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[ { "content": "algorithmic information theory ( ait ) is a the of individual objects , using , and concerns itself with the relationship between computation , information , and randomness . \n the information content or complexity of an object can be measured by the length of its shortest description . \n for in...
[ { "content": "spacecraft exploration of the planets in our solar system and the discovery of exoplanets has attracted considerable attention in the atmospheric escape from planetary objects @xcite . \n the cassini spacecraft currently improves our understanding of the atmospheric escape from titan @xcite . \n...
[ { "content": "in many scientific studies the knowledge of derivatives of a given quantity is of particular importance . \n for example in theoretical physics , especially in thermodynamics , many quantities of interest require the calculation of derivatives of an underlying thermodynamic potential with respect ...
[ { "content": "the non - thermal nebulae around young energetic pulsars ( pulsar wind nebulae - pwne ) have been suspected to accelerate leptons to sufficiently large energies allowing production of tev @xmath1-rays ( e.g. gould 1965 , rieke & weekes 1969 , grindlay & hoffman 1971 , stepanian 1980 ) . in fac...
[ { "content": "scientists face a rapidly growing deluge of data , which requires highly sophisticated methodologies for analysis and compression . simultaneously , the complexity of the data is increasing , evidenced in particular by the observation that data becomes increasingly high - dimensional . \n one of t...
[ { "content": "because they do not interact with each other and can be guided via optical fibers over long distances with relatively low losses , photons appear as ideal information carriers and are therefore put forward as the flying qubits in most of quantum communication protocols . \n the design of memories ...
[ { "content": "cyclic codes have a lot of applications in communication system , storage system and computers . the decoding error probability and the undetected error probability \n are closely related with the weight distributions . \n for example , permutation decoding , majority decoding , locator decoding ,...
[ { "content": "the kerr spacetime is one of the most important exact solutions to the einstein vacuum equations . \n its relevance stems from the uniqueness theorems for black holes which state that under rather general conditions the kerr spacetime is the only asymptotically flat , stationary , vacuum black hol...
[ { "content": "the low - energy properties of graphene have been widely investigated theoretically and experimentally in recent years @xcite . \n it is well - known that the low - lying elementary excitations of graphene are massless dirac fermions , which have linear dispersion and display quite different behav...
[ { "content": "let us consider a portfolio of @xmath0 loans . \n let the notional of loan @xmath1 be equal to the fraction @xmath2 of the notional of the whole portfolio . \n this means that if loan @xmath1 defaults and the entire notional of the loan is lost the portfolio loses fraction @xmath2 or @xmath3 of it...
[ { "content": "a key development in the study of globular clusters ( gcs ) in external galaxies has been the discovery that most large galaxies have bimodal gc color distributions ( e.g. , zepf & ashman 1993 ; forbes , brodie & grillmair 1997 ; gebhardt & kissler - patig 1999 ; kundu & whitmore 2001a ; larsen 2...
[ { "content": "the electron / positron linac at kek injects 8-gev electron and 3.5-gev positron beams into kekb rings , where the cp - violation study is carried out . since the efficiency of the experiment \n can be increased by shortening the injection time , several mechanisms have been introduced to accompli...
[ { "content": "the jack symmetric polynomials @xcite are a system of orthogonal polynomials expressing the excited states of an integrable one - dimensional quantum many - body system with the trigonometric type potential called the calogero - sutherland model @xcite . \n to be precise , the jack polynomials are...
[ { "content": "the observed evolution of the space density of clusters of galaxies provides a powerful constraint on the underlying cosmological model . \n many authors have demonstrated both analytically and numerically that the expected abundance of clusters , as a function of cosmic epoch , is a sensitive t...
[ { "content": "this study finds the leaky pipeline phenomenon exists for women past the postdoctoral level at a level of around 15% . \n some may wonder if this is a big enough leak to be a problem . in human terms , however , a 15% leak means that we are missing one out of six women who , in an equitable societ...
[ { "content": "in biological systems , a large number of elements , such as cells and organs , interact with each other and adapt system - wide behavior spontaneously in response to changes of environment and of physical constraints . \n such spontaneous and adaptive dynamics have been studied in the framework o...
[ { "content": "the kuiper belt is currently the observational frontier of our solar system . \n presumably the best kept remnants of the icy planetesimals that formed the outer planets , kuiper belt objects ( kbos ) have been the subjects of intense study in the past @xmath315 years . \n one intriguing kbo is 13...
[ { "content": "for decades , galaxy merging has been a popular explanation for the observed evolution in galaxy properties . \n galaxy mergers were first invoked to explain the morphological transformation of galaxies @xcite . \n merging remains the backbone in cosmological simulations in building up large galax...
[ { "content": "the merging of two galaxies will produce a binary black hole at the center of the newly formed galaxy . \n if the two black holes do not stall , they will ultimately merge due to emission of gravitational wave radiation . \n the gravitational waves carry away linear momentum , causing the centre o...
[ { "content": "exclusive @xmath19 decays proceed dominantly via a @xmath20 tree process and can be used to determine @xmath18 , one of the smallest and least known elements of the cabibbo - kobayashi - maskawa matrix @xcite . \n however , the need to translate the observed rate to a @xmath18 value using model -...
[ { "content": "wire - grid ( wg ) polarizers are widely used at mm - wavelengths as efficient polarization analyzers in polarimeters ( see e.g. @xcite ) , or as beamsplitters in martin - puplett interferometers ( mpi , see @xcite ) . \n in fact , an array of metallic wires with diameter and spacing much smaller ...
[ { "content": "recently , high - t@xmath3 superconductivity with anomalous magnetic properties was reported in the weak - ferromagnetic ru-1212 system rusr@xmath0rcu@xmath0o@xmath1 ( r = sm , eu , gd , y ) with the tetragonal tlba@xmath0cacu@xmath0o@xmath16-type structure.@xcite for the ca - substituted system ,...
[ { "content": "collisionless shocks driven by intense laser pulses attract growing attention from both laboratory astrophysics @xcite and plasma - based accelerator communities @xcite . in astrophysics , collisionless shocks \n are observed in supernova remnants , gamma ray bursts , active galactic nucleus jets ...
[ { "content": "galaxies are gregarious systems , most of them are gathered in groups or clusters , while only 30% are isolated and 10% are binaries in the field . \n nevertheless compact groups ( cg ) are quite rare and according to hickson s classification ( hickson , 1982 ) only 0.1 % of galaxies belong to cgs...
[ { "content": "many workers argue that a thermodynamic anomaly underlies the onset of glassy dynamics @xcite . \n evidence for this view is the rough , though not quantitative @xcite , correlation between dynamic fragility and excess heat capacity discontinuity @xcite . \n this thermodynamic view contrasts wi...
[ { "content": "several new estimation methods have been recently proposed for the linear regression model with observation error in the design . \n such problems arise in a variety of applications , see @xcite . in this work \n we consider the following regression model with observation error in the design : @xm...
[ { "content": "in a previous work @xcite , the quantum hamilton - jacobi equation [ 2 - 5 ] ( qhje ) was made use of to demonstrate the existence of particle trajectories in a complex space , for different quantum states . \n this complex quantum trajectory representation was obtained by modifying the de broglie...
[ { "content": "we acknowledge partial support of fondecyt ( chile ) projects 1060627 and 1060651 , conicyt / pbct proyecto anillo de investigacin en ciencia y tecnologa act30/2006 and u.s . \n national science foundation grant dms 06 - 00037 .", "role": "user" }, { "content": "we establish rigorous u...
[ { "content": "it is now widely accepted that folding of small single - domain proteins follows `` nucleation - condensation '' mechanism @xcite whereby relatively small fragment of protein structure is formed in the transition state between unfolded and folded states . \n residues belonging to this fragment con...
[ { "content": "here we will provide the formulas describing the time - evolution of the mechanical oscillator along with the formula for the qfi of the steady state . assuming that the mechanical oscillator is continuously monitored with efficiency @xmath19 , the evolution is described by the following stocha...
[ { "content": "here we provide more details about the derivation of the effective two body ( four fermion ) interaction introduced in eq . in the main text . \n the procedure to obtain this term for the dimer model is to identify the dimer hilbert space with a subspace of the @xmath2 model hilbert space and pr...
[ { "content": "it is usually believed that galactic supernova remnants ( snrs ) are the main accelerators of cosmic rays ( crs , mainly protons ) and can boost particles up to the knee \" energy of @xmath23 @xmath3 ev through the diffusive shock acceleration ( dsa ) . \n an important probe of this conjecture is...
[ { "content": "it has been known for some time that interactions on the 2.73 k blackbody cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) will severely degrade the energies of cosmic ray nucleons with energies beyond @xmath2 the greisen - zatsepin - kuzmin ( gzk ) cutoff @xcite . \n it was therefore very surprising when the...
[ { "content": "the most interesting features of perfect metallic magnetic multilayer are the oscillatory behavior of bilinear exchange coupling energy between ferromagnets @xcite due to friedel oscillations , and large magnetoresistance in small magnetic fields @xcite . the magnetic structure of adjoining mag...
[ { "content": "the primary purpose of the heavy ion programme at the cern sps is the search for a transient deconfined state of strongly interacting matter during the early stage of nucleus nucleus collisions @xcite . \n when a sufficiently high initial energy density is reached , the formation of such a state ...
[ { "content": "self - propelled particles ( spps ) are attracting more and more interest as a representative example of out - of - equilibrium systems@xcite . \n examples of spps range from the microscopic scale , with algae and bacteria , to the macroscopic scale , which includes all animals , and recently , ev...
[ { "content": "since the initial observation of exciton - polaritons in a strongly coupled microcavity in 1992 @xcite , a wide range of quantum many - body effects have been observed in polariton fluids such as bose - einstein condensation @xcite , and superfluidity exhibiting quantized vortices @xcite and solit...
[ { "content": "numerical simulation is one of the most powerful methods for searching thermal equilibrium states of the system . \n it has elucidated numerous novel properties that one could hardly deal with analytically . \n one of the standard techniques is the markov - chain monte carlo sampling on the basis ...
[ { "content": "the first extra solar planet was discovered in the early 1990s by @xcite . today \n the statistics of the observations show that the architecture of our solar system seems to be unique compared with exoplanetary systems . at the moment we know about 2000 exoplanets in more than 1200 planetary syst...
[ { "content": "rare b decays are induced by flavor changing neutral currents ( fcnc ) at loop level \n . therefore they are phenomenologically rich and provide a comprehensive information about the theoretical models and the existing free parameters . \n the forthcoming experiments at slac , kek b - factories , ...
[ { "content": "in this section , we will briefly describe the group cohomology theory . as we are focusing on 2d spt phases \n , we will be interested in the third cohomology group . \n for a group @xmath2 , let @xmath56 be a g - module , which is an abelian group ( with multiplication operation ) on which @xmat...
[ { "content": "oxygen is the third most common element in the universe . \n it is copiously produced when massive stars explode as type ii supernova . \n this distinguishes it from fe , which is also made in type ia sn , the accretion - induced explosions of white dwarfs . \n the [ o / fe ] ratio therefore ref...
[ { "content": "the standard model ( sm ) is very successful in explaining almost all experimental data to date , culminating in the recent discovery of the long awaited higgs boson at the cern large hadron collider ( lhc ) @xcite . in the sm \n , all elementary particles acquire mass from a single higgs doublet...
[ { "content": "a fundamental challenge in hadronic physics is trying to understand the structure of mesons and baryons in terms of their quark - gluon constituents , as given by the underlying theory of the strong interaction . \n this theory is known as quantum chromodynamics ( qcd ) . \n form factors of hadron...
[ { "content": "aim of this contribution is to present a fully covariant model for describing the electromagnetic ( em ) decay of vector mesons ( vm s ) , both in light and heavy sectors . to this end , \n a simple analytic form for the bethe - salpeter ( bs ) amplitude of vm s is adopted in order to perform with...
[ { "content": "the monster tower , also known as the semple tower , lies in the intersection of differential geometry , non - holonomic mechanics , singularity theory , and algebraic geometry . \n cartan ( @xcite studied the diffeomorphism group action on jet spaces , which led to developments in the fields of g...
[ { "content": "in a direct analogy with classical mechanics , composed systems in quantum optics ( which describe interaction between several subsystems ) can be divided into two classes : 1 ) systems which possess a necessary number of integrals of motion , so that , the classical counterpart is an integrable ...
[ { "content": "magnetic reconnection is a process whereby the magnetic field line connectivity @xcite is modified due to the presence of a localized diffusion region . \n this gives rise to a change in magnetic field line topology and a release of magnetic energy into kinetic and thermal energy . \n reconnection...
[ { "content": "according to the standard quantum mechanics ( sqm ) , the complete description of a system of particles is provided by its wavefunction . \n the empirical predictions of sqm follow from a mathematical formalism which makes no use of the assumption that matter consists of particles pursuing definit...
[ { "content": "the role of non - local quantum correlations , more familiarly known as entanglement , in modern quantum theory can not be overstated @xcite . on the one hand , entanglement lies at the heart of quantum information theory @xcite , where it is a crucial ingredient to computation and communication ...
[ { "content": "molecular gas is one of the essential components in galaxies because it is closely related to star formation , which is a fundamental process of galaxy evolution . \n thus the observational study of molecular gas is indispensable to understand both star formation in galaxies and galaxy evolution ....
[ { "content": "when a magnetic impurity is located in the bulk of a metal it undergoes a non - trivial many - body scattering with the electronic states at the fermi energy , @xmath0 , called the kondo effect @xcite . the bulk kondo effect ( to be contrasted with the surface kondo effect studied in this paper ) ...
[ { "content": "in this paper , we analyse a stochastic generalisation of the abelian sandpile model ( asm ) . \n informally ( we provide a formal definition later ) , the asm operates on a graph where each vertex has a number of ` grains of sand ' on it . at every unit of time \n , another grain of sand is added...
[ { "content": "the entanglement properties of many - body systems have attracted considerable attention and have become the topic of a large number of studies in the last decade @xcite . in particular \n , the study of a suitable measure of entanglement such as the entanglement entropy was triggered by the need ...
[ { "content": "the celebrated laser cooling processes and magneto - optical traps ( mot ) @xcite have allowed the study of many exciting topics in atomic physics . among them , much interest was devoted to the study of bose - einstein condensates @xcite , which had a profound impart in our understanding of conde...
[ { "content": "anderson s spin - wave theory ( swt ) provides a good description for the low temperature properties of many two - dimensional ( 2d ) and three - dimensional ( 3d ) quantum antiferromagnetic systems on a bipartite lattice @xcite , including quantum corrections to the classical nel ground state wit...
[ { "content": "rrrrrrr & & & & + & & & & & & + 104 & 0.05 & 0.06 & -0.71 & -0.70 & -0.78 & 14.05 @xmath12 0.05 + 288 & 0.03 & 0.04 & -1.40 & -1.07 & -1.14 & 15.40 @xmath12 0.05 + 362 & 0.05 & 0.06 & -1.33 & -1.15 & -1.09 & 15.51 @xmath12 0.05 + 1261 & 0.01 & 0.01 & -1.32 & & -1.08 & 16.68 @xmath12 0.05 + 1851 &...
[ { "content": "in the earliest stages of star formation the so - called class0 and class1 phases protostars are still deeply embedded in their parental molecular cloud cores . \n this material absorbs almost all of the emitted radiation of the star in the optical and the near - infrared . the spectral energy d...
[ { "content": "experiments on mesoscopic quantum systems , and sophisticated numerical techniques for quantum many body theory , promise progress on deep questions about the relationship between microphysics and thermodynamics @xcite . we still require analytical theory , however , to clarify the questions . \n ...
[ { "content": "nuclear magnetic resonance ( nmr ) is based on the resonant absorption of radio frequency ( rf ) electromagnetic radiation by nuclear spin - split states by a magnetic field . \n the absorption of rf field is limited by small differences of the populations of the nuclear - spin states in thermody...
[ { "content": "quantizing gravity and/or the quantum nature of spacetime have been one of the central themes in theoretical physics in the last century . \n the two pillars of modern physics , i.e. general relativity and quantum theory are reluctant to be reconciled despite many efforts . in spite of many theore...
[ { "content": "0.3 cm in a study of `` discovery potential '' and data analysis of present high energy experiments the problems of precise predictions including , simultaneously , signal signatures of the new ( or studied ) physics , backgrounds , as well as all detector related effects should be analysed . \n i...
[ { "content": "we are investigating whether or not interacting but not yet merging galaxies have heightened star formation properties . in our spitzer spirals , bridges , and tails interacting galaxy study ( @xcite ) , \n we have compiled a sample of interacting galaxies selected from the arp atlas of peculiar g...
[ { "content": "the superfluid ( sf ) to mott - insulator ( mi ) transition of interacting bosonic particles on a lattice is a paradigmatic example of a quantum phase transition , introduced by fisher @xcite . \n the realization in a seminal paper by jaksch @xcite that the bose - hubbard ( bh ) model can describe...
[ { "content": "the equivalence principle ( ep ) , as one of the fundamental hypotheses of einstein s general relativity , has been tested by many experiments , including torsion balance scheme @xcite and free - fall one r5,r6,r7 . \n lunar laser ranging from the earth to the moon has provided up to now the most ...
[ { "content": "the study of bianchi type v cosmological models create more interest as these models contain isotropic special cases and permit arbitrary small anisotropy levels at some instant of cosmic time . \n this property makes them suitable as model of our universe . the homogeneous and isotropic friedman ...
[ { "content": "recent discovery of exotic baryons @xcite revived the interest in hadron spectroscopy , especially that of exotic hadrons . among several models for exotic baryons , \n promising one is the diquark model @xcite , which assumes a strong correlation of two quarks in the color antitriplet channel ....
[ { "content": "phase transitions and critical phenomena of rigorously solvable interacting many - particle systems are much sought after in the modern equilibrium statistical mechanics as they offer valuable insight into a cooperative nature of phase changes @xcite . beside this \n , the usefulness of mathematic...
[ { "content": "among the so - called ` secondary ' physical mechanisms that re - process the cmb anisotropy , such as gravitational lensing , time delay , and the sunyaev - zeldovich effect , time delay by foreground inhomogeneities in the matter distribution appears to be investigated least . in the recent peri...
[ { "content": "the dynamics of interacting species has attracted a lot of attention since the pioneering works of lotka @xcite and volterra @xcite . in their independent studies \n , they showed that simple prey - predator models may exhibit limit cycles during which the populations of both species have period...
[ { "content": "simulation of hadron production at low energies ( @xmath1 gev ) is relevant for various physical problems . as the cross - section in this region \n is considered to be saturated with intermediate resonances , it is possible to study the properties of these resonances through mass , momentum and a...
[ { "content": "the detection of contacting interfaces which can slide or open under applied load is a difficult task but one that is relevant in many technologies . \n examples include closed cracks or defects , glued bondings , and partially delaminated material interfaces . \n ultrasonic methods based on linea...
[ { "content": "large - scale , large - amplitude disturbances propagating in the solar atmosphere were first recorded by @xcite and @xcite in the chromospheric h@xmath3 spectral line ; therefore called `` moreton waves '' . \n typical velocities are in the range @xmath4 km s@xmath1 , and the angular extents ar...
[ { "content": "the relationship between mergers , starbursts , and active galactic nuclei ( agn ) has long since been the subject of vigourous research . \n it is clear that at least some of the ingredients necessary to trigger starbursts are also necessary to trigger agn : both phenomena require fuel , and both...
[ { "content": "type ia supernovae ( sne ) are the end - products of white dwarfs with a mass approaching the chandrasekhar limit , which results in a thermonuclear explosion of the star . \n in addition to their use as cosmological distance indicators ( e.g. , * ? ? ? * ; * ? ? ? \n * ) , type ia sne ( hencefort...
[ { "content": "despite many years of dedicated research , the progenitor systems and explosion mechanisms of sne ia remain unclear . \n it is generally accepted that sne ia originate from thermonuclear explosions of massive carbon - oxygen white dwarfs in binary systems . depending on the nature of the companion...
[ { "content": "cold gases of rydberg atoms are currently receiving a growing attention in the communities of quantum optics @xcite , quantum information @xcite , and many - body physics @xcite . \n this is rooted in the fact that they offer strong and long - ranged interactions and at the same time grant long...
[ { "content": "a model where the participants vote for the projects of redistribution of their own property was analyzed by a.v . \n malishevskii in the late 1960 s [ 1 , pp . \n 9395 ] . in this model \n , voting is greatly manipulatable by the organizers , as it is the case with the participants whose `` ideal...
[ { "content": "speculations that instantons could induce diquark condensation in low temperature but high density quark matter @xcite have revived the interest in the diquark clustering in the nucleon . \n it is sometimes also argued that diquark condensation may occur even at moderate densities , for example in...
[ { "content": "one of the main lessons from the general theory of relativity is that one can formulate theories that , in their lagrangian description , are diffeomorphism invariant . \n this means that one can perform generic diffeomorphism on the spacetime manifold and the theory remains invariant . in most in...
[ { "content": "multigraded hilbert schemes parametrize families of ideals in a polynomial ring that share the same hilbert function with respect to some grading by an abelian group @xcite . \n we are interested in the following particular case . \n let @xmath3 be a @xmath4-matrix of unknowns . \n we fix the pol...
[ { "content": "nearly 30 years ago , toomre & toomre ( 1972 ) elegantly demonstrated that the tails and bridges emanating from many peculiar galaxies may arise kinematically from dynamically cold disk material torn off of the outer regions of galaxies experiencing strong gravitational interactions . \n early spe...
[ { "content": "quantum computers are devices that use quantum mechanics for enhanced ways of information processing @xcite . \n indeed , it is known that problems such as integer factoring can be performed significantly faster on a quantum computer than on any known classical device @xcite . despite these exciti...
[ { "content": "let @xmath8 be a simple arrangement formed by @xmath0 hyperplanes in dimension @xmath1 . \n we recall that an arrangement is called simple if @xmath9 and any @xmath1 hyperplanes intersect at a distinct point . \n the closures of connected components of the complement of the hyperplanes forming @xm...
[ { "content": "the pioneering experiments of projectile fragmentation at relativistic energies of @xmath0ar and @xmath1ca beams at the lbl bevalac @xcite have demonstrated the potential of this method for the production of exotic nuclei . \n based on these ideas , the sis / frs facility @xcite at gsi has used ...
[ { "content": "stochastic dynamics is useful to model many biological , chemical , economical and physical systems . \n the random driving forces have very different origins , in most cases they are gaussian white or colored noise sources , but often these forces must be considered as non - gaussian ones , for e...
[ { "content": "it appears as though the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate , as has been deduced from luminosity distance measurements of type ia supernovae , which appear dimmer than one would expect based on general relativity without a cosmological constant @xcite . \n this acceleration has also be...
[ { "content": "in a series of papers , de boer et al . @xcite have put forward the idea that the well - known egret excess of diffuse galactic gamma rays @xcite could be well explained by dark matter annihilations . \n the idea that excess from the region near the galactic center may be due to dark matter annih...
[ { "content": "in multi - user wideband wireless systems , two fundamental obstacles limit the gains in spectral efficiency : * inter - symbol interference ( isi ) : in a wideband communication system that uses a band - limited signal , isi is fundamentally unavoidable when the transmission bandwidth @xmath1 ...
[ { "content": "observations of spatial patterns at various length scales frequently are the only point where the physical world meets theoretical models . in many cases \n these patterns consist of a number of comparable objects distributed in space such as pores in a sandstone , or craters on the surface of a p...
[ { "content": "vector mesons ( @xmath3 , @xmath4 , etc . ) play a significant role in hadronic physics . \n their interactions , though not constrained by low - energy theorems , apparently follow the broad pattern of vector meson dominance ( vmd ) @xcite . \n there have been numerous efforts to incorporate vec...
[ { "content": "there has been much recent interest in the study of spatiotemporal dynamical processes on nonuniform or complex networks . in this context , \n coupled map lattices @xcite have provided fruitful and computationally efficient models for the investigation of a variety of dynamical processes in spati...
[ { "content": "_ aperiodic tiles _ are the set of prototiles which tile the space with their isomorphic images by euclidean motions ( composition of translations , rotations and reflections ) but only in non - periodic way . \n there have been many examples of aperiodic tiles and study on them @xcite . \n two of...
[ { "content": "the unified model for seyfert galaxies predicts that the differences observed between type 1 and type 2 seyfert galaxies are primarily due to orientation effects ( antonucci 1993 ) . \n optical narrow emission lines present in both type 1 and type 2 seyfert s spectra are produced in the narrow lin...
[ { "content": "stone - wales defect @xcite @xmath1(55 - 77 ) is the simplest example of topological disorder in graphene and other @xmath2-hybridized carbon systems . \n it can be formed by rotating a c - c bond by @xmath3 with regard to the midpoint of the bond referred to as the sw transformation so that ...
[ { "content": "the past century witnessed the quantum leap of the semiconductor industries which gave birth to the computer science and information technology . \n we are now in an era in which information keeps being generated at a skyrocketing pace such that the net volume of information produced per day might...
[ { "content": "the free energy ( or potential of mean force ) is the thermodynamic force driving structural processes such as conformational changes of macromolecules in aqueous solution , ligand binding at the active site of an enzyme , protein - protein association , etc . \n the free energy gives information ...
[ { "content": "figure [ fig1 ] illustrates the general features of an epidemic outbreak on a population structured in different communities . starting from an index case a disease spreads widely inside a community thanks to the frequent intra - community interactions . \n in addition the disease is transmitted t...
[ { "content": "fast radio bursts ( frbs ) are intense radio flashes occurring at high galactic latitudes with anomalously high dispersion measure ( dm ) @xcite . \n duo to the lack of distance information , their physical origin is unknown . \n some people suggested that the high dm is dominated by the ionized i...
[ { "content": "the world of 2 qubits is the simplest setting where the notions of entanglement @xcite , bell inequalities @xcite and their witnesses @xcite , first appear \n . it would be nice if , like the bloch sphere for one qubit @xcite , they could also be visualized geometrically . \n however , the world o...