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[ { "content": "searching for new modes in charm decays is of great interest . \n it not only investigates possible decay mechanism and finds its contribution to the total decay width , but is also useful to simulate accurately cascade decays of bottom mesons and to eliminate backgrounds of charm modes in studyin...
[ { "content": "there has been increasing interest in developing high efficiency , high power thermoelectric devices , constructed from the bottom - up using nanoscale designs . \n the primary applications driving interest in this area are energy - harvesting , the collection and conversion of waste heat to elect...
[ { "content": "transiting extrasolar planets ( teps ) provide unique opportunities to study the physical properties of planetary mass objects outside of the solar system . by combining time - series photometric observations taken during transit with radial velocity ( rv ) measurements of the star , \n it is poss...
[ { "content": "one of the most fundamental applications of non - classical light field states is the improvement of measurement precision beyond the standard quantum limits for classical light sources . of particular interest \n is the possible enhancement of phase sensitivity in interferometry @xcite , which co...
[ { "content": "increasingly , many complex systems are being modeled as networks since the framework of nodes representing the basic elements of the system and the interconnections of the network representing the interaction between the elements fits well for a theoretical study . \n when the complex systems are...
[ { "content": "the vast majority of galactic globular clusters ( gcs ) host multiple stellar populations ( mps ) characterized by different abundance ratios of selected light elements ( see , e.g. , * ? ? ? * for a review ) : some stars share the same light element abundance ratios measured in galactic field sta...
[ { "content": "with the launch of nasa s stereo mission in october 2006 , a new dimension of solar coronal observations has been opened . for the first time , objects above the solar surface can be perceived in three dimensions by analysing the stereo image pairs observed with the secchi instruments onboard the ...
[ { "content": "since the discovery of the so called magnetic superconductors rusr@xmath2rcu@xmath16o@xmath17 ( ru-1212 ) and rusr@xmath2(r , ce)@xmath2cu@xmath2o@xmath5 ( ru-1222 ) , with r = gd , eu,@xcite considerable effort has been devoted to the understanding of the interplay between the ferromagnetic ( fm ...
[ { "content": "meson light cone distribution functions ( lcdfs ) play important roles in high energy hadronic exclusive processes @xcite . \n the same lcdfs contribute in many processes relevant to measuring fundamental parameters of the standard model @xcite , such as @xmath8 which give the cabibbo - kobayashi...
[ { "content": "unlike the equilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics , which are well developed after the pioneering works of boltzmann and gibbs , our understanding of non - equilibrium thermodynamics is restricted to some special models and cases . \n stochastic lattice gases have provided a fertile ...
[ { "content": "the demand for new materials with interesting and useful physical properties has led to a fast development in material science . \n properties such as superconductivity , magnetic ordering , nearly ferromagnetic fermi - liquid and heavy fermion behavior have been observed in many materials , inclu...
[ { "content": "the delayed onset of solar cycle 24 , after one of the deepest solar minimum experienced in the past 100 years has had significant solar and heliospheric consequences . \n solar cycle 23 has been characterized by a steady decline in solar activity @xcite , a continuous weakening of polar fields @x...
[ { "content": "the recent compilation of oscillation data from the atmospheric @xcite , reactor @xcite , and long baseline @xcite neutrino experiments has provided solid evidence that neutrinos have small but non - zero masses . a global fit \n to current data gives the following @xmath7 limits for the mixing pa...
[ { "content": "study of temporal variability including signatures of quasi - periodic oscillations ( qpos ) is an important aspect of astrophysics of black holes . \n several models in the literature attempt to explain origin of low frequency qpos . \n they include perturbation inside a keplerian disk @xcite , g...
[ { "content": "let @xmath2 be a linear partial differential operator on @xmath1 with constant coefficients . \n then a classical theorem of lions and titchmarsch states that , for every distribution @xmath6 on @xmath1 with compact support , the convex hulls of the supports of @xmath7 and @xmath6 are equal : @xma...
[ { "content": "@xmath0ne has been known as a typical example of a nucleus which has @xmath1 cluster structure . \n there have been numerous works based on the cluster model , which explain the observed doublet rotational band structure . \n in addition to the ground @xmath7 band , the negative parity band ( @xma...
[ { "content": "networks of coupled oscillators have been the subject of extensive research in the last decade . \n coupled systems can display a huge variety of dynamical phenomena , starting from synchronization phenomena in various types of inhomogeneous or irregular networks , up to complex collective behavio...
[ { "content": "high quality measurements of anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) probe the cosmic fluctuations generated during an inflationary epoch in the very early universe @xcite . recently , \n boomerang @xcite and maxima @xcite teams announced the clear detection of a first acoustic pea...
[ { "content": "stars commonly form in groups or clusters within turbulent molecular clouds on timescales which are of about a million years ( hillenbrand 1997 ) . \n typical young stellar aggregates have sizes of roughly 1 pc and consist of a few hundred stars . \n recent observations have also shown that most s...
[ { "content": "in this paper , we consider the use of krylov subspace methods for solving large , sparse linear systems @xmath5 , where @xmath6 . \n we will focus on the conjugate gradient ( cg ) method @xcite , which is used when @xmath7 is symmetric positive definite . \n given an initial approximate solution...
[ { "content": "information systems are threatened today as never before . \n evolving network technologies have provided powerful information - transfer applications that have increased our reliance on computerized information systems at the same time that public access to the internet has increased the number a...
[ { "content": "recent years have brought an increasing realization of the astrophysical importance of black hole spin . \n ever since the seminal work of penrose ( 1969 ) and blandford & znajek ( 1977 ) , it has been recognized that black hole spin may be an important source of energy , especially for the powerf...
[ { "content": "let @xmath8 be an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0 , @xmath9\\kern - 1.8pt ] } } $ ] , @xmath10 its maximal ideal and @xmath11 its quotient field . \n let @xmath5 be a rank - one discrete valuation of @xmath12 , @xmath13 the valuation ring , @xmath14 the maximal ideal and @xmath15 th...
[ { "content": "the effect of inhomogeneity on the critical behaviour of magnetic systems has been considered in various contexts ( e.g. disorder , coupling randomness , quasiperiodic structures ) ; in particular , discrete - spin models defined on fractal topologies possess critical properties significantly diff...
[ { "content": "recently , great theoretical and experimental efforts are taken to studying the fusion of heavy nuclei leading to several new phenomena including the understanding of the formation of neutron -rich and super heavy elements @xcite . \n the precise knowledge of the interaction potential between two...
[ { "content": "leptogenesis is perhaps the most attractive model for generating the matter - antimatter asymmetry in our universe @xcite after inflation . \n the process generates a lepton asymmetry via the production and subsequent decay of a heavy majorana neutrino . \n this lepton asymmetry is partially conve...
[ { "content": "the standard scenario of low - mass star formation envisions quasi - static condensation of dense cores out of magnetically subcritical clouds and inside - out core collapse leading to star formation ( shu , adams & lizano 1987 ; mouschovias & ciolek 1999 ) . \n an alternative is the turbulence - ...
[ { "content": "after an early history marked by vigorous debate ( see , e.g. , @xcite ) , the existence of gravitational radiation has become accepted as a hallmark prediction of einstein s general theory of relativity . despite indirect evidence supporting this prediction , however , gravitational waves have ye...
[ { "content": "recent advances in the study of normal galaxies and active galactic nuclei ( agns ) are ample observational evidence for the existence of central supermassive black holes ( smbhs ) and the relationship between smbhs and bulge properties of host galaxies ( gebhardt et al . 2000 ; \n ferrarese & mer...
[ { "content": "a reliable method of measuring the physical distance to astrophysical objects has always been sought after in observational astronomy ( e.g. , * ? ? ? * ) . in the era of `` precision cosmology '' , the need for accurate physical distance measurements has been amplified ( e.g. , * ? ? ? \n * ; * ?...
[ { "content": "fifteen years from now we will be awash in galaxies . \n 2df , sloan , and maybe a sloan successor will have given us redshifts for more than a million galaxies in the nearby universe . \n deep and vvds will have added @xmath2 galaxies out to redshift @xmath3 . \n ngst and 30 m optical / ir telesc...
[ { "content": "why do scientists publish ? first and foremost , because they want to share their findings and further science . \n essential to this process is the ability for other people to ( efficiently ) discover these publications . \n the process of information discovery has changed dramatically over the l...
[ { "content": "as the end products of about 97% of the stars of the galaxy , white dwarf stars offer important clues about their prior evolutionary history . \n they also provide potentially the age of the galactic disk and of the globular clusters they belong to ( winget et al . 1987 ; harris et al . \n 2006 ) ...
[ { "content": "it is well - known that at asymptotically high baryon densities the ground state of massless three - flavor qcd corresponds to the so - called color \n flavor locked ( cfl ) phase @xcite . in this phase quarks of all three flavors as well as three colors undergo pairing near the fermi surface due ...
[ { "content": "the structure and evolution of protoplanetary discs depend upon the rate at which gas can shed its angular momentum and thereby flow inwards . \n two widely applicable physical mechanisms are known to lead to the required outward angular momentum transport . if the gas is coupled to a magnetic fie...
[ { "content": "in contrast to most astronomical objects ( such as planets , stars and galaxies ) , the universe as a whole is usually considered to be non - rotational . however , the possibility that the universe rotates should not be ignored , since solutions of gr corresponding to a rotating universe have bee...
[ { "content": "thermotropic liquid crystals exhibit exotic phase behavior upon temperature variation . \n the nematic phase is rich with a long - ranged orientational order but lacks translational order . the isotropic - nematic ( \n i - n ) phase transition , which is believed to be weakly first order in nature...
[ { "content": "cluster ion implantation can be regarded as a forerunner technology as compared to the conventional ion implantation technique used to dope sub - micron devices @xcite . using cluster ions very shallow implantation \n can be achieved at very low energy . however , with cluster implantation , nonli...
[ { "content": "[ pddefn ] a group @xmath3 of homeomorphisms of a topological space @xmath11 acts _ properly discontinuously _ on @xmath11 if , for every compact subset @xmath12 of @xmath11 , @xmath13 classically , a discrete group @xmath3 of isometries of a riemannian manifold @xmath11 is a crystallogr...
[ { "content": "let @xmath8 be a smooth , nonorientable , compact surface of genus @xmath9 with @xmath10 boundary components and @xmath11 punctures . if @xmath10 and/or @xmath11 is zero then we omit it from the notation . if we do not want to emphasise the numbers @xmath12 , we simply write @xmath7 for a surface ...
[ { "content": "ngc 4261 is an early - type galaxy in the virgo west cloud , at the distance of 32 mpc ( @xcite ) . \n it belongs to a group of galaxies ( @xcite ) that does not show prominent sign of gravitational interactions . \n the h - band luminosity of ngc 4261 is @xmath0 corresponding to a dynamical mas...
[ { "content": "light bridges ( lbs ) are bright structures in the otherwise dark umbra that often exhibit a granular - like morphology @xcite . \n they represent a discontinuity or interruption in the regular umbral field @xcite . \n lbs are known to harbor weak and inclined fields @xcite , but their origin and ...
[ { "content": "since the seminal work by vaiana et al . \n ( 1981 ) , it has become clear that all late - type stars share the same basic coronal characteristics : hot thermal plasma with temperatures around 110 mk covering stellar surfaces , magnetic confinement , the presence of flares , etc . \n a systemic i...
[ { "content": "the idea that the observed fundamental forces in 4-dimensions can be understood in terms of the dynamics of a simpler higher dimensional theory is now nearly 90 years old @xcite . \n starting from a 5-dimensional theory on a manifold @xmath0 , where @xmath1 is a curved 4-dimensional space - time ...
[ { "content": "ls i + 61 303 is a high mass x - ray binary ( hmxb ) that consists of an optical star with spectral type b0 ve and an unknown compact companion in a highly eccentric , 26.5 day orbit @xcite . while the system has a relatively low x - ray luminosity for a hmxb , ls i + 61 303 is the 15th brightest ...
[ { "content": "the phenomenon of screening has long been known in presence of long - range coulomb interactions , and it is generally expected to render the observed behavior very similar to that of systems with short - range interactions . indeed , recent computational work has investigated the critical behavio...
[ { "content": "during last ten years , there have been numerous published research articles devoted to the precise determination of the strong form factors and coupling constants of meson vertices via qcd sum rules ( qcdsr ) @xcite . \n qcdsr formalism have also been successfully used to study some of the `` exo...
[ { "content": "argumentation frameworks ( afs ) are a convenient way to represent conflicting information and to deduce which subset of the information can be inferred . \n for instance , they can be used to model dialogs between several agents @xcite or to analyze on - line discussion between social network use...
[ { "content": "entangled photons are essential building blocks for optical quantum information processing , such as quantum computing ( qc ) @xcite and quantum key distribution ( qkd ) @xcite . \n conventionally , entangled photons have been generated using a myriad of techniques , most notably by using the pro...
[ { "content": "the 3d disk models initially extend between 4 and 20 au . \n the central star is modeled as a softened point mass with a mass of @xmath5 . \n there are no fixed boundaries ; the disk is free to expand and contract and both the central star and the disk can respond to their mutual gravitational fie...
[ { "content": "in spite of significant progress in recent years , the nature of gamma - ray bursts ( grb ) , discovered by @xcite more than 30 years ago , is still enigmatic . \n although the light curves and emission spectra of grbs are very diverse , they seem to split into two groups of possibly different ori...
[ { "content": "the seminal experiments on electricity and magnetism in the @xmath1@xmath2 centuries were codified into a set of physical laws , gauss s law , ampre s law , faraday s law , and thompson s law , that form the foundation of early classical electromagnetism . \n in the course of time , a crisis emerg...
[ { "content": "giant pulses ( gps ) have been reported in four pulsars ( b0531 + 21 , b1937 + 21 , b1821@xmath124 and b0540@xmath169 ) todate ( staelin & reifenstein 1968 ; lundgren et al . 1995 ; cognard et al . \n 1996 ; romani & johnston 2001 ; johnston & romani 2003 ) . \n three of these pulsars are mi...
[ { "content": "exotic isotopes along the neutron and proton drip lines are important for our understanding of the formation of elements and they constitute tests of our understanding of nuclear structure . \n the proton- and neutron - rich regimes in the chart of nuclei are therefore the focus of existing and fo...
[ { "content": "the specific curve pairs are the most popular subjects in curve and surface theory and involute - evolute pair is one of them . \n we can see in most textbooks various applications not only in curve theory but also in surface theory and mechanic . in this study , \n the spherical indicatrices o...
[ { "content": "in the context of disk galaxies , a nuclear or circumnuclear ring is a region of large gas surface density and enhanced star formation , located within 2 kpc of the galactic nucleus . @xcite \n distinguish between nuclear disks and nuclear rings , by setting the maximum width of the ring to half t...
[ { "content": "practical solvability of performance analysis and control design problems for stochastic systems often depends on tractability of relevant quantities , such as moments of the system variables . for example , the kalman filtering and linear quadratic gaussian control theories @xcite substantially e...
[ { "content": "lunar occultations ( los ) can efficiently yield high angular resolution observations from the analysis of the diffraction light curves generated when background sources are covered by the lunar limb . \n the technique has been employed to measure hundreds of stellar angular diameters , binary sta...
[ { "content": "the discovery of a light higgs boson at the lhc @xcite completes beautifully the standard model ( sm ) description of fundamental interactions . nonetheless , a number of questions about the theoretical consistency of the theory remain unanswered , and point to the existence of some new physics a...
[ { "content": "hierarchical models and observations suggest that galaxy mergers and interactions play a key role in galaxy assembly and star formation , but to what extent is still unclear . \n studies of gas - rich mergers in the local universe ( e.g. , antennae ; see * ? ? ? \n * ) and n - body simulations @xc...
[ { "content": "the interference of electron waves scattered by single defects results in an oscillatory dependence of the point contact conductance @xmath0 on the applied voltage @xmath1 this effect originates from quantum interference between the principal wave that is directly transmitted through the contact a...
[ { "content": "the gravitational lensing effect of an ensemble of point masses has long been a subject of investigation ( see , e.g. , schneider , ehlers , & falco 1992 for a summary of earlier work ) . \n most of the studies have focused on the situation where the spatial distribution of the point mass lenses i...
[ { "content": "the popular hierarchical model of galaxy formation predicts that elliptical galaxies found today in the cores of rich clusters formed at high redshifts and at rare high - density peaks of the dark matter distribution . within these regions , \n gas - rich proto - galaxies merge together rapidly , ...
[ { "content": "a bright soft x - ray enhancement in the monoceros and gemini constellations was first detected in rocket experiments over thirty years ago @xcite , and resolved into a shell - like structure by _ \n heao-2 _ a decade later @xcite . \n spectral studies with _ rosat _ confirmed that this so - calle...
[ { "content": "the existence of a low - lying state in @xmath0th , with an estimated natural linewidth , @xmath7 , in the range @xmath8 mhz @xcite , was indirectly established over 3 decades ago @xcite . \n however , direct searches for emission from this m1 transition have so far been unsuccessful @xcite . ...
[ { "content": "apart from providing independent supporting evidence of the big bang , the detection and subsequent study of cosmological chemical evolution provides the empirical details of galaxy formation and evolution . \n how primordial and processed gas is consumed by star formation , the dominant feedback ...
[ { "content": "in classical data transmission , repeaters are used to amplify data signals ( bits ) when they become weaker during their propagation through the transmission channel . \n in contrast to classical information , the above mechanism is impossible to realize when the transmitted data signals are the ...
[ { "content": "recently , there has been an increasing interest for the nonperturbative quantities of quantum chromodynamics ( qcd ) , observed in hard scattering processes , together with the experimental and theoretical progresses . among those physical quantities , \n fragmentation and parton - distribution f...
[ { "content": "in early 1970 s , efimov pointed out a possibility of having an infinite number of three - body bound states even when none exists in the separate two - body subsystems @xcite . \n this occurs when the two - body scattering length is much larger than the range of the two - body interaction . as a...
[ { "content": "the physics of suppressed electroweak ( ew ) processes by quantum loops figure as the best window for search into the new physics territory . \n more than three decades of the theoretical work strengthens our ability to predict their amplitudes with high precision . \n while electroweak and hard q...
[ { "content": "since the groundbreaking work of kenneth wilson @xcite , a proof of confinement for quantum chromodynamics in the continuum limit is lacking . \n this is expected to be one of the major goals for our understanding of low - energy behavior of hadronic matter . since then , a lot of fundamental work...
[ { "content": "liquid water behaviour as a function of temperature and pressure differs from that of most liquids . as a major example \n the presence of a line of maximum density ( tmd line ) in the p - t phase diagram is most significant , as it divides the entire p - t phase diagram into two regions with rema...
[ { "content": "the possibility of baryogenesis by means of electroweak phase transition has recently been widely examined , since the electroweak baryogenesis can in principle be tested in the future accelerator experiments [ 1 ] . \n if the electroweak phase transition is strongly first order , it can fulfil th...
[ { "content": "single phase models of bulk melting usually treat this process as a destabilization of the solid due to proliferation of crystalline defects or excitations . among these \n , lindemann suggested that melting occurs when the amplitude of atomic vibrations exceeds a critical value@xcite . \n born pr...
[ { "content": "the notion of magnetic charge has intrigued physicists since dirac @xcite showed that it was consistent with quantum mechanics provided a suitable quantization condition was satisfied : for a monopole of magnetic charge @xmath0 in the presence of an electric charge @xmath1 , that quantization cond...
[ { "content": "in higher dimensional supergravity and string theories compactifications of spacetimes are an essential tool to make contact with the four - dimensional phenomenology . in the past \n the majority of research was focused on the investigation of compactifications to four - dimensional minkowski or ...
[ { "content": "beginning with the discovery of sn 1992bi ( perlmutter et al 1995 ) , we have developed search techniques and rapid analysis methods that allow systematic discovery and follow up of `` batches '' of high - redshift supernovae . the observing strategy developed compares large numbers of galaxies in...
[ { "content": "in paper i , by comparing the fbs ( markarian et al . 1989 ) and bqs ( green et al . \n 1986 ) surveys in their area in common , we derived a completeness of @xmath170% for the bqs . \n a number of bright agns have since been discovered in the area which , together with our new spectroscopic obser...
[ { "content": "in recent years , the study of magnetohydrodynamic ( mhd ) flow of blood through artery has gained considerable interest because of its physiological applications . \n investigations on mhd flow and heat transfer of non - newtonian fluids over a stretching sheet also find many important applicatio...
[ { "content": "the aim of these lectures is to explain how to apply controlled path ideas @xcite to solve simple problems in singular pdes . \n the hope is that the insight gained by doing so can inspire new applications or the construction of other more powerful tools to analyze a wider class of problems . \n ...
[ { "content": "in recent years many attempts have been made to understand nucleon structure functions as measured in lepton deep - inelastic scattering ( dis ) . \n although perturbative qcd is successful in describing the dependence of structure functions on the squared momentum transfer , their magnitude is go...
[ { "content": "long - duration gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) are believed to arise when a very massive star collapses to a black hole , powering a hyper - relativistic outflow ( woosley 1993 ; hjorth et al . \n 2003 ; stanek et al . 2003 ; malesani et al . 2004 \n ; woosley & bloom 2006 ) . \n they are the brighte...
[ { "content": "in this paper , we study binary linear @xmath0 $ ] codes ( codes of length @xmath1 and dimension @xmath2 ) used for error detection on the binary symmetric channel . a comprehensive introduction to the field \n is given in @xcite . \n the basic definitions are given in section [ sub : errordetecti...
[ { "content": "two - dimensional ( @xmath7 ) lattice spin models , besides being interesting on their own right as models of ferromagnets can be viewed as mathematically well defined scheme of the nonperturbative regularization of quantum continuum field theories like @xmath0 principal chiral model or @xmath8 no...
[ { "content": "the following is a special case of theorem 8.5a of ivanov s survey article @xcite . \n it is a consequence of ideas laid out in the papers of ivanov on the mapping class groups of higher genus orientable surfaces and the work of korkmaz @xcite on the complex of curves associated to an @xmath69-pun...
[ { "content": "globular clusters ( gcs ) were once thought to be composed of stars of a single composition and a single age , with few exceptions ( such as @xmath3 centauri ) . \n it had long been known that most clusters contained red - giant stars with anomalies in their light - element abundances ( kraft 1979...
[ { "content": "covering theorems are known to be among some of the fundamental tools of measure theory . \n they reflect the geometry of the space and are commonly used to establish connections between local and global behavior of measures . \n covering theorems and their applications have been studied for examp...
[ { "content": "in this note we complete the work begun in the sequence of papers @xcite , @xcite-@xcite about equilateral triangles , regular tetrahedra , cubes , and regular octahedrons all with vertices having integer coordinates . very often we will refer to this property by saying that the various objects ar...
[ { "content": "in this paper , we explore the connection between the schubert calculus and the volume polynomial on spaces of convex polytopes . \n we give various representations of schubert cycles in a complete flag variety by sums of faces of the gelfand \n zetlin polytope . \n our work is motivated by the ri...
[ { "content": "the pioneering discovery by pareto @xcite is not only an important cue for research in fractal but also a significant issue in economics . \n the pareto law states that a cumulative number distribution @xmath0 obeys power - law for income @xmath1 which is larger than a certain observational thresh...
[ { "content": "a great deal of attention has recently been directed to graphene , a monolayer of carbon atoms , both experimentally @xcite and theoretically @xcite . \n graphene is marked with its novel charge carriers that behave like massless dirac fermions with effective speed of light @xmath2 \n m / s @xma...
[ { "content": "with over 30 o - type stars amongst its denizens ( massey , parker & garmany 1989 ; evans et al . \n 2006 ) , the ngc346 cluster is the site of most intense star formation in the small magellanic cloud ( smc ) as well as one of the most active in the local group . \n the massive young stars in ngc...
[ { "content": "experiments with tagged photons , radiated from the initial state in electron proton and electron positron collisions , can become particularly attractive . \n the reason is that these radiative processes will permit to extract information about the final states at continuously varying values of...
[ { "content": "the connection between two important disciplines of physics , namely quantum information theory and condensed matter physics , has been the subject of great interest recently , generating much activity at the border of these fields , with numerous interesting questions addressed so far @xcite . in...
[ { "content": "macro was a large area multipurpose underground detector @xcite designed to search for rare events and rare phenomena in the penetrating cosmic radiation . \n the experiment obtained important results on atmospheric @xmath5 oscillations and performed @xmath5 astronomy studies , indirect searches f...
[ { "content": "the bright x - ray nova a062000 ( v616 mon ) was discovered when it erupted in 1975 @xcite . \n observations obtained after its return to quiescence revealed that a062000 is an interacting binary system with a k star donating mass to a compact star via an accretion disk @xcite . \n early fits to t...
[ { "content": "differential geometric ideas were used in graph coloring problems early on . \n wernicke @xcite promoted already gauss - bonnet type ideas to the four color problem and used what we today call curvature to graph theory . the discharging method introduced by heesch @xcite \n was eventually used by ...
[ { "content": "large area redshift surveys such as sdss @xcite and gama @xcite have established a new paradigm regarding the clustering of galaxies @xcite . \n the evolutionary effects imposed by this range of environments are not fully understood , largely due to the complexity of n - body interactions on star ...
[ { "content": "hydrogen degrades the performance of many metals by lowering the failure stress , leading to fracture at unpredictable loading conditions @xcite . \n several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the h - embrittlement of iron : the hydrogen - enhanced decohesion ( hede ) mechanism @xcite , h - ...
[ { "content": "a flat manifold is a closed riemannian manifold with zero sectional curvature . from bieberbach theorems \n , it is known that in each dimension there is only a finite number of such manifolds , up to affine equivalence , and the problem of classifying them is important . \n recently , this has be...