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What have you accomplished recently that makes you proud
Has someone done something nice for you recently Have you had the opportunity to
help someone else
What are commonplace things you can appreciate right now
As you write allow the gratitude to permeate your body Make an effort to remember what
that feels like and how it affects the bodily systems we have been discussing in this book
thus far Remember this feeling take a mental snapshot of it so you can recall it whenever
you want
As a few examples you may find yourself grateful for the earth the moon the stars the
sun the ocean rain animals pets friends your talents skills and unique qualities setbacks
that have made you stronger your senses fond memories your favorite songs movies or
shows foods the marvel of electricity the worlds food supply and all the kind souls out there
feel especially grateful for the generations of people who made sacrifices for the rights and
freedoms we enjoy today as well as those who made the innovations that resulted in our
modern technology and our extensive knowledge base
Raise Your Serotonin through Cooperation and Creating Value
In primates domination of others is not the only way up Brute physical strength and fighting
prowess are only partial factors in determining status relationships Social bonds friendships
past feats and examples of helping others count as well Most primates will support or even
fight for those that helped them in the past This is why an open conflict between two primates
is usually decided by who has the most allies
It is also important to note that dominance does not equal influence The dominant ape is
often not the most liked or even the most influential politically Dominant primates have
PROGRAM PEACE Self Care Exercises to Reprogram Your Mind and Body
fighting prowess boldness and a characteristic that ecologists call resource holding potentia
But this does not necessarily make them trusted or revered In fact the oldest group members
not the alpha are usually the most influential Apes will approach influential members to
moderate spats make decisions or seek comfort
Dominant individuals are fit to be revered to the extent that they serve the interests of
those that revere them If you want to be justified in being calm and nonsubmissive you must
promote positivity in the lives of those that allow you to remain so Thus the next time you
notice an urge to belittle someone remember that bonding with them instead will provide a
larger more sustainable neurochemical boost to happiness and esteem
Because our biological past also rewards camaraderie teamwork and solidarity with a
boost of serotonin there are many healthy ways to get an ego boost from others without
bringing them down Its our job to think creatively about positive ways to interact with others
rather than being destructive
It is usually the youngest and most immature of adult primates that are preoccupied with
establishing dominance Senior group members are less nervous greeting each other and are
more concerned with confirming partnership and cooperation than securing dominance We
love people who cooperate reinforce our confidence and raise our status Consequently if you
want to be loved and held in high regard then work on raising other peoples status in their
own eyes as well as in the eyes of others Offer valid and specific compliments help them argue
their point align your goals with theirs stand up for them laugh at their jokes and beam
zygomatic smiles at them
The higher a chimps rank the more likely it is to support inferior parties during disputes
High levels of serotonin cause us to have compassion for and side with the underdog
Dominant apes routinely break up fights usually intervening on the side of the weaker party
They especially defend the young the wounded and the old In many primates the alpha male
and female play a control role where they mediate equitably restoring peace and security
Interestingly it has been found that the most dominant schoolchildren tend to intervene in
playground fights protect losers and share more with classmates It appears to be some form
of natural noblesse oblige that we lose sight of as adults
Monkeys choose to share with one another frequently both in the wild and in captivity
However they do not share out of fear of reprisal We know this because the most dominant
monkeys are the most generous which is part of what earns them their increased status The
best way for lowstatus individuals to improve their status is to prove their value to the group
Similarly humans gain status by developing a skill that benefits the community This is why we
should be useful rather than pretentious and entitled Dont be the person working on their
wardrobe biceps or tan Instead be the person people go to for help with their problems
Dont focus on status threats Focus instead on expanding your influence and significance to
your community Gain status not from physicality offensives and violations but collaboration
contribution and earned esteem
Serotonin Inhibits Fear and Aggression
Serotonin makes many animals from a range of different taxonomic groups less fearful in
response to perceived threats Much of this is due to its actions at the amygdala the brains
fear center discussed in previous chapters By default the cells of the amygdala are quieted by
Chapter Serotonin Optimism and Cooperation
the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA This makes it so that the brains panic button must be
pressed firmly for it to actuate This inhibition has been called the GABA guard It is why
something surprising must happen for you to become scared
Serotonin further excites GABAproducing cells in the amygdala increasing this tonic
inhibition and increasing your threshold for getting scared This is why antidepressants like
Prozac a drug that increases serotonin levels at the synapse decreases amygdala activity This
is also one of the reasons dominant animals are not unnecessarily aggressive Their amygdala
and sympathetic system are difficult to highjack The stress hormone cortisol acts in a way that
is opposite serotonin It inhibits GABA cells in the amygdala disabling serotonins ability to calm
the amygdala
Keep in mind that not only is the amygdala the brains fear center but it is also the area
most implicated in the initiation of aggressive acts Thus highstress animals are more
aggressive while animals with high serotonin levels are less aggressive This is why as discussed
in Chapter alpha individuals are not combative but friendly The alpha chimp grooms others
more shares more of its food and patrols the perimeter to keep its friends safe As you might
expect artificially elevating the serotonin in a monkeys brain makes it groom and share more
It is more capable of prosocial behavior because its amygdala has been bound and gagged
To me this strongly suggests that being stuck in fight or flight keeps us from acting altruistically
and civilmindedly
When serotonin levels are low animals show signs of being irritated The threshold for
taking offense drops and fatigue and crankiness rise Low serotonin chimps pick fights and take
unnecessary risks For instance monkeys with low serotonin are more likely to jump between
distant tree branches and lash out in anger Similarly studies have shown that lowstatus men
are much more likely to aggress by yelling insulting or using violence While these behaviors
are meant to increase dominance they often lower status because they result in estrangement
When you find yourself being aggressive acknowledge that you probably wouldnt be as
threatened if your serotonin levels were higher
Now you understand the neurological mechanism for why serotonindepleted animals are
more belligerent their amygdala overreacts to anxietyprovoking stimuli increasing their heart
rate and breathing making them feel cornered Low serotonin is one of the best predictors of
impulsive hostility in mammals Antisocial behavior in humans also increases with decreasing
serotonin This is why feeling rejected leads to aggression think the takehome message is