subset stringclasses 6
values | context stringlengths 16 17.7k | context_tokens dict | qid stringlengths 32 32 | question stringlengths 1 717 | question_tokens dict | detected_answers dict | answers listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SQuAD | In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–1398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, ... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"1368",
",",
"a",
"Han",
"Chinese",
"revolt",
"known",
"as",
"the",
"Red",
"Turban",
"Rebellion",
"toppled",
"the",
"Mongol",
"Yuan",
"dynasty",
"in",
"China",
".",
"Zhu",
"Yuanzhang",
"then",
"esta... | abe3551532324d7dbbc24bbf7905025d | What years did Zhu Yuanzhang rule as the Hongwu Emperor? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"years",
"did",
"Zhu",
"Yuanzhang",
"rule",
"as",
"the",
"Hongwu",
"Emperor",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
11,
15,
19,
29,
34,
37,
41,
48,
55
]
} | {
"text": [
"1368–1398"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
188
],
"end": [
196
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
36
],
"end": [
36
]
}
]
} | [
"1368–1398"
] |
SQuAD | In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–1398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, ... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"1368",
",",
"a",
"Han",
"Chinese",
"revolt",
"known",
"as",
"the",
"Red",
"Turban",
"Rebellion",
"toppled",
"the",
"Mongol",
"Yuan",
"dynasty",
"in",
"China",
".",
"Zhu",
"Yuanzhang",
"then",
"esta... | 7cebb4b7b1984397a157708546dc0446 | Who did the Hongwu Emperor send convoys to? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"did",
"the",
"Hongwu",
"Emperor",
"send",
"convoys",
"to",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
19,
27,
32,
40,
42
]
} | {
"text": [
"Yuan officeholders"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
617
],
"end": [
634
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
116
],
"end": [
117
]
}
]
} | [
"Yuan officeholders"
] |
SQuAD | Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that "these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet," despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. Yiu Yu... | {
"tokens": [
"Laird",
"writes",
"that",
"the",
"Ming",
"appointed",
"titles",
"to",
"eastern",
"Tibetan",
"princes",
",",
"and",
"that",
"\"",
"these",
"alliances",
"with",
"eastern",
"Tibetan",
"principalities",
"are",
"the"... | fc3e8673bde14d63b5fb42106bdc4fa7 | Who did the Ming appoint titles to? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"did",
"the",
"Ming",
"appoint",
"titles",
"to",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
17,
25,
32,
34
]
} | {
"text": [
"eastern Tibetan princes"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
47
],
"end": [
69
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
8
],
"end": [
10
]
}
]
} | [
"eastern Tibetan princes"
] |
SQuAD | Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that "these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet," despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. Yiu Yu... | {
"tokens": [
"Laird",
"writes",
"that",
"the",
"Ming",
"appointed",
"titles",
"to",
"eastern",
"Tibetan",
"princes",
",",
"and",
"that",
"\"",
"these",
"alliances",
"with",
"eastern",
"Tibetan",
"principalities",
"are",
"the"... | 8c46649348de4b7f9ab11cc093bf54fa | What didn't the Ming send to replace the Mongols when they left Tibet? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"did",
"n't",
"the",
"Ming",
"send",
"to",
"replace",
"the",
"Mongols",
"when",
"they",
"left",
"Tibet",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
16,
21,
26,
29,
37,
41,
49,
54,
59,
64... | {
"text": [
"an army"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
260
],
"end": [
266
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
46
],
"end": [
47
]
}
]
} | [
"an army"
] |
SQuAD | According to Tibetologist John Powers, Tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the Chinese to Tibetans with various titles which the Tibetans gave to the Chinese emperors and their officials. Tribute missions from Tibetan monasteries to the Chinese court brought back not only titles, but large, comm... | {
"tokens": [
"According",
"to",
"Tibetologist",
"John",
"Powers",
",",
"Tibetan",
"sources",
"counter",
"this",
"narrative",
"of",
"titles",
"granted",
"by",
"the",
"Chinese",
"to",
"Tibetans",
"with",
"various",
"titles",
"w... | 60ebeaf6503c4f369ee24c402975134d | What was the name of the Tibetologist? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
"the",
"name",
"of",
"the",
"Tibetologist",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
18,
21,
25,
37
]
} | {
"text": [
"John Powers"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
26
],
"end": [
36
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
3
],
"end": [
4
]
}
]
} | [
"John Powers"
] |
SQuAD | According to Tibetologist John Powers, Tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the Chinese to Tibetans with various titles which the Tibetans gave to the Chinese emperors and their officials. Tribute missions from Tibetan monasteries to the Chinese court brought back not only titles, but large, comm... | {
"tokens": [
"According",
"to",
"Tibetologist",
"John",
"Powers",
",",
"Tibetan",
"sources",
"counter",
"this",
"narrative",
"of",
"titles",
"granted",
"by",
"the",
"Chinese",
"to",
"Tibetans",
"with",
"various",
"titles",
"w... | 3ab67723209544a8bb7a03d16e0bdd52 | Who did the Ming emperors send invitations to? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"did",
"the",
"Ming",
"emperors",
"send",
"invitations",
"to",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
17,
26,
31,
43,
45
]
} | {
"text": [
"ruling lamas"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
416
],
"end": [
427
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
67
],
"end": [
68
]
}
]
} | [
"ruling lamas"
] |
SQuAD | According to Tibetologist John Powers, Tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the Chinese to Tibetans with various titles which the Tibetans gave to the Chinese emperors and their officials. Tribute missions from Tibetan monasteries to the Chinese court brought back not only titles, but large, comm... | {
"tokens": [
"According",
"to",
"Tibetologist",
"John",
"Powers",
",",
"Tibetan",
"sources",
"counter",
"this",
"narrative",
"of",
"titles",
"granted",
"by",
"the",
"Chinese",
"to",
"Tibetans",
"with",
"various",
"titles",
"w... | 998b72ce0ab44b418cf76e887972b3b2 | When the lamas received an invite from the emperors, who did they send instead? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"the",
"lamas",
"received",
"an",
"invite",
"from",
"the",
"emperors",
",",
"who",
"did",
"they",
"send",
"instead",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
15,
24,
27,
34,
39,
43,
51,
53,
57... | {
"text": [
"subordinates"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
449
],
"end": [
460
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
74
],
"end": [
74
]
}
]
} | [
"subordinates"
] |
SQuAD | Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praag writes that this conquest "marked the end of independent China," whi... | {
"tokens": [
"Kublai",
"Khan",
"did",
"not",
"conquer",
"the",
"Song",
"dynasty",
"in",
"South",
"China",
"until",
"1279",
",",
"so",
"Tibet",
"was",
"a",
"component",
"of",
"the",
"early",
"Mongol",
"Empire",
"before... | cc30d6b332c646768323c0d7554107bd | When did Kublai Khan conquer the song dynasty? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"did",
"Kublai",
"Khan",
"conquer",
"the",
"song",
"dynasty",
"?",
" "
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
16,
21,
29,
33,
38,
45,
47
]
} | {
"text": [
"1279"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
66
],
"end": [
69
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
12
],
"end": [
12
]
}
]
} | [
"1279"
] |
SQuAD | Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praag writes that this conquest "marked the end of independent China," whi... | {
"tokens": [
"Kublai",
"Khan",
"did",
"not",
"conquer",
"the",
"Song",
"dynasty",
"in",
"South",
"China",
"until",
"1279",
",",
"so",
"Tibet",
"was",
"a",
"component",
"of",
"the",
"early",
"Mongol",
"Empire",
"before... | 9299bb7313294e788053ad117d0ce165 | When did the Yuan dynasty rule? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"did",
"the",
"Yuan",
"dynasty",
"rule",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
18,
26,
30
]
} | {
"text": [
"1271–1368"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
230
],
"end": [
238
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
44
],
"end": [
44
]
}
]
} | [
"1271–1368"
] |
SQuAD | Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praag writes that this conquest "marked the end of independent China," whi... | {
"tokens": [
"Kublai",
"Khan",
"did",
"not",
"conquer",
"the",
"Song",
"dynasty",
"in",
"South",
"China",
"until",
"1279",
",",
"so",
"Tibet",
"was",
"a",
"component",
"of",
"the",
"early",
"Mongol",
"Empire",
"before... | 7cd7fe452edc48fa81465ced611d4ca4 | Which dynasty ruled all of china? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"dynasty",
"ruled",
"all",
"of",
"china",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
14,
20,
24,
27,
32
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Yuan dynasty"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
212
],
"end": [
227
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
40
],
"end": [
42
]
}
]
} | [
"the Yuan dynasty"
] |
SQuAD | Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praag writes that this conquest "marked the end of independent China," whi... | {
"tokens": [
"Kublai",
"Khan",
"did",
"not",
"conquer",
"the",
"Song",
"dynasty",
"in",
"South",
"China",
"until",
"1279",
",",
"so",
"Tibet",
"was",
"a",
"component",
"of",
"the",
"early",
"Mongol",
"Empire",
"before... | 7857187a059347138b90ac8c5a88575f | What did Khubilai claim for a while? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"did",
"Khubilai",
"claim",
"for",
"a",
"while",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
18,
24,
28,
30,
35
]
} | {
"text": [
"universal rule"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
765
],
"end": [
778
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
153
],
"end": [
154
]
}
]
} | [
"universal rule"
] |
SQuAD | Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praag writes that this conquest "marked the end of independent China," whi... | {
"tokens": [
"Kublai",
"Khan",
"did",
"not",
"conquer",
"the",
"Song",
"dynasty",
"in",
"South",
"China",
"until",
"1279",
",",
"so",
"Tibet",
"was",
"a",
"component",
"of",
"the",
"early",
"Mongol",
"Empire",
"before... | 2fafffa89aea4f93b6fcb9015e31672e | Where did Khubilai seek support as Emperor? | {
"tokens": [
"Where",
"did",
"Khubilai",
"seek",
"support",
"as",
"Emperor",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
10,
19,
24,
32,
35,
42
]
} | {
"text": [
"China"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
54
],
"end": [
58
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
10
],
"end": [
10
]
}
]
} | [
"China"
] |
SQuAD | According to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Ming dynasty established the "É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office" (Chinese: 俄力思軍民元帥府) in western Tibet and installed the "Ü-Tsang Itinerant High Commandery" and "Amdo-Kham Itinerant Hi... | {
"tokens": [
"According",
"to",
"the",
"official",
"Twenty",
"-",
"Four",
"Histories",
",",
"the",
"History",
"of",
"Ming",
"compiled",
"in",
"1739",
"by",
"the",
"subsequent",
"Qing",
"dynasty",
"(",
"1644–1912",
")",
... | 6babaf87728f40758ebb03735d924544 | What years did the Qing dynasty rule? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"years",
"did",
"the",
"Qing",
"dynasty",
"rule",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
11,
15,
19,
24,
32,
36
]
} | {
"text": [
"1644–1912"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
118
],
"end": [
126
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
22
],
"end": [
22
]
}
]
} | [
"1644–1912"
] |
SQuAD | According to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Ming dynasty established the "É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office" (Chinese: 俄力思軍民元帥府) in western Tibet and installed the "Ü-Tsang Itinerant High Commandery" and "Amdo-Kham Itinerant Hi... | {
"tokens": [
"According",
"to",
"the",
"official",
"Twenty",
"-",
"Four",
"Histories",
",",
"the",
"History",
"of",
"Ming",
"compiled",
"in",
"1739",
"by",
"the",
"subsequent",
"Qing",
"dynasty",
"(",
"1644–1912",
")",
... | 34bb256bc41c421fb2ac2afc4de28e0c | what year was the history of Ming produced? | {
"tokens": [
"what",
"year",
"was",
"the",
"history",
"of",
"Ming",
"produced",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
14,
18,
26,
29,
34,
42
]
} | {
"text": [
"1739"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
81
],
"end": [
84
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
15
],
"end": [
15
]
}
]
} | [
"1739"
] |
SQuAD | According to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Ming dynasty established the "É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office" (Chinese: 俄力思軍民元帥府) in western Tibet and installed the "Ü-Tsang Itinerant High Commandery" and "Amdo-Kham Itinerant Hi... | {
"tokens": [
"According",
"to",
"the",
"official",
"Twenty",
"-",
"Four",
"Histories",
",",
"the",
"History",
"of",
"Ming",
"compiled",
"in",
"1739",
"by",
"the",
"subsequent",
"Qing",
"dynasty",
"(",
"1644–1912",
")",
... | 092489c1403e4dcc8255f22a99be390d | What did the Ming dynasty create? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"did",
"the",
"Ming",
"dynasty",
"create",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
18,
26,
32
]
} | {
"text": [
"É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
164
],
"end": [
199
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
31
],
"end": [
40
]
}
]
} | [
"É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office"
] |
SQuAD | According to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Ming dynasty established the "É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office" (Chinese: 俄力思軍民元帥府) in western Tibet and installed the "Ü-Tsang Itinerant High Commandery" and "Amdo-Kham Itinerant Hi... | {
"tokens": [
"According",
"to",
"the",
"official",
"Twenty",
"-",
"Four",
"Histories",
",",
"the",
"History",
"of",
"Ming",
"compiled",
"in",
"1739",
"by",
"the",
"subsequent",
"Qing",
"dynasty",
"(",
"1644–1912",
")",
... | 95d406b4d04b40d08f4b4d043342e862 | How many Qianhu offices were there? | {
"tokens": [
"How",
"many",
"Qianhu",
"offices",
"were",
"there",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
16,
24,
29,
34
]
} | {
"text": [
"seventeen Qianhu offices"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
638
],
"end": [
661
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
119
],
"end": [
121
]
}
]
} | [
"seventeen Qianhu offices"
] |
SQuAD | According to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Ming dynasty established the "É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office" (Chinese: 俄力思軍民元帥府) in western Tibet and installed the "Ü-Tsang Itinerant High Commandery" and "Amdo-Kham Itinerant Hi... | {
"tokens": [
"According",
"to",
"the",
"official",
"Twenty",
"-",
"Four",
"Histories",
",",
"the",
"History",
"of",
"Ming",
"compiled",
"in",
"1739",
"by",
"the",
"subsequent",
"Qing",
"dynasty",
"(",
"1644–1912",
")",
... | 013c232e8919413cbefb8a19437258f2 | where was the É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office established? | {
"tokens": [
"where",
"was",
"the",
"É",
"-",
"Lì",
"-",
"Sī",
"Army",
"-",
"Civilian",
"Marshal",
"Office",
"established",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
10,
14,
15,
16,
18,
19,
22,
26,
27,
36,
44,
51,... | {
"text": [
"western Tibet"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
225
],
"end": [
237
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
48
],
"end": [
49
]
}
]
} | [
"western Tibet"
] |
SQuAD | Even though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s, the Gelug was not mentioned in the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu. On this, historian Li Tieh-tseng says of Tsongkhapa's refusal of Ming invitations to visit the Yongle Emperor's court: | {
"tokens": [
"Even",
"though",
"the",
"Gelug",
"exchanged",
"gifts",
"with",
"and",
"sent",
"missions",
"to",
"the",
"Ming",
"court",
"up",
"until",
"the",
"1430s",
",",
"the",
"Gelug",
"was",
"not",
"mentioned",
"in"... | 544015ed87064485b3cac54fad7e3796 | Who did the Gelug exchange gifts with? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"did",
"the",
"Gelug",
"exchange",
"gifts",
"with",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
18,
27,
33,
37
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Ming court"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
64
],
"end": [
77
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
11
],
"end": [
13
]
}
]
} | [
"the Ming court"
] |
SQuAD | Even though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s, the Gelug was not mentioned in the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu. On this, historian Li Tieh-tseng says of Tsongkhapa's refusal of Ming invitations to visit the Yongle Emperor's court: | {
"tokens": [
"Even",
"though",
"the",
"Gelug",
"exchanged",
"gifts",
"with",
"and",
"sent",
"missions",
"to",
"the",
"Ming",
"court",
"up",
"until",
"the",
"1430s",
",",
"the",
"Gelug",
"was",
"not",
"mentioned",
"in"... | 3a3e8ee3cdd24283bb839ba9b7622e9a | Until what year frame did the Gelug exchange gifts with the the Ming? | {
"tokens": [
"Until",
"what",
"year",
"frame",
"did",
"the",
"Gelug",
"exchange",
"gifts",
"with",
"the",
"the",
"Ming",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
11,
16,
22,
26,
30,
36,
45,
51,
56,
60,
64,
68
]
} | {
"text": [
"1430s"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
92
],
"end": [
96
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
17
],
"end": [
17
]
}
]
} | [
"1430s"
] |
SQuAD | Even though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s, the Gelug was not mentioned in the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu. On this, historian Li Tieh-tseng says of Tsongkhapa's refusal of Ming invitations to visit the Yongle Emperor's court: | {
"tokens": [
"Even",
"though",
"the",
"Gelug",
"exchanged",
"gifts",
"with",
"and",
"sent",
"missions",
"to",
"the",
"Ming",
"court",
"up",
"until",
"the",
"1430s",
",",
"the",
"Gelug",
"was",
"not",
"mentioned",
"in"... | c174c4ae24dc487bbfd91430835ff330 | What was the Gelug not mentioned in? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
"the",
"Gelug",
"not",
"mentioned",
"in",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
19,
23,
33,
35
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
130
],
"end": [
158
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
25
],
"end": [
30
]
}
]
} | [
"the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu"
] |
SQuAD | The late Turrell V. Wylie, a former professor of the University of Washington, and Li Tieh-tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored History of Ming as a credible source on Sino-Tibetan relations is questionable, in the light of modern scholarship. Other historians also assert that these Ming titles were... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"late",
"Turrell",
"V.",
"Wylie",
",",
"a",
"former",
"professor",
"of",
"the",
"University",
"of",
"Washington",
",",
"and",
"Li",
"Tieh",
"-",
"tseng",
"argue",
"that",
"the",
"reliability",
"of"... | d26bdafc14284143b46db844acf871fa | who was a professor of the University of Washington? | {
"tokens": [
"who",
"was",
"a",
"professor",
"of",
"the",
"University",
"of",
"Washington",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
10,
20,
23,
27,
38,
41,
51
]
} | {
"text": [
"Turrell V. Wylie"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
9
],
"end": [
24
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
2
],
"end": [
4
]
}
]
} | [
"Turrell V. Wylie"
] |
SQuAD | The late Turrell V. Wylie, a former professor of the University of Washington, and Li Tieh-tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored History of Ming as a credible source on Sino-Tibetan relations is questionable, in the light of modern scholarship. Other historians also assert that these Ming titles were... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"late",
"Turrell",
"V.",
"Wylie",
",",
"a",
"former",
"professor",
"of",
"the",
"University",
"of",
"Washington",
",",
"and",
"Li",
"Tieh",
"-",
"tseng",
"argue",
"that",
"the",
"reliability",
"of"... | 032c98f1ecd34549971aa4e4ff2ef27b | Who believed that Tibet barely had any diplomatic relations with the Ming? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"believed",
"that",
"Tibet",
"barely",
"had",
"any",
"diplomatic",
"relations",
"with",
"the",
"Ming",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
18,
24,
31,
35,
39,
50,
60,
65,
69,
73
]
} | {
"text": [
"Morris Rossabi"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
757
],
"end": [
770
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
141
],
"end": [
142
]
}
]
} | [
"Morris Rossabi"
] |
SQuAD | Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet. | {
"tokens": [
"Dreyfus",
"writes",
"that",
"after",
"the",
"Phagmodrupa",
"lost",
"its",
"centralizing",
"power",
"over",
"Tibet",
"in",
"1434",
",",
"several",
"attempts",
"by",
"other",
"families",
"to",
"establish",
"hegemo... | 5898a86a36dc4a309904e83bb018cbd1 | Who lost their power over Tibet? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"lost",
"their",
"power",
"over",
"Tibet",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
15,
21,
26,
31
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Phagmodrupa"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
26
],
"end": [
40
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
4
],
"end": [
5
]
}
]
} | [
"the Phagmodrupa"
] |
SQuAD | Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet. | {
"tokens": [
"Dreyfus",
"writes",
"that",
"after",
"the",
"Phagmodrupa",
"lost",
"its",
"centralizing",
"power",
"over",
"Tibet",
"in",
"1434",
",",
"several",
"attempts",
"by",
"other",
"families",
"to",
"establish",
"hegemo... | 03890a0220d843d69bee2413dc56e479 | What year did the Phagmodrupa lose their power over Tibet? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"year",
"did",
"the",
"Phagmodrupa",
"lose",
"their",
"power",
"over",
"Tibet",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
14,
18,
30,
35,
41,
47,
52,
57
]
} | {
"text": [
"1434"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
84
],
"end": [
87
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
13
],
"end": [
13
]
}
]
} | [
"1434"
] |
SQuAD | Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet. | {
"tokens": [
"Dreyfus",
"writes",
"that",
"after",
"the",
"Phagmodrupa",
"lost",
"its",
"centralizing",
"power",
"over",
"Tibet",
"in",
"1434",
",",
"several",
"attempts",
"by",
"other",
"families",
"to",
"establish",
"hegemo... | 96794a4fb2704af2be5f18c9b9324557 | What year did the 5th Dalai lama start to dominate over Tibet? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"year",
"did",
"the",
"5th",
"Dalai",
"lama",
"start",
"to",
"dominate",
"over",
"Tibet",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
14,
18,
22,
28,
33,
39,
42,
51,
56,
61
]
} | {
"text": [
"1642"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
190
],
"end": [
193
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
30
],
"end": [
30
]
}
]
} | [
"1642"
] |
SQuAD | Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet. | {
"tokens": [
"Dreyfus",
"writes",
"that",
"after",
"the",
"Phagmodrupa",
"lost",
"its",
"centralizing",
"power",
"over",
"Tibet",
"in",
"1434",
",",
"several",
"attempts",
"by",
"other",
"families",
"to",
"establish",
"hegemo... | cb6f225db5ed40c985630268e826b273 | What did the other families fail to establish? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"did",
"the",
"other",
"families",
"fail",
"to",
"establish",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
19,
28,
33,
36,
45
]
} | {
"text": [
"hegemonies"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
138
],
"end": [
147
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
22
],
"end": [
22
]
}
]
} | [
"hegemonies"
] |
SQuAD | The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. Wang a... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Ming",
"dynasty",
"granted",
"titles",
"to",
"lamas",
"of",
"schools",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"Karmapa",
"Kargyu",
",",
"but",
"the",
"latter",
"had",
"previously",
"declined",
"Mongol",
"invitations",
... | ad85519248b9439baa000baa68c2fd37 | The Ming Dynasty granted what titles to lamas of schools? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Ming",
"Dynasty",
"granted",
"what",
"titles",
"to",
"lamas",
"of",
"schools",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
17,
25,
30,
37,
40,
46,
49,
56
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Karmapa Kargyu"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
60
],
"end": [
77
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
11
],
"end": [
13
]
}
]
} | [
"the Karmapa Kargyu"
] |
SQuAD | The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. Wang a... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Ming",
"dynasty",
"granted",
"titles",
"to",
"lamas",
"of",
"schools",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"Karmapa",
"Kargyu",
",",
"but",
"the",
"latter",
"had",
"previously",
"declined",
"Mongol",
"invitations",
... | 3a454f73c4f34faa952d751f46408bec | Who did the Ming Dynasty decline titles from after receiving invitations? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"did",
"the",
"Ming",
"Dynasty",
"decline",
"titles",
"from",
"after",
"receiving",
"invitations",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
17,
25,
33,
40,
45,
51,
61,
72
]
} | {
"text": [
"Mongol"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
119
],
"end": [
124
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
21
],
"end": [
21
]
}
]
} | [
"Mongol"
] |
SQuAD | The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. Wang a... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Ming",
"dynasty",
"granted",
"titles",
"to",
"lamas",
"of",
"schools",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"Karmapa",
"Kargyu",
",",
"but",
"the",
"latter",
"had",
"previously",
"declined",
"Mongol",
"invitations",
... | 462172ce5bc245cf96e8e751059e1bdc | Who was the founder of the Gelug school? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"the",
"founder",
"of",
"the",
"Gelug",
"school",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
20,
23,
27,
33,
39
]
} | {
"text": [
"Je Tsongkhapa"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
194
],
"end": [
206
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
33
],
"end": [
34
]
}
]
} | [
"Je Tsongkhapa"
] |
SQuAD | The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. Wang a... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Ming",
"dynasty",
"granted",
"titles",
"to",
"lamas",
"of",
"schools",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"Karmapa",
"Kargyu",
",",
"but",
"the",
"latter",
"had",
"previously",
"declined",
"Mongol",
"invitations",
... | 3c6f8de883194e4a9b801b5089969389 | Who invited Je Tsongkhapa to come pay tribute? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"invited",
"Je",
"Tsongkhapa",
"to",
"come",
"pay",
"tribute",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
12,
15,
26,
29,
34,
38,
45
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Ming Yongle Emperor"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
162
],
"end": [
184
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
28
],
"end": [
31
]
}
]
} | [
"the Ming Yongle Emperor"
] |
SQuAD | The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. Wang a... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Ming",
"dynasty",
"granted",
"titles",
"to",
"lamas",
"of",
"schools",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"Karmapa",
"Kargyu",
",",
"but",
"the",
"latter",
"had",
"previously",
"declined",
"Mongol",
"invitations",
... | 780e2330620d4eec803418b2e7d27340 | Who wrote the letter declining the Emperor's invitation? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"wrote",
"the",
"letter",
"declining",
"the",
"Emperor",
"'s",
"invitation",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
14,
21,
31,
35,
42,
45,
55
]
} | {
"text": [
"Tsongkhapa"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
197
],
"end": [
206
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
34
],
"end": [
34
]
}
]
} | [
"Tsongkhapa"
] |
SQuAD | Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the ... | {
"tokens": [
"Some",
"scholars",
"note",
"that",
"Tibetan",
"leaders",
"during",
"the",
"Ming",
"frequently",
"engaged",
"in",
"civil",
"war",
"and",
"conducted",
"their",
"own",
"foreign",
"diplomacy",
"with",
"neighboring",
... | a1688a9c1a5f4788b1d036e79468e1c6 | What important trade did the Ming Dynasty have with Tibet? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"important",
"trade",
"did",
"the",
"Ming",
"Dynasty",
"have",
"with",
"Tibet",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
15,
21,
25,
29,
34,
42,
47,
52,
57
]
} | {
"text": [
"horse trade"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
338
],
"end": [
348
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
56
],
"end": [
57
]
}
]
} | [
"horse trade"
] |
SQuAD | Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the ... | {
"tokens": [
"Some",
"scholars",
"note",
"that",
"Tibetan",
"leaders",
"during",
"the",
"Ming",
"frequently",
"engaged",
"in",
"civil",
"war",
"and",
"conducted",
"their",
"own",
"foreign",
"diplomacy",
"with",
"neighboring",
... | dd311e15eeaa49d69b2db6eff92f138d | During what years did the Mongol leader Kublai Khan rule? | {
"tokens": [
"During",
"what",
"years",
"did",
"the",
"Mongol",
"leader",
"Kublai",
"Khan",
"rule",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
12,
18,
22,
26,
33,
40,
47,
52,
56
]
} | {
"text": [
"1402–1424"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
739
],
"end": [
747
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
125
],
"end": [
125
]
}
]
} | [
"1402–1424"
] |
SQuAD | Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the ... | {
"tokens": [
"Some",
"scholars",
"note",
"that",
"Tibetan",
"leaders",
"during",
"the",
"Ming",
"frequently",
"engaged",
"in",
"civil",
"war",
"and",
"conducted",
"their",
"own",
"foreign",
"diplomacy",
"with",
"neighboring",
... | 911ab99b35e74aabb1dcb147a069d053 | Who did the Yongle Emperor try to build a religious alliance with? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"did",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"try",
"to",
"build",
"a",
"religious",
"alliance",
"with",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
19,
27,
31,
34,
40,
42,
52,
61,
65
]
} | {
"text": [
"Deshin Shekpa"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
821
],
"end": [
833
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
139
],
"end": [
140
]
}
]
} | [
"Deshin Shekpa"
] |
SQuAD | Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the ... | {
"tokens": [
"Some",
"scholars",
"note",
"that",
"Tibetan",
"leaders",
"during",
"the",
"Ming",
"frequently",
"engaged",
"in",
"civil",
"war",
"and",
"conducted",
"their",
"own",
"foreign",
"diplomacy",
"with",
"neighboring",
... | d14cef61c2ee42aa8780e431f12da6c8 | Deshin Shekpa was the head of what school? | {
"tokens": [
"Deshin",
"Shekpa",
"was",
"the",
"head",
"of",
"what",
"school",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
14,
18,
22,
27,
30,
35,
41
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Karma Kagyu school"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
863
],
"end": [
884
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
148
],
"end": [
151
]
}
]
} | [
"the Karma Kagyu school"
] |
SQuAD | Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the ... | {
"tokens": [
"Some",
"scholars",
"note",
"that",
"Tibetan",
"leaders",
"during",
"the",
"Ming",
"frequently",
"engaged",
"in",
"civil",
"war",
"and",
"conducted",
"their",
"own",
"foreign",
"diplomacy",
"with",
"neighboring",
... | f91176919de54f4194dcd2d243d684ef | The Tibetan leaders had a diplomacy with what neighboring state? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Tibetan",
"leaders",
"had",
"a",
"diplomacy",
"with",
"what",
"neighboring",
"state",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
12,
20,
24,
26,
36,
41,
46,
58,
63
]
} | {
"text": [
"Nepal"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
162
],
"end": [
166
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
25
],
"end": [
25
]
}
]
} | [
"Nepal"
] |
SQuAD | The official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs, granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet. The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic states t... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"official",
"position",
"of",
"the",
"Ministry",
"of",
"Foreign",
"Affairs",
"of",
"the",
"People",
"'s",
"Republic",
"of",
"China",
"is",
"that",
"the",
"Ming",
"implemented",
"a",
"policy",
"of",
... | 7f58d13135da48e38a499cd5b05b4813 | Who abolished the policy council? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"abolished",
"the",
"policy",
"council",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
14,
18,
25,
32
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Ming"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
99
],
"end": [
106
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
18
],
"end": [
19
]
}
]
} | [
"the Ming"
] |
SQuAD | The official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs, granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet. The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic states t... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"official",
"position",
"of",
"the",
"Ministry",
"of",
"Foreign",
"Affairs",
"of",
"the",
"People",
"'s",
"Republic",
"of",
"China",
"is",
"that",
"the",
"Ming",
"implemented",
"a",
"policy",
"of",
... | 875583470bee4464b2fb7335e7eb13b3 | What was the Tibetan leader Choskunskyabs appointed as? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
"the",
"Tibetan",
"leader",
" ",
"Choskunskyabs",
" ",
"appointed",
"as",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
21,
28,
29,
43,
44,
54,
56
]
} | {
"text": [
"the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
798
],
"end": [
853
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
140
],
"end": [
149
]
}
]
} | [
"the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office"
] |
SQuAD | The official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs, granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet. The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic states t... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"official",
"position",
"of",
"the",
"Ministry",
"of",
"Foreign",
"Affairs",
"of",
"the",
"People",
"'s",
"Republic",
"of",
"China",
"is",
"that",
"the",
"Ming",
"implemented",
"a",
"policy",
"of",
... | 25b263e48466458bbd95692ac132b940 | Who governed most areas of Tibet? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"governed",
"most",
"areas",
"of",
"Tibet",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
18,
24,
27,
32
]
} | {
"text": [
"Ming dynasty's Ü-Tsang Commanding Office"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
328
],
"end": [
367
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
55
],
"end": [
62
]
}
]
} | [
"Ming dynasty's Ü-Tsang Commanding Office"
] |
SQuAD | Wang and Nyima state that after the official title "Education Minister" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title "Degsi" (sic properly sde-srid or desi) is seldom mentioned. Wang and Nyima tak... | {
"tokens": [
"Wang",
"and",
"Nyima",
"state",
"that",
"after",
"the",
"official",
"title",
"\"",
"Education",
"Minister",
"\"",
"was",
"granted",
"to",
"Tai",
"Situ",
"Changchub",
"Gyaltsen",
"(",
"1302–1364",
")",
"by",
... | 73dcc074dba04cd7836cd4ac5bcab3c8 | What title was given by the Yuan court to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen ? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"title",
"was",
"given",
"by",
"the",
"Yuan",
"court",
"to",
"Tai",
"Situ",
"Changchub",
"Gyaltsen",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
11,
15,
21,
24,
28,
33,
39,
42,
46,
51,
61,
70
]
} | {
"text": [
"Education Minister"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
52
],
"end": [
69
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
10
],
"end": [
11
]
}
]
} | [
"Education Minister"
] |
SQuAD | Wang and Nyima state that after the official title "Education Minister" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title "Degsi" (sic properly sde-srid or desi) is seldom mentioned. Wang and Nyima tak... | {
"tokens": [
"Wang",
"and",
"Nyima",
"state",
"that",
"after",
"the",
"official",
"title",
"\"",
"Education",
"Minister",
"\"",
"was",
"granted",
"to",
"Tai",
"Situ",
"Changchub",
"Gyaltsen",
"(",
"1302–1364",
")",
"by",
... | 052bfaa8859b4cb6b4396e9bcee022fe | What Tibetan title was hardly ever mentioned when referring to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"Tibetan",
"title",
"was",
"hardly",
"ever",
"mentioned",
"when",
"referring",
"to",
"Tai",
"Situ",
"Changchub",
"Gyaltsen",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
13,
19,
23,
30,
35,
45,
50,
60,
63,
... | {
"text": [
"Degsi"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
242
],
"end": [
246
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
45
],
"end": [
45
]
}
]
} | [
"Degsi"
] |
SQuAD | Wang and Nyima state that after the official title "Education Minister" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title "Degsi" (sic properly sde-srid or desi) is seldom mentioned. Wang and Nyima tak... | {
"tokens": [
"Wang",
"and",
"Nyima",
"state",
"that",
"after",
"the",
"official",
"title",
"\"",
"Education",
"Minister",
"\"",
"was",
"granted",
"to",
"Tai",
"Situ",
"Changchub",
"Gyaltsen",
"(",
"1302–1364",
")",
"by",
... | 072db7c110fd4b2eb8edb1851eb05680 | What dynasty kept a Central-local government relation with the Yuan imperial court? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"dynasty",
"kept",
"a",
"Central",
"-",
"local",
"government",
"relation",
"with",
"the",
"Yuan",
"imperial",
"court",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
13,
18,
20,
27,
28,
34,
45,
54,
59,
63,... | {
"text": [
"Phagmodrupa Dynasty"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
419
],
"end": [
437
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
85
],
"end": [
86
]
}
]
} | [
"Phagmodrupa Dynasty"
] |
SQuAD | Wang and Nyima state that after the official title "Education Minister" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title "Degsi" (sic properly sde-srid or desi) is seldom mentioned. Wang and Nyima tak... | {
"tokens": [
"Wang",
"and",
"Nyima",
"state",
"that",
"after",
"the",
"official",
"title",
"\"",
"Education",
"Minister",
"\"",
"was",
"granted",
"to",
"Tai",
"Situ",
"Changchub",
"Gyaltsen",
"(",
"1302–1364",
")",
"by",
... | 3515041faaa74561b6900ed23269163b | What two people claim the title of Education Minister was often seen next to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen's name in Tibetan texts? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"two",
"people",
"claim",
"the",
"title",
"of",
"Education",
"Minister",
"was",
"often",
"seen",
"next",
"to",
"Tai",
"Situ",
"Changchub",
"Gyaltsen",
"'s",
"name",
"in",
"Tibetan",
"texts",
"?"
],
... | {
"text": [
"Wang and Nyima"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
302,
0
],
"end": [
315,
13
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
60,
0
],
"end": [
62,
2
]
}
]
} | [
"Wang and Nyima"
] |
SQuAD | Wang and Nyima state that after the official title "Education Minister" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title "Degsi" (sic properly sde-srid or desi) is seldom mentioned. Wang and Nyima tak... | {
"tokens": [
"Wang",
"and",
"Nyima",
"state",
"that",
"after",
"the",
"official",
"title",
"\"",
"Education",
"Minister",
"\"",
"was",
"granted",
"to",
"Tai",
"Situ",
"Changchub",
"Gyaltsen",
"(",
"1302–1364",
")",
"by",
... | eb2951525d914f7eb94721c00a1130c8 | Who wrote in their will that they received loving care from the emperor in the east? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"wrote",
"in",
"their",
"will",
"that",
"they",
"received",
"loving",
"care",
"from",
"the",
"emperor",
"in",
"the",
"east",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
13,
19,
24,
29,
34,
43,
50,
... | {
"text": [
"The Tai Situpa"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
488
],
"end": [
501
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
96
],
"end": [
98
]
}
]
} | [
"The Tai Situpa"
] |
SQuAD | In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"order",
"to",
"seek",
"out",
"the",
"Karmapa",
",",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"dispatched",
"his",
"eunuch",
"Hou",
"Xian",
"and",
"the",
"Buddhist",
"monk",
"Zhi",
"Guang",
"(",
"d.",
"1435",
... | 3f5b5dab751546a78306b7d225a5c9e0 | Who did the Yongle Emperor send to Tibet? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"did",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"send",
"to",
"Tibet",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
19,
27,
32,
35,
40
]
} | {
"text": [
"Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
75
],
"end": [
114
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
14
],
"end": [
21
]
}
]
} | [
"Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang"
] |
SQuAD | In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"order",
"to",
"seek",
"out",
"the",
"Karmapa",
",",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"dispatched",
"his",
"eunuch",
"Hou",
"Xian",
"and",
"the",
"Buddhist",
"monk",
"Zhi",
"Guang",
"(",
"d.",
"1435",
... | 64b1586c596948c39000ce2de9c9dfc2 | Why did the Yongle Emperor send Hou Xian and Zhi Guang to Tibet? | {
"tokens": [
"Why",
"did",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"send",
"Hou",
"Xian",
"and",
"Zhi",
"Guang",
"to",
"Tibet",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
19,
27,
32,
36,
41,
45,
49,
55,
58,
63
]
} | {
"text": [
"to seek out the Karmapa"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
9
],
"end": [
31
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
2
],
"end": [
6
]
}
]
} | [
"to seek out the Karmapa"
] |
SQuAD | In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"order",
"to",
"seek",
"out",
"the",
"Karmapa",
",",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"dispatched",
"his",
"eunuch",
"Hou",
"Xian",
"and",
"the",
"Buddhist",
"monk",
"Zhi",
"Guang",
"(",
"d.",
"1435",
... | 1f203eb125764d75b38b9c2c058c73e2 | When did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang return to Nanjing? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"did",
"Hou",
"Xian",
"and",
"Zhi",
"Guang",
"return",
"to",
"Nanjing",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
18,
22,
26,
32,
39,
42,
49
]
} | {
"text": [
"1407"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
265
],
"end": [
268
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
54
],
"end": [
54
]
}
]
} | [
"1407"
] |
SQuAD | In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"order",
"to",
"seek",
"out",
"the",
"Karmapa",
",",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"dispatched",
"his",
"eunuch",
"Hou",
"Xian",
"and",
"the",
"Buddhist",
"monk",
"Zhi",
"Guang",
"(",
"d.",
"1435",
... | 83eb00e7a5454b0dbd3f4223919f9721 | Where did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang travel through on their way to the Karmapa? | {
"tokens": [
"Where",
"did",
"Hou",
"Xian",
"and",
"Zhi",
"Guang",
"travel",
"through",
"on",
"their",
"way",
"to",
"the",
"Karmapa",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
10,
14,
19,
23,
27,
33,
40,
48,
51,
57,
... | {
"text": [
"through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
162
],
"end": [
207
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
33
],
"end": [
41
]
}
]
} | [
"through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan"
] |
SQuAD | Journalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China's Tibet, and fail to realize that China was "absorbed into a larger, non-Chinese politi... | {
"tokens": [
"Journalist",
"and",
"author",
"Thomas",
"Laird",
",",
"in",
"his",
"book",
"The",
"Story",
"of",
"Tibet",
":",
"Conversations",
"with",
"the",
"Dalai",
"Lama",
",",
"writes",
"that",
"Wang",
"and",
"Nyim... | 180c3aa6db3148579db32cb4908846d2 | Who wrote the book The Story of Tibet? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"wrote",
"the",
"book",
"The",
"Story",
"of",
"Tibet",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
14,
19,
23,
29,
32,
37
]
} | {
"text": [
"Journalist and author Thomas Laird"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
0
],
"end": [
33
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
0
],
"end": [
4
]
}
]
} | [
"Journalist and author Thomas Laird"
] |
SQuAD | Journalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China's Tibet, and fail to realize that China was "absorbed into a larger, non-Chinese politi... | {
"tokens": [
"Journalist",
"and",
"author",
"Thomas",
"Laird",
",",
"in",
"his",
"book",
"The",
"Story",
"of",
"Tibet",
":",
"Conversations",
"with",
"the",
"Dalai",
"Lama",
",",
"writes",
"that",
"Wang",
"and",
"Nyim... | 8c2db83ab8b448d1b101ccc558935398 | who colonized India and New Zealand? | {
"tokens": [
"who",
"colonized",
"India",
"and",
"New",
"Zealand",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
14,
20,
24,
28,
35
]
} | {
"text": [
"the British"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
608
],
"end": [
618
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
111
],
"end": [
112
]
}
]
} | [
"the British"
] |
SQuAD | Journalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China's Tibet, and fail to realize that China was "absorbed into a larger, non-Chinese politi... | {
"tokens": [
"Journalist",
"and",
"author",
"Thomas",
"Laird",
",",
"in",
"his",
"book",
"The",
"Story",
"of",
"Tibet",
":",
"Conversations",
"with",
"the",
"Dalai",
"Lama",
",",
"writes",
"that",
"Wang",
"and",
"Nyim... | c54f09dad49148e495d5c83fc9f8e7e8 | Who's viewpoint does Thomas Laird believe Wang and Nyima present? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"'s",
"viewpoint",
"does",
"Thomas",
"Laird",
"believe",
"Wang",
"and",
"Nyima",
"present",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
6,
16,
21,
28,
34,
42,
47,
51,
57,
64
]
} | {
"text": [
"the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
138
],
"end": [
195
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
26
],
"end": [
35
]
}
]
} | [
"the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China"
] |
SQuAD | Dawa Norbu argues that modern Chinese Communist historians tend to be in favor of the view that the Ming simply reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet and perpetuated their rule of Tibet in this manner. Norbu writes that, although this would have been true for the eastern Tibetan regions of Amdo and Kham's "tr... | {
"tokens": [
"Dawa",
"Norbu",
"argues",
"that",
"modern",
"Chinese",
"Communist",
"historians",
"tend",
"to",
"be",
"in",
"favor",
"of",
"the",
"view",
"that",
"the",
"Ming",
"simply",
"reappointed",
"old",
"Yuan",
"dynas... | 4886b1fdaee2480e974baffa61981ad2 | Who believed the Ming reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"believed",
"the",
"Ming",
"reappointed",
"old",
"Yuan",
"dynasty",
"officials",
"in",
"Tibet",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
17,
22,
34,
38,
43,
51,
61,
64,
69
]
} | {
"text": [
"Dawa Norbu"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
0
],
"end": [
9
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
0
],
"end": [
1
]
}
]
} | [
"Dawa Norbu"
] |
SQuAD | In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was "well-disposed towards Buddhism", claims Rossabi. On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Kar... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"his",
"usurpation",
"of",
"the",
"throne",
"from",
"the",
"Jianwen",
"Emperor",
"(",
"r.",
"1398–1402",
")",
",",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"was",
"aided",
"by",
"the",
"Buddhist",
"monk",
"Yao",... | 1d6d0e8d7e964f5e874c299c9de05056 | What year did the Jianwen Emperor reign start and end? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"year",
"did",
"the",
"Jianwen",
"Emperor",
"reign",
"start",
"and",
"end",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
14,
18,
26,
34,
40,
46,
50,
53
]
} | {
"text": [
"1398–1402"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
61
],
"end": [
69
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
12
],
"end": [
12
]
}
]
} | [
"1398–1402"
] |
SQuAD | In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was "well-disposed towards Buddhism", claims Rossabi. On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Kar... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"his",
"usurpation",
"of",
"the",
"throne",
"from",
"the",
"Jianwen",
"Emperor",
"(",
"r.",
"1398–1402",
")",
",",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"was",
"aided",
"by",
"the",
"Buddhist",
"monk",
"Yao",... | bddd8dd13ed743d291558380fde1f28b | Who aided the Yongle Emperor? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"aided",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
14,
21,
28
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
105
],
"end": [
135
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
21
],
"end": [
25
]
}
]
} | [
"the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao"
] |
SQuAD | In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was "well-disposed towards Buddhism", claims Rossabi. On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Kar... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"his",
"usurpation",
"of",
"the",
"throne",
"from",
"the",
"Jianwen",
"Emperor",
"(",
"r.",
"1398–1402",
")",
",",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"was",
"aided",
"by",
"the",
"Buddhist",
"monk",
"Yao",... | d3aafd6b458649308e85ae2e0194a277 | Who was Yongle Emperor's father? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"'s",
"father",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
15,
22,
25,
31
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Hongwu Emperor"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
159
],
"end": [
176
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
32
],
"end": [
34
]
}
]
} | [
"the Hongwu Emperor"
] |
SQuAD | In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was "well-disposed towards Buddhism", claims Rossabi. On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Kar... | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"his",
"usurpation",
"of",
"the",
"throne",
"from",
"the",
"Jianwen",
"Emperor",
"(",
"r.",
"1398–1402",
")",
",",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"was",
"aided",
"by",
"the",
"Buddhist",
"monk",
"Yao",... | 731d723ab7294919bd0b2816915dbb03 | When did the Yongle Emperor invite Deshin Shekpa to his court? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"did",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"invite",
"Deshin",
"Shekpa",
"to",
"his",
"court",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
20,
28,
35,
42,
49,
52,
56,
61
]
} | {
"text": [
"March 10, 1403"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
255
],
"end": [
268
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
52
],
"end": [
55
]
}
]
} | [
"March 10, 1403"
] |
SQuAD | According to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang "was under control," and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, an official title. According to the Records of the Foundi... | {
"tokens": [
"According",
"to",
"Chen",
",",
"the",
"Ming",
"officer",
"of",
"Hezhou",
"(",
"modern",
"day",
"Linxia",
")",
"informed",
"the",
"Hongwu",
"Emperor",
"that",
"the",
"general",
"situation",
"in",
"Dbus",
... | 2188389b5ab84d21914a05fe298046d1 | Who did the Hongwu Emperor grant the title Initiation State Master to? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"did",
"the",
"Hongwu",
"Emperor",
"grant",
"the",
"title",
"Initiation",
"State",
"Master",
"to",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
19,
27,
33,
37,
43,
54,
60,
67,
69
]
} | {
"text": [
"Sagya Gyaincain"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
415
],
"end": [
429
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
79
],
"end": [
80
]
}
]
} | [
"Sagya Gyaincain"
] |
SQuAD | According to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang "was under control," and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, an official title. According to the Records of the Foundi... | {
"tokens": [
"According",
"to",
"Chen",
",",
"the",
"Ming",
"officer",
"of",
"Hezhou",
"(",
"modern",
"day",
"Linxia",
")",
"informed",
"the",
"Hongwu",
"Emperor",
"that",
"the",
"general",
"situation",
"in",
"Dbus",
... | ea18b20356f0464fa8737ce5d0f5792f | Who suggested to the emperor that an official title be granted to second Phagmodru ruler? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"suggested",
"to",
"the",
"emperor",
"that",
"an",
"official",
"title",
"be",
"granted",
"to",
"second",
"Phagmodru",
"ruler",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
14,
17,
21,
29,
34,
37,
46,
52,
... | {
"text": [
"the Ming officer of Hezhou"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
19
],
"end": [
44
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
4
],
"end": [
8
]
}
]
} | [
"the Ming officer of Hezhou"
] |
SQuAD | According to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang "was under control," and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, an official title. According to the Records of the Foundi... | {
"tokens": [
"According",
"to",
"Chen",
",",
"the",
"Ming",
"officer",
"of",
"Hezhou",
"(",
"modern",
"day",
"Linxia",
")",
"informed",
"the",
"Hongwu",
"Emperor",
"that",
"the",
"general",
"situation",
"in",
"Dbus",
... | 25c81ac291364af6bd70dc167ebcc4de | Who was the second Phagmodru ruler? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"the",
"second",
"Phagmodru",
"ruler",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
19,
29,
34
]
} | {
"text": [
"Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
238
],
"end": [
260
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
47
],
"end": [
49
]
}
]
} | [
"Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen"
] |
SQuAD | According to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang "was under control," and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, an official title. According to the Records of the Foundi... | {
"tokens": [
"According",
"to",
"Chen",
",",
"the",
"Ming",
"officer",
"of",
"Hezhou",
"(",
"modern",
"day",
"Linxia",
")",
"informed",
"the",
"Hongwu",
"Emperor",
"that",
"the",
"general",
"situation",
"in",
"Dbus",
... | 5d3f229dfff44504a925f3b807f40a3c | Who told the emperor that the situation in Dbus and Gtsang were under control? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"told",
"the",
"emperor",
"that",
"the",
"situation",
"in",
"Dbus",
"and",
"Gtsang",
"were",
"under",
"control",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
13,
21,
26,
30,
40,
43,
48,
52,
59,
64,... | {
"text": [
"the Ming officer of Hezhou"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
19
],
"end": [
44
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
4
],
"end": [
8
]
}
]
} | [
"the Ming officer of Hezhou"
] |
SQuAD | According to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang "was under control," and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, an official title. According to the Records of the Foundi... | {
"tokens": [
"According",
"to",
"Chen",
",",
"the",
"Ming",
"officer",
"of",
"Hezhou",
"(",
"modern",
"day",
"Linxia",
")",
"informed",
"the",
"Hongwu",
"Emperor",
"that",
"the",
"general",
"situation",
"in",
"Dbus",
... | 2a517ab520f24013ae793a80ca39c8eb | Where were the envoys sent? | {
"tokens": [
"Where",
"were",
"the",
"envoys",
"sent",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
11,
15,
22,
26
]
} | {
"text": [
"to the Ming court"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
461
],
"end": [
477
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
87
],
"end": [
90
]
}
]
} | [
"to the Ming court"
] |
SQuAD | Wylie asserts that this type of censorship of the History of Ming distorts the true picture of the history of Sino-Tibetan relations, while the Ming court granted titles to various lamas regardless of their sectarian affiliations in an ongoing civil war in Tibet between competing Buddhist factions. Wylie argues that Mi... | {
"tokens": [
"Wylie",
"asserts",
"that",
"this",
"type",
"of",
"censorship",
"of",
"the",
"History",
"of",
"Ming",
"distorts",
"the",
"true",
"picture",
"of",
"the",
"history",
"of",
"Sino",
"-",
"Tibetan",
"relations",
... | d0cc86005c88434595bfe7e4d1f8207c | Regardless of their sectarian affiliations, who did the Ming grant titles to? | {
"tokens": [
"Regardless",
"of",
"their",
"sectarian",
"affiliations",
",",
"who",
"did",
"the",
"Ming",
"grant",
"titles",
"to",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
11,
14,
20,
30,
42,
44,
48,
52,
56,
61,
67,
74,
... | {
"text": [
"various lamas"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
173
],
"end": [
185
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
32
],
"end": [
33
]
}
]
} | [
"various lamas"
] |
SQuAD | Wylie asserts that this type of censorship of the History of Ming distorts the true picture of the history of Sino-Tibetan relations, while the Ming court granted titles to various lamas regardless of their sectarian affiliations in an ongoing civil war in Tibet between competing Buddhist factions. Wylie argues that Mi... | {
"tokens": [
"Wylie",
"asserts",
"that",
"this",
"type",
"of",
"censorship",
"of",
"the",
"History",
"of",
"Ming",
"distorts",
"the",
"true",
"picture",
"of",
"the",
"history",
"of",
"Sino",
"-",
"Tibetan",
"relations",
... | b45b71d501564f0b9e0cf3850cea7b4f | Who was the viceregal Sakya regime overthrown by? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"the",
"viceregal",
"Sakya",
"regime",
"overthrown",
"by",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
22,
28,
35,
46,
48
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Phagmodru myriarchy"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
573
],
"end": [
595
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
96
],
"end": [
98
]
}
]
} | [
"the Phagmodru myriarchy"
] |
SQuAD | Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet. However,... | {
"tokens": [
"Shih",
"-",
"Shan",
"Henry",
"Tsai",
"writes",
"that",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"sent",
"his",
"eunuch",
"Yang",
"Sanbao",
"into",
"Tibet",
"in",
"1413",
"to",
"gain",
"the",
"allegiance",
"of",
"vari... | 611dcbbaab8f4eaa88d7997b0b06e398 | What was the name of the eunuch? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
"the",
"name",
"of",
"the",
" ",
"eunuch",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
18,
21,
25,
26,
32
]
} | {
"text": [
"Yang Sanbao"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
68
],
"end": [
78
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
13
],
"end": [
14
]
}
]
} | [
"Yang Sanbao"
] |
SQuAD | Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet. However,... | {
"tokens": [
"Shih",
"-",
"Shan",
"Henry",
"Tsai",
"writes",
"that",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"sent",
"his",
"eunuch",
"Yang",
"Sanbao",
"into",
"Tibet",
"in",
"1413",
"to",
"gain",
"the",
"allegiance",
"of",
"vari... | 56d471e688904806b528e30a4cefa7ec | Where did the Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao? | {
"tokens": [
"Where",
"did",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"send",
"Yang",
"Sanbao",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
10,
14,
21,
29,
34,
39,
45
]
} | {
"text": [
"Tibet"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
85
],
"end": [
89
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
16
],
"end": [
16
]
}
]
} | [
"Tibet"
] |
SQuAD | Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet. However,... | {
"tokens": [
"Shih",
"-",
"Shan",
"Henry",
"Tsai",
"writes",
"that",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"sent",
"his",
"eunuch",
"Yang",
"Sanbao",
"into",
"Tibet",
"in",
"1413",
"to",
"gain",
"the",
"allegiance",
"of",
"vari... | 311ba5c0de3f40f8972bf64bf36a7939 | When did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"did",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"send",
"Yang",
"Sanbao",
"into",
"Tibet",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
16,
24,
29,
34,
41,
46,
51
]
} | {
"text": [
"1413"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
94
],
"end": [
97
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
18
],
"end": [
18
]
}
]
} | [
"1413"
] |
SQuAD | Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet. However,... | {
"tokens": [
"Shih",
"-",
"Shan",
"Henry",
"Tsai",
"writes",
"that",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"sent",
"his",
"eunuch",
"Yang",
"Sanbao",
"into",
"Tibet",
"in",
"1413",
"to",
"gain",
"the",
"allegiance",
"of",
"vari... | fb3b4d21dee74709b87dc2a6fe6f3c6a | Why did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet? | {
"tokens": [
"Why",
"did",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"send",
"Yang",
"Sanbao",
"into",
"Tibet",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
15,
23,
28,
33,
40,
45,
50
]
} | {
"text": [
"the allegiance of various Tibetan princes"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
107
],
"end": [
147
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
21
],
"end": [
26
]
}
]
} | [
"the allegiance of various Tibetan princes"
] |
SQuAD | Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet. However,... | {
"tokens": [
"Shih",
"-",
"Shan",
"Henry",
"Tsai",
"writes",
"that",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"sent",
"his",
"eunuch",
"Yang",
"Sanbao",
"into",
"Tibet",
"in",
"1413",
"to",
"gain",
"the",
"allegiance",
"of",
"vari... | 359c0f194d7d47afb57c3f8f93bb3ef0 | Why did the emperor pay a small fortune in gifts? | {
"tokens": [
"Why",
"did",
"the",
"emperor",
"pay",
"a",
"small",
"fortune",
"in",
"gifts",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
20,
24,
26,
32,
40,
43,
48
]
} | {
"text": [
"to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
234
],
"end": [
285
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
43
],
"end": [
50
]
}
]
} | [
"to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states"
] |
SQuAD | Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over al... | {
"tokens": [
"Tibetan",
"sources",
"say",
"Deshin",
"Shekpa",
"also",
"persuaded",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"not",
"to",
"impose",
"his",
"military",
"might",
"on",
"Tibet",
"as",
"the",
"Mongols",
"had",
"previously",
... | 8954b95a254f49acaf5667e05395aaa6 | Who imposed on the military might on Tibet in the past? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"imposed",
"on",
"the",
"military",
"might",
"on",
"Tibet",
"in",
"the",
"past",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
12,
15,
19,
28,
34,
37,
43,
46,
50,
54
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Mongols"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
113
],
"end": [
123
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
19
],
"end": [
20
]
}
]
} | [
"the Mongols"
] |
SQuAD | Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over al... | {
"tokens": [
"Tibetan",
"sources",
"say",
"Deshin",
"Shekpa",
"also",
"persuaded",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"not",
"to",
"impose",
"his",
"military",
"might",
"on",
"Tibet",
"as",
"the",
"Mongols",
"had",
"previously",
... | b35a97dd9b6e4ec5aacc89556f631cc8 | Hok-Lam Chan states that Deshin Skekpa was only invited for what purpose? | {
"tokens": [
"Hok",
"-",
"Lam",
"Chan",
"states",
"that",
"Deshin",
"Skekpa",
"was",
"only",
"invited",
"for",
"what",
"purpose",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
4,
8,
13,
20,
25,
32,
39,
43,
48,
56,
60,
... | {
"text": [
"religious purposes"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
560
],
"end": [
577
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
98
],
"end": [
99
]
}
]
} | [
"religious purposes"
] |
SQuAD | Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over al... | {
"tokens": [
"Tibetan",
"sources",
"say",
"Deshin",
"Shekpa",
"also",
"persuaded",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"not",
"to",
"impose",
"his",
"military",
"might",
"on",
"Tibet",
"as",
"the",
"Mongols",
"had",
"previously",
... | d32b6f4edbba4f41aa16dacc40f134b4 | What was said to be the Yongle Emperor plans? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
"said",
"to",
"be",
"the",
" ",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"plans",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
14,
17,
20,
24,
25,
32,
40,
45
]
} | {
"text": [
"to send a military force into Tibet"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
238
],
"end": [
272
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
40
],
"end": [
46
]
}
]
} | [
"to send a military force into Tibet"
] |
SQuAD | Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over al... | {
"tokens": [
"Tibetan",
"sources",
"say",
"Deshin",
"Shekpa",
"also",
"persuaded",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"not",
"to",
"impose",
"his",
"military",
"might",
"on",
"Tibet",
"as",
"the",
"Mongols",
"had",
"previously",
... | 0e721f1730eb439387e03bca12cf6f72 | Why was the Yongle Emperor said to have been planning to send military forces into Tibet? | {
"tokens": [
"Why",
"was",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"said",
"to",
"have",
"been",
"planning",
"to",
"send",
"military",
"forces",
"into",
"Tibet",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
19,
27,
32,
35,
40,
45... | {
"text": [
"to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
274
],
"end": [
349
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
47
],
"end": [
58
]
}
]
} | [
"to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools"
] |
SQuAD | Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over al... | {
"tokens": [
"Tibetan",
"sources",
"say",
"Deshin",
"Shekpa",
"also",
"persuaded",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"not",
"to",
"impose",
"his",
"military",
"might",
"on",
"Tibet",
"as",
"the",
"Mongols",
"had",
"previously",
... | 2322c7e5b96244f7ac9e93cf4221600d | Who convinced the Yongle emperor not to send military forces into Tibet? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"convinced",
"the",
"Yongle",
"emperor",
"not",
"to",
"send",
"military",
"forces",
"into",
"Tibet",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
14,
18,
25,
33,
37,
40,
45,
54,
61,
66,
71
]
} | {
"text": [
"Deshin Shekpa"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
20
],
"end": [
32
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
3
],
"end": [
4
]
}
]
} | [
"Deshin Shekpa"
] |
SQuAD | Chen Qingying, Professor of History and Director of the History Studies Institute under the China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing, writes that the Ming court conferred new official positions on ex-Yuan Tibetan leaders of the Phachu Kargyu and granted them lower-ranking positions. Of the county (zong or dzong) lea... | {
"tokens": [
"Chen",
"Qingying",
",",
"Professor",
"of",
"History",
"and",
"Director",
"of",
"the",
"History",
"Studies",
"Institute",
"under",
"the",
"China",
"Tibetology",
"Research",
"Center",
"in",
"Beijing",
",",
"writes... | 17ee828c14e948e58cbadb20979cb74b | Where is the China Tibetology Research Center located? | {
"tokens": [
"Where",
"is",
"the",
"China",
"Tibetology",
"Research",
"Center",
"located",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
9,
13,
19,
30,
39,
46,
53
]
} | {
"text": [
"Beijing"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
128
],
"end": [
134
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
20
],
"end": [
20
]
}
]
} | [
"Beijing"
] |
SQuAD | Chen Qingying, Professor of History and Director of the History Studies Institute under the China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing, writes that the Ming court conferred new official positions on ex-Yuan Tibetan leaders of the Phachu Kargyu and granted them lower-ranking positions. Of the county (zong or dzong) lea... | {
"tokens": [
"Chen",
"Qingying",
",",
"Professor",
"of",
"History",
"and",
"Director",
"of",
"the",
"History",
"Studies",
"Institute",
"under",
"the",
"China",
"Tibetology",
"Research",
"Center",
"in",
"Beijing",
",",
"writes... | 93c706faf4bf4b19801840315b2f108c | Who was the Director of the History Studies Institute? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"the",
"Director",
"of",
"the",
"History",
"Studies",
"Institute",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
21,
24,
28,
36,
44,
53
]
} | {
"text": [
"Chen Qingying"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
0
],
"end": [
12
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
0
],
"end": [
1
]
}
]
} | [
"Chen Qingying"
] |
SQuAD | Chen Qingying, Professor of History and Director of the History Studies Institute under the China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing, writes that the Ming court conferred new official positions on ex-Yuan Tibetan leaders of the Phachu Kargyu and granted them lower-ranking positions. Of the county (zong or dzong) lea... | {
"tokens": [
"Chen",
"Qingying",
",",
"Professor",
"of",
"History",
"and",
"Director",
"of",
"the",
"History",
"Studies",
"Institute",
"under",
"the",
"China",
"Tibetology",
"Research",
"Center",
"in",
"Beijing",
",",
"writes... | f119ea78185f43da869923a3a5e37283 | How many households were the offices of Qianhu in charge of? | {
"tokens": [
"How",
"many",
"households",
"were",
"the",
"offices",
"of",
"Qianhu",
"in",
"charge",
"of",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
20,
25,
29,
37,
40,
47,
50,
57,
59
]
} | {
"text": [
"1,000 households"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
690
],
"end": [
705
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
129
],
"end": [
130
]
}
]
} | [
"1,000 households"
] |
SQuAD | Chen Qingying, Professor of History and Director of the History Studies Institute under the China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing, writes that the Ming court conferred new official positions on ex-Yuan Tibetan leaders of the Phachu Kargyu and granted them lower-ranking positions. Of the county (zong or dzong) lea... | {
"tokens": [
"Chen",
"Qingying",
",",
"Professor",
"of",
"History",
"and",
"Director",
"of",
"the",
"History",
"Studies",
"Institute",
"under",
"the",
"China",
"Tibetology",
"Research",
"Center",
"in",
"Beijing",
",",
"writes... | 8f2ae3f0197b47c281f17559a571ace3 | How many households were the offices of Wanhu in charge of? | {
"tokens": [
"How",
"many",
"households",
"were",
"the",
"offices",
"of",
"Wanhu",
"in",
"charge",
"of",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
20,
25,
29,
37,
40,
46,
49,
56,
58
]
} | {
"text": [
"10,000 households"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
744
],
"end": [
760
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
141
],
"end": [
142
]
}
]
} | [
"10,000 households"
] |
SQuAD | The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmap... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Information",
"Office",
"of",
"the",
"State",
"Council",
"of",
"the",
"PRC",
"preserves",
"an",
"edict",
"of",
"the",
"Zhengtong",
"Emperor",
"(",
"r.",
"1435–1449",
")",
"addressed",
"to",
"the",
... | e4adcdff89044ec49084b6449d83ebfe | What years did the Zhengtong Emperor reign? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"years",
"did",
"the",
"Zhengtong",
"Emperor",
"reign",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
11,
15,
19,
29,
37,
42
]
} | {
"text": [
"1435–1449"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
103
],
"end": [
111
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
19
],
"end": [
19
]
}
]
} | [
"1435–1449"
] |
SQuAD | The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmap... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Information",
"Office",
"of",
"the",
"State",
"Council",
"of",
"the",
"PRC",
"preserves",
"an",
"edict",
"of",
"the",
"Zhengtong",
"Emperor",
"(",
"r.",
"1435–1449",
")",
"addressed",
"to",
"the",
... | 57fd07c3596c49fa8312ac3bc5913d39 | Who maintains an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"maintains",
"an",
"edict",
"of",
"the",
"Zhengtong",
"Emperor",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
14,
17,
23,
26,
30,
40,
47
]
} | {
"text": [
"The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
4
],
"end": [
53
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
1
],
"end": [
9
]
}
]
} | [
"The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC"
] |
SQuAD | The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmap... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Information",
"Office",
"of",
"the",
"State",
"Council",
"of",
"the",
"PRC",
"preserves",
"an",
"edict",
"of",
"the",
"Zhengtong",
"Emperor",
"(",
"r.",
"1435–1449",
")",
"addressed",
"to",
"the",
... | b7e3a849074149c68418e588dbe9656d | Who was the edict addressed to? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"the",
"edict",
"addressed",
"to",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
18,
28,
30
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Karmapa"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
127
],
"end": [
137
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
23
],
"end": [
24
]
}
]
} | [
"the Karmapa"
] |
SQuAD | The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmap... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Information",
"Office",
"of",
"the",
"State",
"Council",
"of",
"the",
"PRC",
"preserves",
"an",
"edict",
"of",
"the",
"Zhengtong",
"Emperor",
"(",
"r.",
"1435–1449",
")",
"addressed",
"to",
"the",
... | 7465702eda1046f1a11e3f999f4625e4 | Who had a message delivered to them by Zhengtong? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"had",
"a",
"message",
"delivered",
"to",
"them",
"by",
"Zhengtong",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
10,
18,
28,
31,
36,
39,
48
]
} | {
"text": [
"Great Treasure Prince of Dharma"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
277
],
"end": [
307
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
51
],
"end": [
55
]
}
]
} | [
"Great Treasure Prince of Dharma"
] |
SQuAD | The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmap... | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Information",
"Office",
"of",
"the",
"State",
"Council",
"of",
"the",
"PRC",
"preserves",
"an",
"edict",
"of",
"the",
"Zhengtong",
"Emperor",
"(",
"r.",
"1435–1449",
")",
"addressed",
"to",
"the",
... | c6a257dd48a845dea8d4a22e0d742c9c | When was the edict written? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"was",
"the",
"edict",
"written",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
19,
26
]
} | {
"text": [
"after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
156
],
"end": [
221
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
29
],
"end": [
41
]
}
]
} | [
"after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court"
] |
SQuAD | Chopin's music is frequently played with rubato, "the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, 'robbing' some note-values for expressive effect". There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of rubato is appropriate for his works. Charles Rosen comments that "most of the written-out indicatio... | {
"tokens": [
"Chopin",
"'s",
"music",
"is",
"frequently",
"played",
"with",
"rubato",
",",
"\"",
"the",
"practice",
"in",
"performance",
"of",
"disregarding",
"strict",
"time",
",",
"'",
"robbing",
"'",
"some",
"note",
... | 08f4c9758f374eecbbc09835b6c2e1e5 | Chopin's compositions are often played with what? | {
"tokens": [
"Chopin",
"'s",
"compositions",
"are",
"often",
"played",
"with",
"what",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
9,
22,
26,
32,
39,
44,
48
]
} | {
"text": [
"rubato"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
41
],
"end": [
46
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
7
],
"end": [
7
]
}
]
} | [
"rubato"
] |
SQuAD | Chopin's music is frequently played with rubato, "the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, 'robbing' some note-values for expressive effect". There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of rubato is appropriate for his works. Charles Rosen comments that "most of the written-out indicatio... | {
"tokens": [
"Chopin",
"'s",
"music",
"is",
"frequently",
"played",
"with",
"rubato",
",",
"\"",
"the",
"practice",
"in",
"performance",
"of",
"disregarding",
"strict",
"time",
",",
"'",
"robbing",
"'",
"some",
"note",
... | 4e8c1b1b87424ecc8140d17e144a46b6 | What does rubato mean? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"does",
"rubato",
"mean",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
17,
21
]
} | {
"text": [
"the practice in performance of disregarding strict time"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
50
],
"end": [
104
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
10
],
"end": [
17
]
}
]
} | [
"the practice in performance of disregarding strict time"
] |
SQuAD | Chopin's music is frequently played with rubato, "the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, 'robbing' some note-values for expressive effect". There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of rubato is appropriate for his works. Charles Rosen comments that "most of the written-out indicatio... | {
"tokens": [
"Chopin",
"'s",
"music",
"is",
"frequently",
"played",
"with",
"rubato",
",",
"\"",
"the",
"practice",
"in",
"performance",
"of",
"disregarding",
"strict",
"time",
",",
"'",
"robbing",
"'",
"some",
"note",
... | f8f5a47580ea41f98b03e619744986f7 | In Chopin's music where strict timing is disregarded, what is it called? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"Chopin",
"'s",
"music",
"where",
"strict",
"timing",
"is",
"disregarded",
",",
"what",
"is",
"it",
"called",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
9,
12,
18,
24,
31,
38,
41,
52,
54,
59,
62,
... | {
"text": [
"rubato"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
41
],
"end": [
46
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
7
],
"end": [
7
]
}
]
} | [
"rubato"
] |
SQuAD | Chopin's music is frequently played with rubato, "the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, 'robbing' some note-values for expressive effect". There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of rubato is appropriate for his works. Charles Rosen comments that "most of the written-out indicatio... | {
"tokens": [
"Chopin",
"'s",
"music",
"is",
"frequently",
"played",
"with",
"rubato",
",",
"\"",
"the",
"practice",
"in",
"performance",
"of",
"disregarding",
"strict",
"time",
",",
"'",
"robbing",
"'",
"some",
"note",
... | f354fe4d68f04f0187182af106458ecb | What type of Chopin's music had the most disregard for strict timing according to Charles Rosen? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"type",
"of",
"Chopin",
"'s",
"music",
"had",
"the",
"most",
"disregard",
"for",
"strict",
"timing",
"according",
"to",
"Charles",
"Rosen",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
13,
19,
22,
28,
32... | {
"text": [
"mazurkas"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
366
],
"end": [
373
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
74
],
"end": [
74
]
}
]
} | [
"mazurkas"
] |
SQuAD | Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles "testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne," referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor. Tsai writes that Deshin Shekpa aided the l... | {
"tokens": [
"Marsha",
"Weidner",
"states",
"that",
"Deshin",
"Shekpa",
"'s",
"miracles",
"\"",
"testified",
"to",
"the",
"power",
"of",
"both",
"the",
"emperor",
"and",
"his",
"guru",
"and",
"served",
"as",
"a",
"leg... | 680e0cb07d5e499d9eca9ce909ecc87b | Who did the Yongle Emperor have a conflict with? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"did",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"have",
"a",
"conflict",
"with",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
19,
27,
32,
34,
43,
47
]
} | {
"text": [
"Jianwen Emperor"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
261
],
"end": [
275
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
47
],
"end": [
48
]
}
]
} | [
"Jianwen Emperor"
] |
SQuAD | Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles "testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne," referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor. Tsai writes that Deshin Shekpa aided the l... | {
"tokens": [
"Marsha",
"Weidner",
"states",
"that",
"Deshin",
"Shekpa",
"'s",
"miracles",
"\"",
"testified",
"to",
"the",
"power",
"of",
"both",
"the",
"emperor",
"and",
"his",
"guru",
"and",
"served",
"as",
"a",
"leg... | 6d2a2b40ba6247678de944176020b5ed | Who aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"aided",
"the",
"legitimacy",
"of",
"the",
"Yongle",
"Emperor",
"'s",
"rule",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
14,
25,
28,
32,
39,
46,
49,
53
]
} | {
"text": [
"Deshin Shekpa"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
27
],
"end": [
39
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
4
],
"end": [
5
]
}
]
} | [
"Deshin Shekpa"
] |
SQuAD | Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles "testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne," referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor. Tsai writes that Deshin Shekpa aided the l... | {
"tokens": [
"Marsha",
"Weidner",
"states",
"that",
"Deshin",
"Shekpa",
"'s",
"miracles",
"\"",
"testified",
"to",
"the",
"power",
"of",
"both",
"the",
"emperor",
"and",
"his",
"guru",
"and",
"served",
"as",
"a",
"leg... | 8e3bd9556ca447aaa21c23699bf50598 | What served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's succession to the throne? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"served",
"as",
"a",
"legitimizing",
"tool",
"for",
"the",
"emperor",
"'s",
"succession",
"to",
"the",
"throne",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
12,
15,
17,
30,
35,
39,
43,
50,
53,
64,
6... | {
"text": [
"Deshin Shekpa's miracles"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
27
],
"end": [
50
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
4
],
"end": [
7
]
}
]
} | [
"Deshin Shekpa's miracles"
] |
SQuAD | With the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. He writes that the meetings of lamas with the Emperor of China were exchang... | {
"tokens": [
"With",
"the",
"example",
"of",
"the",
"Ming",
"court",
"'s",
"relationship",
"with",
"the",
"fifth",
"Karmapa",
"and",
"other",
"Tibetan",
"leaders",
",",
"Norbu",
"states",
"that",
"Chinese",
"Communist",
"... | f6941cb706f440b0acd0688b6b9e4942 | According to Norbu who failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship? | {
"tokens": [
"According",
"to",
"Norbu",
"who",
"failed",
"to",
"realize",
"the",
"significance",
"of",
"the",
"religious",
"aspect",
"of",
"the",
"Ming",
"-",
"Tibetan",
"relationship",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
10,
13,
... | {
"text": [
"Chinese Communist historians"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
118
],
"end": [
145
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
21
],
"end": [
23
]
}
]
} | [
"Chinese Communist historians"
] |
SQuAD | With the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. He writes that the meetings of lamas with the Emperor of China were exchang... | {
"tokens": [
"With",
"the",
"example",
"of",
"the",
"Ming",
"court",
"'s",
"relationship",
"with",
"the",
"fifth",
"Karmapa",
"and",
"other",
"Tibetan",
"leaders",
",",
"Norbu",
"states",
"that",
"Chinese",
"Communist",
"... | 863a8fcbb9964196836d5cce526e0f50 | What were the items of tribute? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"were",
"the",
"items",
"of",
"tribute",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
14,
20,
23,
30
]
} | {
"text": [
"Buddhist artifacts"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
502
],
"end": [
519
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
89
],
"end": [
90
]
}
]
} | [
"Buddhist artifacts"
] |
SQuAD | With the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. He writes that the meetings of lamas with the Emperor of China were exchang... | {
"tokens": [
"With",
"the",
"example",
"of",
"the",
"Ming",
"court",
"'s",
"relationship",
"with",
"the",
"fifth",
"Karmapa",
"and",
"other",
"Tibetan",
"leaders",
",",
"Norbu",
"states",
"that",
"Chinese",
"Communist",
"... | 8094ab4081a64feb8837b884a0f3fdf4 | Who believe that the Ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over Tibet? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"believe",
"that",
"the",
"Ming",
"dynasty",
"did",
"not",
"exercise",
"any",
"direct",
"political",
"control",
"over",
"Tibet",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
12,
17,
21,
26,
34,
38,
42,
51,
... | {
"text": [
"Josef Kolmaš"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
582
],
"end": [
593
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
102
],
"end": [
103
]
}
]
} | [
"Josef Kolmaš"
] |
SQuAD | Nevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials, their status was not as well defined. Kublai also abolish... | {
"tokens": [
"Nevertheless",
",",
"the",
"ethno",
"-",
"geographic",
"caste",
"hierarchy",
"favoring",
"the",
"Mongols",
"and",
"other",
"ethnicities",
"were",
"accorded",
"higher",
"status",
"than",
"the",
"Han",
"Chinese",
... | ac642bcecfdd44109828848ef172ec75 | When did Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan reign? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"did",
"Ayurbarwada",
"Buyantu",
"Khan",
"reign",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
21,
29,
34,
39
]
} | {
"text": [
"1311–1320"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
447
],
"end": [
455
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
73
],
"end": [
73
]
}
]
} | [
"1311–1320"
] |
SQuAD | Nevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials, their status was not as well defined. Kublai also abolish... | {
"tokens": [
"Nevertheless",
",",
"the",
"ethno",
"-",
"geographic",
"caste",
"hierarchy",
"favoring",
"the",
"Mongols",
"and",
"other",
"ethnicities",
"were",
"accorded",
"higher",
"status",
"than",
"the",
"Han",
"Chinese",
... | daca8942effe4cb18bbab4c5033ebb9d | During the Yuan what existed between China and Tibet? | {
"tokens": [
"During",
"the",
"Yuan",
"what",
"existed",
"between",
"China",
"and",
"Tibet",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
16,
21,
29,
37,
43,
47,
52
]
} | {
"text": [
"a licensed border market"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
1450
],
"end": [
1473
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
255
],
"end": [
258
]
}
]
} | [
"a licensed border market"
] |
SQuAD | Nevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials, their status was not as well defined. Kublai also abolish... | {
"tokens": [
"Nevertheless",
",",
"the",
"ethno",
"-",
"geographic",
"caste",
"hierarchy",
"favoring",
"the",
"Mongols",
"and",
"other",
"ethnicities",
"were",
"accorded",
"higher",
"status",
"than",
"the",
"Han",
"Chinese",
... | 55c1841fdb044041a3d6315d1bfbc837 | Who was granted higher status than the Han Chinese majority? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"granted",
"higher",
"status",
"than",
"the",
"Han",
"Chinese",
"majority",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
16,
23,
30,
35,
39,
43,
51,
59
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Mongols and other ethnicities"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
60
],
"end": [
92
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
9
],
"end": [
13
]
}
]
} | [
"the Mongols and other ethnicities"
] |
SQuAD | Helmut Hoffman states that the Ming upheld the facade of rule over Tibet through periodic missions of "tribute emissaries" to the Ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas, but did not actually interfere in Tibetan governance. Melvyn C. Goldstein writes that the Ming had no real administrative authority... | {
"tokens": [
"Helmut",
"Hoffman",
"states",
"that",
"the",
"Ming",
"upheld",
"the",
"facade",
"of",
"rule",
"over",
"Tibet",
"through",
"periodic",
"missions",
"of",
"\"",
"tribute",
"emissaries",
"\"",
"to",
"the",
"Ming... | 2deebddbf0874311aa3931951739303c | Who believed that the Ming had no real authority over Tibet? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"believed",
"that",
"the",
"Ming",
"had",
"no",
"real",
"authority",
"over",
"Tibet",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
18,
22,
27,
31,
34,
39,
49,
54,
59
]
} | {
"text": [
"Melvyn C. Goldstein"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
243
],
"end": [
261
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
43
],
"end": [
45
]
}
]
} | [
"Melvyn C. Goldstein"
] |
SQuAD | Helmut Hoffman states that the Ming upheld the facade of rule over Tibet through periodic missions of "tribute emissaries" to the Ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas, but did not actually interfere in Tibetan governance. Melvyn C. Goldstein writes that the Ming had no real administrative authority... | {
"tokens": [
"Helmut",
"Hoffman",
"states",
"that",
"the",
"Ming",
"upheld",
"the",
"facade",
"of",
"rule",
"over",
"Tibet",
"through",
"periodic",
"missions",
"of",
"\"",
"tribute",
"emissaries",
"\"",
"to",
"the",
"Ming... | 89c8395f23694dc297d14f26fafe01d9 | What years did the Rinpungpa regime start and end? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"years",
"did",
"the",
"Rinpungpa",
"regime",
"start",
"and",
"end",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
11,
15,
19,
29,
36,
42,
46,
49
]
} | {
"text": [
"1435–1565"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
729
],
"end": [
737
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
127
],
"end": [
127
]
}
]
} | [
"1435–1565"
] |
SQuAD | Helmut Hoffman states that the Ming upheld the facade of rule over Tibet through periodic missions of "tribute emissaries" to the Ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas, but did not actually interfere in Tibetan governance. Melvyn C. Goldstein writes that the Ming had no real administrative authority... | {
"tokens": [
"Helmut",
"Hoffman",
"states",
"that",
"the",
"Ming",
"upheld",
"the",
"facade",
"of",
"rule",
"over",
"Tibet",
"through",
"periodic",
"missions",
"of",
"\"",
"tribute",
"emissaries",
"\"",
"to",
"the",
"Ming... | 971c56dfe71546e9bd0909c0b326fe86 | Who believed that the titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"believed",
"that",
"the",
"titles",
"given",
"to",
"Tibetan",
"leaders",
"did",
"not",
"confer",
"authority",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
18,
22,
29,
35,
38,
46,
54,
58,
62,
69,
... | {
"text": [
"Melvyn C. Goldstein"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
243
],
"end": [
261
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
43
],
"end": [
45
]
}
]
} | [
"Melvyn C. Goldstein"
] |
SQuAD | Helmut Hoffman states that the Ming upheld the facade of rule over Tibet through periodic missions of "tribute emissaries" to the Ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas, but did not actually interfere in Tibetan governance. Melvyn C. Goldstein writes that the Ming had no real administrative authority... | {
"tokens": [
"Helmut",
"Hoffman",
"states",
"that",
"the",
"Ming",
"upheld",
"the",
"facade",
"of",
"rule",
"over",
"Tibet",
"through",
"periodic",
"missions",
"of",
"\"",
"tribute",
"emissaries",
"\"",
"to",
"the",
"Ming... | 77cb9f7dbfbe4cb8ab87d12e62706743 | What years did the Tsangpa start and end? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"years",
"did",
"the",
"Tsangpa",
"start",
"and",
"end",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
11,
15,
19,
27,
33,
37,
40
]
} | {
"text": [
"1565–1642"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
754
],
"end": [
762
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
133
],
"end": [
133
]
}
]
} | [
"1565–1642"
] |
SQuAD | However, Lok-Ham Chan, a professor of history at the University of Washington, writes that Changchub Gyaltsen's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty, to build "nationalist sentiment" amongst Tibetans, and to "remove all traces of Mongol suzerainty." Georges Dreyfus,... | {
"tokens": [
"However",
",",
"Lok",
"-",
"Ham",
"Chan",
",",
"a",
"professor",
"of",
"history",
"at",
"the",
"University",
"of",
"Washington",
",",
"writes",
"that",
"Changchub",
"Gyaltsen",
"'s",
"aims",
"were",
"to"... | b7123997f0e542279a08fb30087d4c81 | Who divided Central Tibet into districts? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"divided",
"Central",
"Tibet",
"into",
"districts",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
12,
20,
26,
31,
40
]
} | {
"text": [
"Changchub Gyaltsen"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
91
],
"end": [
108
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
19
],
"end": [
20
]
}
]
} | [
"Changchub Gyaltsen"
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.