a subspace of the full hilbert space ) on one party of an entan...
[ { "content": "interleavers for turbo codes @xcite have been extensively investigated . however , the design of interleavers for turbo codes is complex enough and we believe there are still several relevant open questions . \n recently , sun and takeshita @xcite suggested the algebraic approach of using permut...
[ { "content": "state - space models , also known as hidden markov models , are a very popular class of time series models that have found numerous of applications in fields as diverse as statistics , ecology , econometrics , engineering and environmental sciences ; see @xcite , @xcite , @xcite , @xcite . \n form...
[ { "content": "given a domain @xmath0 in @xmath1 , @xmath2 , with a sufficiently regular boundary @xmath3 , let @xmath4 be a relatively open subset of @xmath5 ( in its relative topology ) , and set @xmath6 . \n we consider the solution of the problem @xmath7,\\\\ \\label{eq : signor - v-2 } v\\geq { \\varp...
[ { "content": "modern optical magnetometers@xcite enable the detection of magnetic fields with a sensitivity reaching or even exceeding 1 ft / hz@xmath1 . \n yet , the magnetometers are not sensitive to magnetic field _ per se _ but rather to its effect on energies of light - coupled magnetic sublevels . with t...
[ { "content": "there are metals in the intergalactic medium ( igm ) even in low density regions such as lyman @xmath8 forest ( e.g. , @xcite ) . \n since metal and dust are relating each other , it is sure that dust grains also exist in the igm . \n however , the amount of the intergalactic ( ig ) dust is still ...
[ { "content": "one of the central issues currently under intense investigation in both nuclear physics and astrophysics is the equation of state ( eos ) of neutron - rich nuclear matter @xcite . \n for cold nuclear matter of isospin asymmetry @xmath0 at density @xmath1 , the energy per nucleon @xmath2 can be exp...
[ { "content": "the increase of wireless internet - of - things ( iot ) requires a large volume of vacant frequency bands that the current dedicated spectrum policy can not cope with . to handle the spectrum shortage , \n the devices need to detect and access an unoccupied spectrum in an opportunistic manner @xci...
[ { "content": "t tau has been extensively studied from radio to ultraviolet wavelengths because it has long been considered the prototype of a class of pre - main sequence stars . in recent years \n it has become clear that t tau is in reality a very complex system and that it differs from other t tauri stars . ...
[ { "content": "entropy is a crucial concept in thermal physics . a solid understanding of what entropy is and how it works is the key to understanding a broad range of physical phenomena , and enhances one s understanding of an even wider range of phenomena . \n the idea of entropy and its ( nearly ) inevitable ...
[ { "content": "-coupled low - density parity - check ( sc - ldpc ) codes have attracted many attentions in recent years due to their ability to achieve the shannon limit of binary memoryless symmetric ( bms ) channels under iterative decoding @xcite . \n the research on the sc - ldpc codes was started with the a...
[ { "content": "as predicted by early band theory studies,@xcite charge carriers in graphene are chiral quasiparticles that have a linear dirac - like dispersion relation resulting in fascinating electronic @xcite and transport @xcite properties . as a result of this linear energy - momentum relationship , the ...
[ { "content": "the observation of surface cooling of accreting neutron stars on timescales of days to years after they go into quiescence has opened up a new window on the physics of neutron star crusts . \n six neutron stars in low mass x - ray binaries have now been observed to cool after extended accretion ou...
[ { "content": "the study of information theoretic secrecy was initiated by shannon in @xcite . following shannon s work , \n significant contributions were made by wyner @xcite who established the rate - equivocation region of a degraded broadcast channel . \n wyner s result was generalized to the case of a gene...
[ { "content": "let @xmath2 denote a complete separable metric space , and let @xmath3 denote a borel probability measure on @xmath2 . \n one way to measure the interplay between the metric @xmath4 and the measure @xmath3 is by means of an isoperimetric inequality . recall that minkowski s ( exterior ) boundary m...
[ { "content": "over the past decade , many exotic close binary systems with supergiant components have been discovered . \n systems like ngc 300 x-1 a wolf - rayet / black hole x - ray binary ( ( * ? ? ? \n * crowther 2010 ) ) and sn2010da a sgb[e]/neutron star x - ray binary ( ( * ? ? ? \n * villar 2016 ) ...
[ { "content": "it is well established nowadays that qcd undergoes a chiral restoration transition , as confirmed by different lattice simulations @xcite . \n the transition is presumably a crossover for 2 + 1 massive light flavors , which means that the critical point could be different for different observables...
[ { "content": "the main aim of this paper is to discuss a limiting relation between two classes of generalized schrdinger operators in @xmath1 . \n one of them are measure - type perturbations of the laplacian , in particular , we will be interested in potentials which are a negative multiple of the dirac measur...
[ { "content": "the hydration thermodynamics of analogs of amino acid side - chains or of amino acid side - chains in small model peptides have often been used to understand protein folding and protein - protein association . \n examples of such approaches abound in the biochemical literature . an admittedly bias...
[ { "content": "elements up to the iron peak in the solar abundance distribution can be made in hydrostatic stellar burning processes , whereas heavier elements require extremer conditions , such as explosions resulting from thermonuclear burning or rapid ejection and decompression of gravitationally condensed an...
[ { "content": "the meridional overturning circulation in the atlantic is a central challenge to our understanding of global climate dynamics . _ \n gnanadesikan _ [ 1999 ] ( _ g99 _ hereafter ) presented a model for the deep meridional circulation in terms of the pycnocline depth ( pd ) . \n this idealised model...
[ { "content": "the outer components of nuclear forces are dominated by pion - exchanges and involve just a few basic subamplitudes , describing pion interactions with either nucleons or other pions . \n the simplest process @xmath0 , corresponding to the emission or absorption of a single pion by a nucleon , is ...
[ { "content": "the recent indication of the possible existence of a new resonance of mass around 750 gev decaying into two photons @xcite , reported by the atlas and cms experiments at the large hadron collider , has been enthusiastically received by the community and triggered a great interest in its possible o...
[ { "content": "studies of @xmath2 and @xmath3 meson decays shed light on many important aspects of particle physics , such as the extraction of the cabibbo - kobayashi - maskawa ( ckm ) matrix elements , cp violation , rare decays , and hints of physics beyond the standard model . \n such decays involve not only...
[ { "content": "coronal mass ejections ( cmes ) are energetic expulsions of plasma from the solar corona that are driven by the release of magnetic energy typically in the range of @xmath0 ergs . \n the majority of cmes originate from the eruption of pre - existing large - scale helmet streamers @xcite . \n less ...