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[ { "content": "the self - gravitating gas in thermal equilibrium has been thoroughly studied since many years@xcite . as a consequence of the long range attractive newton force \n , the selfgravitating gas admits a consistent thermodynamic limit @xmath4 with @xmath7 fixed . in this limit , extensive thermodynami...
[ { "content": "core - collapse supernovae ( sne ) are triggered by massive stars at the end of their lives . \n thanks to the high luminosity , sne can be detected in distant galaxies . by measuring the cosmic occurrence rate of core - collapse sne , one can study the overall formation rate of the massive star p...
[ { "content": "the science of networks is a modern discipline spanning the natural , social and computer sciences , as well as engineering @xcite . \n networks , or graphs , consist of _ vertices _ and _ edges_. an edge typically connects a pair of vertices . \n networks occur in an huge variety of contexts . \...
[ { "content": "classical statistical theory grants validity of statistical tests and confidence intervals assuming a wall of separation between the selection of a model and the analysis of the data being modeled . in practice , this separation rarely exists , and more often a model is `` found '' by a data - dri...
[ { "content": "the study of non - zero degree maps between closed , oriented manifolds has become very active over the last few decades @xcite . \n the existence of a non - zero degree map , @xmath1 , defines a transitive relation on the set of homotopy types of closed , oriented manifolds . \n whenever such a ...
[ { "content": "fourier - transform infrared ( ftir ) spectroscopy is a widely utilized method to investigate the optical response of gasses , liquids and solids @xcite . in general , \n steady - state properties are measured , however , numerous approaches have been developed over the years to explore time - dep...
[ { "content": "chirality in nuclear physics relates to features of nuclear hamiltonian in the context of time reversal symmetry . \n the phenomenon of explicit time - reversal symmetry breaking comes up through already well known cabibbo - kobayashi - maskawa matrix of the standard model . \n the ckm matrix , in...
[ { "content": "in the understanding of cancer development , mathematical modeling and numerical simulations have nowadays complemented experimental and clinical observations . \n the field is now mature ; books and surveys are available , as for example @xcite . \n a first class of models , initiated in the 70 s...
[ { "content": "the two magellanic clouds have larger number density of high mass x - ray binaries ( hmxb ) compared to our galaxy . \n the small magellanic cloud ( smc ) with a mass of about 1% of our galaxy has a total of about 70 hmxbs and hmxb candidates , almost comparable to that in our galaxy ( haberl & sa...
[ { "content": "nanoplasmonics continues to receive substantial interest from various fields of research including biology @xcite , chemistry @xcite and physics @xcite , with applications ranging from renewable energy technology @xcite to homeland security by the sensitive identification of explosive material...
[ { "content": "a polygonal domains @xmath4 with @xmath1 corners and @xmath5 holes is a polygonal region of genus @xmath5 whose boundary consists of @xmath1 line segments . the holes and the outer boundary of @xmath4 are regarded as _ \n obstacles_. then , the geodesic distance between any two points @xmath6 in a...
[ { "content": "beautiful stellar disks only come to be with the accretion of gaseous clouds of star formation fuel . \n there are several reasons why this fuel is thought to be gradually accreted from a galaxy s halo . \n the first is that halo gas exists around our galaxy and other spiral galaxies ( e.g. , oort...
[ { "content": "powerful classical double - lobed radio galaxies are ( at low redshifts ) hosted almost exclusively by luminous early - type galaxies . \n these galaxies are usually elliptical galaxies . given that normal elliptical galaxies usually exhibit undetectable quantities of cool ( neutral ) gas , what f...
[ { "content": "one of the possible solutions to the hierarchy problem , is a class of models in which extra spatial dimensions @xcite give rise to strong gravity due to the fact that in @xmath0 dimensions the fundamental planck mass ( md ) can be as low as few tev . \n the most significant consequence of the low...
[ { "content": "unconventional superconductivity in heavy fermion metals often develops in the vicinity of antiferromagnetic ( af ) order@xcite . \n its understanding is intimately connected with that of the af quantum critical points ( qcps ) @xcite . \n traditional descriptions of heavy fermion quantum critical...
[ { "content": "pairs of closely stacked quantum dots ( qds ) coupled via inter - band dipole moments @xcite ( double quantum dots , dqds ) or by tunneling resulting from carrier wave function overlap and coulomb correlations @xcite ( quantum dot molecules , qdms ) attract much attention due to the richness of th...
[ { "content": "this paper gives an overview of the neutrino physics possibilities at a future muon storage ring , which can be either a muon collider ring or a ring dedicated to neutrino physics that uses muon collider technology to store large muon currents . \n it summarizes a previous more detailed descriptio...
[ { "content": "let @xmath0 be a closed surface of genus @xmath1 and let @xmath2 be the riemannian metric on @xmath0 . denote by @xmath3 the laplace - beltrami operator on @xmath0 , and by @xmath4 the smallest positive eigenvalue of the laplacian . let the area @xmath5 be fixed . \n how large can @xmath4 be on su...
[ { "content": "agn are observed to be copious x - ray emitters . \n these x - rays are thought to originate from the innermost regions of an accretion disk around a central supermassive black hole . \n since the accretion disk itself is expected to be an optical / uv emitter , the most likely mechanism producing...
[ { "content": "dwarf elliptical galaxies ( des ) are the most common galaxy type by number in the local universe , dominating the galaxy luminosity function of nearby clusters . yet \n these galaxies remain among the most poorly studied galaxies due to their faint luminosities , @xmath5 , and characteristic low ...
[ { "content": "we study the dynamics of two - color beams in a nonlinear isotropic medium . \n we take the initial conditions to be a one - color beam with gaussian profile . with a cubic ( @xmath0 ) nonlinearity , which is the lowest order possible in an isotropic medium , the possible nonlinearities are thg , ...
[ { "content": "[ sec : intro ] the formation and nature of the first generation of so - called population iii ( pop iii ) stars have been studied and speculated about for over thirty years ( schwarzschild & spitzer 1953 ; yoneyama 1972 ; hartquist & cameron 1977 ; palla , salpeter & stahler 1983 ; silk 1983 ;...
[ { "content": "we consider the existence of solutions of the following nonhomogeneous problem @xmath6 where the energy functional is defined by @xmath7 the nonlinearity is given by a function @xmath3 of _ double power _ type that is an even function @xmath8 with @xmath9 satisfying the following requirem...
[ { "content": "the question of how accretion onto a black hole occurs has been of great and ongoing interest . \n observations of accreting sources provide a test of astrophysics in the strong gravity regime and will potentially yield a signature of the presence of an event horizon around black holes . \n recent...
[ { "content": "any theory of low - mass star formation should not only be able to make predictions for one characteristic stage such as the core mass spectrum in molecular clouds or the initial mass function of emerging stars - but also relate those through both pre- and protostellar stages . a number of the ver...
[ { "content": "the difference of two trajectories starting from infinitesimally nearby initial conditions , which is called the lyapunov vector , plays an essential role in the description of stability or instability in dynamical systems . \n the exponential rate of expansion or contraction of the absolute value...
[ { "content": "some galaxies are known to emit radiation with extremely high luminosities in the @xmath4-ray , x - ray , uv and radio continuum from a very concentrated volume in the nuclear region . \n such active cores are the so - called active galactic nuclei ( agn ) and their radiation is believed to be pro...
[ { "content": "starting from the pioneering works of edwards @xcite , statistical studies of winding properties of topologically constrained random processes have been a subject of keen interest in various contexts such as in the physics of polymers @xcite , the fluxlines in superconductors @xcite and many other...
[ { "content": "this investigation forms part of a long term project aimed at understanding the nearby spiral structure in the third galactic quadrant of the milky way ( hereinafter tgq ) from an optical point of view by means of open clusters . \n the still unresolved question about the grand design structure of...
[ { "content": "the role of neutrinos in primordial nucleosynthesis has been exploited to infer constraints on the number of leptons and light neutrinos in the standard model of particle physics @xcite . \n complimentary to this , the width of the @xmath5 was found to allow only three light weakly - coupled neutr...
[ { "content": "in a recent paper [ 28 ] , we proved existence and multiplicity results for non - linear second - order periodic systems driven by the one - dimensional @xmath0-laplacian and having a non - smooth potential . \n our results there extended to the recent works of tang [ 31,32 ] , who examined semili...
[ { "content": "the mechanism of exclusive production of mesons at high energies became recently a very active field of research ( see e.g. ref . \n @xcite and references therein ) . \n central exclusive production processes represent a very promising and novel way to study qcd in hadron - hadron collisions . \n ...
[ { "content": "the shrinking size of spintronics devices and the need for efficient and scalable methods for their manipulation has led to enhanced interest in spin - torque effects of electrical current on the magnetic configuration of nanostructures . \n the study in this direction has focused so far on effect...
[ { "content": "superradiance @xcite is a coherent and collective radiation from a multi - atom system . \n the radiation intensity is proportional to the square of particle number along with a shorter time variation , which conserves radiation energy . \n this collective radiation originates from a common light ...
[ { "content": "what counts as a successful theory in computer science ? consider obvious exemplars such as * process calculi * type systems * model - checking it is not the case that there is a single agreed model , notation , formalism , tool or language in any of the above areas . \n in fact there are a ...
[ { "content": "transiting planets provide a wealth of information about exoplanetary systems . \n short - term variations in the mid - eclipse times of the transits may reveal the presence of moons , trojans or other planets ( ( * ? ? ? \n * holman & murray 2005 ) , ( * ? ? ? \n * agol 2005 ) , ( * ? ? ? \n * fo...
[ { "content": "in this work we study the long term behavior of continuous time markov processes whose states assign either @xmath0 or @xmath1 ( usually called a spin value ) to each vertex @xmath5 in a graph @xmath2 . \n the graphs @xmath2 we consider are related to homogeneous trees of degree @xmath6 and includ...
[ { "content": "the spectroscopic studies to determine form factors of the @xmath15 semi - leptonic decays , @xmath16 ( @xmath17 ) , are of importance both in studying low energy properties of the strong interaction in terms of effective theories @xcite , and also in studying fundamental interactions . in our pr...
[ { "content": "ams-02 2014 measurements of cosmic rays ( cr ) leptons @xcite , which have confirmed the rise of the positron fraction for kinetic energy above @xmath3 , up to @xmath4 , have stimulated different interpretations of this excess of positrons as primary evidence of dark matter ( dm ) annihilation . \...
[ { "content": "granular matter is a generic name given to a system composed of macroscopic , athermal particles that have mutual repulsive , dissipative interactions @xcite . \n it is an intensely studied field in the physics community given the several distinct behaviors shown by such systems as a consequence o...
[ { "content": "with the mosaic ccd imager on the 0.92 m telescope at kpno , we are able to cover an 1@xmath1 field in a single observation , and reach limiting fluxes corresponding to star formation rates ( sfrs ) of about 0.1 m@xmath2/yr for extended galaxies and @xmath30.01 m@xmath2/yr for compact emission - l...
[ { "content": "the adsorption of polymers on flat and homogeneous attractive surfaces has been the subject of many investigations , see e.g. @xcite , but naturally occurring surfaces usually are rough and/or energetically inhomogeneous , the heterogeneity leading to an enhancement of adsorption under quite gene...
[ { "content": "in the spectra of @xmath0ca , the existence of low - lying deformed states has long been known since 1960s@xcite . \n the coexistence of the spherical and various deformed states in the doubly magic nuclei @xmath0ca has attracted a great interest . in the positive parity states below 7 mev , besid...
[ { "content": "understanding the structure and kinematics of spiral galaxies , in particular explaining their rotation curves at large galactic radii , remains one of the pressing open questions in astrophysics . \n optical observations of galactic rotation curves find that rather than falling off as one would e...
[ { "content": "accretion onto supermassive black holes ( smbhs ) , and the corresponding release of gravitational potential energy , power active galactic nuclei ( agn ) . \n this process requires that a significant amount of matter in the interstellar medium of a galaxy experience a loss of angular momentum suf...
[ { "content": "in the past few years , social media services as well as the users who subscribe to them , have grown at a phenomenal rate . \n this immense growth has been witnessed all over the world with millions of people of different backgrounds using these services on a daily basis to communicate , create a...
[ { "content": "figure 1 illustrates the sliding geometry of graphene layers in blg . \n when the sliding vector @xmath2 is along @xmath3 , the blg gradually transforms from its pristine form of ab - stacking ( designated as ab - blg ) to aa - stacking ( @xmath4 ) in which all carbon atoms are right on top of eac...
[ { "content": "there are various reasons to suspect that baryon number is not a good symmetry of nature : ( i ) first is that nonperturbative effects of the standard model lead to @xmath6 , while keeping @xmath7 @xcite ; ( ii ) understanding the origin of matter in the universe requires @xmath8 @xcite and ( iii ...
[ { "content": "it is widely believed , as suggested by a host of independent cosmological and astrophysical observations , that the most part of the matter in the universe is not visible , revealing its existence only through gravitational effects . \n in particular , data on the rotational curves of galaxies in...
[ { "content": "exotic pentaquark baryons has been a hot issue , since the leps collaboration @xcite announced the new finding of the @xmath7 baryon @xmath8 which was soon confirmed by a number of other experiments @xcite , together with an observation of exotic @xmath9 states by the na49 experiment at cern @xc...
[ { "content": "clusters of galaxies distort the images of background galaxies due to the gravitational lensing effect . \n the statistics of such lensed arcs have been recognized as a powerful probe of the density profile of lens clusters @xcite . in particular , combined statistics of tangential and radial arcs...
[ { "content": "neutrinos are very intriguing objects in particle physics . \n they interact very weakly and their masses are much smaller than those of the other fundamental fermions ( charged leptons and quarks ) . in the standard model ( sm ) , neutrinos are massless and have only weak interactions . \n howeve...
[ { "content": "the interaction of charged particles with matter has been a subject of extensive research over many decades . \n these studies provide information for many technological applications such as nuclear safety , applied material science , medical physics and fusion and fission applications @xcite . ...
[ { "content": "recently , in a very interesting paper , zheng _ et al . , _ @xcite have studied the collective directed transport of symmetrically coupled lattices in symmetric periodic potentials . \n they show that under the action of an external wave , that breaks the spatiotemporal symmetry and introduces in...
[ { "content": "wireless communications are inherently insecure , due to the broadcast nature of the medium , which makes security a pivotal design issue in the implementation and operation of current and future wireless networks . compared to the traditional key - based cryptographic techniques that are applied ...
[ { "content": "the war ended on august 15 , 1945 . \n although large areas of tokyo had been reduced to ashes by the intense bombing , tokyo imperial university ( todai ) was luckily spared from destruction . \n however , life in the tokyo area had become very difficult , because of the extreme shortage of housi...
[ { "content": "comet nuclei formed beyond the protoplanetary disk frost line ( heliocentric distances , @xmath4 5 au ; * ? ? ? \n * ) , among the giant planets and were scattered into the kuiper belt and beyond into the oort cloud ( oc ) . since their formation \n , the interiors and surfaces of most comets hav...
[ { "content": "thermoelectric ( te ) materials have huge potential for power generation , heat pumping , and refrigeration . however , their practical application is restricted because of the low performance of the te devices compared to traditional fossil fuel power generators and compressor - based refrigerato...
[ { "content": "this research was supported in part by the u.s . \n department of energy under grants no . da - ac02 - 76-er02289 task b and no . \n de - fg02 - 95er40896 and in part by the university of wisconsin research committee with funds granted by the wisconsin alumni research foundation . \n the research...
[ { "content": "the study of oxide heterostructures is rapidly developing into one of the most promising areas of research in strongly correlated electronic systems . \n the current excitement in this field was in part triggered by the recent discovery of conducting interfaces , with a substantial high carrier mo...
[ { "content": "the disorder induced metal - insulator transition , a genuine quantum phase transition is one of the most studied phenomena of condensed matter physics since the seminal paper published over five decades ago . @xcite according to the original problem , the hamiltonian @xmath7 describes the behavi...
[ { "content": "the topic of parity - time ( @xmath9 ) symmetry and its relevance for physical applications on the one hand , as well as its mathematical structure on the other , have drawn considerable attention from both the physics and the mathematics community . \n originally the proposal of bender and his co...
[ { "content": "after the discovery of the higgs boson , the atlas @xcite and cms @xcite collaborations have continued searching for new exotic particles , such as the randall - sundrum spin-2 boson or new heavy scalar particles @xcite . \n particularly , atlas collaboration is carrying out searches for new sc...
[ { "content": "intermittency has been observed in a variety of real settings as well in a vast number of numerical models \n . a great deal of effort has therefore gone into understanding these modes of behaviour in the context of deterministic dynamical systems theory . \n these studies have demonstrated the ex...
[ { "content": "single quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy are one of the most promising sources of non - classical light due to their stable and sharp emission lines and easy integration on a chip via the mature iii - v semiconductor fabrication technology . in particular , inas quantum dots emitting at...
[ { "content": "one major task in the theory of dynamics is to establish some kind of dynamic irreducibility of a system . of principal interest \n are the systems that display some kind of persistent irreducibility . \n the two main examples of this concept are robust transitivity and stable ergodicity . \n blen...
[ { "content": "in this work we are concerned with identifiability in a particular kind of blind source separation ( bss ) motivated by different applications in digital communication ( see e.g.,@xcite ) , but also in cancer genetics ( see e.g.,@xcite ) . a prominent example is the separation of a mixture of audi...
[ { "content": "since the first options on stocks appeared in an organized exchange ( the cboe ) in 1973 there has been a continuous growth in worldwide option markets . \n this growth is not only apparent in the increasing volumes of options traded in organized and otc markets but also in the never ending produc...
[ { "content": "we are grateful to v. kartvelishvili for useful discussions . \n this work was supported by the epsrc and pparc . \n 999 m. a. shifman , a. i. vainshtein and v. i. zakharov , nucl . \n * b147 * ( 1979 ) 385 , 448 . l. j. reinders , h. rubinstein and s. yazaki , phys . \n reports * 127 * ( 1985 ) 1...
[ { "content": "what is the intrinsic connection between correlated random variables ? how much interaction is necessary to create correlation ? \n many fruitful efforts have been made to quantify correlation between two random variables . \n each quantity is justified by the operational questions that it answers...
[ { "content": "the concept of an eccentric , `` precessing '' disk was a crucial ingredient of the tidal - thermal instability model of superoutbursts proposed by osaki ( 1996 , 2005 and references therein ) . \n results of recent analysis of superoutbursts of z cha ( smak 2007 , 2008a ) definitely show , howeve...
[ { "content": "the exploration of cp violation and determination of the cabibbo - kobayashi - maskawa ( ckm ) matrix elements motivate extensive interests of b meson decay . from another point of view \n , b decays provide a good place to study the fruitful dynamics of qcd . up to now \n , we have not a truly su...
[ { "content": "one of the most fascinating arenas for testing general relativity in the neighborhood of a real astrophysical black hole is undoubtedly represented by sgr a * , the massive black hole ( mbh ) at the center of our galaxy , whose existence has been now strongly proven by the combination of radio , s...
[ { "content": "the first two molecular states @xmath0 and @xmath1 are the isosinglet and the isotriplet states of the @xmath7@xmath8 bound system@xcite . \n this binding requires a quark - spin hyperfine interaction in the over all @xmath9 @xmath9 @xmath10 @xmath10 system . \n we will see that this binding is di...
[ { "content": "the transient turn - on dynamics of lasers is a topic which has received a considerable amount of attention over the years ( cf . \n , e.g. , @xcite ) , not only for the fundamental understanding of its evolution but also , and especially , for the importance that it represents in data encoding i...
[ { "content": "the interplay between mechanical and electronic effects in carbon nanostructures has been studied for a long time ( e.g. , @xcite ) . \n the mechanics in those studies invariably enters within the context of continuum elasticity . \n one of the most interesting predictions of the theory is the cre...
[ { "content": "the theory of polymers near surfaces is a very important subject for theoretical investigation . \n the main reason is the very broad and deep theoretical research possible for these types of systems . \n modern theories have been developed and brought to a very high standard @xcite . \n on the ot...
[ { "content": "in the framework of loop quantum cosmology ( lqc)@xcite one can introduce phenomenological hamiltonian @xcite @xmath4 ^ 2 \\nonumber \\\\ & + & \\frac{1}{2 } \\frac { \\pi_{\\phi}^2 } { { |p|}^{3/2 } } + { |p|}^{3/2}v(\\phi ) . \\label{model}\\end{aligned}\\ ] ] here effects of the quantum hol...
[ { "content": "facial expressions are a primary modality to understand the emotional status of an individual . \n the expression provides a useful contextual clue for social communication @xcite . \n however , individuals do not always clearly reveal their facial expressions . \n when an individual reveals an a...
[ { "content": "condensates of resonantly pumped exciton - polaritons in semiconductor microcavities constitute a novel and exciting system for the study of fundamental physical properties of superfluids out of equilibrium @xcite , and for future device applications @xcite . being quantum superpositions of ligh...
[ { "content": "let @xmath0 be a closed surface and @xmath1 be a riemannian metric on @xmath0 . \n then the laplace - beltrami operator @xmath2 acts on the space of smooth functions on @xmath0 by the formula @xmath3 it is known that the spectrum of @xmath2 is discrete and consists only of eigenvalues . \n moreove...
[ { "content": "object tracking plays a crucial role for successful implementation of various kinds of vision applications such as surveillance , human robot interaction , activity recognition , navigation of intelligent vehicles , and the like . to ensure robust performance \n , object tracking almost always str...
[ { "content": "a natural way to investigate dynamical chiral symmetry breaking is via considering the spectral difference of chiral partners . in @xcite , chiral partner sum rules for heavy - light quark mesons in the spin 0 and spin 1 channels \n have been presented . for heavy - light quark mesons , \n a cruci...
[ { "content": "amorphous magnetic wires are of interest for their actual and potential use , e. g. in sensors @xcite . as it is almost usual in micromagnetism , their properties depend on the technique of sample preparation and thermal treatment . then , they are a good subject for computational science . the pr...
[ { "content": "in this note we consider the continuum limit of a field theory defined in a large box of size @xmath0 . in the limit @xmath1 , all discrete states apart from bound states become continuum states . according to most textbooks , quantum field theory \n is supposed to be well understood in this limit...
[ { "content": "the analysis of intensity ratios of collisionally excited lines ( cels ) is the standard method for deriving ionic abundances in ionized nebulae . \n almost all the available determinations of the gas - phase galactic abundance gradients from regions observations are based on this kind of analysis...
[ { "content": "rydberg - rydberg interactions are very interesting for use in mesoscopic quantum manipulations . \n the extremely strong interactions between two rydberg atoms have been proposed to entangle large numbers of atoms in a non - trivial manner using the phenomenon of blockade @xcite . when a mesoscop...
[ { "content": "how can one best bound the complexity of an algebraic set in terms of the complexity of its defining polynomials ? over the complex numbers ( or any algebraically closed field ) , bzout s theorem @xcite bounds the number of roots , for a system of multivariate polynomials , in terms of the degrees...
[ { "content": "quantum transport in low - dimensional systems has been a topic of interest within the past few decades due to its potential applicability in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology . \n exploitation of the spin degree of freedom adds a possibility of integrating memory and logic into a single...
[ { "content": "quantum fourier transform is the most important tool of quantum computation @xcite , and one of the algorithms which can bring about exponential speedup . \n shor s algorithm , hidden subgroup problem and solving systems of linear equations all make use of quantum fourier transform @xcite . \n qua...
[ { "content": "thin sheets with repetitive metallic inclusions or exclusions have been used extensively in the past in antenna applications to control the properties of reflected or transmitted power , e.g. its direction , phase , or polarization @xcite . \n such surfaces have received increasing attention latel...
[ { "content": "a nanopore is simply a hole of small size in an impermeable membrane separating two regions containing an electrolytic buffer . \n a size range of 1100 nm is fairly typical . \n living cells and intracellular organelles are usually bounded by lipid membranes containing nanopores constructed of mem...
[ { "content": "quantum chromodynamics ( qcd ) is generally accepted as the underlying theory of the strong interaction . at low energies relevant to nuclear physics , \n however , nucleons and mesons are convenient and efficient degrees of freedom . in particular , \n relativistic field theories of hadrons , cal...
[ { "content": "we denote by @xmath25 the poset of all the set partitions of @xmath18 $ ] ordered by refinement , that is , define @xmath26 if every block of @xmath27 is contained in a block of @xmath28 . \n let @xmath29 be the minimal element of @xmath25 , i.e. , @xmath30 . \n consider an interval @xmath31 $ ] i...
[ { "content": "cosmic objects emit in diverse electromagnetic wavelengths from radio to @xmath0-rays . some of them ( e.g. , stars ) are luminous primarily in a narrow wavelength range , while others ( e.g. , active galactic nuclei ) emit in a broad energy spectrum . \n it is , therefore , essential to observe a...
[ { "content": "magnetic tunnel junctions ( mtj s ) consisting of two ferromagnetic layers separated by the insulating spacer exhibit the tunneling magnetoresistance effect ( tmr ) when they are switched by applying a magnetic field from the antiparallel to parallel alignment of magnetizations in magnetic layers ...
[ { "content": "simplification leading to understanding of essential features of physical systems is one of the leading principles in theoretical physics . \n finding simple solutions to seemingly complicated models is one of the ways to approach this goal . in quantum physics \n the complexity of a system grows ...
[ { "content": "if @xmath8 is a measure on @xmath9 ( or , more generally , on a metric space ) , the _ local dimension _ of @xmath8 at @xmath10 is defined as @xmath11 provided the limit exists . \n ( here , and throughout the paper , @xmath12 denotes the open ball of center @xmath10 and radius @xmath13 . ) for ma...
[ { "content": "to conclude , we present the main results of the paper . a bijective map : @xmath4 operators in @xmath5 matrix @xmath6 is constructed and associated with a star - product formalism . for @xmath1 these operators to form a basis in @xmath7 , conditions on matrix @xmath8 are derived . classificati...
[ { "content": "the existence of homo and heteroclinic cycles in systems with symmetry is no longer a surprising feature . \n there are several examples of cycles arising in differential equations symmetric under the action of a specific compact lie group . \n several definitions of heteroclinic cycles and networ...