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[ { "content": "in the cores of some galaxy clusters , the hot ( @xmath710@xmath8 k ) intracluster medium ( icm ) can reach high enough densities that the gas should cool by a combination of thermal bremsstrahlung and line cooling in less than a hubble time , leading to cooling flows on the order of 100 - 1000 m...
[ { "content": "in quantum information applications based on optically addressed atoms or ions it is often necessary to prepare these elements in specific hyperfine or zeeman spin levels . \n typically this involves optical pumping from one ground - state spin level to another via an excited state . \n the prepar...
[ { "content": "in physical chemistry , thermodynamics and condensed matter physics , a critical point specifies the conditions ( temperature , pressure and concentration ) at which distinct phases do not exist @xcite . \n there are multiple types of critical points such as vapor - liquid or liquid - liquid criti...
[ { "content": "the main parameters that characterize any quantum resonance , are the collision energy @xmath3 , at which this state can be excited , and the width @xmath4 that determines the lifetime of the state . for a multi - channel system \n the total width is the sum of the partial widths , @xmath5 , where...
[ { "content": "an ordered state known as the @xmath1-density wave ( ddw ) has been proposed as the origin of the pseudogap phase of the cuprates.@xcite a variety of experiments have been explored from this perspective . \n these include the superfluid density and the resonance peak in neutron scattering,@xcite t...
[ { "content": "schematic of an interferometer which implements the 2-qubit deutsch - jozsa algorithm ( a ) . \n all beam splitters are 50/50 . with beam splitters c1 and c2 in place , the standard algorithm ( b ) is performed . in this work , \n we show that an alternate encoding ( c ) is preferable in the prese...
[ { "content": "the interstellar medium ( ism ) of elliptical galaxies is thought to be considered to be an accumulation of stellar mass loss and supernova ejecta . \n while standard supernova rates predict the ism to have a high metallicity of several times the solar value ( e.g. @xcite ; @xcite ) , the observed...
[ { "content": "perovskite chromites @xmath8cro@xmath0 , where @xmath8 is a rare earth element or yttrium are revisited in the recent years as possible multiferroic materials in which multiple ferroic orders such as ferroelectricity and antiferromagnetism coexist as discussed below @xcite . \n compared to perovs...
[ { "content": "the high statistics and accuracy of experimental measurements at lep and slc result in the outstanding level of precision in definition of the standard model parameters ( see ref . @xcite and references therein ) . in this situation effects of radiative corrections are of great importance . \n on...
[ { "content": "the superb image quality of the eso vlt makes possible the study of spatial structure in unprecedented detail . \n integral - field - unit ( ifu ) spectroscopy is a very powerful technique , allowing complex processes , both physical , chemical and kinematic , be probed with the same angular reso...
[ { "content": "lattice study of heavy quark physics is indispensable for determining the standard model parameters such as the quark masses and ckm matrix elements , and for finding signals of new physics beyond it . \n obtaining accurate results for heavy quark observables , however , is a non - trivial task . ...
[ { "content": "magnetohydrodynamic ( mhd ) mechanisms are often invoked to explain the launching , acceleration and collimation of jets from young stellar objects , x - ray binaries , active galactic nuclei ( agns ) , microquasars , and quasars ( see , _ e.g. _ , * ? ? ? \n * and references therein ) . \n strong...
[ { "content": "it is by now well understood that the presence of a small concentration of magnetic impurities into an otherwise non - magnetic metallic host can affect dramatically the low - temperature properties of the system . \n the prototype of these interesting phenomena is the kondo effect.@xcite at the s...
[ { "content": "the forward - backward ( fb ) asymmetry in top - quark pair production in proton - antiproton collisions is an observable which originates from the difference in the production rates for top quarks in the forward and backward hemispheres @xcite . \n the total fb asymmetry was measured by the cdf a...
[ { "content": "supernova ( sn ) 2006jc is the prototype of the class of hydrogen - deficient sne that exhibit prominent narrow lines of he i in their spectra , the so - called type ibn \" sne @xcite . sn 2006jc also has the distinction of being the first sn for which a pre - explosion outburst was detected ; ...
[ { "content": "the primordial inflation explorer ( pixie)@xcite is a space - based polarizing fourier transform spectrometer ( fts ) designed to measure the polarization and intensity spectra of the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) . as for previous fts - based instruments flown to measure the cmb @xcite , \n...
[ { "content": "the friendship paradox is a phenomenon observed in various social networks . the term was coined by feld @xcite . \n it has been empirically observed that people s perception of their own popularity is self - aggrandizing ; most people believe that they are more popular than their friends on aver...
[ { "content": "in this paper we establish a relation between the size of the fatou components of a semi - hyperbolic rational map , and the hausdorff dimension of the julia set . before formulating the results , we first discuss some background . a rational map @xmath0 of degree \n at least @xmath1 is _ semi ...
[ { "content": "the study of the phase behaviour of simple and complex fluids by computer simulation is a subject of much current research activity @xcite . of particular interest \n are the critical point properties of such systems @xcite . in the vicinity of a critical point \n , the correlation length grows ex...
[ { "content": "spacetime singularities are one of the most problematic features of general relativity . \n physics breaks down there and unpredictability appears to be unavoidable . among all the predictions of general relativity , black holes ( bhs ) \n are usually considered one of the most fascinating objects...
[ { "content": "the development of the theory of brownian motion played a pivotal role and continues to do so in the development of statistical mechanics and thermodynamics @xcite . \n thermodynamics together with relativity and quantum theory form three pillars on which much of the entire structure of physics ...
[ { "content": "theory of measurements has a special status in quantum mechanics . \n unlike classical mechanics , in quantum mechanics it can not be assumed that the effect of the measurement on the system can be made arbitrarily small . \n it is necessary to supplement quantum theory with additional postulates ...
[ { "content": "among the many possibilities for coherent manipulation of quantum systems , stimulated raman adiabatic passage ( stirap ) is one of the most widely used and studied @xcite . this technique transfers population adiabatically between two states @xmath0 and @xmath1 in a three - state quantum system ,...
[ { "content": "different helioseismic instruments , both from ground and space , observe the sun in different observables . due to the different techniques used by these instruments , it is possible to measure the solar oscillations simultaneously either as variations in the photospheric velocity or as intensity...
[ { "content": "connectivity augmentation is a classical problem in combinatorial optimization . given a graph @xmath0 and a parameter @xmath9 , \n add a set of new edges @xmath3 of minimum cardinality or weight such that the augmented graph @xmath10 is @xmath11-connected ( resp . \n , @xmath11-edge - connected )...
[ { "content": "the authors are very much grateful to v. i. anisimov for helpful advise on the lsda+u method and for a fruitful discussion on the spin alignment of ndnio@xmath0 , and also to t. mizokawa for useful discussion about their work @xcite . \n this work is supported by grant - in - aid for coe research...
[ { "content": "according to the latest analysis@xcite of extended data records of the pioneer @xmath6 spacecraft , the small frequency drift@xcite ( blue - shift ) observed analyzing the navigational data of both the spacecraft , known as pioneer anomaly ( pa ) , may present a further time - dependent component ...
[ { "content": "galaxies that radiate most of their extremely large , quasar - like luminosities ( @xmath2 10@xmath3 ) as infrared dust emission the ultraluminous infrared galaxies ( ulirgs ; sanders & mirabel 1996 ) dominate the bright end of the galaxy luminosity function in the nearby universe @xcite . \n th...
[ { "content": "the description of the motion of binary black holes within the einsteinian theory of gravity is quite a challenging problem and is likely to be finally solvable by numerical means only . \n however , it seems that the full success will occur in a far future . \n it has turned out in the past that ...
[ { "content": "understanding atomistic phenomena at contacting surfaces is fundamental to the improvement of many modern applications , ranging from experimental methods like atomic or friction force microscopy ( afm / ffm ) @xcite or nanoindentation @xcite to nanotechnologies employed , for example , in nano-...
[ { "content": "the term `` citizen science '' refers to the activities of people who are not paid to carry out scientific research ( `` citizens '' ) , but who make intellectual contributions to scientific research nonetheless . \n they come from all walks of life , and their contributions are diverse , both in ...
[ { "content": "the first evidence for the pentaquark hadron @xmath7 , discovered by the leps collaboration at spring-8 @xcite , was subsequently confirmed in some other experiments @xcite . however , many other experiments failed to find the @xmath7 signal ( for surveys see @xcite ) . \n most of them came from ...
[ { "content": "since the discovery of tev @xmath3-rays from the bl lac objects , mrk 421 ( punch et al . \n 1992 ) and mrk 501 ( quinn et al . 1996 ) , detailed very high energy observations of these nearby blazars ( z = 0.031 , z = 0.034 ) have been made . \n measurements of flux variation with time , partic...
[ { "content": "since its very origins , the exact renormalization group ( erg ) @xcite has proved to be a powerful tool for studies of non - perturbative effects in quantum field theory ( see recent reviews in @xcite ) . \n a particularly interesting case is that of an effective scalar field theory in two dimens...
[ { "content": "time - distance helioseismology @xcite constructs wave packets by cross - correlating time signals between any two points separated by a fixed horizontal angular distance on the solar surface . \n it then measures their travel time between the two points , by fitting a gabor wavelet to the observe...
[ { "content": "quantum spin hall effect ( qshe ) , which is proposed as a new class of topological state of matter in two dimensions , has generated a great deal of interest @xcite . \n contrary to the integer or the fractional quantum hall state , which is induced by a magnetic field that breaks the time revers...
[ { "content": "the numerical simulation of the schrdinger equation and the visualization of its solutions has become an important part of quantum - mechanical education on all levels @xcite . \n but , it is almost unavoidable to stumble accross strange phenomena , when one attempts a numerical solution of the di...
[ { "content": "the successful comparison of hydrodynamical models to a wide range of data from heavy ion collisions suggests that the produced quark - gluon fluid is a viscous fluid with perhaps the lowest known viscosity to entropy density ratio ( @xmath0 ) in nature . \n the low values of @xmath0 , coupled wit...
[ { "content": "a small fraction of massive stars end their lives with spectacular explosions one or two orders of magnitude more luminous than normal supernovae ( sne ) . after the initial puzzling discoveries of the luminous sne 2005ap @xcite and 2006gy @xcite , modern wide - field surveys over the past decade...
[ { "content": "one of eliashberg s foundational achievements is his pioneering work on the existence theory of stein manifolds . \n these manifolds have been studied by complex analysts for most of the past century , and so have many equivalent definitions . \n the definition that most immediately indicates thei...
[ { "content": "one may wonder whether the two - time correlations @xmath158 reflect time - dependent measurements after the preparation of some initial state . \n we show that this is the case for the simple , but important example of a spin correlation for @xmath18 , i.e. , for @xmath73 . \n then we write @xmat...
[ { "content": "it has been generally accepted for decades that disk galaxies are ubiquitously embedded in massive dark matter halos . during the past few years , a consensus has been developing that elliptical galaxies also contain dark halos . \n their existence is predicted by hierarchical theories of galaxy f...
[ { "content": "in the following , we formulate a one - electron microcanonical distribution for triatomic molecules . we denote the positions of the nuclei by @xmath1 , @xmath2 and @xmath3 and the inter - nuclear distances by @xmath4 , @xmath5 and @xmath6 , see fig . \n one can show that the coordinates of the n...
[ { "content": "the ultracold bosonic atoms in optical lattices have opened a new window to study many - particle quantum physics in a uniquely controlled manner @xcite . \n various schemes have been proposed to realize a wide range of many - body hamiltonians by loading ultracold atoms into a certain optical lat...
[ { "content": "the process of star formation is currently not well understood . \n however , the main protostellar collapse phases of low - mass stars ( @xmath10.52m@xmath2 ) have been identified observationally and labelled as class 0 ( andr , ward - thompson & barsony 1993 ) , and class i ( lada & wilking 1984...
[ { "content": "one of the most important questions to be clarified in the hydrodynamical approach to the relativistic heavy ion physics is the effect of dissipative processes . \n the second order theory , first proposed by muller and developed by israel and stewart , has been considered standard approach for th...
[ { "content": "robustness is one of the most important properties of complex networks and has been widely explored on single networks in the last decade@xcite \n . however , complex systems are rarely isolated . \n the more casual situation is that networks usually interact with other networks such as transporta...
[ { "content": "much attention has been devoted to the electron spin dynamics in semiconductors for the past three decades.@xcite especially , recent experiments have shown extremely long spin lifetime ( up to hundreds of nanoseconds ) in @xmath0-type bulk zinc - blende semiconductors ( such as gaas).@xcite moreo...
[ { "content": "the most important physical processes determining star formation are turbulence , gravity , and magnetic fields ( see the reviews by * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ) . on one hand , molecular cloud turbulence \n because it is supersonic compresses interstellar gas in sh...
[ { "content": "despite more than four decades of research , the emission from pulsars and their surrounding nebulae is still poorly understood . \n two important problems are the origin of pulsar @xmath0-ray emission and , for pulsar wind nebulae ( pwne ) , the so - called sigma - problem ( see the reviews by *...
[ { "content": "let @xmath6 be a group generated by a finite set @xmath7 , where @xmath8 denotes the free group on @xmath7 . \n let @xmath9 be the number of elements of the normal subgroup @xmath10 of @xmath8 whose minimal representation as words in @xmath11 has length @xmath12 ; let @xmath13 be the number of ( n...
[ { "content": "strange quarks represent the lightest quark flavor not present in the valence component of the nucleon \n . their study can thus provide insight into sea quark effects in the nucleon in isolated fashion . \n the two most fundamental properties of the nucleon are its mass and spin . \n the investig...
[ { "content": "the final merger of two black holes ( bhs ) having comparable masses will produce an intense burst of gravitational radiation , and is expected to be one of the strongest sources in the gravitational - wave sky . \n mergers of stellar black holes are key targets for ground - based detectors such a...
[ { "content": "transport properties of disordered solids attracted lot of attention . the quantum percolation ( qp ) problem@xcite has been studied several decades and some questions are still open , compared to the more settled anderson model@xcite . \n first of all , do both models belong to the same universal...
[ { "content": "it is known observationally that about half of the observed stars are members of binary or higher order multiple systems @xcite . the fraction increases with the primary star mass and reaches up to 69% for o stars @xcite . \n these massive stars are supposed to end up exploding as core - collapse ...
[ { "content": "starburst galaxies are characterized by a nebular emission - line spectrum at optical and an absorption - line spectrum at ultraviolet wavelengths . \n this dichotomy arises because starbursts are powered by massive stars ( m@xmath11 10 m@xmath8 ) . \n these stars emit photons with energies of a f...
[ { "content": "ultra - luminous x - ray sources ( ulxs ) are very bright extragalactic x - ray point sources , with observed fluxes which would correspond to luminosities greater than @xmath0 ergs per second if they were radiating isotropically . \n since this is above the eddington limit for normal stellar - ma...
[ { "content": "the fluorescence iron k@xmath2 line revealed by a 4.2-day asca observation in the seyfert 1 galaxy mcg 6 - 30 - 15 has distinct features which are unique characteristics of the emission line from a relativistic disk ( tanaka et al . \n the line is peaked at around 6.4 kev , with a broad red wing e...
[ { "content": "computational electromagnetism is concerned with the numerical study of maxwell s equations . \n the yee scheme is known as finite difference time domain and is one of the most successful numerical methods , particularly in the area of microwave problems@xcite . \n it preserves important structura...
[ { "content": "planetary nebulae ( pne ) are a key pathway in the evolution of low to intermediate mass stars , and their central stars are the immediate precursors of white dwarfs . \n studies of pn central stars ( herein cspne ) are motivated by : the desire to understand the origin of the rich variety of pn m...
[ { "content": "i thank the cern and desy theory groups for their hospitality during this work , and w. buchmller and m. lscher for fruitful discussions . this work was supported in part by the united states department of energy under contract no . \n de fg02 90er40560 . \n # 1#2#3am . \n j. phys . * \n # 1 * (...
[ { "content": "the distribution of mass in galaxy clusters , groups and massive galaxies provides a powerful tool for cosmological studies . \n explicit predictions from our current @xmath0cdm cosmological paradigm for the number , size and radial mass distribution of dark matter halos can now be tested against...
[ { "content": "it is well know that the ` hot big bang ' model @xcite , despite its numerous successes , is plagued by a number of ` initial conditions ' problems , of which the horizon , flatness and unwanted relic ones are the best known . \n the standard way to solve them is to invoke an epoch of cosmological...
[ { "content": "traffic sign recognition system play a important role in autonomous driving environment and for advanced driver assistance systems . for driving safely and avoiding accident in daily life s \n traffic signs are very important . \n a smart system that can help human driver by automatic recognition ...
[ { "content": "although legged robots have already been studied in robotics @xcite , only a very few papers consider the motion planning problem amidst obstacles @xcite . in @xcite some heuristic approaches are described while , in @xcite efficient and provably correct geometric algorithms are described for a...
[ { "content": "since the observation of the current cosmic expansion speed up through the light - curve of type ia supernovae @xcite , which was confirmed independently by cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) @xcite and large scale structures observations @xcite , it became clear that a pure friedmann - lemaitre ...
[ { "content": "data with a matrix - valued response for each experimental unit are commonly encountered in contemporary statistical applications . \n for example , a longitudinal multivariate response can be treated integrally as a matrix - valued variable by designating rows and columns to be time and variates ...
[ { "content": "we know of @xmath220 x - ray binaries with dynamically confirmed black hole ( bh ) accretors ; these include 15 low mass x - ray binaries ( lmxbs ) and 3 high mass x - ray binaries ( hmxbs ) in the milky way and magellanic clouds ( see e.g. * ? ? ? * and references within ) , as well as bh + wolf ...
[ { "content": "un rsultat classique d brouwer nonce que tout homomorphisme du plan @xmath3 qui prserve lorientation et possde une orbite priodique , possde galement un point fixe . dans le mme ordre dides , on peut montrer @xcite quun tel homomorphisme @xmath0 possde un point fixe li cette orbite priodique , e...
[ { "content": "it is important to have good leading order ( or leading - log order ) estimates of hadron - hadron collider observables . of course \n , precise comparisons with data require beyond leading order calculations . \n if the leading order estimates are within a factor of two of the data , higher order...
[ { "content": "in 1979 siemens and rasmussen formulated a model describing the hadron production in ne + na f reactions at the beam energy of 800 mev per nucleon @xcite . \n the physical picture behind the model was that the fast hydrodynamic expansion of the produced hadronic matter leads to a sudden decoupling...
[ { "content": "anderson localization is the absence of diffusive wave transport in highly disordered scattering media @xcite . \n it was first introduced in a pioneering theoretical study in 1958 by philip warren anderson @xcite , who investigated the behavior of spin diffusion and electronic conduction in ran...
[ { "content": "this article is based on a covariant causal set approach to discrete quantum gravity @xcite . for background and more details , we refer the reader to @xcite . \n we call a finite partially ordered set a _ causet _ and interpret the order @xmath4 in a causet @xmath1 to mean that @xmath5 is in the ...
[ { "content": "the outer edge of saturn s b - ring is confined by the strongest resonance in saturn s ring system : the 2:1 inner lindblad resonance ( ilr ) with mimas @xcite . \n that resonance is expected to impose a variation in the radial position of the edge with azimuthal wavenumber @xmath2 ( i.e. , a satu...
[ { "content": "in simple analytic terms the abundance ratio of a short - lived ( t@xmath17 100 myr ) radioactive to a stable isotope in the material that ended up in the solar system , just after a given nucleosynthetic event and assuming that both nuclides are only produced by this type of event , can be derive...
[ { "content": "we start with the relevant definitions . \n let @xmath29 be a binary string . \n then , we denote by the verifier @xmath102 a quantum circuit of length @xmath103 , @xmath4 ( with local gates @xmath5 ) acting on @xmath104 qubits , which is generated uniformly from @xmath29 . \n the verifier takes a...
[ { "content": "to introduce the main theme of this paper we recall the following theorem of casselman @xcite . \n let @xmath0 be a non - archimedean local field whose ring of integers is @xmath9 . \n let @xmath10 be the maximal ideal of @xmath9 . \n let @xmath11 be a non - trivial additive character of @xmath0 w...
[ { "content": "super - massive black holes ( smbhs ) are ubiquitous in galactic nuclei ( @xcite ) , and binaries of these massive objects are a likely product of the hierarchical evolution of structures in the universe . after a galaxy merger , where both progenitors host a smbh , different mechanisms are respon...
[ { "content": "the large hadron collider ( lhc ) machine will enter the collision mode at centre - of - mass energy of 10 tev in 2008 and eventually will operate at 14 tev from 2009 onwards gradually improving upon the luminosity . \n two general - purpose detectors , cms ( compact muon solenoid ) and atlas ( a ...
[ { "content": "in comparison with stationary black holes , understanding of dynamical black holes is still far from clear . \n although there is a lot of potentially interesting subjects such as thermodynamical properties , dynamical stability , or hawking radiation , the absence of the preferred time direction ...
[ { "content": "x - ray novae ( xn ) , also called soft x - ray transients ( sxts ) , are binary x - ray sources that show outburst behavior @xcite . the prevailing theory for their transient behavior is based on the disk instability model ( dim ) first proposed to explain dwarf novae outbursts ( see the extensiv...
[ { "content": "in this paper , we study the problem of discrete polynomial blending , a discretization of the problem of curve blending . in curve blending , \n one approximates a bivariate function by interpolating to a network of curves extracted from the graph of the function . \n discrete blending involves a...
[ { "content": "given an @xmath6 hermitian matrix @xmath1 , the _ spectral density _ , also commonly referred to as the _ density of states _ ( dos ) , is formally defined as @xmath7 here @xmath8 is the dirac distribution commonly referred to as the dirac @xmath8-``function '' ( see e.g. @xcite ) , and the @xmat...
[ { "content": "the cdf @xcite and d0 @xcite collaborations have recently announced strong evidence for the existence of the top quark , the isospin partner to the @xmath0 quark required in the standard model ( sm ) , using @xmath1 and @xmath2 data samples respectively of @xmath3 collisions at @xmath4 tev . \n a ...
[ { "content": "it is a basic problem in @xmath3-dimensional topology to classify smooth structures on @xmath3-manifolds \n . constructions of exotic smooth structures on @xmath3-manifolds with small euler characteristics are currently in rapid progress ( see , for example , park @xcite , stipsicz - szab @xcite ,...
[ { "content": "detecting the scintillation light from liquid noble elements ( `` noble liquids '' ) is an important component of several large experimental programs engaged in efforts to directly detect dark matter@xcite as well as neutrinos from both the sun@xcite and accelerator beam - lines@xcite . \n liquid ...
[ { "content": "the concept of quantum repeater @xcitewas introduced for long - distance quantum communication in order to overcome the problems caused by inevitable photon loss in the transmission channel . generating distant entanglement is a crucial ingredient of a quantum repeater protocol . in 2001 , \n duan...
[ { "content": "finite element analysis ( fea ) is the most widely used analysing tool in computer aided engineering ( cae ) . \n one key factor to achieve an accurate fea is the layout of the finite element mesh , including both mesh density and element shape @xcite . \n regions containing complex boundaries , r...
[ { "content": "bose - einstein condensation and superfluidity for cold nonrelativistic atoms can be experimentally investigated in systems of various dimensions @xcite . \n two dimensional systems can be achieved by building asymmetric traps , resulting in different characteristic sizes for one `` transverse ext...
[ { "content": "in this work we address the question of chaos in temperature in the sherringhton - kirkpatrick ( sk ) model . \n according to the parisi solution @xcite the sk model has many equilibrium states at a given temperature . \n these states are correlated : the overlap between different states can take ...
[ { "content": "one of the most important problem in quantum information theory is to determine the quantum capacity of a noisy quantum channel . \n the capacity is defined as the transmission rate optimized over all possible quantum error correcting codes such that decoding errors vanish in the limit of asymptot...
[ { "content": "higher - order unification is the problem given an equation @xmath0 containing free variables is there a solution substitution @xmath1 such that @xmath2 and @xmath3 have the same normal form ? \n the terms @xmath4 and @xmath5 are from the simply typed lambda calculus and the same normal form is wi...
[ { "content": "searches for gravitational microlensing events that monitor millions of stars located in the galactic bulge and large or small magellanic clouds are being carried out by several groups ( macho : alcock et al . \n 1997 ; eros : ansari et al . 1996 ; ogle : udalski et al . \n 1997 ; duo : alard & g...
[ { "content": "there are several approaches to calculate the @xmath4 transition form factors , such as the lattice qcd technique , the qcd light - cone sum rules ( lcsrs ) and the perturbative qcd ( pqcd ) approach . \n the pqcd calculation is more reliable when the involved energy scale is hard , i.e. in the la...
[ { "content": "it is commonly believed that the blue - shifted galaxies are relatively nearby ones whose peculiar motion overcomes the hubble flow . \n all of the most distant galaxies ( and indeed the overwhelming majority of all galaxies ) are red - shifted . according to the conventional definition , \n the r...
[ { "content": "cytoskeletal molecular motors are a large class of proteins that generate movement and force in biological cells by cycling between states bound and unbound from a cytoskeletal filament @xcite . in general , they can be classified as processive or non - processive motors . \n processive motors lik...
[ { "content": "the one - dimensional poisson equation , @xmath0 with dirichlet boundary conditions , @xmath1 plays an important role in many branches of science . \n particularly , the poisson equation is essential in self - consistent calculations in solid state physics @xcite . in general \n , we have to solv...
[ { "content": "understanding the source of quantum advantage in quantum computation is a long - standing issue in quantum information science . \n previous researches have shown that certain quantum computation is ` classical ' , for the reason that it is efficiently simulateable by classical computers . \n one ...
[ { "content": "ultracold and interacting dilute alkali - metal vapors trapped by one - dimensional double - well potentials @xcite provides the possibility of studying the formation of macroscopic coherent states @xcite and macroscopic schrdinger - cat states @xcite . \n the two - site bose - hubbard ( bh ) hami...
[ { "content": "-0.3 cm , rosseland optical depth @xmath2(left scale ) and density ( right scale ) are given as a function of distance ( in @xmath3 ) for a typical sne ia at 15 days after the explosion . \n for comparison , we give the temperature @xmath4 for the grey extended atmosphere . \n the two dotted , ve...