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[ { "content": "larmor s formula of electromagnetism @xcite states that an electric charge in uniform motion does not radiate . however , there are two ways to have radiation from a charge moving with constant velocity . \n the first way is to have a particle moving in a medium with velocity exceeding the phase v...
[ { "content": "results from egret revealed a very strong link between @xmath0-ray emission in agn and core - dominated radio emission from relativistic jets , which may originate from super - massive black hole and accretion disk systems @xcite . \n recent _ fermi _ data have confirmed this @xcite . \n observati...
[ { "content": "as presented in ref . \n @xcite , a periodically - dressed bose - einstein condensate ( pdbec ) is formed of atoms of mass @xmath3 with two internal states , @xmath4 and @xmath5 , separated by an energy difference @xmath6 . these atoms are exposed continuously to two laser beams of wavevectors @xm...
[ { "content": "several theories of particle physics as well as cosmology predict the existence of at least one sub \n ev scalar , that is , spin - zero , boson @xcite . \n correspondingly , many theories of physics beyond the standard model ( sm ) can accommodate scalars with very small masses and feeble couplin...
[ { "content": "magnetohydrodynamic ( mhd ) turbulence is a key element for understanding star formation ( see * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * and references therein ) . \n in a new emerging paradigm , density perturbations produced by compressible mhd turbulence create molecular clouds and clumps within the clouds ....
[ { "content": "the huge amount of active galactic nucleus ( agn ) energy is released through accretion onto super - massive black hole ( bh ) , supposed to exist in the center of agn . \n the emission of the accretion disk is not only in the continuum , but also in the emission lines ( e.g. in fe k@xmath1 line )...
[ { "content": "it is now known that our universe is hierarchical . \n the largest virialized objects in the universe are clusters that are made of hundreds of galaxies . \n clusters have extensively been used to test structure formation models in the universe , through their abundances and correlations@xcite . \...
[ { "content": "supernovae ( sne ) are associated with the deaths of stars , in particular core - collapse supernovae ( ccsne ) are associated with the deaths of massive stars , which have initial masses greater than about 8 . \n sne are principally separated into two categories , those without hydrogen ( type i ...
[ { "content": "celestial mechanics often requires approximation techniques to compute the motion of bodies over very long times . \n giving reliable error estimates on these techniques is a very practical problem , of not simple solution . in this paper \n we apply to a typical astronomical problem the genera...
[ { "content": "let @xmath0 be an oriented smooth manifold of dimension @xmath1 , @xmath2 a semisimple lie group , @xmath3 its lie algebra , @xmath4 a principal @xmath2-bundle over @xmath0 , @xmath5 a connection 1-form on @xmath4 and @xmath6 its curvature . \n we assume that @xmath0 is a compact manifold without ...
[ { "content": "multi - component quantum condensates with novel types of inter - component interactions are of considerable interest in contemporary physics . \n for example , they are relevant to widely disparate systems , including low - dimensional spin-@xmath5 quantum antiferromagnets @xcite , bose - einste...
[ { "content": "hi 21 cm aperture synthesis observations of nearby spiral galaxies is a mature field with over three decades of history \n probably something of the order of a thousand galaxies have already been imaged . \n however observers have tended to focus on bright ( @xmath3 l@xmath6 ) galaxies with hi mas...
[ { "content": "the discovery of thousands of extrasolar planets and planet candidates in recent years ( see , e.g. , * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * and references therein and see exoplanet.org for a complete list ) , coupled with the rapidly increasing interest in the po...
[ { "content": "on the 23rd of february , 1987 , the kamiokande ii , imb , and baksan experiments observed the neutrino burst from sn1987a , which was located in the large magellanic cloud @xcite . \n this was the first detection of a supernova s neutrino burst , and it introduced a new method of investigation :...
[ { "content": "at present information on the characteristics of hadronic interactions in fragmentation region is still scarce or missing and experiments with ` roman pots ' are anticipated to improve the situation . \n some of this information , in principle , could be obtained with the use of the data on cosmic...
[ { "content": "recent observation of resonances near the open charm threshold which decay into a specific charmonium state , @xmath1 or @xmath2 , and two or even one pion with no other observed conspicuous decay channels@xcite suggests@xcite that these resonances in fact contain the specific charmonium state ` c...
[ { "content": "while the first states containing the @xmath1 quark , the @xmath2 resonances , were discovered in hadronic interactions at fermilab @xcite , the study of @xmath0 mesons for many years has been largely the province of @xmath3 colliders . with the reconstruction of large numbers of exclusive @xmath0...
[ { "content": "extradimensions are the backbone of present theoretical physics . during the last years \n , there has been a considerable interest in kaluza - klein like scenarios suggesting that our usual spacetime could be just a slice of a larger dimensional manifold . \n recent advances in string theory have...
[ { "content": "the architecture of concurrent software usually exhibits some forms of modularity . for example , concurrent algorithms are encapsulated in libraries and complex algorithms are often constructed using libraries of simpler ones . \n this lets developers benefit from ready - made libraries of concur...
[ { "content": "a _ maximal _ surface in a @xmath4dimensional lorentzian manifold is a spacelike surface with zero mean curvature . here by _ \n spacelike _ we mean that the induced metric from the ambient lorentzian metric is a riemannian metric on the surface . \n the mathematical interest of maximal surfaces r...
[ { "content": "numerically computed magnetohydrodynamic ( mhd ) equilibria are the starting point of a wide class of numerical solvers that are used to study mhd stability , transport , and heating and current drive in magnetic fusion devices @xcite . \n static mhd equilibria of toroidally axisymmetric configura...
[ { "content": "saturable absorption ( sa ) is an extreme nonlinear phenomenon that consists in the quenching of optical absorption under high - intensity illumination . \n this effect , which is an inherent property of photonic materials , constitutes a key element for passive mode - locking ( pml ) in laser cav...
[ { "content": "the interaction of ultraintense lasers with jets of molecular clusters or nanodroplets ( with typical size in the range @xmath0 nm and containing @xmath1 particles ) is a central research topic @xcite , with important applications , such as tabletop nuclear fusion for compact neutron sources @xcit...
[ { "content": "clusters of galaxies , the largest virialized systems known , provide one of the most powerful tools in studying the structure and evolution of the universe . \n clusters highlight the large scale structure of the universe @xcite ; they trace the evolution of structure with time @xcite ; they cons...
[ { "content": "in situations of practical interest , physical systems evolve in time under the action of well studied operators , one common example is provided by the diffusion processes . \n sampling of such an evolving system can be done by sensors or measurement devices that are placed at various locations a...
[ { "content": "according to standard cosmology , neutrinos are probably one of the most abundant particles of the universe . \n the universe is filled with a sea of relic neutrinos that decoupled from the rest of the matter within the first few seconds after the big bang . \n it is excessively difficult to measu...
[ { "content": "imagine a sequence of worlds in which the light quark masses are continuously varied away from their physical values . \n it has been argued that heavy nuclei will disassociate for a @xmath5 increase in the sum @xmath6 \n one can anticipate that before this happens , the deuteron will become unbou...
[ { "content": "the discovery of quark - hadron duality in electron - nucleon interactions @xcite rises a natural question if the same phenomenon can be seen also in neutrino - nucleon scattering . \n unfortunately the available data is not yet precise enough to discuss the problem on the experimental level . at ...
[ { "content": "metric theories of gravity offer the singular beauty of endowing spacetime with a symmetric , second - rank tensor field @xmath1 that couples universally to all non - gravitational fields . \n this unique operational geometry is dependent upon the validity of the einstein equivalence principle ( e...
[ { "content": "the angular momentum of gas accreting onto massive black holes in active galactic nuclei ( agn ) is likely to change with time , either as a result of mergers funneling fresh gas towards the nucleus ( hernquist & mihos 1995 ) , or because of radiation or disc wind driven warping instabilities in a...
[ { "content": "at least three of the four currently - known soft gamma repeaters are associated with slowly rotating , extremely magnetized neutron stars located within young supernova remnants ( kouveliotou et al . \n 1998 , 1999 ) . \n they are characterized by the recurrent emission of gamma - ray bursts with...
[ { "content": "recent years have witnessed the emergence of the idea of an accelerating universe and due to some observational results @xcite , it is now established that the universe is accelerating . \n this signifies a paradigm shift in cosmological research from _ expanding universe _ to _ accelerated expand...
[ { "content": "to select weak compact steep spectrum ( css ) sources from the first catalogue ( white et al . \n 1997 ) we took the following steps : 1 . from the source list based on green bank ( gb ) surveys at 21 and 6 cm ( white & becker 1992 ) we selected those lying within the limits of the very first...
[ { "content": "understanding the manner in which protostellar envelopes collapse to stellar and disk systems is an essential problem in star formation . while progress has been made in testing the predictions of the standard theory of protostellar collapse using overall spectral energy distributions ( seds ) and...
[ { "content": "there are three promising theoretical models to explain the formation of the massive stars : monolithic collapse , competitive accretion , and mergers of low mass stars ( see for a review , zinnecker & yorke 2007 ) . \n however , their relative large distances ( a few parsecs ) , the clustered for...
[ { "content": "the collapse of a dense cloud core into a star happens rapidly @xcite and therefore is rarely observed ; furthermore , most dense cores appear not to be collapsing but to be close to equilibrium ( e.g. , * ? ? ? \n if they are not sufficiently supported by gas pressure and turbulence , then a plau...
[ { "content": "0.5 cm quantum computers are actively being sought for the last couple of decades . \n basic hope being that quantum mechanics promises several features to help faster computations if quantum features are properly implemented in the hardware architecture of such computers . \n traditional architec...
[ { "content": "the final state of the gravitational collapse of a massive star is one of the challenges in classical general relativity ( gr ) @xcite . \n a significant contribution has been to show that , under reasonable initial conditions , the spacetime describing the collapse process would inevitably admit ...
[ { "content": "the phase behavior of polymer - solvent systems has important application in the industry for the production and processing of many kinds of plastic materials @xcite . \n an example is the formation of solid polystyrene foams @xcite . \n in addition , both the understanding of the equilibrium phas...
[ { "content": "very hot jupiters are gas - giant exoplanets with orbital periods less than about 3 days . the close proximity of vhjs to their host stars enhances the influence of irradiation , tidal forces , and stellar activity on their structure and evolution . \n corot-2b @xcite is a vhj of particular intere...
[ { "content": "the maser ( microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation ) was conceived based on thermodynamic considerations @xcite . in its micromaser implementation , coherent radiation is generated by inverted two - level ( rydberg ) atoms that are randomly injected into a microwave cavity on...
[ { "content": "gamma ray bursts ( grbs ) have been deeply studied in the kev \n mev energy range , but only little information in the gev range has been provided in the past decade by egret measurements . \n only 3 bursts have been detected at energies @xmath21 gev , with one photon reaching 18 gev @xcite . \n t...
[ { "content": "over the past few decades , a considerable number of studies have been performed on 3@xmath1 transition - metal oxides which have a considerably narrow 3@xmath1 band . in particular , a metal - to - insulator transition caused by a strong electron correlation@xcite ( mott transition ) as well as a...
[ { "content": "diluted magnetic semiconductors ( dms ) of iii - v or ii - vi types have been obtained by doping semiconductors with magnetic impurities ( mn for example)@xcite . \n these materials are very interesting due to their potential applications for spintronics@xcite . \n however , the low curie temperat...
[ { "content": "extragalactic jets at the parsec scale are present in numerous active galactic nuclei ( agn ; see a review by zensus 1995 ) . \n impressive progress has been made by the very large baseline interferometry ( vlbi ) , and details still closer to the central engine are expected with the advent of mil...
[ { "content": "the pepsi and sphinx programs are monte carlo event generators for longitudinally polarized deep inelastic lepton - nucleon scattering ( dis ) and longitudinally polarized high energy hadron - hadron collisions , respectively . \n they both use probabilistic methods to generate events with unit we...
[ { "content": "@xmath1-decay is the every - day reflection of weak - interaction in nuclei . as such \n , it provides an experimental window to the properties of the weak interaction at nuclear density . \n in particular , theoretical studies of @xmath1-decay rates of nuclei have argued for a suppression of the ...
[ { "content": "deep inelastic scattering ( dis ) offers the unique opportunity to study the production mechanism of heavy quarks via the strong interaction in a particularly clean environment where a point - like projectile , a virtual photon with a virtuality @xmath3 , collides with a proton . \n a first measur...
[ { "content": "m - theory is expected to unify all of our understandings on the nonperturbative effects of string theory . despite its importance , many aspects on this interesting theory await to be understood . \n one of the most mysterious facts on m - theory is the degrees of freedom of the branes . from the...
[ { "content": "in this paper , we reconsider the classical topic of the stability of visco - elastic poiseuille flow in the zero reynolds number limit . from a _ weakly nonlinear expansion _ , we find that this flow is nonlinearly unstable for high enough flow rates . the first linear stability analysis of th...
[ { "content": "we would like to thank s. pratt for providing the crab program and en - guang zhao for helpful discussions and encouragements . \n we acknowledge support by the frankfurt center for scientific computing ( csc ) . the work is supported in part by the key project of the ministry of education of chin...
[ { "content": "polymers , whether linear or branched , typically display a two phase structure in solvent with a @xmath0-transition @xcite , whose position depends on temperature and solvent composition , intervening between an extended and a collapsed phase . \n the case of linear polymers has proved amenable t...
[ { "content": "ion and photon beam irradiation are widely used to generate nanoscale surface features for a variety of applications : optoelectronic , plasmonic , magnetic , bio- and chemical sensing , and catalytic devices @xcite . \n understanding interfacial transport mechanisms under fast thermal processing ...
[ { "content": "observations of sbs1542 + 541 using the international ultraviolet explorer ( porter _ et al . \n _ unpublished ) show that there is significant continuum flux down to below @xmath19 , corresponding to @xmath20 in the rest frame . \n this made the object a good candidate for possibly observing ly@...
[ { "content": "_ ab initio _ treatments of electronic systems become unworkable for sufficiently complex systems . on the other hand , the kohn - sham formulation @xcite of density functional theory ( dft ) @xcite incorporates many - body correlations ( beyond hartree - fock ) , while only single - particle ( ...
[ { "content": "ensuring accountability for security violations is essential in a wide range of settings . \n for example , protocols for authentication and key exchange @xcite , electronic voting @xcite , auctions @xcite , and secure multiparty computation ( in the semi - honest model ) @xcite ensure desirab...
[ { "content": "the coexistence of ferromagnetism and superconductivity has received substantial attention over the years . around 1980 , \n such states were predicted@xcite and observed,@xcite and the topic later received renewed interest in the context of experimental observations in rare earth borocarbides.@xc...
[ { "content": "cooling flows in galaxy clusters , once thought to be on the order of 100 1000 m@xmath2 yr@xmath3 , are now understood to be depositing cool gas on the order of 1 10 m@xmath2 yr@xmath3 onto the central cluster galaxy ( hereafter abbreviated to ccg ; voigt @xmath4 fabian 2004 ) . \n it is now gen...
[ { "content": "suppression of radio frequency interference ( rfi ) with adaptive beamforming is widely used in radio astronomy , radar and telecommunications . the main idea behind many algorithms proposed for use in radio astronomy consists of weighting the outputs of array elements in such a way as to create z...
[ { "content": "planetary nebulae ( pne ) form around stars of low and intermediate mass ( @xmath1 m@xmath2 ) towards the end of their evolution . \n the nebula originates from the interaction between a fairly dense ( @xmath310@xmath4 m@xmath2 yr@xmath5 ) ` slow wind ' ( @xmath310 km s@xmath5 ) lost by the star...
[ { "content": "although quantum chromodynamics ( qcd ) is widely accepted as the underlying theory of strong interactions , _ ab initio _ calculations of nuclear properties in lattice qcd remain a large theoretical challenge @xcite . in nuclear physics , \n the relevant degrees of freedom are pions and nucleons...
[ { "content": "exponentially increasing demand for data rates as well as the spectrum congestion in the lower parts of the electromagnetic spectrum forces the wireless communications industry to explore systems adapted to frequencies within the so - called mmwave band @xcite . \n mobile operators are investigati...
[ { "content": "estimating covariance matrices is of fundamental importance for an abundance of statistical methodologies . nowadays \n , the advance of new technologies has brought massive high - dimensional data into various research fields , such as fmri imaging , web mining , bioinformatics , climate studies ...
[ { "content": "one of the most convenient ways to trace magnetic field is related to emission and absorption of polarized radiation by aligned dust . \n therefore aligned dust is widely used for this purpose both in diffuse interstellar medium and molecular gas . \n moreover , there is evidence of aligned dust a...
[ { "content": "thanks to the outstanding work by n. walborn and collaborators over the last 30 years , a detailed classification scheme for ob - stars of solar metallicity has been developed , based on the morphology of the line spectrum . \n for the specific case of o - type stars , an alternative scheme relyi...
[ { "content": "several studies , both observational and computational , of groups and clusters of galaxies , and of individual early - type galaxies , assume that the hot gas present in these systems is in hydrostatic equilibrium ( he ) in the overall gravitational potential . \n even though the assumption of he...
[ { "content": "in @xcite and @xcite we presented new evidence for a smaller fine structure constant , @xmath5 , in high redshift quasar absorption clouds : @xmath6 . \n this preliminary result is the weighted mean from a many - multiplet ( mm ) analysis of 128 absorption systems and represents a significant impr...
[ { "content": "jones ( 1976 ) studied the propagation of light in a moving dielectric and showed by experiment that a rotating medium induces a rotation of the polarisation of the transmitted light . player ( 1976 ) confirmed that this observation could be accounted for through an application of maxwells equatio...
[ { "content": "tev @xmath0-ray binaries are a subclass of binaries with a compact object , established in the 2000 s ( e.g. , * ? ? ? \n * for a recent review ) . \n these systems have a spectral energy distribution with a peak beyond 1 mev and are variable at multi - wavelengths up to tev energies . \n there ar...
[ { "content": "angular power spectra ( henceforth , aps ) of the galactic synchrotron polarized radiation are raising up an increasing attention in these years . \n the first study , based on the parkes 2.4 ghz survey ( duncan et al . 1997 , hereafter d97 ) , was due to tucci et al . \n ( 2000 ) , and other pape...
[ { "content": "the filament eruption is one of the most spectacular phenomena on the sun . \n previous studies have shown that filament eruptions are closely associated with magnetic flux cancellation and emergence on the photosphere @xcite , flares , and coronal mass ejections ( cmes ) , which are large - scale...
[ { "content": "experimental realization of atomic bose - einstein condensation and degenerated fermi gases , has stimulated a large interest in the physics of ultracold gases @xcite . among others , \n the issue of fluctuations in the number of condensed atoms has been a subject of intensive theoretical studies ...
[ { "content": "one of the observational arguments supporting inflation is the evidence of nearly scale - invariant primordial adiabatic fluctuations with a mostly gaussian spectrum , as shown by cobe @xcite and wmap @xcite . in its simplest realizations , adiabatic cosmological fluctuations \n are simply related...
[ { "content": "the superconducting transition in conventional superconductors is rather well described by mean field theories , essentially because in the coherence volume @xmath9 a large number of pairs is present . on the contrary , in cuprate superconductors the small coherence length @xmath10 , the reduced c...
[ { "content": "the coulomb blockade effect in circuits with small - capacitance tunnel junctions provides the means of manipulating single charge quanta ( see , for example , the review paper by averin and likharev @xcite ) . \n if periodic signals of frequency @xmath2 are applied to the gate electrodes of the c...
[ { "content": "the orthorhombic heavy fermion system ucoge , discovered in 2007 @xcite , is one of the few compounds exhibiting long range coexistence between weak itinerant ferromagnetism ( magnetic moment m@xmath1 @xcite ) and superconductivity . \n such coexistence is attested by the observation of two bulk p...
[ { "content": "coherent conversion of an atomic to a molecular bose - einstein condensate ( bec ) is a first step towards ` superchemistry ' @xcite , which is the stimulated emission of molecules in a chemical reaction . \n a number of studies of this @xcite have shown that direct conversion via raman photoassoc...
[ { "content": "in principle qcd is the fundamental theory that describes hadronic systems , but its non - perturbative character makes a direct application to hadrons difficult , with the exception of the high energy and momentum transfer regime . \n fortunately , at low @xmath2 effective field theories based on...
[ { "content": "a pulsar parallax can be combined with a measurement of the pulsar s dispersive delay ( the dispersion measure or dm ) to provide an accurate measure of the free electron density along the line of sight ( los ) . \n psr j0030 + 0451 is one of fewer than a dozen pulsars to have its parallax measure...
[ { "content": "when measuring the intensity of optical radiation , the registered signal is inevitably burdened with photon ( poisson ) noise , and the statistics concerning the received signal differ from those of incident radiation . \n this noise is not additive and in the case of fluctuating incident radiati...
[ { "content": "there has been significant recent work on vlasov - maxwell ( vm ) equilibria that are consistent with nonlinear force - free @xcite and ` nearly force - free ' @xcite magnetic fields in cartesian geometry . \n therein , force - free refers to a magnetic field for which the associated current densi...
[ { "content": "coronal ( or x - ray ) jets are collimated , transient eruptions of hot plasma observed predominantly in coronal holes and at the periphery of active regions , driven by flux emergence or cancellation ( e.g. , * ? ? ? \n `` standard jets '' are launched by reconnection between open magnetic fields...
[ { "content": "the recent advance in submicron technology enables fabrication of truly one dimensional ( 1d ) quantum wires . \n the electron liquids in these systems are usually described in terms of the tomonaga \n luttinger ( tl ) model@xcite . \n edge states in a two dimensional electron gas , under condit...
[ { "content": "recent observations of the corona with the lasco coronagraph @xcite on board of the soho spacecraft showed that the corona can be highly structured even during the solar activity minimum . \n the observations revealed a triple structure of the streamer belt which was existent for several consecuti...
[ { "content": "chromospheric filaments ( prominences at the limb ) are one of the major features characterizing the solar activity in low solar atmosphere ( chromosphere and low corona ) . \n filament eruptions are at the core of many solar - terrestrial effects or space weather . \n the filaments are formed alo...
[ { "content": "hopf algebras were introduced in the 1950 s from three different perspectives : algebraic groups in positive characteristic , cohomology rings of lie groups , and group objects in the category of von neumann algebras . \n the study of non - commutative non - cocommutative hopf algebras started in ...
[ { "content": "it has been proven , beginning in the early 1960 s @xcite , that there always exist states with negative energy density in quantum field theory . \n some specific examples include the casimir effect @xcite and squeezed states @xcite , both of which have been experimentally realized . \n ( although...
[ { "content": "in the absence of external forcing the fluid can not maintain its steady state because of the continous dissipation of energy . \n the decay of kinetic energy in incompressible fluid turbulence has been explored in several studies ( see , e.g. , @xcite ) . \n these studies , principally numerical ...
[ { "content": "the minimal supersymmetric standard model ( mssm ) is a promising extension of the standard model of particle physics ( sm ) @xcite . at the international linear collider ( ilc ) \n @xcite , the masses , decay widths , couplings , and spins of the new susy particles can be measured with high prec...
[ { "content": "the detection of temperature anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) provided evidence that large - scale structure formation in the universe was seeded by small density fluctuations generated at early times . \n the statistical properties of these seeds are usually modelled with a...
[ { "content": "transporting biological molecules in living cells plays a key role in biochemical interactions , transmembrane signaling , and efficient reactions . in single - particle tracking ( spt ) , \n the motion of proteins or lipids is tracked to determine directly the diffusivity and to understand the bi...
[ { "content": "one of the main goal of the study of relativistic heavy ion collisions is to study the deconfined matter , known as quark - gluon plasma(qgp ) , which is expected to form at large densities . \n it has been suggested that the transition from hadronic to qgp state can be treated by percolation theo...
[ { "content": "first experimental studies of electron transport through single molecules attached to metal contacts by using a scanning tunnelling microscope ( stm ) or mechanically controlled break junction techniques @xcite , also triggered considerable theoretical activity in this field since the beginning o...
[ { "content": "the physical vacuum is a complicated condensed matter @xcite . at the moment we know only the low - energy properties of this substance , i.e. the properties at energies much smaller than the planck energy scale , @xmath1 , where @xmath2 is newton s constant . \n we know that at the low - energy e...
[ { "content": "ever since _ uhuru _ @xcite , x - ray astronomy missions have had a tradition of publishing catalogs of detected x - ray sources , and these catalogs have provided the fundamental datasets used by numerous studies aimed at characterizing the properties of the x - ray sky . while source catalogs ar...
[ { "content": "adaptation is fundamental to all organisms for their survival and evolutionary success in a changing environment . \n in the course of evolution , living systems have gradually attained and developed more active and efficient strategies for adaptation , which generally accompany more effective use...
[ { "content": "measurements of the gas temperature in clusters of galaxies is a potentially powerful tool for testing cosmological models since the gas temperature provides a direct measurement of the cluster mass . \n the cluster mass function is directly traceable to the underlying cosmology and can be used to...
[ { "content": "transition - edge sensor ( tes ) detectors are showing great promise as fast bolometer arrays in astronomical applications from the sub - millimeter through the x - rays ( wollman , _ \n et al._2000 ) . in the near - ir / optical / uv \n range these devices offer good broad - band quantum efficie...
[ { "content": "nuclear - polarized @xmath0he has proven to be useful in a number of different areas of research . in electron scattering , polarized @xmath0he provides a means for studying spin - dependent interactions involving neutrons . \n this is because , to first approximation , a @xmath0he nucleus is comp...
[ { "content": "during the last decade , gamma - ray burst classification has emerged as a promising tool to understand these events . in the pre - batse data , \n there were indications of a bimodality in the temporal durations of non - repeating bursts @xcite , as well as a modest correlation of duration with s...