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[ { "content": "europium hexaboride is part of the large and heterogeneous class of materials that exhibit colossal magnetoresistance ( cmr ) . \n the ferromagnetic transition in eub@xmath0 is accompanied by a dramatic change in resistivity . \n there is a large body of experimental data available on the magnetic...
[ { "content": "there are three distinct types of solar wind identified by @xcite . \n first , there is relatively high coronal electron temperature wind originating from loops in the streamer stalk region @xcite . \n second , there is solar wind from the outside of this region . \n this wind includes coronal hol...
[ { "content": "since the confirmation by wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe ( wmap ) observations of the cosmic microwave background that the large scale ( @xmath0 in comoving units ) auto - correlation function of temperature fluctuations is close to zero [ fig . 16 , @xcite ( orthogonally projected spatial ...
[ { "content": "[ [ numerical - calculations . ] ] numerical calculations . \n + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + starting from the master equations , we can formulate equations of motion for the elements of the density matrix @xmath81 with the first index being the cavity photon number and the seco...
[ { "content": "the purpose of this paper is to study the uniqueness and non - degeneracy of solutions to a nonlinear schdinger - type equation , arising from the minimization of the following energy functional @xmath2 under the mass constraint @xmath3 . here \n @xmath4 is the positive part , @xmath5 is a 2-spino...
[ { "content": "one of the main goals of percolation theory @xcite in recent decades has been to understand the geometric structure of percolation clusters . \n considerable insight has been gained by decomposing the incipient infinite cluster into a _ \n backbone _ plus _ dangling bonds _ , and then further dec...
[ { "content": "throughout this article , we will let @xmath8 , @xmath9 , and @xmath10 denote the set of positive integers , the set of nonnegative integers , and the set of prime numbers , respectively . the lowercase letter @xmath11 will always denote \n a prime number , and @xmath12 will denote the exponent of...
[ { "content": "recently the validity of general relativity ( gr ) has been brought to question by yilmaz , et al . although such interpretations allow for gravitation to be mathematically consistent and singularity free . \n such revisions fail to describe the behavior of test particles as adequately as gr , ele...
[ { "content": "grb 990510 was detected by batse on - board the compton gamma ray observatory and by the _ \n beppo_sax gamma ray burst monitor and wide field camera on 1999 may 10.36743 ut ( @xcite , dadina et al . \n its fluence ( 2.5@xmath3 erg @xmath4 above 20 kev ) was relatively high ( @xcite ) . \n follow ...
[ { "content": "recently andrei teleman considered moduli spaces of projectively anti - selfdual instantons in certain hermitian rank-2 bundles over a closed oriented 4-manifold with negative definite intersection form @xcite . \n these play a role in his classification program on class vii surfaces @xcite@xcite ...
[ { "content": "advances in metrology are pivotal to improve measurement standards , to develop ultrasensitive technologies for defence and healthcare , and to push the boundaries of science , as demonstrated by the detection of gravitational waves @xcite . in a typical metrological setting \n , an unknown parame...
[ { "content": "over the past few years , cosmological models based on the paradigm of an inflationary universe dominated by cold dark matter ( cdm ) have proved remarkably successful at explaining the origin and evolution of structure in the universe . \n the free parameters of astrophysical relevance in this mo...
[ { "content": "a _ robot network _ is a collection of robots working together to achieve a common goal . in order for the robots in such a network to cooperate effectively , \n the ability to observe each other s movements is critical . in many applications , distinguishing between the robots is necessary , but ...
[ { "content": "in recent years our understanding of the x - ray cooling flow phenomenon in galaxy cluster cores has been revolutionised . throughout most of the 1980s and 1990s \n , x - ray observations suggested that gas in the central 100 is cooling out at rates of up to several hundred solar masses per year ...
[ { "content": "one of the main physics goals of lep2 and future @xmath3 colliders is to directly test the gauge nature of couplings among the electroweak gauge bosons . \n the process with largest cross section at lep2 involving these couplings is the @xmath1pair production , @xmath4 , which is sensitive to the ...
[ { "content": "recent developments in semiconductor technology ( e.g. mbe and electron lithography ) opened the possibility to create totally confined electron systems , the so called artificial atoms or quantum dots @xcite . \n this is one of the examples of present - day - physics interest in confined finite s...
[ { "content": "the high temporal variability was one of the first properties to be attributed to the gamma - ray burst ( grb ) prompt emission in the @xmath0-ray energy band ( @xcite ) . \n the advent of _ swift _ ( @xcite ) revealed that a highly variable emission characterises also the early time x - ray after...
[ { "content": "at high temperature @xmath2 and low momenta @xmath3 the effective degrees of freedom in any field theory are collective modes , bosonic plasmons \" @xcite and fermionic `` plasminos '' @xcite . \n even if the fundamental field theoretical degrees of freedom were massless , the collective modes po...
[ { "content": "a catalog of proper motions in the * international * celestial reference system ( icrs ) , with precise positions and proper motions as well as deep * limiting * magnitude , is important for * research * on the galactic structure , galactic kinematics and stellar * populations*. there are two m...
[ { "content": "model categories were introduced in @xcite , in which a main example is @xmath0 , the category of simplicial sets . \n the proof given is combinatorial but uses the theory of _ minimal fibrations _ , thus relies essentially on the axiom of choice and so is very much non - constructive . \n another...
[ { "content": "supervised classification concerns the task of assigning an object ( or a number of objects ) to one of two or more groups , based on a sample of labelled training data . \n the problem was first studied in generality in the famous work of @xcite , where he introduced some of the ideas of linear d...
[ { "content": "the link between a certain type iip supernova ( sn iip ) and its main - sequence progenitor is poorly known despite the widely accepted view that these supernovae arise from the initial mass range of @xmath5 ( e.g. , * ? ? ? \n the primary reasons for the uncertainty in this field are the small n...
[ { "content": "large scale structures like galaxies and clusters of galaxies are believed to have formed by gravitational amplification of small perturbations . for an overview and original references , see , e.g. , @xcite . \n density perturbations are present at all scales that have been observed @xcite . \n u...
[ { "content": "magnetic field generation is a key problem in understanding solar variability across wide range of scales . \n modern high - resolution observations of the global magnetic field distribution , such as from hmi / sdo @xcite , and magnetic fields in selected areas by nst / bbso @xcite , sot / hinode...
[ { "content": "the last few years , cooperative transmission has become widely prominent with the increases in the size of communication networks . in wireless networks , the transmitted message from a node is heard not only by its intended receiver , but also by other neighbour nodes and those neighbour nodes c...
[ { "content": "the first indications of qso clustering came from the observations of possible physical pairs of quasars around 1980 ( hazard 1979 , oort 1981 , margon 1981 , webster 1982 ) . \n although the individual cases were of tantalizing interest , it was difficult to gain an appreciation of their true sig...
[ { "content": "the nature of the low energy excitations in the hubbard model has attracted a great deal of attention . \n it is well established that at half filling the ground state is an antiferromagnetic ( af ) insulator . \n also , there exists conclusive evidence which indicates that antiferromagnetism is ...
[ { "content": "the constrained voter model has been originally introduced in @xcite to understand the opinion dynamics in a spatially structured population of leftists , centrists and rightists . as in the popular voter model @xcite , the individuals are located on the vertex set of a graph and \n interact throu...
[ { "content": "third harmonic ( th ) generation and supercontinuum ( sc ) emission are two phenomena which have attracted broad interest in the past years @xcite . \n an evident reason is their direct application in atmospheric remote sensing measurements based on lidar ( light detection and ranging ) femtosecon...
[ { "content": "dynamical chaos arising from the overlap of orbital resonances is responsible for orbital instabilities in the solar system @xcite . \n for the simplest case of the planar circular restricted three body problem , the overlap of first order , @xmath14 , mean motion resonances occurs for @xmath15 ,...
[ { "content": "it is well established that the statistical properties of energy levels in an isolated metal present universal features characteristic of the chaotic systems@xcite . at low energy scales , in the so - called ergodic regime , \n the correlations functions are well described by the random matrix the...
[ { "content": "magnetic properties of strongly correlated transition - metal systems and their relation to doping , lattice geometry and band structure are still extensively investigated . \n the general result of these investigations is the existence of first - order transition between various commensurate and ...
[ { "content": "the design and synthesis of strong organic bases have long been an active field of research @xcite . \n infrared spectroscopy is a valuable tool in order to obtain information about the molecular structure and properties of the molecules . \n this technique is used widely in qualitative and quant...
[ { "content": "biological systems are composed of molecular components and the interactions between these components are of an intrinsically stochastic nature . at the same time , living cells perform their tasks reliably , which leads to the question how reliability of a regulatory system can be ensured despite...
[ { "content": "recently , the voltage control of magnetism without electric current has been extensively studied in order to achieve minimum power consumption and device miniaturization in next - generation of spintronics.@xcite such a control is usually implemented through the magnetoelectric ( me ) coupling in...
[ { "content": "dust is the cornerstone of the active galactic nuclei ( agn ) unified scheme that postulates that the diversity of the observed properties of agn are merely a result of the different lines of sight with respect to obscuring material surrounding the active nucleus ( @xcite ; @xcite ; @xcite ) . \n ...
[ { "content": "the compact radio continuum sources comprising w51 ( @xcite ) have long been recognized to constitute some of the most luminous star formation regions in the disk of the galaxy ( @xcite ; @xcite ) . \n the high luminosity , the large number of inferred o type stars ( @xcite ) , and the location of...
[ { "content": "molecular hydrogen is the most abundant molecular species in the universe , but its spectrum is not so well suited for direct observations , because the strong dipole - allowed transitions in the lyman ( @xmath7 ) and werner ( @xmath8 ) systems fall in the range of the vacuum ultraviolet ( vuv ) ,...
[ { "content": "one of the main goals of string theory is the inclusion of the standard model ( sm ) of particle physics in an ultraviolet complete and consistent theory of quantum gravity . \n the hope is a unified theory of all fundamental interactions : gravity as well as strong and electroweak interactions wi...
[ { "content": "random tensor models ( see @xcite for a recent review ) generalize in dimension three ( and higher ) the celebrated matrix models ( see , for example , @xcite for a review ) . indeed , in the same way matrix models are related to combinatorial maps @xcite , tensor models in dimension three are re...
[ { "content": "the concepts of dependence and independence are ubiquitous in many scientific disciplines such as experimental physics , social choice theory , computer science , and cryptography . dependence logic @xmath3@xcite and \n its so - called team semantics have given rise to a new logical framework in w...
[ { "content": "a key unsolved problem in general relativity is to compute the gravitational radiation produced by a small object spiralling into a much larger black hole . \n this problem is of direct observational relevance . \n inspirals of compact objects into intermediate mass black holes ( @xmath0 may be ob...
[ { "content": "in the recent years the quantum impurity problem out - of - equilibrium has attracted great interest . \n the most relevant realizations are the quantum dots connected to at least two metallic leads@xcite and short metallic wires containing magnetic impurities@xcite . in the impurity problem \n th...
[ { "content": "thin covers from another material are often applied in engineering to improve the functional properties of the surfaces of components of machines and structures . on the other hand , \n thin covers with certain mechanical properties are used for modeling of real microstructure of the surfaces , ad...
[ { "content": "the largest source of information today is the world wide web . \n the estimated number of documents nears 10 billion . \n similarly , the number of documents changing on a daily basis is also enormous . \n the ever - increasing growth of the web presents a considerable challenge in finding novel ...
[ { "content": "antiferromagnets in an external magnetic field show a variety of phase diagrams depending on the interaction terms present in the spin hamiltonian@xcite . \n the spin interaction may be isotropic , anisotropic with an easy axis and/or single - ion anisotropy terms , where the anisotropy is in the ...
[ { "content": "the theory of discrete analytic functions has been developed in recent years based on the theory of circle packings or circle patterns , which was initiated by thurston s idea of using circle packings as an approximation of the riemann mapping@xcite . \n so far many important properties have been ...
[ { "content": "analyses of galaxies in the sloan digital sky survey ( sdss ) have demonstrated two distinct bimodalities in galaxy properties : a bimodality between recent - burst dominated and more continuous star formation histories ( sfhs ) as a function of stellar mass @xmath5 , divided at @xmath6 m@xmath4 @...
[ { "content": "leptoquarks ( lq ) are hypothetical particles that are predicted by many extensions @xcite of the standard model of particle physics ( sm ) , such as grand unification theory , technicolor and composite models . \n they carry both baryon and lepton numbers and thus couple to a lepton and a quark ...
[ { "content": "in the sections which follow , we shall be concerned predominantly with the theory of short @xmath0-ray bursts . if the concepts there proposed are indeed relevant to an understanding of the nature of these sources , then their existence becomes inextricably linked to the _ metabolic pathways _ th...
[ { "content": "charmonium spectroscopy has become a challenging topic in hadron physics and qcd , because of the recent findings of possible new charmonium states ( for recent experimental and theoretical reviews and discussions , see e.g. @xcite and references therein ) . among others , for the puzzling state x...
[ { "content": "billiards were introduced by birkhoff @xcite . \n let @xmath7 be a smooth strictly convex curve in the plane , oriented counterclockwise , and let @xmath8 be the billiard table enclosed by @xmath7 . \n billiard trajectories inside @xmath8 consist of polygonal lines inscribed in @xmath7 whose cons...
[ { "content": "the purpose of this work is to develop a positivity - preserving version of the lax - wendroff discontinuous galerkin method for the compressible euler equations on unstructured meshes . \n the compressible euler equations form a system of hyperbolic conservation law that can be written as follows...
[ { "content": "shannon s entropy quantifies information @xcite . \n it measures how much uncertainty an observer has about an event being produced by a random system . \n another important concept in the theory of information is the mutual information @xcite . \n it measures how much uncertainty an observer has ...
[ { "content": "bose - einstein condensation of quasiparticles in solid - state systems has been observed in excitons in quantum hall bilayers , @xcite exciton - polaritons in semiconductor microcavities , @xcite gases of magnons , @xcite cavity photons @xcite and indirect excitons . \n @xcite exciton - polar...
[ { "content": "the role played by disorder on the nature of collective excitations in condensed matter physics has been the subject of intensive studies due to its relevance in defining general transport characteristics @xcite . \n usually , disorder induces localization of collective excitations thus degrading...
[ { "content": "in the recent years there has been much interest in various loop models . \n loop models are graphical models defined by drawing closed loops along the bonds of the underlying lattice . \n the loops may come in @xmath4 different flavours ( colours ) . \n no two loops can share a bond , while shari...
[ { "content": "the magneto - rotational instability ( mri ) is a candidate for driving turbulence and enabling the accretion of matter onto the central object @xcite . \n dependent on the ionization degree , the mri generated turbulence will be reduced , down to a low turbulence regime , called the dead zone @xc...
[ { "content": "spontaneous parametric down - conversion ( spdc ) is the basic source of non - classical light in experimental quantum optics @xcite , testing foundations of the quantum theory @xcite , and implementing protocols for quantum information information processing and communication @xcite . \n the esse...
[ { "content": "landau s fermi liquid theory @xcite can be considered as the `` standard theory '' of solid state physics . \n it predicts that the electronic properties of a ( normal ) metal follow , in the presence of coulomb correlations , a renormalized ( quasiparticle ) version of those for non - interacting...
[ { "content": "the research fields of magnonics and , on a broader scale , magnon spintronics , which includes interfacing to electric charge transport phenomena , aim at the utilization of magnons , the quanta of spin - wave excitation in a magnetic material , as information carriers in a next generation of log...
[ { "content": "the einstein s general relativity ( gr ) is a relativistic theory of gravity where the graviton is a massless spin-2 particle @xcite . \n gr is the current description of gravitation in modern physics and has significantly astrophysical implications . \n nevertheless , whether there exist a consis...
[ { "content": "we undertake the first numerical study of a four dimensional asymptotically free gauge theory with dynamical fermions transforming according to the two index symmetric representation of the gauge group . to be more precise we consider the simplest of these theories with interesting dynamics and ph...
[ { "content": "the nonlinear gross - pitaevskii equation ( gpe ) , as a mean - field theory , has been the dominant tool in describing the dynamics of bose - einstein condensates ( becs ) in ultracold atomic gases @xcite . \n however , we face a quandary when the mean - field dynamics of a bec becomes dynamical...
[ { "content": "scarce doubts remain that dark energy ( de ) exists . not only snia data indicate an accelerated cosmic expansion ( perlmutter et al . 1997 , 1998 , riess et al . \n 1998 , foley et al . 2007 ) ; also cmb and deep sample data show a clear discrepancy between the total density parameter @xmath5 app...
[ { "content": "efron and morris ( 1975 ) demonstrated the benefit of simultaneous estimation using a simple example of using the batting outcomes of 18 players in the first 45 at - bats in the 1970 season to predict their batting average for the remainder of the season . essentially , improved batting estimates ...
[ { "content": "understanding biodiversity and coevolution is a central challenge in modern evolutionary and theoretical biology @xcite . in this context , for some decades \n much effort has been devoted to mathematically model dynamics of competing populations through nonlinear , yet deterministic , set of rate...
[ { "content": "since a photon has the same quantum numbers as vector mesons , a beam of high energy photons is a beam of quark - antiquark pairs . \n their flavor is selected by the kind of vector meson which is detected : light quarks for @xmath0 or @xmath1 , strange quarks for @xmath2 and charmed quarks for @x...
[ { "content": "metastable states and configurational entropy , are central concepts in our understanding of low temperature relaxation of disordered and glassy systems @xcite . in presence of time scale separation between `` fast '' and `` slow '' degrees of freedom relaxation \n is often described as a walk bet...
[ { "content": "in the last few years , our understanding of the reionization history of the universe has greatly improved thanks to the detection of quasars at increasingly high redshift ( e.g. , becker et al . \n 2001 ; fan et al . \n 2002 ; hu et al . \n 2002 ; white et al . \n 2003 ) and the new data on the c...
[ { "content": "we propose a seesaw model built upon the hypercharge zero fermionic weak quintuplet which , in isolation , provides a viable dark matter ( dm ) particle within the so - called minimal dark matter ( mdm ) model @xcite . \n we explore the conditions under which the quintuplets @xmath10 could simulta...
[ { "content": "the unified model for active galaxies @xcite is based on the existence of a dusty toroidal structure surrounding the central region of active galactic nuclei ( agn ) . considering this geometry of the obscuring material , \n the central engines of type-1 agn can be seen directly , resulting in typ...
[ { "content": "black hole candidates ( bhcs ) are characterized by rapid x - ray variability ( see recent reviews by van der klis 1995 and cui 1999a ) . \n it is also common for bhcs that the variability at high energies lags behind that at low energies ( cui 1999a and references therein ) , which is often refer...
[ { "content": "optical networks have traditionally employed three main switching paradigms , namely circuit switching , burst switching , and packet switching , which have extensively studied respective benefits and limitations @xcite . in order to achieve the predictable network service of circuit switching wh...
[ { "content": "in the arena of cosmology and stellar structure , the importance of the perfect fluid source can not be understated . \n the assumption of large - scale isotropy will demand , via the field equations , that the stress - energy tensor supporting the universe possess the algebraic structure of a per...
[ { "content": "the graal beam line facility @xcite currently in operation at the esrf in grenoble , is the first source of high intensity and completely polarized @xmath0 rays in the energy range 0.4@xmath11.5 gev . \n this project has been realized , with the prevailing support of the istituto nazionale di fisi...
[ { "content": "the year 1999 has already seen impressive progress in flavor physics . \n cdf reported the first measurement of @xmath6 from @xmath7 decay @xcite which strongly hints to cp violation in a system other than the neutral kaon system . \n the situation of direct cp violation @xmath0 in the neutral kao...
[ { "content": "the late time acceleration of the universe can be explained by modifying general relativity ( gr ) on cosmological scales , avoiding the need of invoking a cosmological constant @xmath11 or an exotic repulsive fluid ( a.k.a . , dark energy ) . \n many popular modified gravity ( mg ) theories r...
[ { "content": "the proximity effect in a superconductor coupled to a mesoscopic normal conductor leads to a wide range of new quantum phenomena . \n these include andreev reflection at normal and superconductor interfaces , the formation of andreev bound states ( abs ) in confined geometries , and proximity - in...
[ { "content": "recently orbital degrees of freedom in the strongly correlated electron systems have attracted much attention @xcite due to their crucial role in the stability of the various magnetic phases in the mott insulators @xcite or in the partial explanation of the mott metal - insulator transition itself...
[ { "content": "the _ exponential map _ induces a surjection from the vector space @xmath0 of real _ skew symmetric matrices _ of order @xmath1 and the manifold @xmath2 of real _ special orthogonal matrices _ of the same order . \n the study and the explicit computation of the fibers of this map are relevant subj...
[ { "content": "traversable wormholes are solutions to the einstein field equation that violate the classical energy conditions and are primarily useful as `` gedanken - experiments '' and as a theoretician s probe of the foundations of general relativity ( gr ) . \n they are obtained by solving the einstein fiel...
[ { "content": "the pressure dependence of the curie temperature provides important information on a ferromagnetic system and is an object of intensive studies both experimental @xcite and theoretical . \n @xcite the key question here is the character of the variation of various magnetic properties with decreasin...
[ { "content": "galaxy clusters formed by the collapse of the highest density peaks in primordial density fluctuations ( e.g. , * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n the cluster environment strongly affects the star - formation history of cluster members . \n galaxies in the centers of clusters are observed to be redder and ...
[ { "content": "in recent years , there have been continuing interests in the electromagnetic @xmath10 transition . \n one of the earlier interests was due to the work of becchi and morpurgo @xcite . in that work \n they had shown that in the context of the symmetric , non - relativistic , @xmath11 quark model , ...
[ { "content": "l dwarfs make up a new spectral class of objects that are believed to have masses near or below the hydrogen - burning limit ( kirkpatrick et al . 1999a ; 1999b ) . \n many satisfy currently accepted criteria for identification as _ bona fide _ \n brown dwarfs ( see tinney 1999 for a review ) . \...
[ { "content": "the most important feature of a toric variety @xmath0 is that it is completely described by a fan @xmath1 in the lattice @xmath2 of one parameter subgroups of the big torus @xmath3 . \n applying a linear gale transformation to the set of primitive generators @xmath4 of the rays @xmath5 of @xmath1 ...
[ { "content": "apparently very different systems as high - gain free electron laser ( fel ) @xcite and collective atomic recoil laser ( carl ) @xcite exhibit similar behaviors , showing self - bunching and exponential enhancement of the emitted radiation . originally conceived in a semiclassical framework , they...
[ { "content": "the role of phonons in the mechanism of high - temperature superconductivity in ferropnictides remains poorly understood . \n while density function theory ( dft ) calculations indicate that conventional electron - phonon coupling is not responsible for superconductivity @xcite , there is neverthe...
[ { "content": "common belief holds that only polynomial interactions up to a certain degree depending on the spacetime dimension are renormalizable , in the sense that interactions of even higher order require an infinite number of subtractions in a perturbative analysis . \n this can be attributed to the implic...
[ { "content": "consider an equity market with asset capitalizations @xmath0 at time @xmath1 , and with covariance and relative risk rates @xmath2 and @xmath3 , respectively . at any given time @xmath4 , these rates are _ nonanticipative functionals _ of past - and - present capitalizations @xmath5 , @xmath6 ; th...
[ { "content": "the formation of galactic disks is one of the most important unsolved problems in astrophysics today . in the currently favored hierarchical clustering framework , disks form in the potential wells of dark matter halos as the baryonic material cools and collapses dissipatively . \n fall & efstathi...
[ { "content": "observations over the past decades have clearly shown that satellite galaxies ( sgs ) are not randomly distributed , but rather are anisotropically distributed around centrals . this characteristic is observed from our milky way galaxy ( e.g. , * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ) , the neighboring m31 @...
[ { "content": "in galactic contexts , we venture to formulate a theoretical magnetohydrodynamic ( mhd ) disc problem to explore possible large - scale structures and dynamics of stationary mhd density waves in a composite system of stellar and magnetized interstellar medium ( ism ) gas discs . \n the two gravita...
[ { "content": "that vacuum polarization process _ \n la _ heisenberg - euler - schwinger ( @xcite , @xcite ) can occur in the field of a kerr newmann embh and that they naturally lead to a model for gamma - ray bursts was pointed out in @xcite . \n the basic energetics of the process , governed by the christodou...
[ { "content": "collective departure is a decision - making faced by all social species that travel in groups . in this process \n , an individual generally initiates the movement of the group out of a residence site or towards a new direction . \n the identity and motivation of this initiator can widely vary acc...
[ { "content": "experimental areas in particle accelerator facilities are notoriously noisy places due to beamline elements like magnets , slits , pumps , power supplies , and fans as well as other assorted electronics equipment that either runs continuously or is intermittently turning on and off . \n all of the...
[ { "content": "present - day cluster ellipticals are a remarkably well - behaved class of objects , with structural and chemical properties obeying simple power - law scaling relations . but \n this could not always have been the case in a hierarchical universe . while most galaxy formation models can be tuned t...
[ { "content": "_ human migration _ , i.e. the movement of large numbers of people out of , or into specific geographical areas , \n is seen as one of the biggest challenges that face the human societies in the 21st century . \n on one hand , part of the human population has reasons to _ emigrate _ into countries...
[ { "content": "the visible , infrared and radio afterglows of grb970228 and grb970508 have taught us many things . \n some of them are obvious : the absorption redshift @xmath0 of grb970508 established the cosmological distance scale of grb beyond any reasonable doubt , confirming the very strong case made on st...