Datasets:
mnsm92
/
article_summarization

Dataset card Data Studio Files
xet
 Community
1
text
listlengths
2
2
[ { "content": "in many recent developments involving cosmological models and brane collisions in higher - dimensional gravity theories @xcite , the dynamical @xmath0-branes carrying charges have played important roles . in the classical solution of a single @xmath0-brane , the coupling of the dilaton to the fiel...
[ { "content": "three - dimensional fluid dynamic simulations of turbulent convection in an oxygen - burning shell of a presupernova star show bursty fluctuations which are not seen in one - dimensional stellar evolutionary calculations ( which use various versions of mixing - length theory , mlt , @xcite ) . \n ...
[ { "content": "let us consider the following nonlinear oscillator described by the so called modified emden equation with linear forcing term @xcite , @xmath1 here @xmath2 is a parameter . equation ( 1 ) can be considered as the cubic anharmonic oscillator with additional position dependent damping type nonlinea...
[ { "content": "a lot of effort has been focused on studying the spectrum and the properties of light quark mesons ( see @xcite-@xcite ) and references therein ) . in these systems \n non - perturbative effects are dominant , therefore they are the best candidates for understanding the mechanisms underlying confi...
[ { "content": "the standard model ( sm ) of particle physics has proven to be a robust theoretical model that very accurately describes the properties of elementary particles observed in nature and the forces of interaction between them . in this model , the electromagnetic and weak forces \n are unified into a ...
[ { "content": "the models studied in this paper are composed of spinless charged particles , classical or quantum , which are non - relativistic , i.e. they behave according to schrdinger and not dirac . on the other hand , \n the interaction of charged particles via the radiated electromagnetic ( em ) field can...
[ { "content": "as is well known , event horizons , whether black holes or cosmologicals , mimic black bodies and possess a nonvanishing temperature and entropy , the latter obeying the bekenstein - hawking formula , @xcite @xmath0 this expression , in which @xmath1 stands for the boltzmann constant , @xmath2 the...
[ { "content": "the analysis of the epic data from a 30 ks observation of the seyfert 1 mrk 335 ( longinotti et al . 2006 ) shows that the 2 - 10 kev spectrum can be phenomenologically fitted with a power law , a broad gaussian line with e=6.22@xmath10.16 kev , @xmath2=0.66@xmath10.23 kev , ew 490 ev , and a ...
[ { "content": "flares with duration of a few to tens of minutes and energies of @xmath2 ergs have been observed on low mass dwarf stars for many decades ( eg bopp & moffett 1973 , gershberg & shakhovskaia 1983 ) . \n the origin of these flares is thought to be similar to solar flares in that they are produced du...
[ { "content": "in recent work @xcite ( see also @xcite ) we have analysed some aspects of the cauchy problem for the einstein equations with data on a characteristic cone in all dimensions @xmath0 , see @xcite and references therein for previous work on the subject . in this note \n we apply the results derive...
[ { "content": "methods and techniques inspired by statistical physics have been shown to be useful in the search for hidden features in social systems @xcite . particularly , it has been remarked that social systems can exhibit universal properties similarly to thermodynamical systems at the criticality . \n for...
[ { "content": "the experimental observation of bose - einstein condensation ( bec ) in dilute trapped and supercooled atomic vapors @xcite has stimulated enormous experimental and theoretical interest in the physics of the weakly interacting bose gas ( see @xcite for a review ) . \n especially intriguing is the...
[ { "content": "a persistent problem in understanding the absorbing material in ngc 4151 has been reconciling the vastly different gas columns inferred for the x - ray absorption and for the uv absorption . \n the x - ray absorbing column varies between @xmath1 and @xmath2 . \n bromage et al . \n ( 1985 ) estima...
[ { "content": "an advantage of studying the cluster galaxy population to test theories of galaxy formation is that , once a galaxy has entered a cluster , it will likely remain within a high density environment . \n we can therefore trace a more direct evolutionary connection between high redshift and local syst...
[ { "content": "in information theoretic key agreement problem @xcite , legitimate parties need to distill a secret key from a random variable in the situation such that an eavesdropper can access to a random variable that is correlated to the legitimate parties random variable . \n the privacy amplification is a...
[ { "content": "lovsz and schrijver ( 1991 ) have proposed a very intriguing successive convex relaxation procedure for 0 - 1 integer programming problems . \n the procedure called @xmath0 , to be defined shortly , when applied to a classical linear programming ( lp ) relaxation of the stable set problem ( with o...
[ { "content": "ferromagnets have the tremendous potential for the development of spintronics and subsequently will lay the foundation to realize quantum computing . \n the field of spintronics require the incorporation of the spin - property of the electrons into the existing charge transport devices @xcite . \...
[ { "content": "the goods - n field @xcite covers @xmath5arcmin@xmath6 centered on the hubble deep field north @xcite and is unrivaled in terms of its ancillary data . \n these include extremely deep _ chandra _ , _ hubble space telescope _ and _ spitzer _ observations , deep @xmath7 ground - based imaging and @x...
[ { "content": "the problem of collective classification is a widely studied one in the context of graph mining and social networking applications . in this problem \n , we have a network containing nodes and edges , which can be represented as a graph . \n nodes in this network may be labeled , but it is not nec...
[ { "content": "many neural network models@xcite@xcite , in addition to their potential applications to computation , robotics and artificial intelligence , constitute intriguing dynamical systems in their own right , showing unusual manifestations of the statistical mechanics phenomena of order , disorder and f...
[ { "content": "proposed by @xcite , cca is a technique for finding pairs of vectors that maximises the correlation between a set of paired variables . \n the set of paired variables can be considered as two views of the same object , a perspective we adopt throughout the paper . since the debut of cca , a multit...
[ { "content": "quantum interference between different excitation path ways is an intriguing phenomenon in quantum optics , laser and atomic physics . \n notable examples are electromagnetically induced transparency ( eit ) @xcite , multi - wave mixing @xcite etc . among these , \n an interesting category is the ...
[ { "content": "in this paper we are interested in relative fractal drums @xmath0 in which the set @xmath1 has degenerated to the point at infinity . in short , \n a relative fractal drum @xmath0 generalizes the notion of a bounded subset of @xmath2 and is defined as an ordered pair of subsets of @xmath2 where @x...
[ { "content": "in the first part of this paper ( sections [ sec : cluster - complexes][sec : recip ] ) , we introduce and study a simplicial complex @xmath3 associated to a finite root system @xmath4 and a nonnegative integer parameter @xmath0 . for @xmath5 , \n our construction specializes to the ( simplicial...
[ { "content": "let us state the definition of the minkowski sum of two sets @xmath0 . \n the _ minkowski sum _ is @xmath1 in this paper we consider minkowski sums in the plane . \n it is well - known , that the minkowski sum of two convex sets is again convex . in the case of convex polygons \n it is computed...
[ { "content": "in classical general relativity a causal particle inside the event horizon is inevitably pulled towards the center of the black hole , at least until it reaches the cauchy horizon representing a barrier to predictability @xcite . in particular , no classically relativistic particle , be it of posi...
[ { "content": "atomtronics is an emerging area of investigation in which analogues of electronic circuits and devices are constructed using ultra - cold bosonic atoms rather than electrons as in conventional electronics @xcite . \n the conventional way to construct an atomtronic device is to use cold atoms trap...
[ { "content": "recently , theoretical @xcite-@xcite and experimental @xcite,@xcite-@xcite attention has been focused on spatiotemporal instabilities in one - dimensional reactive flows . among these pattern - forming instabilities \n are the differential flow ( difi)@xcite@xcite@xcite@xcite , turing@xcite@xci...
[ { "content": "rich clusters of galaxies are the largest gravitationally bound structures in the universe and should confine a representative fraction of its mass . \n therefore the study of their dynamical properties and radiation content should allow , amongst other things , interesting cosmological conclusion...
[ { "content": "game theory has recently been used as an effective tool to model and solve many security problems in computer and communication networks . in a noncooperative matrix game between an attacker and a defender , \n if the payoff matrices are assumed to be known to both players , each player can comput...
[ { "content": "photonic metamaterials are trials to invent and produce novel electromagnetic ( em ) states by modifying periodic structures in which constituents have the same optical constants with the bulk materials . \n the trials started at gigahertz , and has proceeded to terahertz and optical frequencies ....
[ { "content": "in the early seventies , toomre ( 1970 ) and toomre & toomre ( 1972 ) , presented numerical models which demonstrated that strong tidal forces between interacting galaxies could result in features like plumes , shells , rings , tidal tails , and bridges . \n they also proposed that such strong col...
[ { "content": "cataclysmic variables ( cvs ) are close binary systems transferring matter from a low - mass dwarf secondary to a white dwarf . \n the transferred matter forms an accretion disk . thermal instability od the disk caused by partial ionization of hydrogen results outbursts in dwarf novae ( dne ) , a ...
[ { "content": "an essential precondition for a correct operation of the nervous system consists in well - ordered neural connections between different cell sheets . \n an example , which has been explored both experimentally and theoretically in detail , is the formation of ordered projections between retina and...
[ { "content": "evaluating the amount of work extraction from reservoirs is an important issue in thermodynamics and nonequilibrium statistical mechanics . here , we focus on the work extraction by using information , where two distinct formalisms exist . \n one formalism concerns the measurement - feedback proce...
[ { "content": "in this article we consider markov processes that are stopped when reaching the boundary of a given set @xmath1 . \n these processes appear in a wide range of applications , such as population genetics @xcite , finance @xcite , neuroscience @xcite , physics @xcite and engineering @xcite . \n the v...
[ { "content": "let @xmath1 be an oriented surface with finitely many punctures . \n suppose that @xmath1 is endowed with a negatively curved riemannian metric and that in a neighborhood of each puncture the metric is asymptotically modeled \" on a surface of revolution obtained by rotating the curve @xmath8 , f...
[ { "content": "an old problem in von neumann algebra theory is the question of whether each separable von neumann algebra @xmath1 is singly generated . \n a single generator @xmath18 leads to two self - adjoint generators @xmath19 and any pair @xmath20 of self - adjoint generators yields a single generator @xmat...
[ { "content": "star formation is the fundamental process that shapes galaxies into different classes . \n although the majority of stars in the local universe are found in spheroidal systems , most of the star formation is contributed by disc galaxies of the later types ( beyond sb ) . \n the key ingredient for ...
[ { "content": "the knowledge of the properties of highly compressed and heated hadronic matter is an important issue for the understanding of astrophysics such as the physical mechanism of supernovae explosions and the physics of neutron stars @xcite . \n hic provide the unique opportunity to explore highly exci...
[ { "content": "in this section , we will consider the disk open string whose boundary is attached to the @xmath0 d3-brane , and compute the disk open string amplitudes by using the semi - classical technique . \n we concentrate on the exponent of the correction in the large @xmath33 limit . \n we postpone the in...
[ { "content": "is considered the prototype for a class of evolved binaries with peculiar properties . \n the effective temperatures and luminosities of the members of this class suggest that they are in the post - asymptotic giant branch ( post - agb ) phase of their evolution , but their evolutionary path is th...
[ { "content": "geometrical frustration plays an important role in determining ground states and phase transitions in magnetic systems . \n a triangular lattice in two - dimension in particular is one of the simplest systems to study the effect of geometrical frustration . \n lufe@xmath0o@xmath1 is a member of rf...
[ { "content": "central supermassive black holes are a common feature to galaxies today , but which came first , the black hole or the galaxy ? \n conventional thinking would suggest that the the first generation of stars evolved into black holes , which have subsequently settled to the centers of their host gala...
[ { "content": "during the last decade considerable effort has been devoted to simulational and experimental verification of the mode coupling theory ( mct ) of glassy dynamics and the glass transition @xcite . \n the consensus that emerged from this work is that mct describes in a satisfactory way `` weakly '' s...
[ { "content": "silicon is an indirect gap semiconductor with six minima ( valleys ) in the conduction band . in the case of ( 001)-oriented wafers , the long axes of two of the fermi ellipsoids are perpendicular to the @xmath1 plane of a @xmath2 interface ( with @xmath3 ) , while the long axes of the other four ...
[ { "content": "non - local quantum correlations or entanglement between space - separated parties is one of the most fertile and thought - generating properties of quantum mechanics . \n recently it has become a very useful resource for many of the applications in quantum information theory and this has led to a...
[ { "content": "the cosmological principle ( cp ) is one the most fundamental hypothesis upon which the concordance model based . in this work , \n we discuss the validity of the cosmological isotropy with different compilations of type ia supernovae ( sne ) , namely the union2.1 @xcite ) and jla data sets @xci...
[ { "content": "currently the standard picture of galaxy formation involves the collapse of baryonic matter in hierarchically clustering dark matter halos and the subsequent building of big galaxies from small ones via merging processes e.g. , @xcite . \n while recent cosmological simulations can adequately repro...
[ { "content": "` the world to seoul , seoul to the world . ' \n this was the slogan of the 1988 seoul olympics games , and is also the slogan of the korean stock market . \n the globalization means that foreign traders have an influence on the korean market and its synchronization with world markets . \n interdi...
[ { "content": "rapidly evolving coherent scalar fields have been widely studied in cosmology . \n their dynamics is not only important during the reheating epoch after inflation , but they can also support periods of accelerated expansion in both the early universe @xcite or at late times @xcite . concerning the...
[ { "content": "in this paper we investigate the excitations of nuclear matter with the pion quantum numbers . our analysis is based on studies the in - medium pion dispersion equation . \n interactions of pions with baryons in nuclear matter is included in framework of migdal model @xcite . \n solutions of the p...
[ { "content": "since the work of lieb _ et al . \n _ @xcite , fourier microscopy has become an increasingly important experimental technique for nano - optics . \n it is now commonly used to study quantum emitters @xcite , optical nanostructures @xcite , and the interactions of these two systems @xcite . \n ...
[ { "content": "under the influence of the high pressure , the elemental calcium undergoes a series of structural phase transitions . in particular , one can distinguish seven phases in the range of pressure ( @xmath12 ) from @xmath13 to @xmath14 gpa @xcite , @xcite , @xcite ( please see figure ( a ) for the deta...
[ { "content": "the large magellanic cloud ( lmc ) is the nearest galaxy to the milky way ( with the exception of a merging dwarf galaxy ) , one in which individual stars can be distinguished and studied fairly easily with instruments of the highest angular resolution such as the hubble space telescope ( hst ) . ...
[ { "content": "the recent experimental realization of synthetic gauge field in ultracold atomics gases has greatly extended the horizon of quantum simulation in these systems @xcite . \n a particularly important case is the implementation of synthetic spin - orbit coupling ( soc ) , a non - abelian gauge field ...
[ { "content": "the last 15 years have seen a significant series of developments in quantum theory , stemming from the realization by bender and co - authors that a class of non - hermitian hamiltonians possess real spectra under the parity - time ( @xmath0 ) symmetry condition , where parity - time means spatial...
[ { "content": "understanding sea quark effects in the light hadron spectrum is an important issue , sharpened by the recent finding of a systematic deviation of the quenched spectrum from experiment@xcite . to this end , we have been pursuing @xmath0 qcd simulations using an rg - improved gauge action and a tadp...
[ { "content": "symmetries are ubiquitous in discrete mathematics and geometry . \n they are often responsible for the tractability of algorithmic problems and for the beauty of both the investigated structures and the developed methods . \n it is common knowledge , however , that the presence of symmetries in in...
[ { "content": "the use of quantum systems for information processing was first introduced by benioff @xcite . in 1985 \n deutsch described quantum computers which exploit the superposition of multi particle states , thereby achieving massive parallelism @xcite . \n researchers have also studied the possibility o...
[ { "content": "till the end of august 1999 , x - ray , optical , and radio afterglows have been observed from about 16 , 11 , and 5 gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) respectively ( costa et al . \n 1997 ; bloom et al . \n 1998 ; groot et al . \n 1998 ; kulkarni et al . 1998 , 1999 ; harrison et al . 1999 ; stanek et a...
[ { "content": "solitons play an important rle in many areas of physics . as classical solutions of non - linear field theories \n , they are localized structures with finite energy , which are globally regular . in general \n , one can distinguish between topological and non - topological solitons . \n while top...
[ { "content": "as a complement to detailed simulations of wolf - rayet ( wr ) winds ( e.g. , * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ) , we have developed a set of simple analytic models using diffusive cak - type line driving with frequency redistribution @xcite . in this paper \n , we apply these models to a preliminary s...
[ { "content": "let @xmath3 be a space endowed with a probability measure @xmath4 , and let @xmath5 and @xmath6 be @xmath7 independent random variables with values in @xmath3 , distributed according to @xmath4 ; from the statistical point of view , @xmath8 is the set of given data . \n let @xmath9 be a loss funct...
[ { "content": "sparse polynomials are a fundamental object in computer algebra . \n computer algebra programs including maple , mathematica , sage , and singular use a sparse representation by default for multivariate polynomials , and there has been considerable recent work on how to efficiently store and compu...
[ { "content": "general relativity ( gr ) as a theory that describes the geometrical structure of space - time and its connection with the energy content of the universe has been highly successful in the last one hundred years . \n gr is not only able to give explanation of some discrepancies that had been arisen...
[ { "content": "josephson - qubit devices @xcite are based on the charge and phase degrees of freedom . \n the charge qubit is achieved in a cooper - pair box @xcite , where two dominant charge states are coupled through coherent cooper - pair tunneling @xcite . using cooper - pair tunneling in josephson charg...
[ { "content": "the experimental discovery of persistent currents in mesoscopic rings pierced by a magnetic flux,@xmath5 earlier proposed theoretically,@xmath6 has revealed interesting new effects . \n the currents measured in metallic and semiconducting rings , either in a single ring or an array of many rings ,...
[ { "content": "physical theories are usually created by accumulating some fragments of information which at the beginning do not allow to predict the final structures . \n the classical mechanics was formulated by isaac newton in terms of mass , force , acceleration and the three dynamical laws . \n it was not i...
[ { "content": "rr lyr variables are important tools in the investigation of many fundamental astrophysical problems \n . they provide crucial constraints on the physical mechanisms driving radial oscillations and their interplay with stellar evolution @xcite . \n furthermore , rr lyr stars offer the opportunit...
[ { "content": "study of light scalar resonances is one of the central problems of nonperturbative qcd , it is important for understanding the chiral symmetry realization way resulting from the confinement physics . in refs . \n @xcite we described the high - statistical kloe data on the @xmath8 decay @xcite i...
[ { "content": "the fast x - ray transient source xte j1901 + 014 was discovered [ 4 ] by the all - sky monitor asm on board the rxte observatory during the powerful outburst on april 6 , 2002 lasted from 3 min to 3.15 hours and reached the peak flux @xmath10.9 crab in the 1.5 - 12 kev energy band ( fig.1 , right...
[ { "content": "quantum tunneling is one of the most important phenomenon with wide range of applications in modern technology . in spite of its remarkable success in various applications , there still remains the fundamental question , namely , how much time does a particle take to traverse the barrier ? \n ( so...
[ { "content": "in a geometrical setting , symmetries are connected with isometries associated with killing vectors and , more generally , killing tensors on the configurations space of the system . \n an example is the motion of a point particle in a space with isometries @xcite , which is a physicist s way of s...
[ { "content": "an intriguing variation on the grand unification theme that nucleons are likely to be unstable is the proposal that neutrons can oscillate into antineutrons . \n neutron - antineutron oscillations were first predicted in 1970 by v. a. kuzmin in a model intended as a realization of requirements giv...
[ { "content": "the existence of @xmath0-wave superconductivity in the one - band two - dimensional hubbard model has been established through a variety of theoretical methods at both weak @xcite and strong coupling @xcite , in other words for one - site interaction @xmath2 \n either much smaller or much larger...
[ { "content": "to model magnetization dynamics , currently two paradigms are commonly used in the field : the micromagnetic model and the heisenberg spin model . \n the micromagnetic model @xcite is ideal when simulating systems with linear dimensions of the order of a few nanometers or larger ; since it is a co...
[ { "content": "the current - phase relation characterizes the flow of a superfluid / superconductor through a weak link @xcite . \n the latter is a constricted flow configuration that can be realized in different ways : i ) apertures in impenetrable walls mostly for helium , ii ) sandwich or bridge structures fo...
[ { "content": "most of the standard literature in real options is based on one or both of the following unrealistic assumptions : ( 1 ) that the time horizon for the problem at hand is infinite and ( 2 ) that the real asset under consideration is perfectly correlated to a traded financial asset . \n the _ infini...
[ { "content": "the emission from narrow - line region ( nlr ) of active galactic nucleus ( agn ) is an important tool to study the relation between the activity of the central supermassive black hole ( smbh ) and the growth of its host galaxy in which the smbh resides , both because the nlr emission is mainly re...
[ { "content": "using the language of non - relativistic quantum field theory , the csl model is formulated in terms of a stochastic differential equation in the fock space associated with the system @xcite . \n given different types of particles , where the type @xmath2 has mass @xmath3 , the mass - proportional...
[ { "content": "photoacoustic imaging is a recent medical imaging technique combining the large contrast between healthy and unhealthy tissues of their optical parameters with the high spatial resolution of acoustic ( ultrasonic ) waves . \n electromagnetic radiation , sent through a domain of interest , generate...
[ { "content": "detection of terrestrial - mass extra - solar planets ( exoplanets ) requires extremely stable and precise instruments . in the strive to reach extreme levels of doppler precision \n , a number of previously uncharacterized instrumental effects will begin to dominate instrument error budgets . \n ...
[ { "content": "entanglement based cryptography @xcite , equivalent formally to the bb84 scheme @xcite , is the one that uses the power of quantum entanglement monogamy obeyed by a maximally entangled pure quantum state . if the state is noisy then in some cases it is possible to run an entanglement distillation ...
[ { "content": "this paper develops a semiparametric two - stage estimator of preference parameters in the binary choice model where the agent s decision rule is affected by conditional expectations of outcomes which are uncertain at the choice - making stage and the preference shocks are nonparametrically distri...
[ { "content": "in this paper and its two companion papers @xcite the relation of the electrons of the one - dimensional ( 1d ) hubbard model to the quantum objects whose occupancy configurations describe its energy eigenstates is investigated for the whole hilbert space . \n the study of such a non - perturbativ...
[ { "content": "an understanding of the conditions under which stars formed at all epochs is critical in constraining theoretical models of galaxy evolution . \n recent observations of @xmath6 star - forming galaxies suggest that the ism state and/or the hardness of the euv radiation field was more extreme in the...
[ { "content": "we explore the dynamics of lysogenic phage in a bacterial biofilm , for bacterial hosts both with and without crispr immunity . \n classical models of phage - bacteria interactions have previously demonstrated that lysogeny can promote the stable co - existence of bacteria and phage @xcite . in ag...
[ { "content": "the first observing runs of the advanced laser interferometer gravitational - wave observatory ( aligo ) are expected in @xmath4 , with advanced virgo following on a similar schedule @xcite . \n the primary source for these observatories is the coalescence of binaries containing black holes and/o...
[ { "content": "observations of the galactic center ( gc ) reveal a cluster of about 20 stars , mainly main - sequence b stars , that extends outward to about a tenth of a parsec from the central supermassive black hole ( sbh ; * ? ? ? \n these stars , usually referred to as `` s - stars , '' follow orbits that...
[ { "content": "ultra - luminous x - ray sources ( ulxs ) are extra - nuclear sources with luminosities in the range of @xmath9 erg / sec in other galaxies , and have been observed by rosat , asca , recently by xmm - newton and chandra observatory in large numbers . as compared to the cases of the x - ray binarie...
[ { "content": "many if not all high - luminous infrared galaxies ( ulirgs , @xmath1 ) possess regions hidden by huge amounts of dust . \n this makes it difficult to ascertain whether this enormous energy output is due to a starburst activity or an accretion process onto a supermassive black hole . \n one of the ...
[ { "content": "the connection between long - duration gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) and sne is well established in the local universe . \n following the first cases of coincidences @xcite , now for almost every grb at redshift @xmath2 a corresponding sn has been identified @xcite . despite the diverse properties o...
[ { "content": "one of the most attractive physical systems for generating large entangled states and realizing a quantum computer @xcite is a collection of cold trapped atomic ions @xcite . \n the ion trap quantum computer stores one or more quantum bits ( qubits ) in the internal states of each trapped ion , an...
[ { "content": "let @xmath2 be a locally compact topological group , with haar measure @xmath6 . \n a discrete subgroup @xmath7 is a _ lattice _ if @xmath8 carries a finite @xmath2invariant measure , and is _ uniform _ if @xmath8 is compact . \n some basic questions are : 1 . \n [ q : existence ] does @xmath2 ...
[ { "content": "cyclic universe has always been a burning topic in the field of theoretical cosmology , since it is expected to avoid the initial singularity by providing an infinitely oscillating universe . \n however cyclic universe confront a serious problem of black holes(bhs ) . \n if the bhs formed during t...
[ { "content": "the experimental setup ( fig . [ fig1 ] ) consisted of a brass container filled with solid carbon dioxide ( dry ice ) . \n a clean glass slide was placed over the brass container , where a drop ( @xmath2 ) of deionized and degassed water was deposited using a syringe pump . to increase contrast an...
[ { "content": "in mathematically modelling infectious diseases , often compartment models are used . \n compartment models divide the population under consideration into disjunct sets of individuals with the same biological characteristics . \n prominent examples in infectious disease modelling are the _ \n si _...
[ { "content": "planets outside the solar system have been detected since 1992 @xcite from the doppler shift of spectral features in emission from the star , which determines the orbital period and places a constraint on the mass of the planet @xcite . since 1999 , the presence of exoplanets has also been deduced...
[ { "content": "the nature of dark matter and dark energy is one of the most important issues today in physics \n . there are strong observational evidences in astrophysics and cosmology for the existence of these two components of the cosmic energy budget , indicating that about @xmath7 of the universe is compos...