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[ { "content": "in the main text we have chosen a specific formalism to discuss electrodynamics in media . \n this formalism encodes all the interactions of the medium with the electromagnetic radiation in the field @xmath100 through only the response function @xmath101 @xcite , without the need to introduce the ...
[ { "content": "the purpose of this appendix is to offer a proof of the following claim in the paper : _ the squared speed of the evolution of a quantum state generated by a hamiltonian @xmath98 is bounded above by twice the hilbert - schmidt norm @xmath99 of the hamiltonian , and the bound is attained if @xmath9...
[ { "content": "in the analysis of practically all available data on two - pion transitions of the @xmath3 mesons from the argus , cleo , cusb , crystal ball , belle , and _ babar _ collaborations @xmath4 ( @xmath5 , @xmath6 @xmath7 ) the contribution of multi - channel @xmath0 scattering in the final - state i...
[ { "content": "in this paper we give some generalization of the approach suggested in @xcite , which is aimed to reduce equations with variable coefficients to more simple ones . \n this transform was used in a series of papers @xcite , @xcite-@xcite to investigate in a unified way several equations such as the ...
[ { "content": "the study of topological or vacuum defects is of importance in many areas of contemporary physics . in high energy physics , \n a defect will generically occur during a symmetry breaking process where different parts of a medium choose different vacuum energy configurations , and the non - compati...
[ { "content": "solving large scale eigenvalue problems becomes a fundamental problem in modern science and engineering society . \n however , it is always a very difficult task to solve high - dimensional eigenvalue problems which come from physical and chemistry sciences . \n xu and zhou @xcite give a type of t...
[ { "content": "the possibility that supermassive black holes ( sbhs ) inhabit the centers of many if not most galaxies , and the observed correlation between sbh masses and galactic bulge properties , has potentially a fundamental significance for our understanding of galaxy formation and evolution . \n the rela...
[ { "content": "the spin-1/2 of a single electron trapped in a quantum dot ( qd ) is a promising candidate for a carrier of quantum information in a quantum computer @xcite . to perform a quantum computation \n we need to have all the unitary operations from some universal set of quantum gates at our disposal @xc...
[ { "content": "t tauri stars ( tts ) are pre - main sequence low mass stars frequently described as young analogs of our solar system . \n surrounded by circumstellar disks of gas and dust , these systems mark the earliest stages of planet - formation , a process now understood to be common in our galaxy @xcite ...
[ { "content": "solid - state lasers containing frequency - doubling crystals are efficient and compact sources of coherent visible optical radiation . unfortunately , when they operate in multimode regime , one observes irregular fluctuations of the output intensity . \n this behavior , referred to as the green ...
[ { "content": "it is well understood that fractional - order derivatives provide a good tool for the description of memory and hereditary properties of various processes , fractional - order systems being characterized by infinite memory . \n generalizations of dynamical systems using fractional - order derivati...
[ { "content": "a useful question to ask when one studies quantum fields in general relativity is the following : given that all matter is inherently quantum in nature , will quantum effects remove the singularity at the centre of a black hole spacetime ? to answer this question using a scalar field and semi - cl...
[ { "content": "a scattering experiment , using neutrons or x - rays for example , is one of the most direct measures of the structure of materials . \n naively , this comes about because in the born approximation , which usually applies for x - rays and neutrons , the intensity in scattering measurements is prop...
[ { "content": "merging plays a key role in the hierarchical galaxy formation in the cold dark matter ( cdm ) universe @xcite . \n numerical simulations based on the cdm scenario demonstrate how the galaxies build up hierarchically ( e.g. , * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n in addition to the theoretical ground , the obs...
[ { "content": "let @xmath9 and @xmath10 be fixed positive integers such that @xmath11 and @xmath12 . \n dirichlet proved in 1837 that the integer @xmath13 is prime infinitely often ; this is dirichlet s theorem on arithmetic progressions . \n the prime number theorem tells us that the total number of primes @xma...
[ { "content": "interstellar dust is fairly cold , emitting in the infrared and submillimeter , and so as major observational facilities have become available at these wavelengths unique data have been gathered and great progress has been made through their analysis . \n i describe the basic processes involved in...
[ { "content": "transport properties of small conducting structures are strongly influenced by size effects . \n oscillation of magnetoresistance in thin metallic films , and quantization of conductance in narrow wires and point contacts are examples of such effects . \n size effects in superconducting tunneling ...
[ { "content": "the concept of nanometer - scale regions of polarization , randomly embedded within a non - polar cubic matrix , has become central to attempts to explain the remarkable physical properties of relaxors such as pbmg@xmath2nb@xmath3o@xmath4 ( pmn ) and pbzn@xmath2nb@xmath3o@xmath4 ( pzn ) . \n @xcit...
[ { "content": "the first dust in the universe plays critical roles in the subsequent formation processes of stars and galaxies . \n dust grains provide additional pathways for cooling of gas in metal - poor molecular clouds through their thermal emission and formation of h@xmath13 molecules on the surface ( e.g....
[ { "content": "ultracold atoms in optical lattices offer unprecedented possibilities of controlling quantum matter and mimicking the systems of condensed - matter and high - energy physics @xcite . particularly fascinating \n is the possibility to study ultracold atoms under the influence of strong artificial ab...
[ { "content": "according to recent estimates , 8090% of the matter in the universe is non - baryonic . with the presence of extended dark matter halos in galaxies of all morphological types \n now well - established , attention is focusing on comparing the detailed mass distribution with theoretical predictions ...
[ { "content": "over the last several years , there has been an enormous amount of interest in the physics of dilute fermi gases confined in magneto - optic traps@xcite . with the possibility of tuning the atomic scattering lengths from the repulsive regime to an attractive one using the feshbach resonance techni...
[ { "content": "in the past years , there has been a growing interest in noise in mesoscopic systems @xcite . \n normally , noise is an unwanted feature , and , according to classical physics , in principle can be made arbitrarily small by lowering the temperature ; according to quantum physics , however , noise...
[ { "content": "diffractive processes contribute a significant fraction to the total inelastic proton - proton cross sections at high energies . \n these reactions can be described in terms of the exchange of a @xmath3 , a hypothetical object with the quantum numbers of the vacuum . \n the experimental signatures...
[ { "content": "galaxies are intrinsically complex with multiple components and varied formation histories . \n this complexity is the primary reason that unravelling the physics of galaxy formation and evolution is so challenging . \n galaxies are made up of baryons confined to dark matter haloes , and often hav...
[ { "content": "convolutional networks ( convnets ) have recently enjoyed a great success in large - scale image and video recognition @xcite which has become possible due to the large public image repositories , such as imagenet @xcite , and high - performance computing systems , such as gpus or large - scale ...
[ { "content": "the field of molecular electronics was arisen by the early realization that organic molecules could act as rectifiers@xcite when attached to conducting electrodes to form tunnel junctions . \n many experiments with a large variety of organic molecules have been performed@xcite , typically finding ...
[ { "content": "we have recently developed a robust and accurate algorithm to track vortex lines in the gross - pitaevskii equation ( gp ) with arbitrary geometries in a periodic domain . \n the full details of the algorithm and the case studies to check its validity can be found in @xcite . \n we recall here bri...
[ { "content": "the fisher information matrix ( fm , @xcite ) is a statistical instrument of paramount importance in parameter estimation problems . \n its function is to _ predict _ the precision with which the parameters of interest can be measured by a given experiment , starting from the expected observationa...
[ { "content": "we are interested in numerical solutions of the fully nonlinear elliptic monge - ampre equation @xmath1 on a convex bounded domain @xmath2 of @xmath3 with boundary @xmath4 . \n the unknown @xmath5 is a real valued function and @xmath6 are given functions with @xmath7 in the non degenerate case and...
[ { "content": "the large - scale features of the observed universe are strikingly consistent with the theoretical predictions based on the cold dark matter model \n . the combined analyses of the recent data from the observations of cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) , galaxy power spectrum and type ia supernov...
[ { "content": "this section is devoted to study the efficiency of the decision tree algorithm described in the main text . \n some results in this section are analytical and some are numerical . in all our numerical investigations ( \n unless explicitly stated otherwise ) we used the decision tree of the main te...
[ { "content": "we are concerned here with the issue of classifying documents into categories . \n more precisely , we begin with a number of categories ( e.g. , ` tennis , soccer , skiing ' ) , each already containing certain documents . our goal is to determine into which categories newly given documents ought ...
[ { "content": "the concept of `` entropy '' ( from the greek @xmath12 , transformation ) , was introduced in @xmath13 by rudolf julius emmanuel clausius in the context of thermodynamics@xcite . \n this was motivated by his studies on reversible and irreversible transformations , as a measure of the amount of ene...
[ { "content": "the study of the vortex properties in type - ii superconductors is of extreme interest both for investigating the basic physics of the superconductivity and for evaluating the quality of the materials in view of practical applications . \n many aspects of this subject are still topical , especiall...
[ { "content": "lorentz invariance is one of the foundations of the standard model of particle physics . \n the constraints on possible lorentz violating phenomenology are quite severe , see for example , the summary tables that provided by kostelecky _ \n et al_.@xcite . \n the gravitational interaction is far m...
[ { "content": "this paper presents a unified mathematical framework for probabilistic inference with statistical models , such as graphical models . \n our approach is summarized as follows : * ( a ) statistical models are algebraic varieties . \n * * ( b ) every algebraic variety can be tropicalized . * ...
[ { "content": "dust grains produce extinction and reddening of stellar light from the ultraviolet ( uv ) to the infrared ( ir ) ( draine 2003 ) . accurate determination of reddening to a star is vital for reliable derivation of its basic stellar parameters , such as effective temperature and distance . \n constr...
[ { "content": "the recently reported planet candidate around the nearby m dwarf gj 581 ( * ? ? ? * hereafter v10 ) has generated much public enthusiasm and a similar amount of skepticism within part of the scientific community @xcite . \n if confirmed , it will be the first planet potentially capable of hosting ...
[ { "content": "in biological sequence analysis , probability distributions over finite ( @xmath0-dimensional ) sequences of symbols , representing nucleotides or amino acids , play a major role . \n they specify the probability of a sequence belonging to a specified family , and are usually generated by markov c...
[ { "content": "understanding the origin of life is one of the main challenges of modern science . \n it is believed that some basic prebiotic chemistry could have developed in space , likely tranferring prebiotic molecules to the solar nebula , which were finally delivered to earth . \n studies of the chemical c...
[ { "content": "the quark model predicts the existence of heavy baryons composed of single , double and triple quarks . \n essential improvement has been achieved in heavy baryon spectroscopy in resent years . \n all baryons with a single charm quark that are predicted by the quark model have been observed in exp...
[ { "content": "the most important event of last 15 years in astrophysics is conclusion about accelerated expansion of our universe at late stage of its evolution . \n this conclusion was based on observations of luminosity distances and redshifts for the type ia supernovae @xcite , cosmic microwave background @x...
[ { "content": "our present understanding of the universe is based upon the successful hot big bang theory , which explains its evolution from the first fraction of a second to our present age , around 13 billion years later . \n this theory rests upon four strong pillars , a theoretical framework based on genera...
[ { "content": "quantum simulators , as first proposed by feynman @xcite , which are devices built to evolve according to a postulated quantum hamiltonian and thus `` compute '' its properties , are one of the hot ideas which may provide a breakthrough in many - body physics . while one must be aware of possible ...
[ { "content": "it was recently reported that over one year in a small los angeles business district , cars cruising for parking burned 47,000 gallons of gasoline and produced 730 tons of carbon dioxide @xcite . meanwhile , \n the consulting firm mckinsey recently claimed that the average car owner in paris spend...
[ { "content": "hydrodynamics is considered now as the basic part of a spatiotemporal picture of the matter evolution in the processes of ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions ( see recent reviews @xcite ) . to complete the description of _ a+a _ collision processes , hydrodynamics must be supplied with a genera...
[ { "content": "in the current paradigm for cosmological structure formation , dark halos collapse from initial gaussian density fluctuations and grow by accretion and merging in a hierarchical fashion . \n a longstanding prediction of the theory is that the subhalo ( or satellite ) population is self - similar ,...
[ { "content": "* ( a ) * a countable borel equivalence relation on a standard borel space @xmath2 is a borel equivalence relation @xmath3 with the property that every equivalence class @xmath4_e$ ] , @xmath5 , is countable . \n we denote by @xmath6 the class of countable borel equivalence relations . over the la...
[ { "content": "in the standard model of electroweak interactions all masses are generated by the higgs mechanism . as a consequence , at high temperatures a transition occurs from a massive low - temperature phase to a ` massless ' high - temperature phase , where the higgs vacuum expectation value ` evaporates ...
[ { "content": "our approach to understanding the evolution of genetic architectures combines standard models from quantitative genetics @xcite with the wright - fisher model from population genetics @xcite . in its simplest version , \n our model considers a continuous trait whose value , @xmath4 , is influenced...
[ { "content": "the question of how dense , massive groupings like the trapezium are formed has yet to find a convincing answer . \n ignoring for the moment the striking multiplicity of the system @xcite , a first - order glance at the trapezium shows the most massive stars in the cluster arranged in a central , ...
[ { "content": "supermassive black holes ( smbhs ) appear to be present in the nucleus of most , and perhaps all , nearby galaxies ( see , e.g. , reviews by @xcite and @xcite ) . \n the correlations between the masses of the smbhs and various global properties of the host galaxies suggest that evolution of smbhs ...
[ { "content": "ion - atom collisions have been an attractive subject and are of considerable interest in atomic physics due to both their importance in fundamental physics and their application in many fields , such as laboratory and astrophysical plasmas @xcite , heavy ion inertial fusion @xcite , radiation phy...
[ { "content": "the need to maintain the thermodynamic stability of the native state is an important determinant of protein evolution . \n this requirement has different effects on the various positions of the protein , depending on their structural environment . \n therefore it is crucial to consider the effect ...
[ { "content": "there is a current interest in the thermodynamics and statistical mechanics of fluctuating systems in contact with heat reservoirs and driven by external forces . \n the current focus stems from the recent possibility of direct manipulation of nano - systems and bio - molecules . \n these techniqu...
[ { "content": "pulsars are very stable natural clocks with observed steady pulses . however , many pulsars exhibit significant timing irregularities , i.e. , unpredicted arrival times of pulses . \n hobbs et al . ( 2010 , hereafter h2010 ) carried out so far the most extensive study of the long - term timing irr...
[ { "content": "extra dimensional theories @xcite have attracted considerable attention in recent years . \n various brane world models provide wide possibilities for phenomenological applications ( for review see , e.g. @xcite ) . \n however , the lack of a consistent field theory in extra dimensions compels o...
[ { "content": "weakly interacting massive particles ( wimps ) , and in particular the lightest neutralino in supersymmetric models , are a well motivated dark matter candidate @xcite . \n wimps can be detected directly , in the lab , via the elastic scattering of wimps on detector nuclei @xcite . \n experiment...
[ { "content": "distinct surface - electronic properties , potentially relevant for spintronic applications , arise from the strong spin - orbit interaction in three - dimensional topological insulators ( 3dtis ) @xcite . \n although the bulk electronic structure of these materials resembles that of standard band...
[ { "content": "the `` teleparallel '' equivalent of general relativity ( tegr ) @xcite is an equivalent formulation of classical gravity , in which instead of using the torsionless levi - civita connection one uses the curvatureless weitzenbck one . \n the dynamical objects are the four linearly independent vier...
[ { "content": "the be binary system ( associated with the radio source gt 0236 + 610 ) is remarkable for dramatic radio outbursts occurring with the 26.5 day orbital cycle ( @xcite ) , and for its possible association with the 100 mev gamma - ray source 2cg 135 + 01 ( @xcite ) . \n radio flares lasting several...
[ { "content": "in a previous article @xcite , referred to as paper i , we have established the general approach for the square gradient description of the interface between two phases in non - equilibrium mixtures . \n we considered phenomena like temperature , density and mass fraction gradients ; heat and diff...
[ { "content": "compact binary star systems are likely to be an important source of gravitational waves for the broadband laser interferometric detectors now under construction @xcite , as they are the best understood of the various types of postulated gravity wave sources in the detectable frequency band and th...
[ { "content": "the standard model of electroweak interactions predicts the existence of a phase transition inbetween a low temperature symmetry broken and a high temperature symmetric phase @xcite . \n its thermodynamic properties lead to cosmological consequences . \n one might hope that the baryon asymmetry ca...
[ { "content": "ballistic transport of particles across billiards is a field of major importance due to its fundamental properties as well as physical applications ( see for example the reviews @xcite ) . in such systems , \n a two - dimensional cavity is defined by a steplike single - particle potential where c...
[ { "content": "intermediate - mass stars , with initial masses @xmath1 , are thought to contribute significantly to the synthesis of c , n , o , and ne through the cno cycle and he burning . \n these nuclear fusion products are ejected through mass loss as the stars evolve from their agb ( asymptotic giant branc...
[ { "content": "recent advances in extragalactic astrophysics show the close link of a disk galaxy dynamical evolution and its chemical and photometric behaviour over the hubble timescale . in spite of remarkable succes of the modern theory of galaxy chemical evolution in explaining the properties of evolving gal...
[ { "content": "the waveguide structure fabricated from the two closely placed waveguides is of common use in the fiber and integrated optics . \n coupling between the waveguides is due to tunnel penetration of light from one waveguide into another waveguide @xcite . \n this coupler preserves direction of light p...
[ { "content": "the effect of a treatment on an outcome is often the main parameter of interest in many scientific fields . \n the standard approach used to estimate it is the so called average treatment effect ( ate ) , the difference between the expected values of the response s distributions under the two trea...
[ { "content": "with the rapid emergence of social networking websites , e.g. , facebook , twitter , linkedin , epinions , etc . \n , a considerable amount of attention has been devoted to investigating the underlying social mechanisms in order to enhance users experiences @xcite@xcite@xcite@xcite . \n traditiona...
[ { "content": "synchronization of nonlinear oscillators is widely studied in physical and biological systems @xcite for underlying interests ranging from novel communications strategies @xcite to understanding how large and small neural assemblies efficiently and sensitively achieve desired functional goals @...
[ { "content": "the most luminous known agn with an ionized absorber is the radio - loud lobe - dominated quasar 3c351 ( l@xmath5 erg s@xmath6 , z=0.371 , fiore et al . , 1993 ) . \n ionized absorbers are common in low redshift , low luminosity seyfert 1 galaxies ( reynolds , 1997 ) , but rare in higher redshift ...
[ { "content": "in recent years , several research groups @xcite are involved in the investigations of nanoparticle spinel oxides because of their potential applications in magnetic devices , in micro wave technology @xcite , in high density magnetic recording media @xcite , in magnetic fluids as drug carrier etc...
[ { "content": "quantifying the star formation histories of galaxies constitutes one of the major unsolved issues towards a complete understanding of galaxy formation . \n although this task is difficult , analyses of stellar populations constitute a step forward toward the achievement of this goal . in the major...
[ { "content": "the ngc 1023 group is one of the most extensively systems studied ( 300 related references are listed in the nasa / ipac extragalactic database ) . \n the first large scale study of it has been performed by @xcite . \n later on the presence of several outstanding dwarf galaxies drew the attention...
[ { "content": "the seminal work of anderson@xcite raising the possibility that disorder can lead to non - diffusive behavior ( the so called localized regime ) refocused the attention of the physics community on the problem of the propagation of waves in disordered systems . in the last two decades new theoretic...
[ { "content": "an empirical description of the milky way s present structure and formation history requires accurate and consistent age estimates for large samples of stars distributed throughout the galaxy . \n although we have recently entered an era of extensive spatial , kinematic , and chemical information ...
[ { "content": "magnetic reconnection is the physical process of breaking and rearrangement of magnetic field lines , which changes the topology of the field . \n it is one of the most fundamental processes of plasma physics and is believed to be at the core of many dynamic phenomena in laboratory experiments and...
[ { "content": "understanding the origin of the initial stellar mass function ( imf ) remains one of the most challenging issues in modern astrophysics . \n when averaged over the total volume of galaxies or whole stellar clusters , the imf is observed to follow a nearly uniform behavior which consists in an incr...
[ { "content": "whitney - graustein theorem says that two regular closed curves on the euclidean plane @xmath2 are regularly homotopic if and only if they have the same ` rotation number ' ( _ a.k.a . \n _ ` winding number')@xcite . \n smale classified regular closed curves on an arbitrary surface up to regular ...
[ { "content": "the diffuse interstellar medium ( ism ) contains gas over a wide range of densities , temperatures and ionization states \n . these can be broadly sub - divided into the molecular phase ( e.g. @xcite ) , the neutral atomic phase ( e.g. @xcite ) , and the warm and hot ionized phases ( e.g. @xcite )...
[ { "content": "the study of topological phases of matter has considerably grown in recent years and new systems have been investigated both theoretically and experimentally @xcite . \n it is now apparent that some remarkable topological features of quantum hall states can occur in a wider set of systems and thus...
[ { "content": "the galactic center is the nuclear region of the nearest spiral galaxy , milky way . \n the environment is unique in the galaxy because the region contains several peculiar objects . \n first , sagittarius a@xmath0 ( sgr a@xmath0 ) is a counter part of the galactic center black hole ( gcbh ) in th...
[ { "content": "inspired by the spectacular discoveries of oscillations of atmospheric @xcite , solar @xcite , and reactor neutrinos@xcite ( for recent reviews see @xcite ) the physics community worldwide is embarking on the next challenging problem , finding whether neutrinos are indeed majorana particles as man...
[ { "content": "humans can effortlessly and rapidly recognize surrounding objects @xcite , despite the tremendous variations in the projection of each object on the retina @xcite caused by various transformations such as changes in object position , size , pose , illumination condition and background context @...
[ { "content": "the singular value decomposition of a real @xmath0 matrix @xmath1 is a factorization of the form @xmath2 , where @xmath3 is a @xmath4 orthogonal matrix , @xmath5 is a @xmath0 rectangular diagonal matrix with non - negative real numbers on the diagonal , and @xmath6 is an @xmath7 orthogonal matrix ...
[ { "content": "the algebraic boundary of a semi - algebraic set is the smallest algebraic variety containing its boundary in the euclidean topology . for a full - dimensional polytope @xmath0 \n , it is the hyperplane arrangement associated to its facets which has been studied extensively in discrete geometry an...
[ { "content": "protostellar outflows are generally byproducts of star formation in the full range from low- to high - mass star - forming regions @xcite . here \n we focus our attention on outflows from intermediate - mass protostars of a few solar masses , with typical mass - loss rates of @xmath0 to a few @xma...
[ { "content": "thin layers of fluid on a solid substrate display surprisingly rich dynamics , due to the interplay of forces at many lengthscales @xcite . \n much progress has been achieved on the study of thin fluid film systems . \n they are mostly well characterized by the lubrication approximation of the na...
[ { "content": "h ii galaxies are dwarf emission - line galaxies undergoing a burst of star formation . \n they are characterized by strong and narrow emission lines originated in a giant star - forming region which dominate their observable properties at optical wavelengths ( e.g. @xcite ) . \n most are blue com...
[ { "content": "the nuclear structure function @xmath0 is smaller than @xmath1 times the free nucleon structure function @xmath2 for values of @xmath3 in the regime where valence quarks are dominant . \n this phenomenon , known as the european muon collaboration ( emc ) effect @xcite , has been known for almost t...
[ { "content": "the latest astronomical observations have given a substantial boost to the development of modern cosmology @xcite . \n in particular , the accelerating expansion of the universe has drawn much attention . \n the early time acceleration is widely known as _ inflation _ , while the late time acceler...
[ { "content": "gaia observations of eclipsing binary stars will be of utmost importance to advances in stellar astrophysics . for \n no other class of objects one could determine fundamental stellar parameters , i.e. absolute mass , size and surface temperature distribution with a comparable accuracy . \n solut...
[ { "content": "we are grateful to the open science grid for the computing resources . \n the author thanks dirk rischke for providing the 1 fluid hydrodynamics code . h.p . acknowledges a feodor lynen fellowship of the alexander von humboldt foundation . this work was supported in part by u.s . \n department of ...
[ { "content": "the precise determination of light quark masses , @xmath5 , from full qcd simulations is of considerable interest since the lattice provides the only known access to their absolute scale . \n we have pointed out some time ago @xcite that vacuum polarization effects have sizeable impact on extract...
[ { "content": "the steady state solution @xmath21 of ( [ e : master ] ) is found as ( setting @xmath22 from now on , for convenience ) @xmath23 \\label{e : st3}\\ ] ] where @xmath24 , and @xmath25 , the asymptotic jump rate , is fixed by normalization of @xmath26 . \n it is straightforward to show from ( [...
[ { "content": "a key ingredient in the understanding and modelling of galaxy evolution is the relationship between the large - scale star formation rate ( sfr ) and the physical conditions in the interstellar medium ( ism ) . \n most current galaxy formation and evolution models treat star formation using simple...
[ { "content": "entanglement , first recognized as the characteristic trait of quantum mechanics @xcite , has been used for a long time as the main indicator of the quantumness of correlations . indeed , as shown in ref . \n @xcite , for pure - state computation , exponential speed - up occurs only if entangleme...
[ { "content": "in 2003 damanik and lenz @xcite completely described factors of length @xmath0 of a sturmian word which occur as @xmath1 powers for every @xmath2 and @xmath3 . \n damanik and lenz prove a series of results concerning how factors of a sturmian word align to the corresponding ( finite ) standard wor...